DOCSLIB.ORG

SEA) for Exploration and Production Activities Offshore Lebanon

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
SEA) for Exploration and Production Activities Offshore Lebanon European Union - EuropeAid/137502/DH/SER/LB Technical Assistance to Support the Government of Lebanon’s Preparation of Exploiting and Producing Offshore Oil and Gas Resources Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) for Exploration and Production Activities Offshore Lebanon SEA Report VOLUME 2 - Baseline Conditions Date: February 2020 This project is funded by the European Union A project implemented by GFA Consulting Group GmbH / Projekt-Consult GmbH / Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) / ELARD Lebanon HQ SEA Update for E&P Activities Offshore Lebanon Draft SEA Report Your contact persons within GFA Consulting Group GmbH are: Mark Bear (Team Leader) Sholto West (Acting Project Director) Republic of Lebanon Technical Assistance to Support the Government of Lebanon’s Preparation of Exploiting and Producing Offshore Oil and Gas Resources EuropeAid/137502/DH/SER/LB Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) for Exploration and Production Activities Offshore Lebanon SEA Report - Volume 2 - Baseline Conditions Author: Ricardo Khoury, Dima Alhaj, Manal Nader, Manale Abou Dagher, Shadi Andari, Charbel Afif, Rana Ghoussainy, Rachad Ghanem, Tarek Tabaja Disclaimer The content of this publication is the sole responsibility of the author and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. Address: GFA Consulting Group GmbH Eulenkrugstraße 82 D-22359 Hamburg Germany Phone: +49 (40) 6 03 06 – 154 Fax: +49 (40) 6 03 06 – 159 E-Mail: [email protected] Technical Assistance to Support the Government of Lebanon’s Preparation of Exploiting and Producing Offshore Oil and THIS PROJECT IS FUNDED Gas Resources A PROJECT IMPLEMENTED BY A BY THE EUROPEAN UNION GFA CONSULTING GROUP LED CONSORTIUM TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................................... ii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................. iv List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ iv 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Physical Environment .................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Geographic features of the Mediterranean Basin off the Lebanese Coast ................. 2 2.2 Bathymetry ............................................................................................................................... 4 The East Levantine Canyon Area (ELCA) ...................................................................................... 6 2.3 Physical change of the Lebanese shoreline ....................................................................... 8 2.4 Winds and Waves .................................................................................................................... 9 2.5 Currents and Tides ................................................................................................................. 13 2.6 Geology and Related Geohazards ................................................................................... 14 Seismicity (earthquakes) .............................................................................................. 17 Gas Hydrates ................................................................................................................. 19 Over-pressured Zones ................................................................................................... 20 Submarine Landslides and coastal slope failures .................................................... 22 2.7 Climate and Climate Change ............................................................................................ 23 3. Environmental Quality ................................................................................................................. 27 3.1 Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) Emissions .................................................... 27 3.2 Acoustic Environment ........................................................................................................... 31 3.3 Sea Water Quality ................................................................................................................. 37 3.4 Sediments ............................................................................................................................... 39 3.5 Ecosystems and Biodiversity ................................................................................................ 40 Nutrients .......................................................................................................................... 41 Phytoplankton ............................................................................................................... 42 Zooplankton ................................................................................................................... 43 Bacterioplankton and viroplankton ........................................................................... 43 Benthos ........................................................................................................................... 44 Marine Ichtyofauna ...................................................................................................... 45 Sea Mammals ................................................................................................................ 45 Marine Herpetofauna................................................................................................... 47 Marine Ornithofauna .................................................................................................... 47 Fish Resources (Fish, Cephalopodes, Crustacean).................................................. 49 Important Biodiversity Areas ........................................................................................ 55 SEA Update for E&P Activities Offshore Lebanon SEA Report - Volume 2 - Baseline Conditions P a g e | ii Technical Assistance to Support the Government of Lebanon’s Preparation of Exploiting and Producing Offshore Oil and THIS PROJECT IS FUNDED Gas Resources A PROJECT IMPLEMENTED BY A BY THE EUROPEAN UNION GFA CONSULTING GROUP LED CONSORTIUM 4. Archeological and Cultural heritage ....................................................................................... 65 5. Landscape.................................................................................................................................... 71 6. Demography and Social Profile ................................................................................................ 74 6.1 Population .............................................................................................................................. 74 6.2 Employment ........................................................................................................................... 76 6.3 Poverty .................................................................................................................................... 77 6.4 Criminality ............................................................................................................................... 79 6.5 Access to Basic Services and Livelihoods.......................................................................... 82 Education ....................................................................................................................... 82 Health .............................................................................................................................. 86 Water ............................................................................................................................... 89 6.6 Civil Society ............................................................................................................................ 90 6.7 Infrastructure .......................................................................................................................... 90 Transport Infrastructure ................................................................................................. 90 Waste Management and Wastewater Infrastructure ............................................. 94 Existing Hydrocarbons Infrastructure in Lebanon ..................................................... 97 7. Economic Activities ................................................................................................................... 103 7.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 103 7.2 Tourism ................................................................................................................................... 105 7.3 Fisheries Sector ..................................................................................................................... 106 7.4 SMEs ....................................................................................................................................... 108 8. Energy Consumption Needs and Supply in Lebanon .......................................................... 109 8.1 The Power Sector ................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Development, Organization, and Remodeling of Phoronid Muscles from Embryo to Metamorphosis (Lophotrochozoa: Phoronida) Elena N Temereva1,3* and Eugeni B Tsitrin2
    Temereva and Tsitrin BMC Developmental Biology 2013, 13:14 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/13/14 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Development, organization, and remodeling of phoronid muscles from embryo to metamorphosis (Lophotrochozoa: Phoronida) Elena N Temereva1,3* and Eugeni B Tsitrin2 Abstract Background: The phoronid larva, which is called the actinotrocha, is one of the most remarkable planktotrophic larval types among marine invertebrates. Actinotrochs live in plankton for relatively long periods and undergo catastrophic metamorphosis, in which some parts of the larval body are consumed by the juvenile. The development and organization of the muscular system has never been described in detail for actinotrochs and for other stages in the phoronid life cycle. Results: In Phoronopsis harmeri, muscular elements of the preoral lobe and the collar originate in the mid-gastrula stage from mesodermal cells, which have immigrated from the anterior wall of the archenteron. Muscles of the trunk originate from posterior mesoderm together with the trunk coelom. The organization of the muscular system in phoronid larvae of different species is very complex and consists of 14 groups of muscles. The telotroch constrictor, which holds the telotroch in the larval body during metamorphosis, is described for the first time. This unusual muscle is formed by apical myofilaments of the epidermal cells. Most larval muscles are formed by cells with cross-striated organization of myofibrils. During metamorphosis, most elements of the larval muscular system degenerate, but some of them remain and are integrated into the juvenile musculature. Conclusion: Early steps of phoronid myogenesis reflect the peculiarities of the actinotroch larva: the muscle of the preoral lobe is the first muscle to appear, and it is important for food capture.
    [Show full text]
  • (Gastropoda: Cocculiniformia) from Off the Caribbean Coast of Colombia
    ó^S PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON ll8(2):344-366. 2005. Cocculinid and pseudococculinid limpets (Gastropoda: Cocculiniformia) from off the Caribbean coast of Colombia Néstor E. Ardila and M. G. Harasewych (NEA) Museo de Historia Natural Marina de Colombia, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, INVEMAR, Santa Marta, A.A. 1016, Colombia, e-mail: [email protected]; (MGH) Department of Invertebrate Zoology, MRC-I63, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 U.S.A., e-mail: [email protected] Abstract.•The present paper reports on the occurrence of six species of Cocculinidae and three species of Pseudococculinidae off the Caribbean coast of Colombia. Cocculina messingi McLean & Harasewych, 1995, Cocculina emsoni McLean & Harasewych, 1995 Notocrater houbricki McLean & Hara- sewych, 1995 and Notocrater youngi McLean & Harasewych, 1995 were not previously known to occur within the of the Caribbean Sea, while Fedikovella beanii (Dall, 1882) had been reported only from the western margins of the Atlantic Ocean, including the lesser Antilles. New data are presented on the external anatomy and radular morphology of Coccocrater portoricensis (Dall & Simpson, 1901) that supports its placement in the genus Coccocrater. Coc- culina fenestrata n. sp. (Cocculinidae) and Copulabyssia Colombia n. sp. (Pseu- dococculinidae) are described from the upper continental slope of Caribbean Colombia. Cocculiniform limpets comprise two paraphyletic, with the Cocculinoidea related groups of bathyal to hadal gastropods with to Neomphalina and the Lepetelloidea in- global distribution that live primarily on cluded within Vetigastropoda (Ponder & biogenic substrates (e.g., wood, algal hold- Lindberg 1996, 1997; McArthur & Hara- fasts, whale bone, cephalopod beaks, crab sewych 2003).
    [Show full text]
  • Contributions in Science
    NUMBER 453 9 JUNE 1995 CONTRIBUTIONS IN SCIENCE REVIEW OF WESTERN ATLANTIC SPECIES OF COCCULINID AND PSEUDOCOCCULINID LIMPETS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES (GASTROPODA: COCCULINIFORMIA) JAMES H. MCLEAN AND M. G. HARASEWYCH NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM OF LOS ANGELES GOUNTY Thf: scientific publications of the Natural History Mu- SERIAL seum of Los Angeles County have been issued at irregular intervals in three major series; the issues in each series are PUBLICATIONS numbered individually, and numbers run consecutively, OF THE regardless of the subject matter. • Contributions in Science, a miscellaneous series of tech- NATURAL HISTORY nical papers describing original research in the life and earth sciences. MUSEUM OF • Science Bulletin, a miscellaneous series of monographs describing original research in the hfe and earth sci- LOS ANGELES ences. This series was discontinued in 1978 with the issue of Numbers 29 and 30; monographs are now COUNTY published by the Museum in Contributions in Science. • Science Series, long anieles and collections of papers on natural history topics. Copies of the publications in these series are sold through the Museum Book Shop. A catalog is available on request. The Museum also publishes Technical Reports, a mis- cellaneous series containing information relative to schol- arly inquiry and collections but not reporting the results of original research. Issue is authorized by the Museum's Scientific Publications Committee; however, manuscripts do not receive anonymous peer review. Individual Tech- nical Reports may be obtained from the relevant Section of the Museum. SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE «ÎWA James L. Powell, Museum President NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Daniel M. Cohen, Committee OF Los ANGELES COUNTY Chairman 900 EXPOSITION BOULEVARD Brian V.
    [Show full text]
  • DEEP SEA LEBANON RESULTS of the 2016 EXPEDITION EXPLORING SUBMARINE CANYONS Towards Deep-Sea Conservation in Lebanon Project
    DEEP SEA LEBANON RESULTS OF THE 2016 EXPEDITION EXPLORING SUBMARINE CANYONS Towards Deep-Sea Conservation in Lebanon Project March 2018 DEEP SEA LEBANON RESULTS OF THE 2016 EXPEDITION EXPLORING SUBMARINE CANYONS Towards Deep-Sea Conservation in Lebanon Project Citation: Aguilar, R., García, S., Perry, A.L., Alvarez, H., Blanco, J., Bitar, G. 2018. 2016 Deep-sea Lebanon Expedition: Exploring Submarine Canyons. Oceana, Madrid. 94 p. DOI: 10.31230/osf.io/34cb9 Based on an official request from Lebanon’s Ministry of Environment back in 2013, Oceana has planned and carried out an expedition to survey Lebanese deep-sea canyons and escarpments. Cover: Cerianthus membranaceus © OCEANA All photos are © OCEANA Index 06 Introduction 11 Methods 16 Results 44 Areas 12 Rov surveys 16 Habitat types 44 Tarablus/Batroun 14 Infaunal surveys 16 Coralligenous habitat 44 Jounieh 14 Oceanographic and rhodolith/maërl 45 St. George beds measurements 46 Beirut 19 Sandy bottoms 15 Data analyses 46 Sayniq 15 Collaborations 20 Sandy-muddy bottoms 20 Rocky bottoms 22 Canyon heads 22 Bathyal muds 24 Species 27 Fishes 29 Crustaceans 30 Echinoderms 31 Cnidarians 36 Sponges 38 Molluscs 40 Bryozoans 40 Brachiopods 42 Tunicates 42 Annelids 42 Foraminifera 42 Algae | Deep sea Lebanon OCEANA 47 Human 50 Discussion and 68 Annex 1 85 Annex 2 impacts conclusions 68 Table A1. List of 85 Methodology for 47 Marine litter 51 Main expedition species identified assesing relative 49 Fisheries findings 84 Table A2. List conservation interest of 49 Other observations 52 Key community of threatened types and their species identified survey areas ecological importanc 84 Figure A1.
    [Show full text]
  • Reef Building Mediterranean Vermetid Gastropods: Disentangling the Dendropoma Petraeum Species Complex J
    Research Article Mediterranean Marine Science Indexed in WoS (Web of Science, ISI Thomson) and SCOPUS The journal is available on line at http://www.medit-mar-sc.net DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.1333 Zoobank: http://zoobank.org/25FF6F44-EC43-4386-A149-621BA494DBB2 Reef building Mediterranean vermetid gastropods: disentangling the Dendropoma petraeum species complex J. TEMPLADO1, A. RICHTER2 and M. CALVO1 1 Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain 2 Oviedo University, Faculty of Biology, Dep. Biology of Organisms and Systems (Zoology), Catedrático Rodrigo Uría s/n, 33071 Oviedo, Spain Corresponding author: [email protected] Handling Editor: Marco Oliverio Received: 21 April 2014; Accepted: 3 July 2015; Published on line: 20 January 2016 Abstract A previous molecular study has revealed that the Mediterranean reef-building vermetid gastropod Dendropoma petraeum comprises a complex of at least four cryptic species with non-overlapping ranges. Once specific genetic differences were de- tected, ‘a posteriori’ searching for phenotypic characters has been undertaken to differentiate cryptic species and to formally describe and name them. The name D. petraeum (Monterosato, 1884) should be restricted to the species of this complex dis- tributed around the central Mediterranean (type locality in Sicily). In the present work this taxon is redescribed under the oldest valid name D. cristatum (Biondi, 1857), and a new species belonging to this complex is described, distributed in the western Mediterranean. These descriptions are based on a comparative study focusing on the protoconch, teleoconch, and external and internal anatomy. Morphologically, the two species can be only distinguished on the basis of non-easily visible anatomical features, and by differences in protoconch size and sculpture.
    [Show full text]
  • Central Mediterranean Sea) Subtidal Cliff: a First, Tardy, Report
    Biodiversity Journal , 2018, 9 (1): 25–34 Mollusc diversity in Capo d’Armi (Central Mediterranean Sea) subtidal cliff: a first, tardy, report Salvatore Giacobbe 1 & Walter Renda 2 ¹Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Al - contres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; e-mail: [email protected] 2Via Bologna, 18/A, 87032 Amantea, Cosenza, Italy; e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT First quantitative data on mollusc assemblages from the Capo d’Armi cliff, at the south en - trance of the Strait of Messina, provided a baseline for monitoring changes in benthic biod- iversity of a crucial Mediterranean area, whose depletion might already be advanced. A total of 133 benthic taxa have been recorded, and their distribution evaluated according to depth and seasonality. Bathymetric distribution showed scanty differences between the 4-6 meters and 12-16 meters depth levels, sharing all the 22 most abundant species. Season markedly affected species composition, since 42 taxa were exclusively recorded in spring and 35 in autumn, contrary to 56 shared taxa. The occurrence of some uncommon taxa has also been discussed. The benthic mollusc assemblages, although sampled in Ionian Sea, showed a clear western species composition, in accordance with literature placing east of the Strait the bound- ary line between western and eastern Mediterranean eco-regions. Opposite, occasional records of six mesopelagic species, which included the first record for this area of Atlanta helicinoi - dea
    [Show full text]
  • Business Guide
    TOURISM AGRIFOOD RENEWABLE TRANSPORT ENERGY AND LOGISTICS CULTURAL AND CREATIVE INDUSTRIES BUSINESS GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN GUIDE RENEWABLERENEWABLERENEWABLERENEWABLERENEWABLE CULTURALCULTURALCULTURALCULTURALCULTURAL TRANSPORTTRANSPORTTRANSPORTTRANSPORTTRANSPORT AGRIFOODAGRIFOODAGRIFOODAGRIFOODAGRIFOOD ANDANDAND ANDCREATIVE ANDCREATIVE CREATIVE CREATIVE CREATIVE ENERGYENERGYENERGYENERGYENERGY TOURISMTOURISMTOURISMTOURISMTOURISM ANDANDAND ANDLOGISTICS ANDLOGISTICS LOGISTICS LOGISTICS LOGISTICS INDUSTRIESINDUSTRIESINDUSTRIESINDUSTRIESINDUSTRIES GROWTH GROWTH GROWTH GROWTH GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES IN OPPORTUNITIES IN OPPORTUNITIES IN OPPORTUNITIES IN OPPORTUNITIES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN THE MEDITERRANEAN THE MEDITERRANEAN THE MEDITERRANEAN THE MEDITERRANEAN ALGERIA ALGERIA ALGERIA ALGERIA ALGERIA BUILDING AN INDUSTRY PREPARING FOR THE POST-OIL PROMOTING HERITAGE, EVERYTHING IS TO BE DONE! A MARKET OF 40 MILLION THAT MEETS THE NEEDS PERIOD KNOW-HOW… AND YOUTH! INHABITANTS TO BE OF THE COUNTRY! DEVELOPED! EGYPT EGYPT EGYPT REBUILD TRUST AND MOVE EGYPT SOLAR AND WIND ARE BETTING ON THE ARAB UPMARKET EGYPT PHARAONIC PROJECTS BOOMING WORLD’S CULTURAL THE GATEWAY TO AFRICA ON THE AGENDA CHAMPION AND THE MIDDLE EAST IN ISRAEL SEARCH FOR INVESTORS ISRAEL ACCELERATE THE EMERGENCE ISRAEL TAKE-OFF INITIATED! ISRAEL OF A CHEAPER HOLIDAY COLLABORATING WITH THE THE START-UP NATION AT THE OFFER ISRAEL WORLD CENTRE OF AGRITECH JORDAN FOREFRONT OF CREATIVITY LARGE PROJECTS… AND START-UPS! GREEN ELECTRICITY EXPORTS JORDAN JORDAN IN SIGHT JORDAN
    [Show full text]
  • Revision of the Genus Ceriantheomorphe (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Ceriantharia) with Description of a New Species from the Gulf of Mexico and Northwestern Atlantic
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 874: 127–148Revision (2019) of the genus Ceriantheomorphe (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Ceriantharia)... 127 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.847.35835 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Revision of the genus Ceriantheomorphe (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Ceriantharia) with description of a new species from the Gulf of Mexico and northwestern Atlantic Celine S.S. Lopes1,2, Hellen Ceriello1,2, André C. Morandini3,4, Sérgio N. Stampar1,2 1 Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Evolução e Diversidade Aquática – LEDA/FCL, Avenida Dom Antônio, 2100 – Parque Universitário, Assis, São Paulo, Brazil 2 Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Zoologia, Rua Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250 – Distrito de Rubião Junior, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil 3 Uni- versidade de São Paulo (USP), Instituto de Biociências – Departamento de Zoologia, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, 101, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil 4 Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Centro de Biologia Marinha (CEBIMar), Rodovia Manoel Hypólito do Rego, Km 131.50, Praia do Cabelo Gordo, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil Corresponding author: Celine S.S. Lopes ([email protected]) Academic editor: James Reimer | Received 30 April 2019 | Accepted 29 July 2019 | Published 9 September 2019 http://zoobank.org/5723F36A-EA44-48E3-A8F5-C8A3FF86F88C Citation: Lopes CSS, Ceriello H, Morandini AC, Stampar SN (2019) Revision of the genus Ceriantheomorphe (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Ceriantharia) with description of a new species from the Gulf of Mexico and northwestern Atlantic. ZooKeys 874: 127–148. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.874.35835 Abstract The present study presents a revision of the genusCeriantheomorphe Carlgren, 1931, including redescrip- tions of the two presently recognized species, Ceriantheomorphe ambonensis (Kwietniewski, 1898) and Ceriantheomorphe brasiliensis (Mello-Leitão, 1919), comb.
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern Mediterranean)
    www.trjfas.org ISSN 1303-2712 Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 11: 413-423 (2011) DOI: 10.4194/trjfas.2011.0311 Distribution of the Demersal Fishes on the Continental Shelves of the Levantine and North Aegean Seas (Eastern Mediterranean) Çetin Keskin1,*, Cemal Turan2, Deniz Ergüden2 1 Istanbul University, Faculty of Fisheries, Marine Biology Department, Ordu St. No: 200, 34470 Istanbul, Turkey. 2 Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Fisheries, Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, 31220, Iskenderun, Hatay, Turkey. * Corresponding Author: Tel.: +90. 212 4555700/16414; Fax: +90. 212 5140379; Received 10 December 2010 E-mail: [email protected] Accepted 28 February 2011 Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution patterns of demersal fishes on the continental shelves of the north-eastern Levantine and north-eastern Aegean seas. Fish samples were collected by bottom trawl. A total of 29 hauls were carried out, 15 hauls between 43 to 121 m depth in the north-eastern Levantine Sea and 14 hauls between 65 to 100 m depth in 2 the north-eastern Aegean Sea. The total trawled area for both region was 1.87 km . Cluster analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling were applied to identify hauls grouping. Among 114 fish species found, 84 were recorded in the north-eastern Levantine Sea and 64 in the north-eastern Aegean Sea. Fifty species were found exclusively from the north- eastern Levantine Sea, 30 species exclusively from the north-eastern Aegean Sea and 34 species were shared by the two areas. The Lessepsian migrants, Upeneus moluccensis, Equulites klunzingeri, Saurida undosquamis, and the indigenous species Pagellus erythrinus were the most common species of fish assemblage in the north-eastern Levantine Sea.
    [Show full text]
  • Llibre Vermell Dels Peixos De Les Illes Balears
    LLIBRE VERMELL DELS PEIXOS DE LES ILLES BALEARS Desembre, 2015 "Es podria, probablement, establir una llista de peixos segons la seva qualitat objectiva. Seria indispensable, però, que aquesta llista fos acceptada per la generalitat de la gent. Les qüestions de posició i de jerarquia han estat, però, en tots els temps, delicades i difícils" Josep Pla. Bodegó amb peixos, 1966. Obra completa, vol. II. Aigua de mar. Ed. Destino, Barcelona ÍNDEX 1. Introducció: la conservació dels peixos .................................................................................................................................... 8 2. Les categories d’UICN adaptades a la fauna balear de peixos................................................................................ 12 3. Els peixos d’aigua dolça, una fauna delmada..................................................................................................................... 16 4. La fauna balear de peixos marins................................................................................................................................................. 22 5. Factors de conservació...................................................................................................................................................................... 26 6. Llista dels peixos marins i el seu estat de conservació................................................................................................. 36 7. Fitxes espècies amenaçades i quasi amenaçades..........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Bioinvasions in the Mediterranean Sea 2 7
    Metamorphoses: Bioinvasions in the Mediterranean Sea 2 7 B. S. Galil and Menachem Goren Abstract Six hundred and eighty alien marine multicellular species have been recorded in the Mediterranean Sea, with many establishing viable populations and dispersing along its coastline. A brief history of bioinvasions research in the Mediterranean Sea is presented. Particular attention is paid to gelatinous invasive species: the temporal and spatial spread of four alien scyphozoans and two alien ctenophores is outlined. We highlight few of the dis- cernible, and sometimes dramatic, physical alterations to habitats associated with invasive aliens in the Mediterranean littoral, as well as food web interactions of alien and native fi sh. The propagule pressure driving the Erythraean invasion is powerful in the establishment and spread of alien species in the eastern and central Mediterranean. The implications of the enlargement of Suez Canal, refl ecting patterns in global trade and economy, are briefl y discussed. Keywords Alien • Vectors • Trends • Propagule pressure • Trophic levels • Jellyfi sh • Mediterranean Sea Brief History of Bioinvasion Research came suddenly with the much publicized plans of the in the Mediterranean Sea Saint- Simonians for a “Canal de jonction des deux mers” at the Isthmus of Suez. Even before the Suez Canal was fully The eminent European marine naturalists of the sixteenth excavated, the French zoologist Léon Vaillant ( 1865 ) argued century – Belon, Rondelet, Salviani, Gesner and Aldrovandi – that the breaching of the isthmus will bring about species recorded solely species native to the Mediterranean Sea, migration and mixing of faunas, and advocated what would though mercantile horizons have already expanded with be considered nowadays a ‘baseline study’.
    [Show full text]
  • Road Traffic in Lebanon: a Structural Problem That Needs Immediate
    BLOMINVEST Road Traffic in Lebanon: A Structural Problem that Needs BANK Immediate Intervention August 10, 2017 Contact Information Senior Economist: Mirna Chami [email protected] Head of Research: Marwan Mikhael [email protected] Research Department Tel: +961 1 991 784 While seasonal bottlenecks are common in the world, Lebanon suffers from a chronic traffic problem that dates back to the 1990s, when the 15-Year Lebanese civil war finally ended. Since then, the situation has aggravated due to the deteriorating condition of the road network, the absence of a reliable public transportation system, and recently the influx of more than one million officially registered Syrian refugees escaping the war in their home country. Economically speaking, the development of any nation remains extremely challenging and hard to achieve in the presence of a poor infrastructure and a frail road network. In fact, the cost of road congestion is estimated at $2 billion/year (near 4% of GDP). Hence, the lack of road development and maintenance in Lebanon has definitely restrained investment and economic growth, deteriorated road safety and stretched travel times between regions. In reality, Lebanon ranked 124th in terms of quality of roads amongst 138 countries, according to the 2016-17 Competitiveness Index of the World Economic Forum. According to the World Bank’s “Roads and Employment Project” (2017), the total Lebanese road network constitutes of 21,705 km of roads. Furthermore, the World Bank estimates that the Lebanese main road network “consists of about 6,380 km of mostly paved roads classified as: (a) International Roads (529 km), (b) Primary Roads (1,673 km), (c) Secondary Roads (1,367 km), and (d) Internal Roads (2,811 km)”.
    [Show full text]