Llibre Vermell Dels Peixos De Les Illes Balears

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Llibre Vermell Dels Peixos De Les Illes Balears LLIBRE VERMELL DELS PEIXOS DE LES ILLES BALEARS Desembre, 2015 "Es podria, probablement, establir una llista de peixos segons la seva qualitat objectiva. Seria indispensable, però, que aquesta llista fos acceptada per la generalitat de la gent. Les qüestions de posició i de jerarquia han estat, però, en tots els temps, delicades i difícils" Josep Pla. Bodegó amb peixos, 1966. Obra completa, vol. II. Aigua de mar. Ed. Destino, Barcelona ÍNDEX 1. Introducció: la conservació dels peixos .................................................................................................................................... 8 2. Les categories d’UICN adaptades a la fauna balear de peixos................................................................................ 12 3. Els peixos d’aigua dolça, una fauna delmada..................................................................................................................... 16 4. La fauna balear de peixos marins................................................................................................................................................. 22 5. Factors de conservació...................................................................................................................................................................... 26 6. Llista dels peixos marins i el seu estat de conservació................................................................................................. 36 7. Fitxes espècies amenaçades i quasi amenaçades........................................................................................................... 44 8. Fitxes d’altres espècies rellevants.............................................................................................................................................. 116 9. Conclusions i propostes.................................................................................................................................................................... 130 10. Normativa vigent de protecció i explotació dels peixos marins ........................................................................... 140 11.Bibliografia................................................................................................................................................................................................ 142 Autors: Antoni Mª Grau Jofre, cap de servei de Recursos Marins. Direcció General de Pesca. Joan Mayol Serra, Cap de Servei de Protecció d’Espècies. Direcció General d’Espais Naturals i Biodiversitat. Joan Oliver Valls, Cap de Secció de Protecció d’Espècies (jubilat). Francesc Riera Munuera, Tècnic del Servei de Recursos marins. Direcció General de Pesca. Maria I. Riera Batle, consultora externa i secretària de redacció. Dibuixos: FAO o l’indicat a cada cas. Foto de portada: Peix a l'Aula del Mar d'Alfonso Fabré. La Petrolera del Portitxol. Palma. El contingut de l’obra no reflecteix necessàriament la posició de la Conselleria de Medi Ambient, Agricultura i Pesca. Publicat per: DIRECCIÓ GENERAL D’ESPAIS NATURALS I BIODIVERSITAT. Desembre 2015 © els autors (text, fotografies i dibuixos) És permesa la reproducció del contingut de l’obra sempre que se n’esmenti la procedència. Cita: GRAU, A.M., J.MAYOL, J.OLIVER, F.RIERA i M.A.RIERA 2015 Llibre vermell dels peixos de les Illes Ba- lears. Conselleria de Medi Ambient, Agricultura i Pesca. 150 pp. ISBN: Dipòsit legal Disponible: http://www.caib.es/govern/organigrama/area.do?lang=ca&coduo=3329 (Servei de Protecció d'Espècies) http://www.caib.es/govern/organigrama/area.do?coduo=1160&lang=ca (Servei de Recursos Marins) Diseny i Producció: Gabriel Bauçà Ripoll GRAFICMON Carrer Alfambra, 12 baixos. 07007 Palma 7 1. INTRODUCCIÓ: LA CONSERVACIÓ DELS PEIXOS Actualment es coneixen uns 21.000 peixos distints, però Marí de 2014). La flota professional consta de 337 em- alguns especialistes, com Lagler et al., 1977, consideren barcacions, de les quals 278 són d'arts menors, 46 que el nombre d’espècies pot ser molt superior, fins a d'arrossegament, 7 teranyines i 6 de palangre. Si ho 40.000, ja que no es coneix prou be la fauna d’aigua comparem amb les dades de l'any 2000 observem una dolça dels tròpics. Es tracta del grup de vertebrats més clara recessió de la importància de l'activitat professional: divers, amb més espècies que el total de mamífers, aus, s'han perdut prop d'un milenar de llocs de feina directes rèptils i amfibis. Hi ha tres classes de peixos: els agnats i unes 130 empreses o embarcacions. Els pescadors pro- o sense mandíbules (tècnicament, Cefalaspidoformes), fessionals serien una de les espècies més clarament amb sols 80 espècies (llampreses i similars); els cartila- amenaçades del Mar Balear. ginosos (elasmobranquis o condrictis), amb 650 espècies (taurons i rajades), i els teleostis (o osteíctics), amb més D'altra banda, la pesca recreativa ha conegut un incre- de 20.000 espècies descrites, més de la meitat de les ment molt important passant d'unes 20.000 llicències quals són marines (11.650). l'any 2000 a aproximadament 45.000 l'any 2014 (pot ser una part d’aquest increment no sigui real, i correspon a A la mar Mediterrània els peixos estan representats per persones que pescaven fora llicència). Com a dada indi- unes 650 espècies, de les quals prop d'un centenar són cativa de la importància de la pesca d'esbarjo, podem dir nouvingudes provenents de l'Atlàntic i de la Mar Roja que existeixen a les Balears unes 20.000 embarcacions (Golani et al., 2002). En les aigües de les Balears defini- matriculades per a la navegació esportiva, una gran part des per la divisió estadística GSA 05 l’any 2000 es conei- de les quals, en major o menor mesura, practiquen la xien 412 espècies (Riera et al., 1998); actualment un total pesca; activitat que també té molts de practicants des de de 423, tot i que algunes citacions antigues es poden la vorera. posar en dubte. L’explotació dels recursos pesquers, tant professional Els Agnats només estan representats per una espècie; el com recreativa, és l’origen d’una activitat econòmica in- ferratimó, Petromyzon marinus, mentre que trobem 60 duïda de difícil quantificació: venda i armada d’ormeigs, peixos cartilaginosos i 365 ossis o teleostis. aparells, esques artificials i naturals, embarcacions, ser- veis nàutics, amarraments, peixateries, etc. Aquesta xifra és petita respecte del nombre global de pei- xos marins, però no ho és dins l’àmbit faunístic balear: En realitat, sols una part dels peixos tenen interès comer- els peixos superen la totalitat dels representants de tots cial o esportiu: Massutí (1989), esmenta unes 115 espè- els altres grups de vertebrats junts. No hi ha endemismes cies (és a dir, un 28% del total) que són objecte balears; sí tenim, tanmateix, una ictiofauna enormement d’explotació professional. Això no vol dir que siguin diversa a la qual encara s’afegeixen, amb una certa fre- només aquestes les espècies afectades per aquesta ac- qüència, espècies foranes, principalment atlàntiques o at- tivitat, ja que determinades modalitats de pesca suposen lantomediterrànies, alguna de les quals es presenta de la captura no intencionada d’espècies o individus de mida forma esporàdica i irregular, sense cap significat al nivell petita sense interès comercial, que són rebutjats. Aquesta de conservació. fracció pot ser molt important i arribar, en el cas del ros- sec, a un 30% del total de la captura. Els peixos són la base d’una activitat humana molt impor- tant, la pesca. Socioeconòmicament, la pesca professio- Els peixos i la fauna i flora marina comencen a gaudir nal sustenta l’activitat laboral de més de 700 persones de també d’un nou interès: l’observació. De cada any, més forma directa i suposa uns 20 milions d'euros anuals en persones practiquen el submarinisme esportiu de desco- vendes (dades de la Direcció General de Pesca i Medi berta i la fotografia subaquàtica. La contemplació de la 8 Llibre vermell dels peixos de les Illes Balears Distribució de les llicències de pesca emeses pel Govern de les Illes Balears des de l’any 1997 fins el 2014. La disminució dels darrers anys es deu, al menys en part, a la substitució de llicències individuals per les d’embarcació. bellesa viva del mar no és ja una activitat excèntrica poc sostenible a les actuals generacions i no comprometi practicada, sinó una afició en expansió que atorga un nou les possibilitats de les futures, en el cas dels peixos, el valor a aquesta fauna. Un valor, per cert, no exclusiva- sentit del terme resulta especialment evident, tot i que con- ment cultural: la pràctica del turisme submarí suposa el vindrà insistir en la necessitat d’entendre l’amplitud de sig- modus vivendi d’alguns centenars de persones a les cos- nificats que pot suposar el concepte d’ús racional i el tes insulars, genera un moviment econòmic cada vegada concepte de benefici. La conservació d’aquest conjunt zoo- més gran i constitueix un turisme alternatiu que no es pot lògic és un cas especial per les peculiaritats del medi en el negligir. Convé remarcar, tanmateix, que no està despro- qual viuen, les implicacions socioeconòmiques que pre- veït de riscos per a la conservació, ja que un excés de senten i l’interès zoològic del grup. freqüentació o determinades pràctiques poc respectuo- Quins són, finalment, els problemes de conservació de la ses poden generar impactes destructius sobre els fons i fauna ictiològica? La pesca, evidentment, té influència determinats organismes sèssils especialment fràgils. Les sobre la demografia de les espècies, però la seva impor- illes
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