FOG Freiberg Online Geoscience FOG is an electronic journal registered under ISSN 1434-7512 2021, VOL 58 Broder Merkel & Mandy Hoyer (Eds.) FOG special volume: Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Scientific Diving 2021 178 pages, 25 contributions Preface We are happy to present the proceedings from the 6th European Conference on Scientific Diving (ECSD), which took place in April 2021 as virtual meeting. The first ECSD took place in Stuttgart, Germany, in 2015. The following conferences were hosted in Kristineberg, Sweden (2016), Funchal, Madeira/Portugal (2017), Orkney, Scotland/UK (2018), and Sopot, Poland (2019), respectively. The 6th ECSD was scheduled for April 2020 but has been postponed due to the Corona pandemic by one year. In total 80 people registered and about 60 participants were online on average during the two days of the meeting (April 21 and 22, 2021). 36 talks and 15 posters were presen-ted and discussed. Some authors and co-authors took advantage of the opportunity to hand in a total of 25 extended abstracts for the proceedings published in the open access journal FOG (Freiberg Online Geoscience). The contributions are categorized into: - Device development - Scientific case studies - Aspects of training scientists to work under water The order of the contributions within these three categories is more or less arbitrary. Please enjoy browsing through the proceedings and do not hesitate to follow up ideas and questions that have been raised and triggered during the meeting. Hopefully, we will meet again in person during the 7th ECSD in France. The team of the Scientific Diving Center of TUBAF, Freiberg, Germany Table of contents Device development Scientific diving from early modern period up to the 20th century 6 Michael Jung A Miniature Wireless Device for Long-term Underwater Data Acquisition 13 Irfan Šehić, Matthias Wagner, Arne Sieber DORIS: Diver carried Oceanographic Recording InstrumentS 20 Jonathan D Sayer, Arne Sieber, Irfan Sehic, Martin DJ Sayer Radon as natural tracer for submarine groundwater discharge 28 Broder Merkel, Sebastian Pose RoBiMo – The tasks of scientific divers for robot-assisted fresh-water monitoring 32 Sebastian Pose, Stefan Reitmann, Gero Licht, Thomas Grab, Tobias Fieback Scientific case studies Seascape value assessment of coastal and underwater diving spots 40 Paulo Torres, Cristina Seijo, Ana Cristina Costa, Maria Anunciação Ventura, Manuela Isabel Parente, João Carlos Nunes, Paulo Borges, Ricardo Ramalho, Andrea Zita Botelho Introduction of the technical diving method for scientific diving to investigate biocoenosis in the twilight zone of freshwater lakes 46 Franz Brümmer, Derk Remmers, Ralph-Walter Müller, Steffen Scholz Monitoring the invasive quagga mussel by recreational divers in a citizen science project 54 F Brümmer, J Tersteegen, L Rapp, R Beck, T Schenk-Trautmann, A Ramm, D Liebich, F Genth, A Daul, M Gräff, S Oldorff, RO Schill, RW Müller ARPA PUGLIA Underwater Scientific Activities: ESDs Contribution in the ADRIREEF project (Interreg Italy-Croatia 2014-2020) 66 Michele de Gioia, Ilaria Dalle Mura, Marco D’Onghia Francesco, Giuseppe Strippoli, Gaetano Costantino, Enrico Barbone, Nicola Ungaro Assessment of marine biodiversity in a protected bay: the importance of integrated methods for a better result 75 Érica Moura, Daniele Grech, Ana Raquel Martins, Petra Novina, Akrem Dridi, Margot Agibaud, Arina Krauja, Domenico Sgambati Investigation of a karst sinkhole in a desert lake in southern Iraq 85 Broder Merkel, Sameh Al-Muqdadi, Thomas Pohl Large and small scale neotectonic structures in the submarine hydrothermal system of Panarea Island 91 Judy Adamek, Richard Stanulla, Thomas Pohl Underwater archaeological surveys in Salento waters: results and methods 96 Rita Auriemma, Alessio Calantropio, Filiberto Chiabrando, Luigi Coluccia, Michela Rugge, Paolo D’Ambrosio, Mino Buccolieri, Andrea Picciolo Polar night diving – lessons learned from the past four seasons 106 Piotr Balazy Neptune Project: New Sea Sites to Promote Diving Outside the Ligurian Marine Protected Areas 111 Sara Venturini, Luca Natale, Laura Muraglia, Lorenzo Merotto, Monica Previati New scientific methods in breath-hold diving research 115 Eric Mulder, Zeljko Dujic, Erika Schagatay, Arne Sieber Aspects of training scientists to work under water ScienceDIVER: Capacity Building and Harmonization of Scientific Diving in Europe. Professional Acknowledgement of Scientific Divers 127 A. Krastev, R. Stoyanov, I. Atanasova, M. Collina, F. Bruno, K. Papadimitriou, R. Schill, F. Brümmer, L. Giatsiatsou, A. Manglis, F. Figurella The ScienceDIVER project. Training framework online workshop 133 Alexandros Tourtas, Kaitlyn Waters, Fabio Figurella, Kimon Papadimitriou, Konstantinos Tokmakidis ScienceDIVER: Capacity Building and Harmonization of Scientific Diving in Europe. Reviewing the Legal Framework. 138 Themistoklis Ioannidis, Paschalina Giatsiatsou, Angeos Manglis, Fabio Figurella, Kaitlyn Waters, Kimon Papadimitriou Assessment of the training, legal and professional state-of-the-art in scientific diving in combination with stakeholder perspectives in Greece 145 Georgia Kalantzi, Elpida Karadimou, Alexandros Tourtas, Kimon Papadimitriou Risk management of cold-water impact on divers 150 Giorgio Caramanna, Edward O’Brien, Brian Strickland Training the next generation: the scientific diver-training programme at the University of Plymouth 158 Keiron P.P. Fraser ESD Operators: roles and duties for the environmental monitoring activities of ARPA Puglia 163 Costantino Gaetano, Ilaria Dalle Mura, Michele de Gioia, Giuseppe Strippoli, Nicola Ungaro, Domenico Gramegna Underwater Cultural Heritage Hand Signals 172 Emad Khalil, Hakan Oniz, Magda Nowakowska, Ralph O. Schill Citizen Science underwater 176 Ralph O. Schill, Ralph-Walter Müller, Franz Brümmer, Thomas Grab, Thomas Pohl, Broder Merkel, To- bias Fieback Device development Scientific diving from early modern period up to the 20th century Michael Jung Saarland University, P.O. Box 15 11 50, 66041 Saarbruecken, Germany. e-mail: [email protected] Abstract. In 1967 Rupert Riedl proposed a classification for the development of scientific diving in marine biology into five stages. The stages were based on the respective methods used and the questions posed. Riedl saw the begin- ning of scientific diving in 1780 in the Gulf of Naples by Filippo Cavolini. If one defined scientific diving more comprehensively than Riedl did, who looked at it only from the biological point of view, remarkable events could have been found much earlier. While the protagonists and developments from the 20th century to the present day are well known, the findings and developments of scientific diving in the early modern period is still unexplored. This is explained here using specific examples. It will be shown that not only SCUBA diving can be interpreted as a paradigm shift, but also that the use of diving bells can already be seen as an important precursor. Introduction The zoologist Rupert Riedl (1925-2005) proposed in 1967 (Riedl 1967) a classification for the development of scien- tific diving in marine biology in five stages. Riedl dated stage one from 1780 to around 1840, and thus before the establishment of marine stations and the development of ecological questions. His stages two and three partially over- lap and date to 1942, the introduction of SCUBA diving equipment. This is the beginning of Stage 4. Stage 5 is characterized by the use of unmanned, remote-controlled diving systems. Riedl’s classification from 1967 is still used today as a reference for the history of scientific diving (Van Moorsel and Bennema 2015, Cattaneo-Vietti and Mojetta 2021). Riedl saw scientific diving mainly as a new method for gaining marine biological knowledge, primarily in shore regions. In the meantime, the concepts and targets of scientific diving have become significantly broader. Scientific diving is a well-established approach in eco-, bio- and geosciences or archeology. In spite of this, there were already approaches to underwater scientific research in the early modern period. The information that scientists gained during their dives not only formed the basis for new biological, physical and medical knowledge, but also fostered further development of diving technology. The diving bell, used during these dives, can therefore be seen as a site of knowledge production. The current definition of natural science was formerly known as natural philosophy in the early modern period. The scientists of the early modern era were mathematicians, natural philosophers, astronomers and so on. Antiquity and 16th century Thousands of years ago, coastal freedivers were the first humans to dive into the sea in search of food such as snails, shells and seaweed as well as to collect pearls, coral and sponges (Fig. 1). They brought the first empirical findings and knowledge from the underwater world (Ioannidou 2014). The description of Alexander the Great’s (356-323 BC) dive is well known (Jung 1999). It is said that he dived down into the sea in a glass diving barrel to marvel at the unknown underwater world. Whether it is a legend or not, in any case, people started thinking about life underwater early on. Around the same time as Alexander the Great, Aristotle (384-322 BC) and his student Theophrast (c.371-c.287 BC) lived in Greece. The accuracy of Aristotle’s research on fish and marine invertebrates indicates that oceanography was part of his research agenda, and some of his information - such as