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Rapport Final Royaume du Maroc Ministère délégué auprès du Ministre de l’Energie des Mines de l’Eau et de L’environnement chargé de l’Environnement Diagnostic écologique, socio-économique, cartographie des habitats et élaboration d’un programme de suivi écologique de la zone humide de l’embouchure de Moulouya RAPPORT FINAL MISSION II : Diagnostic écologique Décembre 2016 OMAZINE-CONSULTING –SARL ETUDE, CONSEIL & INGENIERIE BET Agrée D-19 & D -20 0 Table des matières Résumé de l’étude 9 Introduction 11 I. Description générale du site 13 I.1 Caractéristiques du bassin versant 13 I.1.1 Climat 14 I.1.1 Réseau hydrographique 18 I.1.1 Dynamique fluviale de la Moulouya 26 I.2 Description des zones humides du SIBE 27 I.2.1 Unités hydrologiques du SIBE 27 I.2.2 Fonctionnement hydrologique du SIBE 29 I.2.3 Qualité de l’eau dans le SIBE 30 I.3 Qualité des eaux évaluée lors des campagnes 2016 39 I.3.1 Méthodologies d’échantillonnage et d’analyse 39 I.3.2 Résultats 54 II. Etat des lieux naturaliste 65 II.1 Méthodologie 65 II.1.1 Présentation de l’équipe naturaliste 65 II.1.1 Méthodes des expertises naturalistes 66 II.1.2 Analyse des données biologiques 81 II.2 Description des composantes biologiques du SIBE 83 II.2.1 Habitats naturels 83 II.2.2 Espèces et communautés remarquables 97 II.2.3 Espèces d'utilité pour l'Homme 206 II.3 Evaluation des valeurs écologiques du site 207 II.3.1 Hiérarchisation du Patrimoine biologique du SIBE 208 III. Menaces et impacts enregistrés sur la flore et la faune 216 III.1 Impacts à l'échelle du site et/ou des habitats 216 III.1.1 Perte d’habitats 216 1 III.1.2 Dégradation des habitats et des espèces associées 220 III.1.3 Modifications du fonctionnement hydrologique du site et de la qualité des eaux 224 III.1.4 Synthèse des impacts affectant directement la flore et la faune des zones humides et les habitats côtiers 231 IV. Conservation et gestion durable du SIBE 233 IV.1 Objectifs prioritaires de conservation et gestion 233 IV.1.1 Objectif I : Restaurer à grande échelle les habitats patrimoniaux du SIBE 233 IV.1.2 Objectif II : Restaurer le fonctionnement hydraulique des zones humides du SIBE 233 IV.1.3 Objectif III: Maintenir dans un bon état de conservation la flore et la faune patrimoniales 234 IV.1.4 Objectif IV : Mettre en place un statut de protection fort pour le SIBE 234 IV.1.5 Objectif V: Améliorer les connaissances sur le fonctionnement écologique du SIBE 234 IV.1.6 Objectif VI : Assurer un suivi écologique régulier de la flore et de la faune 235 IV.2 Zonage des sensibilités écologiques du site 235 IV.3 Mesures de gestion 242 IV.3.1 Objectif I : Restaurer à grande échelle les habitats patrimoniaux du SIBE 242 V.1.1 Objectif II : Restaurer le fonctionnement hydraulique des zones humides du SIBE 247 V.1.1 Objectif III: Maintenir dans un bon état de conservation les espèces patrimoniales 249 V.1.1 Objectif IV : Mettre en place un statut de protection fort pour le SIBE 254 V.1.1 Objectif V: Améliorer les connaissances sur le fonctionnement écologique du SIBE 258 VI. Conclusion générale 261 VII. Bibliographie 263 VIII. Annexes 266 Annexe I – Grilles simplifiées d’évaluation des cours d’eau et nappes souterraines 267 Annexe II– IBMWP – qualité biologique de l’eau 268 Annexe III – Inventaire faunistique de l’eau 270 Annexe IV – Données d’inventaire pour la flore 275 Annexe V – Données d’Inventaire reptiles et amphibiens 288 Annexe VI - Données d’inventaire pour l’avifaune (Hors IPA) 293 Annexe VII - Liste réactualisée des oiseaux du SIBE de la Moulouya – X Rufray (2016) 301 Annexe VIII– Liste des plantes médicinales 307 2 Table des figures Figure 1. Les provinces du bassin hydraulique de la Moulouya (source PDAIR-ABHM, 2008)................................................................. 14 Figure 2. Carte des précipitations moyennes dans le Bassin Hydraulique de la Moulouya (Melhaoui et Sbai 2008) .............................. 15 Figure 3. Régime pluviométrique de la Basse Moulouya au niveau de la station de Safsaf d’après l’ABHM. ......................................... 16 Figure 4. Graphique chronologique des pluies annuelles Saf saf- Source ABHM in (Arrach 2014) .......................................................... 16 Figure 5. Evaporation moyenne mensuelle enregistrée dans les Triffa (ABHM 2008) ............................................................................ 17 Figure 6. Le Bassin Hydraulique de la Moulouya : les grands barrages (Melhaoui et Sbai 2008) ............................................................ 20 Figure 7. Le bassin versant du SIBE. Biotope, 2016.................................................................................................................................. 20 Figure 8. Lâchers moyens mensuels à l’aval de Machraam Homadi en Mm3 (Source ABHM dans Arrach 2014) ................................... 22 Figure 9. Les lâchers moyens annuel du barrage M. Hommadi (Source ABHM dans Arrach 2014) ......................................................... 22 Figure 10. Carte nappes de l’ABHM (PDAIR -200) .................................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 11. Carte de vulnérabilité de la nappe (Melloul 2006) ................................................................................................................. 26 Figure 12. Schéma structural de la zone côtière de l'embouchure de la Moulouya (Irzi 2002). .............................................................. 27 Figure 13. Unites hydrologiques de l'Embouchure de la Moulouya (Arrach 2014) d’après Dakki et al., 2004 et 2005. .......................... 28 Figure 14. Fonctionnement hydrologique de la zone humide (Arrach 2014) .......................................................................................... 30 Figure 15. Répartition des analyses effectuées durant les campagnes (2011-2012) de l'ABHM ............................................................. 30 Figure 16. Carte de la qualité des ressources en eau Campagne Septembre-Octobre 2011 (ABHM, 2012). .......................................... 31 Figure 17. Carte de la qualité des ressources en eau Campagne avril-mai 2012 (ABHM, 2012). ............................................................ 31 Figure 18. Qualité globale des eaux souterraines (ABHM, 2012). ........................................................................................................... 33 Figure 19.Situation géographique des sites de prélèvements au niveau de la basse Moulouya et ses affluents .................................... 34 Figure 20. variation spatiale de l’indice polymétallique moyen (fer, plomb, zinc et cadmium) des eaux de la basse Moulouya (Fahssi et al. 2016) ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36 Figure 21. Evolution spatiale de l’indice polymétallique moyen (fer, plomb, zinc et cadmium) des sédiments de la basse Moulouya (Fahssi et al. 2016) ................................................................................................................................................................................... 38 Figure 22. Mesures In-SiTU ...................................................................................................................................................................... 43 Figure 23. Carte de localisation des stations d'Échantillonage pour la qualité physico-chimique de l'eau ............................................. 43 Figure 24. Identification d’une station « représentative » d’un segment de cours d’eau, (Malavoi, 1989) ........................................... 47 Figure 25. Prélèvement au filet Suber – Mai 2016 .................................................................................................................................. 51 Figure 26. Photographie d'un prélèvement au Filet à Dérive - mission Biotope Mai 2016 ..................................................................... 52 Figure 27.Photographie d’un prélèvement au Filet Troubleau – Mission Biotope mai 2016 .................................................................. 52 Figure 28. Tri du matériel biologique des échantillon en laboratoire ...................................................................................................... 52 Figure 29. tri du matériel biologique sous la loupe binoculaire ............................................................................................................... 53 Figure 30. 1. potentiel hydrique et température des eaux de surface - 2 : potentiel hydrique et température des eaux souterraines . 54 Figure 31.1 : oxygène dissous des eaux de surface – 2 : oxygène dissous des eaux souterraines ........................................................... 55 Figure 32. 1 : salinité et conductivité des eaux souterraines – 2 : salinité et conductivité des eaux de surface ..................................... 56 Figure 33.1 : concentration en matière en suspension des eaux de surface – 8 : concentration en matière en suspension des eaux souterraines ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 56 Figure 34. 1 : concentration en en phosphore total et ortho-phosphate des eaux de surface – 2 : concentration en en phosphore total et ortho-phosphate des eaux souterraines ............................................................................................................................................
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