Ecological Characterization of Sites of Interest for Conservation in Lebanon

Home , Barbatia barbata, Chiton olivaceus, Clibanarius, Clibanarius erythropus, Echinolittorina, Echinolittorina punctata

ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SITES OF INTEREST FOR CONSERVATION IN LEBANON:

Enfeh Peninsula, Ras Chekaa cliffs, Raoucheh, Saida, Tyre and Nakoura The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP/MAP-RAC/SPA concerning the legal status of any State, Territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of their frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of UNEP/MAP-RAC/SPA and those of the Lebanese Ministry of Environment.

Published by: RAC/SPA

Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder.

For bibliographic purposes, this volume may be cited as: RAC/SPA - UNEP/MAP, 2014. Ecological characterization of sites of interest for conservation in Lebanon: Enfeh Peninsula, Ras Chekaa cliffs, Raoucheh, Saida, Tyre and Nakoura. By Ramos-Esplá A.A., Bitar G., Khalaf G., El Shaer H., Forcada A., Limam A., Ocaña O., Sghaier Y.R. & Valle C. Ed. RAC/SPA - MedMPAnet Project, Tunis: 146 p + annexes.

Layout: Zine El Abidine MAHJOUB and Asma KHERIJI.

Cover photo credit: Ghazi BITAR. Photos credits: Alfonso A. RAMOS-ESPLÁ, Ghazi BITAR, Oscar OCAÑA, Carlos VALLE, Hany EL SHAER, Yassine Ramzi SGHAIER, Aitor FORCADA, Adel BOUAJINA, Mosor PRVAN and Peter Nick PSOMADAKIS.

This document has been elaborated within the framework of the Regional Project for the Development of a Mediterranean Marine and Coastal Protected Areas (MPAs) Network through the boosting of Mediterranean MPAs Creation and Management (MedMPAnet Project). For Lebanon, the project activities were outlined in close consultation with the Ministry of Environment (MoE)”

The MedMPAnet Project is implemented in the framework of the UNEP/MAP-GEF MedPartnership, with the financial support of EC, AECID and FFEM. ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SITES OF INTEREST FOR CONSERVATION IN LEBANON: ENFEH, RAS CHEKAA, RAOUCHEH, SAIDA, TYRE AND NAKOURA

Regional Project for the Development of a Mediterranean Marine and Coastal Protected Areas (MPAs) Network through the boosting of MPA creation and management Study required and financed by:

Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas (RAC/SPA) Boulevard du Leader Yasser Arafat B.P. 337 1080 Tunis Cedex - Tunisia

In charge of the study: Atef LIMAM, MedMPAnet Project, RAC/SPA

LEBANON: ECOLOGICAL REPORT ECOLOGICAL LEBANON: Yassine Ramzi SGHAIER, MedMPAnet Project, RAC/SPA

In charge of the study at the Ministry of Environment of Lebanon: Lara SAMAHA, Head of the Department of Ecosystems

Scientific responsible of the study: Alfonso A. RAMOS-ESPLA, Senior professor (benthic specialist), University of Alicante (Spain) Gaby KHALAF, Director of the National Council for Scientific Research (Lebanon)

Other scientific participants in the mission Ghazi BITAR, Benthic specialist, Lebanese University (Lebanon) Milad FAKHRI, Researcher. CNRS Marine Research Centre. National Council for Scientific Research (Lebanon) Ziad SAMAHA, Purple Reef Association (Lebanon) Hany EL SHAER, Marine expert, IUCN Mediterranean Centre (Málaga, Spain) Aitor FORCADA, Fish specialist, University of Alicante (Spain) Oscar OCAÑA, Benthic specialist, Maritime Museum of Ceuta (Spain) Carlos VALLE, Fish specialist, University of Alicante (Spain) CONTENT

Foreword …………………………………………..……….……………………...... …………...... ……7

1. Introduction ………………………………………………..………...... …………………….....……9

2. Report of the missions (2012, 2013) ……………………………...... ……………………….....……11 2.1 Prospected areas ……………………………………………...... ……………………...... ……..11 2.2 Chronogram …………………………………...... ………………………………….....……....12 2.3 Staff ...... 12

3. Material and methods …………………………...... …………………………………….....………… 15 3.1 Stations ………………………………………...... ………………………………….....….……..15 3.2 Methods ………………………………………...... ………………………………….....……….. 16 3.2.1 Mapping ……………………………...... ………………………………...... …………. 17 3.2.2 Observations and characterization of habitats ……………...... ………...... …...... …17 3.2.3 Visual fish census ……………………..……………………….……...... ……17 3.2.4 Cymodocea nodosa meadows .….……..……………………...... ……...... …… 19 3.2.5 Hydrology ……………………………………………………...... ……………….20 3.2.6 Processing the samples and data treatment ..……………………...... … 21

4. Physical environment ………………………………………………………...... ….……………… 23 4.1 Geomorphology features ……………………………………………...... …….…...... ……23 4.1.1 Enfeh-Selaata …………………………………………………..…...... ….…...... 23 4.1.2 Raoucheh ……………………………………………………...... ……… 26 4.1.3 Saida-Nakoura ……………………………………………………...... ……...... 26 4.2 Hydrology features ..…..……………………………………………………...... ……...... 32

5. Lebanon’s marine biodiversity ..………………………………………...... …………… 35 5.1 Flora and fauna inventory .....………………………………………...... 35 5.2 New records for the Lebanon marine biodiversity …………………………………...... …………...... …… 36 5.3 Fish populations …………………………………………………………………………...... …...... …...... 40 5.3.1 Enfeh-Ras Chekaa ….….………...... …………………………………...... …… 40 5.3.2 Saida-Tyre-Nakoura .…..…………….……………………………...... ……...... 47 5.3.3 Discussion …………………………………………………...... …………...... 55 5.4 Species with patrimonial and interest value ………………………...... ……………...... 55 5.4.1 Macrophyta .……………………………………………...... ………………...... …55 5.4.2 Invertebrata …..…………………………………………...... ………………...... … 60 5.4.3 Vertebrata …………………………………………………...... …………...... …… 69 5.4.4 Other species of interest ..…………………………………...... …………...... 72

6. Benthic bionomy and marine habitats ..………………………………………..….……...... ……… 79 6.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………...... ……...... ……...... 79 6.2 Hard substrata ………………………………………………………...... ……………...... 79 6.2.1 Littoral rock …………………………………………………………...... …...... … 79 6.2.1.1 Biocenosis of the supralittoral rock …….….……...... …………… 80 6.2.1.2 Biocenosis of the upper midlittoral rock ……...... …...... ……...... ………. 81 6.2.1.3 Biocenosis of the lower midlittoral rock ………...... ………...... …… 82 6.2.1.4 Biocenosis of the midlittoral caves ……………...... …...... ……………83 6.2.1.5 Littoral fringe ………………………...... …………...... ………..………83 6.2.2 Infralittoral rock. ……………………………………..……...... …...... ………………85 6.2.2.1 Upper horizon …………………………………...... …...... ……..……… 85 6.2.2.1.1 Exposed photophilic algae ………………...... ….….……. 86 6.2.2.1.2 Exposed sciaphilic algae …………...... ……...... ……...…….. 89 6.2.2.2 Middle horizon ……………………..…………...... …...... …………… 90 6.2.2.2.1 Sheltered photophilic algae ..…………...... …………… 90 6.2.2.2.2 Sheltered sciaphilic algae .....……………...... …..…..95 6.2.2.3 Lower horizon ...... …………………...………………...... …...... ………96 6.2.2.3.1 Sheltered sciaphilic algae ……...... …………………...... 97 6.2.3 Upper circalittoral rock ...... ………………………...... 98 6.2.3.1 Biocenosis of the coralligenous ………...……….....…...... …...... ………99 6.2.3.2 Biocenosis of the semi-dark caves ….…………………...... …...... 102 6.2.3.3 Biocenosis of the caves and ducts in total darkness …...... …...... 103 6.2.4 Submarine cold and hot freshwater springs ………………………...... 103 6.3 Soft substrata …..……….…………………………………………………...... ………...... 104 6.3.1 Infralittoral soft bottoms …………………………………………...... …...... 104 6.3.1.1 Biocenosis of well sorted sands …………………………...... ……...... 104 6.3.1.2 Biocenosis of muddy sands ……………………...... ………...... …...... 106 6.3.1.3 Biocenosis of coarse sand and gravels ……….…...... ………...... 108 6.3.2 Upper Circalittoral soft bottoms ………………………...... ……………...…...... 109 6.3.2.1 Biocenosis of muddy detric bottom ………….…...... …………...... 109 6.3.2.2 Biocenosis of the coastal detritic bottom ………….…...... ……...... 110 6.4 Bionomical mapping ...……………...... ……………………………………………...... 111 6.4.1 Northern sector ……………………...... ……………………………………...... 111 6.4.2 Southern sector ……………………...... ……………………………………...... 113

7. Evaluation of the zones …………………………..……………………...... ………………………119 7.1 Species richness ..……………………………...... ……………………………………...... 119 7.2 Habitats ……………………………………...... ……………………………………...... 119 7.3 Interesting species ………………………………...... ……………………………………...... 122 7.4 Fish populations …………………………………...... ………………………………...... 123 7.5 Uses/impacts. Naturalness …………………………...... ……………………………...... 123 7.6 Evaluation of the zones ……………………………...... ……………………………...... 124 7.6.1 Enfeh ……………………………………...... ………………………………...... 125 7.6.2 Ras Chekaa …………………………………...... ……………………………...... 125 7.6.3 Raoucheh …………………………………...... ……………………………...... 126 7.6.4 Saida ………………………………………...... ……………………………...... 126 7.6.5 Tyre ………………………………………...... ………………………………...... 127 7.6.6 Tyre springs ………………………………...... …………………………………...... 127 7.6.7 Nakoura ……………………………………...... …………………………...... 128

8. Marine protected areas, zoning and management ………………..……………...... …...... ……...... 131 8.1 Types and figures of MPAs …………………………...... ……………………….………...... 131 8.2 Zoning and management……………………………...... ……………………………...... 131 8.3 Proposed MPAs ………………………………………...... …………………………...... 132 8.3.1 Zoning…..…………………...... ……………………………………………...... 134 8.3.1.1 Northern sector …………...... ……………………………………...... 134 8.3.1.2 Raoucheh ……………………...... …………………………………...... 134 8.3.1.3 Southern sector …………………...... ……………………………...... 134 8.3.2 Management measures ……………………...... ……………………………...... 136

9. References ……………………………………………………………………..………..…...... 139

10. Annexes...... 147 10.1 Annex I: Characteristics of the stations of the 2012 and 2013 missions………………...... 148 10.2 Annex II: Inventory of the taxa observed in the 2012 and 2013 missions ……...... ……………………...... 152 10.3 Annex III: Species/taxons by station ……..………..………………...... ………….……………...... 163 10.3.1 Enfeh…..…...... ……..………………...... ………….……………...... 163 10.3.2 Ras Chekaa (hydroplane)…..………..………………...... ………….……………...... 173 10.3.3 Ras Chekaa (plot scuba and snorkel dives)…..………..………………...... ………….……………...... 175 10.3.4 Raoucheh…..………..………………...... ………….……………...... 187 10.3.5 Saida…..………..………………...... ………….……………...... 190 10.3.6 Tyre (hydroplane)…..………..………………...... ………….……………...... 194 10.3.7 Tyre (plot scuba and snorkel dives)…..………..………………...... ………….……………...... 197 10.3.8 Nakoura…..………..………………...... ………….……………...... 207 6 © RAC/SPA, Yassine SGHAIER Raoucheh, Saida,Tyre andNakoura sites during2012and2013. at Enfeh tothefieldsurveys teamthattookpart andformedamultidisciplinary their efforts Peninsula,RasChekaacliffs, Centre forMarine Research (CNRS)andtheIUCNCentre forMediterranean Cooperation(IUCN-Med). Theyhave joint RAC/SPA, theUniversity ofAlicanteandtheMuseo delMar -Ceuta(Spain), theLebaneseUniversity, theLebaneseNational ones, amultilateralcollaborationhasbeensetupbetween therepresentatives ofEnvironment oftheMinistry ofLebanon, enhancing naturalandculturaldiversity. whose overall objective istodevelop aneffective Marine Protected Areas Network contributingtosustainabledevelopment by future establishmentasMarine Protected Areas. marine protected areas, withclearrationaleandjustificationsfortheir and(ii)toidentifythepotentialsite(s)besurveyed following coordination which led to (i) prepare missions undertaken a rapid in relationreview of what has been undertaken to Morocco, Montenegro, Lebanon, Tunisia and Turkey riparian countries are beneficiaries of this Project: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Egypt, Lebanon, Libya, the provision ofaseriesenablingactivitiesatnational,sub-regional andregional levels. Thefollowing twelve Mediterranean Strategic Action Programme of forTheConservation Biological Diversity (SAPBIO)inThe Mediterranean Regionthrough Diversity intheMediterranean (SPA/BD Protocol). Mediterranean region’, asrequired by theBarcelona Convention’s Protocol concerningSpecially Protected Areas andBiological coastalandmarinebiodiversity features,important through thecreation ofanecologicallycoherent MPA network inthe and management(MedMPAnet Project)”, whosegeneralobjective of istoenhancetheeffectiveregionally conservation Mediterranean Marine and Coastal Protected Areas (MPAs) Network through the boosting of Mediterranean MPAs creation FOREWORD To overcome challenging issues and to help a smooth implementation of the project activities, especially the field We have contributed thefirstactionstowards theimplementationof Marine Protected Areas Strategy inLebanon, For Lebanon,theproject activitieswere ofEnvironment outlinedin closeconsultationwiththeMinistry (MoE) countriestoimplementtheprioritizedThe project elementsofthe activitiesaimatassistingtheparticipating The present documenthasbeenprepared within theframework ofthe“Regional Project forthe Development ofa

FOREWORD 7 8 assine SGHAIER © RAC/SPA, Y © RAC/SPA, enabling theeffectsofthose protection andmanagement and setuptoolsformonitoring thestateofheritagespecies, aims todiscover thedistribution ofthemainmarinehabitats Mediterraneanof thisimportant Lebanese areas, theproject’s surveys weresurveys suggested,withthefollowing purposes: Lebanon (February andJune 2011andMay 2013),field oftheEnvironmentthe Ministry through three visitsto management ofmarineandcoastalnaturalresources. and topromote economicdevelopment basedonthesustainable biodiversity atnational,Mediterranean andinternationallevel (AECID), andtheFrench Global Environment Facility (FFEM). Spanish AgencyforInternational Development Cooperation ofthe the financialsupport European Commission(EC),the Regional Activity Centre forSpecially Protected Areas with Partnership, commissionedby UNEPandcarriedoutby the for theGreater Marine Ecosystem oftheMediterranean Sea’ ofthegreaterwhich ispart Med-GEF ‘Strategic Partnership habitats, inorder tosetupMarine Protected Areas toprotect: and toidentifythesitesthatcontainfragile,threatened orrare promoting themanagementofmarineareas tobeprotected in theMediterranean recommends givinghighestpriorityto Specially Protected Areas and Biodiversity (SPA/BD Protocol) 1. INTRODUCTION • • • • • • with recommendations for conservation measures.with recommendations forconservation Characterization of the ecology of threatened habitats order tohave abetterassessment Chekaa cliffs,Raoucheh, Saida,Tyre and Nakoura), in the coastofsixsuggestedareas (Enfeh Peninsula, Ras Rapid assessmentofthemarinenaturalhabitatsalong aesthetic, culturaloreducationalinterest. becauseoftheirscientific, importance sites ofparticular species offloraorfauna; and restoration ofthreatened, endangered orendemic reproductionhabitats thatare criticalforthesurvival, regression orarestricted area itself; have areduced naturaldistributionarea asaresult of area ofdistributionintheMediterranean orthat habitats thatare endangered withintheirnatural theirbiodiversity; and conserve of asize that willguaranteetheirlong-termviability representative typesofcoastalandmarineecosystems, In order tocomplementandenrichtheknowledge For Lebanonandfollowing consultationswith The overall aimoftheproject istoprotect important This isthecontextofthis MedMPAnet research project, The Barcelona Convention andits Protocol on

Thus theassignment’s objectives were: strategies adoptedtobeappraised. In summary, theaimsofpresent investigation have been: oftheMediterranean.from otherparts that are afeature ofthissectorand toshow how theydiffer determine thespecificnature oftheassociationsandfacies ofthe Mediterranean. special part very Also, theaimisto ofthebiodiversity ofthis continue withtheinventorying that have successfullyestablishedthemselves, andto ofLebanon’sparts coast,especially about theexotic species possible onthemarinefaunaandfloraoftheseinteresting of thestudiedsites. and makesrecommendations forthepossibledevelopment withafirstecologicalcharacterizationoftheareas, surveys 2013. Thepresent bringstogetherdatafrom thefield report were duringJune undertaken 2012andAugust-September users ofthemarineandcoastalarea. species), aswell asanawareness andeducationalstrategyfor fisheries (units,periods,areas anddepths,fishingmethods, monuments), suggestionsfortherationalmanagementof protection measures (Marine Protected Areas, natural Raoucheh, Saida,Tyre andNakoura areas. Thiswillinclude relevant actionsforEnfeh Peninsula, RasChekaacliffs, • • • • • • • • protected, and define their conservation status. protected, anddefinetheirconservation to characterize the habitats, mainly those that are to be heritage value; of species and habitats, mainly targeting species with of the biodiversity to elaborate an updated inventory down), locatingandgenerallymappingthehabitats; to explore thesuggestedareas (between 0and50meters conservation andmanagement. conservation anthropogenic conditions:Implications formarine Properties offocalspeciesundervarious ecologicaland management; Use and offocalspecies inmarineconservation biodiversity conservation; A hierarchical ecologicalapproach formarine The characterizationoftheseascapesandhabitats; megabenthos; The study ofthecomposition of theLebanoninshore Another aim is tocollectasmuchinformation as intheabove-mentionedThe fieldsurveys areas This information will help tothe elaboration of

1. INTRODUCTION 9 10 © RAC/SPA, Yassine SGHAIER Raoucheh, Saida,Tyre andNakoura sites. (0-47mdepth)inEnfeh, RasChekaa, and sublittoralsurveys out in Lebanon (during 2012 and2013)aboutthelittoral report represents theinformationaboutmissionscarried in LebanonJune 2012andAugust-September 2013”.This areas, inthe“Technical ficheofthemissiontobecarriedout recommendations onthemanagementoutlinesofstudied synthetic report ofecologicalcharacterizationalongwith the scheduleimplementationthatsignalsoutputofadraft 2. OF REPORT THE MISSIONS(2012, 2013) •

natural assessment; natural assessment; of the concerned areas,parts in order to have a better zoobenthos andfishes) alongallthecoastal andmarine Rapid naturalhabitatassessment(phytobenthos, The expected outputs of the mission have been: The expectedoutputsofthemissionhave been: The present documenthasbeenprepared following Figure 1. Location oftheprospected areas depth), all at the Southern coastal area of Lebanon. depth), allattheSouthern coastalarea ofLebanon. Tyre coast(between 0and4mdepth);theSaida area (0-39m around the Nakoura area (between 0and44mdepth);alongthe In the2013mission,prospected areas (Fig. 1right)lieall and 46metersdown); andtheRaouchehcave (0-4metersdown). ofSelaataalong the Ras Chekaacoastup to theport (between 0 all around the Enfeh peninsula(between 0and47metersdown); 2.1. Prospected areas • •

management outlines of the studied areas. management outlinesofthestudiedareas. evaluation ofthezones, withrecommendations ofthe Ecological characterization,humanimpactsandprevious fisheries interest), andmappingofbenthichabitats; Inventory ofspecies(mainly, ofpatrimonialand The prospected areas inthe2012mission(Fig. 1left)lie 11 2. REPORT OF THE MISSIONS (2012, 2013) 12 2. REPORT OF THE MISSIONS (2012, 2013) Museo delMar andtheUniversity ofAlicante(Spain). from UNEP/MAP-RAC/SPA, IUCN,LebaneseUniversity, 2.3Staff work duration was a 9- to 10- hour day, from 6.30 to 7 a.m. twelve days (27/08-07/09/2013)asis shown in Table 2. The eleven days (18 to 28 June 2012) as is shown in Table 1. The 2.2. Chronogram TAREK); thecrew of theLebaneseCNRSoceanographicvessel Research (CNRS)(Gaby KALAF, Milad FAKHRI andElie both the staff from the Lebanese National Centre for Marine Work Meeting Activities/day Saida Nakoura Tyre Tyre Raoucheh Raoucheh Chekaa Enfeh Work Meeting Activities/day (June 2012) Activities/day (June Table 3shows ofthetwomissions theparticipants b) 2013 Mission: andassessmentlasted Thesurvey a) 2012Mission:andassessmentlasted Thesurvey We shouldmentiontheexcellent collaborationof SGHAIER, Yassine R. RAMOS, Alfonso A. RAMOS, AlfonsoA. OCAÑA, Oscar L. OCAÑA, Oscar L. FORCADA, Aitor EL SHAER, Hany EL SHAER,Hany VALLE, Carlos BITAR, Ghazi Name Table 3. Participants ofthe2012and2013Lebanon missions Table 1. the2012mission ofactivities/day during Distribution Table 2. the2013mission ofactivities/dayduring Distribution 27 X X

18 X

28 X

19 X

29 Museo delMar, Ceuta University ofAlicante University ofAlicante University ofAlicante X X

Lebanese University 20 X X

Affiliation RAC/SPA 30 IUCN IUCN X

21 X

day wasaworking day. (leaving thehotel)until5to6p.m. (return tothehotel).Every (leaving thehotel)until5to6p.m. (return tothehotel). a.m. 7 to 6.30 day, workfrom duration wasa9-to10-hourper SAMAHA ofthePurple Reef Association forthedivingsupport. Bilal ISTAMBOULI and withtheirfishingboatsupport, Ziad TOUMA); theefficienthelpofsailors,and ToufikASSAL ‘CANA’ (Michel YOUSSEF, Georges NOCHAL andGeorges 31 X

22 X

01/09 Every daywasaworking day. X

23 X

02 X

24 X

03 Ichthyofauna, cartography X X

Ichthyofauna, GIS 25 Benthos, habitats Benthos, habitats Benthos, habitats Benthos, habitats Benthos, habitats Benthos, habitats Benthos, habitats X

GIS, benthos GIS, benthos 04 X

Tasks 26 X

05 X

27 X

06 X

28 X 07

13 © RAC/SPA, Yassine SGHAIER 14 © RAC/SPA, Yassine SGHAIER for thevisualcountingoffishes.. Also, theUniversity ofAlicanteprovided measuringtapes litres, sinkersandahydroplane were provided by theCNRS. cameras;scubatanksof15and18 GPS andunderwater tanks, whichrepresents work. about85hoursofunderwater were used. In total, 102 dives were made, 4 of these without except five stationswhere snorkeling andsampling by foot sector, thedepthswere between 0and47meters(table4). around Tyre and7in front oftheSaida area. Depending onthe (See AnnexI,Fig. 3):21intheNakoura-El Bayada area, 28 0 and47meters(Table 4). Raoucheh. Depending onthesector, thedepthswere between (See AnnexI,Fig. 2):18inEnfeh, 29inRasChekaaand3 3.1Stations work. hours ofunderwater A totalof181dives have beenrealized, representing about120 and objective (mapping,characterizationofhabitats,fishcounts). according tothetypeofdive (hydroplane transects,plotdives) 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS Depth range (m) Depth range(m) Locality Total stations(dives) CTD Profiles Littoral Snorkeling Fish visualcensus Scuba divingplots Hydroplane trans. Each researcher brought hisown divingmaterial, All thestationswere by surveyed scubadiving, b) Southern sector:Fifty-six stationswere prospected a) Northern sector:Fifty stationswere prospected useddiffer The materialandmethodsofobservation Table 4. Research activitiesby siteanddepthranges. Numberofdives (inbrackets). 18 (28) 18 (28) 0-47m 0-47m 4 (10) 4 (10) Enfeh 2 (5) 2 (5) 2 (4) 8 (8) 1 1 R. Chekaa 29 (46) 29 (46) 10 (23) 10 (23) 10 (10) 0-46m 0-46m 3 (9) 3 (9) 4 (4) 1 1 Raoucheh 0-6m 1 (2) 1 (3) 3 (5) 3 (5) 1 - - - from Batroun and Tyr, respectively (Fig. 4-3). belonging tothefishermen Toufic Assaland Bilal Istambouli of theoceanographicvessel andtwotraditionalfishingboats researchers moved to the diving site using the inflatable dinghy oceanographic vessel ‘Cana’ (Fig. 4-1).Once inthearea, the Figure 2. intheEnfeh and Ras ofthestations Distribution Chekaa areas (2012and2013missions) The workplace was reached onboard ofthe Nakoura 10 (20) 21 (30) 21 (30) 0-44m 4 (5) 5 (5) 1 1 - 13 (38) 28 (59) 28 (59) 0-47m 3 (10) 4 (2) 9 (9) Tyre 1 1 0-39m 7 (13) 7 (13) Saida 2 (6) 1 (3) 4 (4) - - -

106 (181) 106 (181) 40 (64) 36 (36) 0-47m 6 (17) 9 (13) Total 4 4 15 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS 16 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS Figure 3. intheNakoura, ofthestations Distribution Tyre andSaidaareas (2013 mission) profiles with three aims: points. Previous were observations realized by hydroplane andsemi-quantitativenon-destructive, methodinselected protected areas (MPA). Data were collectedwithavisual, 0-50 mdepth,withthepurposeofestablishingmarine been studiedinselectedareas oftheLebanoncoast,between 3.2Methods i) with itsinflatable dinghy (1), andtwo traditionalfishing biocenosis; to know the depth distribution of theflora/fauna and The megabenthos(size >10mm)andnektonhave Figure 4. vessel Oceanographic ‘CANA’ boats fromboats Batroun (2)and Tyre (3) © RAC/SPA, Alfonso © RAC/SPA, Hany EL SHAER © RAC/SPA, Ghazi A. RAMOSESPLÀ BITAR 1 3 2 and with4-10replicates perstation,dependingonthedepth. seabed. Usually, thetransectswere of125m each species,roughly theirsize andthetype/complexityof species offishencountered, thenumberofindividuals of in trajectorieslyingparalleltothecoast,andnoting used tocover adistanceof3-5mwide(according tovisibility) with measuringtape). are madeatagiven depthbetween 0and45meters(transects standardized (Harmelin-Vivien etal.,1985).Indeed, thedives is effect (Bayle &Ramos,1993).Themethodologyadopted to assessandmakebestuseoftheprotection/exploitation 3.2.3 Visual fishcensus (2) common,(1)lesscommon. quantitative value common; have beenestablished:(3)very andthreeconsidered levels (visualobservation); ofsemi- the fractionofmega-organisms(ø≥10mm)hasbeen RAC/SPA, 1998,2002). With regard tothespecies,only interest’of naturalsitesconservation (UNEP/MAP- the selection of sites to be included in the national inventories ‘Handbook forinterpreting thetypesofmarinehabitat for (Fig. 6).Each station waslocatedusingGPS. and somespecieswere sampledfortaxonomical determination fauna andfloraspeciesonaplasticplatewithpolyester paper, photographs andnotingdown thedepth,typeofseabed, habitats of andcharacterization 3.2.2Observations was downloaded laterontoacomputer. sounder), checktimeandthediver’s safety. TheGPSdata noted theposition(usingaGPS),depth(ahand-heldecho the inflatable,onepersonsailedboatwhiletwoothers was attachedatthetopofhishead(Fig. 5-2).Aboard transect record with a video-camera (GoPro-Hero3+) that on theencountered habitatonaplasticplate;andtook diver was onthebottom,herecorded hisobservations the diver was pulledby theinflatabledinghy. Once the range ofthetargetspecies. providedobservations informationaboutthebathymetric area (Ramos-Esplá,1984).At thesametime,hydroplane 5 -1)thatallowed extensive explorationoftheconcerned 3.2.1Mapping iii) ii) bionomical cartography ofthearea.bionomical cartography locate theplotdivingstations; The method(Fig. 7),withameasuringtape,was Using dives tocountfishisanexcellent bioindicator To characterize thehabitats,we have followed the Using one-offdives, andtakingunderwater With a100-meterrope anda3-meterchain, The seabedwasmappedusingahydroplane (Fig. 2 (25 m x 5 m) (25mx5m) Figure 5. Diver ofatransect (1). withhydroplane thestart at Video-camera at the top of the diver head (2) Video-camera thetop ofthediver at head(2) © © RAC/SPA, Alfonso RAC/SPA, Alfonso © RAC/SPA, Ghazi A. RAMOSESPLÀ A. RAMOSESPLÀ BITAR 1 1 2 17 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS 18 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS Figure 6. Observation, thedivingplots photography (1)sampling(2)andduring Figure 7. Fish visualcensusby scubadiving. Greco inCyprus Cape © RAC/SPA, Alfonso © RAC/SPA, Ghazi A. RAMOSESPLÀ . BITAR 2 by scubadiving andsnorkeling (Fig. 8): 3.2.4Cymodocea nodosa ii) i) Figure 8. The prospected zonealongtheEnfehpeninsula(above) coast andRas Chekaa (down), by divingandsnorkeling five kilometers ofcoastfrom 0to15mdepth(Fig. 2). andeastcoastofRasChekaa with adistance of the north over adistanceof1.5kmfrom 0to11mdepth(Fig. 1); andeasterncoastofpeninsulatheEnfeh the northern Two Lebanesecoastalareas were investigated meadows 40 xcmframe(Fig. 9). was measured 20 x 20 cm plots (10 replicates) and cover by The shootdensitywasassessed. Shoot densityofC.nodosa sparse atRasChekaa,onlytheshootdensitywasassessed. conducted intheEnfeh peninsula.TheC.nodosawasvery biomass (above- andbelowground biomass)ofC.nodosawas Sampling for shoot morphology, density and 19 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS 20 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS to constant weight to determine the dry weight ofeachfraction. to constantweight todeterminethedry by scraping (Kemp etal.1987).Thematerialwasdriedat75°C The leaves hadattachedepiphyteswhich were easily removed organic matter, whichwasexcluded from allmeasurements. Live roots andrhizomes were separatedfrom deadmacro- roots were separatedandrinsedwithtapwatertoremove salts. andleafwidthwere measured. the tipofleaf), leaves (without sheath).Leaflength(from themeristemto differentiated leaves (withsheath)andundifferentiated the 20collectedshootswascountedandseparatedinto in arefrigerator (<6°C)untilprocessing. remove sedimentsandtemporarilystored inlabeledplasticbags morphometrics. Allplantmaterialwaswashedwithseawaterto collected randomly at the sampling station to measure plant Replicates were takenabout 1mapart. Twenty shootswere collected using a 20 x 20 cm plots (5 random replicates). Figure 9. Cover measures of Cymodocea nodosa, Kasmiyeh Kasmiyeh Nakoura Locality For biomassdetermination,leaves, rhizomes and In thelaboratory, thenumberofleaves from The plantbiomass(above andbelow ground) was Enfeh, 3mdepth(st. E-7) 04.09.13 04.09.13 03.09.13 Date © RAC/SPA, Hany ElSHAER Table 5. Hydrological stations 33º 20,349’ 33º 20,349’ 33º 08,440’ Latitude N Nakoura andKasmiyeh, between 0and160-200mdepth. water transparency wasnotedusingaSecchi disk. oceanographic boat‘Cana’ usinga TCD (Fig. 10)andthe ecosystem, hydrological profiles were madeonboard the 3.2.5Hydrology Two stations(Table 5)were carriedoutinfront of To round offtheinformationonmarine Figure 10. Launching the TCD off thestern of the oceanographic boat boat of theoceanographic ‘CANA’ Longitude E 35º 08,888’ 35º 01,762’ © RAC/SPA,© Alfonso Depth (m) A. RAMOSESPLA 0-200 0-160 relation amongSandthetotalnumberofindividuals independent from thesamplesize. It isfoundedinthe index(R)where thespeciesrichness(S)isMargalef’s thebestindextoapplyis surveys), underwater of samples(caseoura determinedsurface/volume scientific namesofthespecies. www.marinespecies.org) hasbeenconsultedforanup-to-date latterly totheExcel files. on theplasticplateswere transferred tothenote-book,and recorded observations studies. At thesametime,underwater or anaesthetized andsetin10%formalinseawaterforlater low power stereo microscope, photographed(Fig. 11,2)and/ a in bowls using filledwithseawatertobedefined,observed (Fig. 11,1).On board, thespecimenscollectedwere placed wereuncertainties collectedtobeidentifiedonboard the‘Cana’ 3.2.6Processing thesamplesanddata Data treatment: When the study doesn’t have The World Register of Marine (WoRMS:Species Specimens notidentifiedor withtaxonomical Figure 11. Work onboard (1). andclassification ofsomespecies(2) Observation software program (http://folk.uio.no/ohammer/past/). index…) we have applied the PASTabundance, Margalef’s For theanalysisofdata(speciesnumber, relative sample). the (S =speciesrichness;Ntotalnumberofindividuals common). less common;2=3very (N),inourcaseasemiquantitative valueobserved (1= Charybdis hellerii Th e formulais:R=S-1/lnN © RAC/SPA,© Alfonso © RAC/SPA, Hany A. RAMOSESPLA ELSHAER 1 2 21 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS 22 assine SGHAIER © RAC/SPA, Y © RAC/SPA, Enfeh-Selaata area, withtheRasChekaazone, issteepwith 4.1.1. Enfeh-Selaata features 4.1Geomorphological 4. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT The continentalshelfata100mdepthinthe Figure 12. oftheEnfeh-Selaata chart Maritime area.(INT 3606, 7255). are twosubmarinecanyons from Enfeh andSelaata (Fig. 12) (front Enfeh) and6,3%(front RasChekaa).In fact,there unevenness values from 2,5 % (front El Hari )to7,6% 23 4. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 24 4. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT area. rock, whichdemonstratesthehighhydrodynamism ofthe sediment (pebbles, gravel and coarse sand) cover the flat outcrops between 25-50mdepthandheterogeneous there isahigherseabedheterogeneity (Fig. 14),withrocky area is surrounded by muddy-sand bottoms. However, Spondylus bivalves. and itpresents anirregular cover surface withChamaand and blocks. The massiflimestone rock can reach 30mhigh of Enfeh at (transect the southern E-11) part with rocks with abignarrow rocky reef, andanirregular topography changes markedly from 40mdepth(Fig. 14,transectE-9) from the east tothesouth,topographyofseabed south sectors. Whereas theslopeismore inthenorth gentle, m depth)shows somedifferences and between thenorth with bigblocksatthebase. (1-6 m high) seabed is formed by surfaces submarine vertical there are smalllittoralcaves (Fig. 13).Theshallower rocky platform (2-10mwidth)withrocky poolsand,insomeplaces The coastlineofthearea presents amore orlesswideabrasion limestone headlandsurrounded by muddy-sandbottoms. Figure 13. inEnfehpeninsula(1).Abrasion platform Littoralcaves ofRas rocks inthelimestone ofthenorth Chekaa (2) The same as Enfeh, the north oftheRasChekaa The sameas Enfeh, thenorth The submarine topography of bothseabeds (> 50 The Enfeh peninsulaandtheRasChekaaare the seabediscomposedofmuddy-sand. Selaata were (transectsC-9andC-12,respectively), observed bottom reaching thelittoral.Thecanyon headsof Enfeh and From 25-30mdepththeseabedturnsintoahighmassifrock with smallboulders,cobbles,pebbles,gavel andcoarsesand. Between 25-45mdepththere isanirregular flat rock cover oftheSelaataupper part canyon, withmuddy-sandbottoms. C-7, C-8,C-9).Theprofile C-12hasbeen realized inthe elevation of theseabedduetorock massifs(e.g.profiles in theformofrocky outcrops (profiles C-4andC-13) The hydroplane profiles show thisheterogeneity, © RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ © RAC/SPA,© Y assine SGHAIER 1 2 Figure 14. Topography profiles (EnfehandRas Chekaa areas) madeby hydroplane 25 4. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 26 4. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT littoral caves andtunnels(Fig. 15). interesting limestone rocky massif (about 50 m high) with very 4.1.2Raoucheh Figure 15. The Raoucheh massifs(1). limestone The Raoucheharea represents animpressive Inside of the Raoucheh tunnel (2) Inside of theRaoucheh tunnel(2) © RAC/SPA, Alfonso © RAC/SPA,© Y A. RAMOSESPLÀ assine SGHAIER 1 2 blocks (Ø<1m),andlow rocky outcrops. spots, cobbles and pebbles. In some places there are small with low flat rocky bottoms with shellgravel andcoarsesand presence oflittoralcaves intheshore ofRasEl Bayada. with awideabrasionplatform(Fig. 17).Noteworthy isthe is thepresence inSaida and Tyre oflittoralsandstonereefs canyons front Saida and Tyre (Fig. 16). % (front Saida). Nevertheless there are alsotwosubmarine Selaata, unevennessfrom values 1,5%(front vary Tyre) to2,9 Nakoura area, with the Tyre zone, is lesser steep than Enfeh- 4.1.3Saida-Nakoura Figure 16. oftheSaida-Nakoura area chart Maritime The Saida inshore topography(Fig. 18)is gentle One of the most interesting topography features The continentalshelfata100mdepthinthe Saida- (INT 3606, 7255) m depth)thecobblesare abundantwithsomerhodoliths. sandy, withfineandcoarsesand;insomeplaces(between 9-10 northern Tyre beach(transect T-15, fig.19)ispredominately The seabedofthe‘lagoon’ between the rocky reefs andthe and bigblocks(Ø>1m)from 20mdepthtoshallow waters. flat rock, presence ofwidedetriticchannels,high rocky massifs (Fig. 18)ismore irregular thanSaida, withsmoothandirregular The inshore sectorof seabedonthenorthern Tyre Figure 17. rocky Littoral sandstone reef from Tyre (1). Littoral cave inRas ElBayada (2) between 0-16 mdepthfront Rachidiye (transect T-4, Fig. 19). bottoms are predominant from a27mdepth,andfinesand irregular flat rock. However, in some zones, themuddysand the southernsectorof Tyre (Fig. 19),alsowithsmoothand The presence of high rocky massifs is continued in The presence ofhigh rocky massifsiscontinuedin © RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR © RAC/SPA, Ghazi BITAR 1 2 27 4. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 28 4. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Figure 18. Topography profilesTyre (SaidaandNorthern areas) madeby hydroplane Figure 19. Topography profiles (Southern Tyre andNakoura) made by hydroplane 29 4. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 30 4. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT geo-morphological sectors: i) the limestoneclifffrom Ras El Bayada; The Nakoura area presents twodifferent c) highirregular rock (ElBayada, st.N-3, -6m);d)low rock withoutchannels (ElBayada, st.N-2, -12m); a) littoral vertical rocka) littoralvertical (Ras Chekaa, st.C-14, -10m);b)bigblocks (Ras Chekaa, st.C-20, -7m); e) low irregular rock sandchannels (Nakoura, with gravel-coarse st.N-11, -35m); f) small blocks on detritic seabed (Nakoura, seabed f) smallblocks ondetritic st.N-14, -44m). © RAC/SPA, OscarOCAÑA © © RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR RAC/SPA, Hany ElSHAER Figure 20. Types ofthe seabed: a e c ii) (many meterswidth),thetypeofsubstrataissimilar. (1-2mwidth)thanNakoura abrasion platformisshorter the sandstonecoastfrom Nakoura. AlthoughtheEl Bayada © RAC/SPA, OscarOCAÑA © © RAC/SPA, Hany ElSHAER RAC/SPA, Hany ElSHAER d b f different typologies,from theshore toa50mdepth(Fig. 20): are notpresent inthisarea, where therocky seabedpresents • • • • canals, onlysomesmallboulders,cobblesorpebbles seabed ismore orlesscontinuouswithoutcrevices or Low and smooth flat rock (Fig. 20d):The rocky depth. massifs, normally, neartothecoast,between 0-20m High irregular rock (Fig. 20c):The rock formsgreat located atthebaseofshallow rock. vertical Big blocks(Fig. 20b): With adiameter>1m,and with bigblocksatthebase(0-8mdepth). abrasion platformfollowed by rock avertical profile Littoral rock (Fig. 20a): With amore orlesswide Figure 21. Two typesofhard bottom:smoothflat andirregular high rocks inRas ElBayada (st. N-10, -8m) The great rocky massifs from Enfeh and Ras Chekaa Figure 22. Bare rocks inRas ElBayada (st. N-10, 8m depth) an irregular highone(Figs. 21-22). change ismarked, asRaselBayada withsmoothflat rock to of rocky bottoms isgradual.However, insomeplacesthis • • detritic bottombetween 39-45mdepth. many smallblocks(Ø<1m)are disseminatedonthe In the Nakoura area, Dispersed blocks(fig.20f): Nakoura area, between 12and40mdepth. coarse sandchannels.Thisisadominantseabedinthe The rock is0,5-1mhigh,withirregular shellgravel- Low andirregular flat rock withchannels(Fig. 20e). in thezone, mainlybetween 8to43mdepth. cover withshellgravel and coarsesand.It iswidespread are present. Normally, thistype of rocky substratum is Normally, thetransitionbetween thedifferent types © RAC/SPA, Ghazi © RAC/SPA, Ghazi BITAR BITAR 31 4. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 32 4. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 4.2Hydrology features b) a) between 38.80 -39.10psu. psu, althoughthenormalrange of thesalinity has been Salinity: Thesalinity varied between 38.41-39.15 of lessepsianones. depth (-40m)determines a change in thedominance the bathymetric distribution of species, because its first The thermoclinedepthisinteresting with regards to deeper, Fig. 23). the summerof2013(40-50mdepth,about15-25 during 25 mdepth,asignificantdrop wasobserved to June (2012),where thethermoclinewaslocatedat depth, with28-29°Cintheshallows. With regard pronounced (20-28 °C) and it went down the 40 m In September 2013,thethermoclinehasbeenmore the first 23 m depth, (32 deeper m than depth). Beirut (Fig. 23)show arelative homogeneity(26-27°C)in Temperature: Thetemperature profiles in June2012 the grazingpressure. presence of bare rocks in littoral areas (Fig. from 23), apart on rocky substrata. Thissedimentabrasioncouldexplainthe coarse sandata40mdepth. transects confirmthis,withmarked ripple-marks ongravel- at 35mdepth.In by hydroplane fact,ourobservations c) Hydrodynamism: The Lebanese coast is prone to big 2005), thatmeansawave lengthofabout140m. was 9mandoccured (Kabbara, inthesouthofBeirut wave height recorded duringtheperiod2000-2003 Tunisia, about2400kmfrom Lebanon.Themaximum swells, since thewestern fetchislocatedineastern That meansconsiderableerosion by sedimentscour The bottom influence of these waves (1/4 λ) is Figure 23. Temperature profiles September)missions June)and2013 (early in2012(late 33 4. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 34 © RAC/SPA, Yassine SGHAIER (see Annex10-2). to twenty one high taxa (phyla,classes)have been observed family) ofmegabenthicorganismsandnekton,belonging hundred sixlow thirty taxa(atthelevel ofspecies,genusor 5. MARINEBIODIVERSITY LEBANON’S Figure 25. Percentage in thetwo Lebanon ofthedifferent hightaxaobserved missions(06/2012, 08-09/2013) During the2012and2013missions,aboutfour Figure 24. inthetwo Lebanon Numberofspecies/taxonobserved missions(06/2012, 08-09/2013). Exotic speciesare inred 5.1Floraandfauna inventory a) Taxa: The main group has been (Figs. 24, 25): Mollusca, Porifera (56spp., 12,8%). (77 spp., 17,6%),Rhodophyta(64spp., 14,7%)and with 78species(17,8%),followed by Actinopterygii 35 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY 36 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY papers from Lebanon have been consulted: papers from Lebanonhave beenconsulted: aside from theMediterranean bibliography, faunaandflora biodiversity: 5.2New records for theLebanes marine • • • • • b) Anthozoa: Zibrowius &Bitar (1997). Cnidaria. Hydrozoa: Morri etal.(2009); 2008), Vacelet &Perez (2008). Poriferans: Perez etal(2005),Vacelet Invertebrata: Zibrowius & Bitar (2003), Bitar etal.(2000). Macrophyta: Lakkis & Novel-Lakkis (2000, 2007), 2001), Bitar etal.(2007),Bitar (2010). Benthos: Bitar &Kouli-Bitar (1995a,1995b, 1998, actinopterygii fishes(16spp, 20,8%). actinopterygii with themollusksstandingout(24spp. 31,2%)and Figure 26shows thepercentange ofthespeciesby groups, origin (Oculina patagonicaand them, 75spp. are lessepsianand2spp. are from Atlantic considered nonindigenous(about17,6%).Among exoticAlien species: Asforthe species, 77spp. are With regard to theLebanonmarinebiodiversity, Figure 26. Percentage (%)ofNon-IndigenousSpecies(NIS)by taxons/groups observed Percnon gibbesi).The in theLebanon missions2012and2013. et al.(2007, (2012-2013) (Fig. 27) marine biodiversity duringthetwomissions have beenobserved • • • • • • • • & Azzurro (2012). Harmelin-Vivien Fishes: Mouneimne (1978,2002),Golani etal.(2002), (2013). Ascidiacea: Izquierdo etal.(2009),Ramos-Esplá Ophiuroidea: Stöhr etal.(2009). Brachiopoda: Loganetal.(2002). Bryozoa: Harmelin etal.(2007,2009,2011). 2013b), Bitar (2014). Mollusca: Zenetos etal.(2003),Crocetta etal.(2013a, Decapoda: Galil etal.(2002),Katsanevakis etal.(2011). Isopoda: Bariche & Trilles (2005),Castelló(2010); Cirripedia: Young Crustacea. San Martin (2007). Polychaeta: Lakkis&Novel-Lakkis (2005),Aguado& Probably, records eighteennew fortheLebanese et al.(2005).Bariche (2012),Bariche et al.(2003); b)Invertebrata a)Macroalgae • • •

Borojevic, 2004.(st.R-1). Porifera: C.Agardh, 1822(st.E-14). Rhodophyta: (st. C-18). C-4) ;Sporochnus pedunculatus(Hudson) C.Agardh, 1820 C-21) ;Sargassum trichocarpumJ.Agardh, 1848(st.E-4, (st. E-5,E-14,C-4,C-5,C-6,C-7,C-8,C-15,C-18, Ochrophyta: Figure 27. New records for theLebanese biodiversity. marine Macroalgae: Ochrophyta Paraleucilla magnaKlautau,Monteiro & Arthrocladia villosa(Hudson) Duby, 1830 Bonnemaisonia asparagoides © © RAC/SPA, Alfonso RAC/SPA, Alfonso Sporochnus podunoulatus Sargassum trichocarpum A. RAMOSESPLÀ A. RAMOSESPLÀ (Woodward) • • • • • •

R-1) ;Pseudodistoma Pérès, cyrnusense 1952(st.R-1). (st. N-14);Polysyncraton bilobatumLafargue,1968(st. Ascidiacea: C-3, T-6).E-1, Holothuroidea: Bivalvia: Elysia timida(Risso,1818)(st. T-5). Gastropoda: cf. Cellana rota (Gmelin,1791)(st.S-3); Polychaeta: cf. arietina (O. F.Ditrupa Müller, 1776) (E-6). Anthozoa: Venus casinaLinnaeus,1758(st. T-19). Asterosmilia sp. (st. T-16). Didemnum coriaceum(Drasche, 1883) Holothuria impatiens(Forskål, 1775)(st. © RAC/SPA, Alfonso Bonnemaisonia asparagoides andRhodophyta © RAC/SPA, OscarOCAÑA Atthrocladia villosa Atthrocladia A. RAMOSESPLÀ 37 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY 38 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY © Invertebrata: Porifera, Anthozoa, Polychaeta, Mollusca, Ascidiacea Figure 27(cont). New records for theLebanese biodiversity. marine RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ © RAC/SPA, OscarOCAÑA © RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR © RAC/SPA, Ghazi Holothuria impatiens Holothuria Paraleucilla magna Ditrupa arietina Ditrupa Elysia timida BITAR © © RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ © RAC/SPA, Ghazi © RAC/SPA, Ghazi Didemnum coriaceum Asteromilia Venus casina Cellana rota BITAR BITAR sp. c)Pisces: • •

(st. C-18,C-21, T-25). & Miller,vittatus Vinciguerra , 1883 2000(st.C-15);G. E-8, C-18,C-21,N-11,N-13);G.kolombatovici Kovacic Actinopterygii: Hilaire, 1817)(st.N-15). Elasmobranchii: Figure 27(cont). New records for thelebanese marine biodiversity.marine Ascidacea andPisces Gobius geniporus Valenciennes, 1837(St. Taeniura grabata (E.Geoffroy Saint- © RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ © RAC/SPA, OscarOCAÑA Polysyncraton bilobatum Polysyncraton © RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR Taeniura grabata Gobius geniporus © RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ Pseudodistoma cyrnusense Pseudodistoma © RAC/SPA, OscarOCAÑA © RAC/SPA, OscarOCAÑA © RAC/SPA, Ghazi Gobius kolombatovicii Taeniura grabata Gobius vittatus BITAR 39 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY 40 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY 32 fish species were observed (Table32 fishspecies were observed 6),6spp. ofwhich 5.3.1Enfeh–Ras Chekaa (2012Survey) 5.3Fish populations Torquigener flavimaculosus Epinephelus marginatus Pempheris vanicolensis Stephanolepis diaspros Scorpaena maderensis Sargocentron rubrum Pseudocaranx dentex Symphodus ocellatus Mycteroperca rubra Symphodus roissali Sparisoma cretense Epinephelus costae Mullus surmuletus Pomadasys incisus Diplodus cervinus Oblada melanura Atherina hepsetus Siganus rivulatus Gobius geniporus Serranus cabrilla Serranus hepatus Thalassoma pavo Chromis chromis Apogon imberbis Muraena helena Diplodus sargus Siganus luridus Serranus scriba Sciaena umbra Bothus podas Boops boops Coris julis During thestudyconductedin2012,atotalof Species Table 6. in2012survey. andtrophic** Sampledspeciesanditsspatial* categories COE 6 1 5 5 5 4 4 5 6 6 1 6 1 6 5 3 2 5 1 5 3 5 6 5 5 3 5 6 3 5 5 4 Trophic CMM CMM CMM CMM CMM CMM CMM CMM CMC CMC CMC CMC CMC CMC CMC CMC CMC CMC CMC CMC CMC CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS HBV HBV cat. 35.2 ± 12.5 35.2 ±12.5 26.8 ± 7.3 26.8 ±7.3 0.3 ± 0.1 0.3 ±0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.3 ±0.1 0.6 ± 0.5 0.6 ±0.5 0.1 ± 0.8 ± 0.3 0.8 ±0.3 0.5 ±0.3 0.3 ± 0.2 0.3 ±0.2 0.7 ±0.6 1.7 ± 1.4 1.7 ±1.4 0.3 ± 0.2 0.3 ±0.2 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.2 ± 0.7 ± 0.3 0.7 ±0.3 1.3 ± 0.6 1.3 ±0.6 E-14 *COE;1: very mobilepelagicspecies,*COE;1: pelagicspecies, very sedentary 2:moderately speciesmoving 3:demersal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 moderately along vertical axis, alongvertical moderately 4:nekto-benthicspecies, species, species. 5:relatively sedentary 6:cryptic **Trophic. cat.; CMM: microphagous, CMS: mesophagous, CMC: macrophagous, HBV: herbivorous. 50.7 ± 10.0 50.7 ±10.0 11.2 ± 4.5 11.2 ±4.5 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.3 ± 0.2 0.3 ±0.2 2.4 ± 1.8 2.4 ±1.8 0.4 ±0.3 0.1 ± 0.1 ± 0.7 ± 0.4 0.7 ±0.4 6.7 ±4.2 0.5 ±0.4 0.8 ±0.5 0.5 ± 0.3 0.5 ±0.3 5.3 ±2.8 0.8 ± 0.6 0.8 ±0.6 0.8 ± 0.8 0.8 ± 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 3.7 ± 0.7 3.7 ±0.7 0.1 ± 0.2 ± 0.2 0.2 ± E-15 Meanabundance (ind./125 m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100.0 ± 66.7 100.0 ±66.7 parameters were ratherdifferent amongthestudiedstations. andTorquigenerrubrum flavimaculosus.Thefishassemblage diaspros, Siganus luridus, Siganus rivulatus, Sargocentron were lessepsianspecies:Pempheris vanicolensis, 2.4 ± 1.0 2.4 ±1.0 3.0 ± 0.9 3.0 ±0.9 0.1 ± 9.6 ± 2.3 9.6 ±2.3 0.2 ± 0.2 0.2 ± 1.5 ± 0.5 1.5 ±0.5 0.1 ± .1 0.1 ±.1 C-15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 80.3 ± 80.3 80.3 ± 17.8 ± 17.8 17.8 ± 1.5 ± 0.9 1.5 ±0.9 0.3 ± 0.3 0.3 ± 0.3 ± 0.3 0.3 ± 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 1.9 ± 0.8 1.9 ±0.8 2.8 ±1.9 0.5 ± 0.5 0.5 ± 0.1 ± 0.8 ± 0.5 0.8 ±0.5 8.9 ± 8.9 8.9 ± Station C-21 2 ± standard error) of the species sampled in each station. error) ±standard ofthespeciessampledineachstation. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Stations: (E)Enfeh,Stations: (C)Ras Chekaa, (R)Raoucheh. 15.7 ± 10.9 15.7 ±10.9 48.6 ± 8.4 48.6 ±8.4 11.9 ± 5.5 11.9 ±5.5 23.0 ± 9.0 23.0 ±9.0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.2 ± 0.1 0.2 ±0.1 2.5 ± 1.6 2.5 ±1.6 0.4 ± 0.2 0.4 ±0.2 1.8 ± 2.3 ±0.9 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.2 ± 0.1 0.2 ±0.1 C-16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100.0 ± 66.7 100.0 ±66.7 36.9 ± 14.3 36.9 ±14.3 38.6 ± 28.0 38.6 ±28.0 24.8 ± 14.9 24.8 ±14.9 14.5 ± 5.5 14.5 ±5.5 10.7 ± 8.2 10.7 ±8.2 18.5 ± 9.7 18.5 ±9.7 0.8 ± 0.8 0.8 ± 7.9 ± 2.4 7.9 ±2.4 0.8 ± 0.8 0.8 ± 0.3 ± 0.2 ± 0.3 ±0.2 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 7.3 ±2.6 0.8 ± 0.8 0.8 ± 0.1 ± 0.1 ± 0.3 ± 0.2 0.3 ±0.2 0.2 ± 0.1 0.2 ±0.1 0.5 ±0.3 C-19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Stephanolepis 55.6 ± 55.6 55.6 ± 38.0 ± 19.3 38.0 ±19.3 36.6 ± 17.7 36.6 ±17.7 0.3 ± 0.3 0.3 ± 0.4 ± 0.2 0.4 ±0.2 0.1 ± 4.9 ± 2.0 4.9 ±2.0 7.9 ± 7.9 7.9 ± 0.9 ± 0.9 0.9 ± 2.2 ± 1.5 2.2 ±1.5 1.0 ± 0.2 ± 0.1 0.2 ±0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0.2 ±0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 1.2 ± 0.5 1.2 ±0.5 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± R-1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 species, totalabundanceandbiomass)were maximum a)Fish assemblageparameters Number ofspecies/125m Abundance (ind./125m Biomass (kg/125m The fishassemblageparameters(meannumberof Variable total abundance (ind./125 m Figure 28. Mean values error) (±standard ofnumber ofspecies(n° ofspp/125m total abundance and total biomass in the study stations ofthe2012survey stations total abundance andtotalbiomassinthestudy 2 ) 2 ) 2 Table 7. Mean values error) (±standard ofnumber ofspecies, 69.8 ±16.3 0.59 ± 0.15 0.59 ±0.15 4.6 ±0.5 E-14 Stations: (E)Enfeh,Stations: (C)Ras Chekaa, (R)Raoucheh 2 ) and totalbiomass(g/125m 85.5 ±13.1 1.00 ± 0.30 1.00 ±0.30 6.7 ± 0.9 6.7 ±0.9 E-15 116.9 ± 68.3 116.9 ±68.3 0.24 ± 0.09 0.24 ±0.09 3.3 ± 0.5 3.3 ±0.5 C-15 biomass (Table 7,Fig. 28-31). species, E-14fortotalabundanceandC-15 values were in station C-21 for the number of observed in thestationC-15ofRasChekaa,whileminimum 2 ) in the study stations ofthe2012survey. stations ) inthestudy 115.0 ± 77.4 115.0 ±77.4 2.66 ± 2.5 2.66 ±2.5 2.6 ± 0.5 2.6 ±0.5 Station C-21 Stations: (E)Enfeh, Stations: (C)Ras Chekaa, (R)Raoucheh. 106.8 ± 20.1 106.8 ±20.1 1.19 ±0.43 5.0 ± 0.8 5.0 ±0.8 C-16 263.7 ± 63.3 263.7 ±63.3 3.66 ±1.07 7.7 ±0.6 2 C-19 ), 149.8 ±53.5 2.39 ± 0.79 2.39±0.79 4.8 ± 0.8 4.8 ±0.8 R-1 41 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY 42 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY by the mesophagous species (Table 9). Microphagous microphagous specieswere themostabundantfollowed c) Trophic categories and thelatterinstationsE-14C-16. the greater abundancesinthestationsC-15,C-19andC-21, species(Tablerelatively sedentary 8). The former presented mobilepelagicspeciesand was manlydominatedby very b)Spatial categories Concerning the trophic categories, the Regarding thespatialcategories,fishassemblage COE1 COE2 COE3 COE4 COE5 COE6 CMM CMC CMS HBV for the trophic categories in the study stations of the 2012 survey ofthe2012survey stations for inthestudy thetrophic categories for the spatial categories in the study stations of the 2012 survey ofthe2012survey stations inthestudy for categories thespatial 37.8 ± 12.8 37.8 ±12.8 38.7 ± 12.8 38.7 ±12.8 28.1 ± 7.6 28.1 ±7.6 26.7 ± 7.6 26.7 ±7.6 2.2 ± 0.5 2.2 ±0.5 1.8 ± 1.5 1.8 ±1.5 1.8 ± 1.5 1.8 ±1.5 1.3 ± 0.6 1.3 ±0.6 1.3 ± 0.8 1.3 ±0.8 Table 8. Meanabundance (ind./125 m Table 9. Meanabundance (ind./125 m E-14 E-14 0 moderately along vertical axis, alongvertical moderately 4:nekto-benthicspecies, species, species. 5:relatively sedentary 6:cryptic 1: very mobilepelagicspecies, pelagicspecies,3: speciesmoving1: very demersal sedentary 2:moderately 57.6 ± 11.5 57.6 ±11.5 50.7 ± 9.9 50.7 ±9.9 24.8 ± 6.0 24.8 ±6.0 20.3 ± 4.7 20.3 ±4.7 6.7 ± 4.2 6.7 ±4.2 2.3 ± 0.7 2.3 ±0.7 1.6 ± 0.8 1.6 ±0.8 0.8 ± 0.6 0.8 ±0.6 0.7 ± 0.4 0.7 ±0.4 5.5 ± 2.8 5.5 ±2.8 E-15 E-15 CMC: macrophagous; CMM: microphagous; CMS: mesophagous; HBV: herbivorous. 100.0 ± 66.7 100.0 ±66.7 101.5 ± 66.6 101.5 ±66.6 12.3 ± 2.9 12.3 ±2.9 15.3 ± 3.1 15.3 ±3.1 3.1 ± 1.0 3.1 ±1.0 1.5 ± 0.5 1.5 ±0.5 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± C-15 C-15 0 0 0 stations (E-14,E-15,C-19andR-1). two speciesofSiganus, were onlyintheshallower observed and C-16.Herbivorous, whichwere represented onlyby R-1, meanwhilemesophagousprevail inthestationE-14 predominated instationsE-15,C-15,C-19,C-21and respectively. axis were themostabundantinstationE-15andR-1 species anddemersalmoving moderatelyalongvertical pelagic although someofthemwere moderatelysedentary 98.0 ± 79.7 98.0 ±79.7 98.1 ± 79.7 98.1 ±79.7 2 2 12.6 ± 8.7 12.6 ±8.7 11.6 ± 8.7 11.6 ±8.7 4.3 ± 0.8 4.3 ±0.8 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 5.3 ± 1.2 5.3 ±1.2 ± standard error) ±standard ± standard error) ±standard Station Station Other spatial categorieswere lessimportant, C-21 C-21 0 0 0 Stations: (E)Enfeh,Stations: (C)Ras Chekaa, (R)Raoucheh. Stations: (E)Enfeh,Stations: (C)Ras Chekaa, (R)Raoucheh 74.9 ±10.1 17.5 ± 10.8 17.5 ±10.8 15.7 ± 10.9 15.7 ±10.9 88.7 ± 12.2 88.7 ±12.2 12.1 ±5.5 1.8 ± 1.8 1.8 ± 0.6 ± 0.2 0.6 ±0.2 2.3 ± 0.9 2.3 ±0.9 C-16 C-16 0 0 108.9 ± 65.9 108.9 ±65.9 146.7 ± 68.4 146.7 ±68.4 48.0 ±16.6 38.6 ± 28.0 38.6 ±28.0 96.2 ± 23.8 96.2 ±23.8 56.0 ± 21.9 56.0 ±21.9 19.0 ±9.8 11.7 ±8.4 0.5 ±0.3 1.8 ± 1.1 1.8 ±1.1 C-19 C-19 56.4 ± 55.5 56.4 ±55.5 57.6 ± 55.3 57.6 ±55.3 55.0 ± 19.5 55.0 ±19.5 74.6 ± 30.4 74.6 ±30.4 36.6 ± 17.8 36.6 ±17.8 0.7 ± 0.2 0.7 ±0.2 1.0 ± 1.0 1.0 ± 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 9.1 ± 3.2 9.1 ±3.2 8.6 ± 8.3 8.6 ±8.3 R-1 R-1 Figure 29. ofmeannumber ofspecies(nºspp/125m distribution Spatial Figure 30. ofmeantotalabundance (ind./125 distribution Spatial m Stations: (E)Enfeh,Stations: (C)Ras Chekaa Stations: (E)Enfeh,Stations: (C)Ras Chekaa 2 ) in the study area ofthe2012survey.) inthestudy 2 ) in the study area ofthe2012survey.) inthestudy 43 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY 44 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY 125 m Diplodus sargus(10.8±3.7ind.125m m entire studied area were andBoopsboops,themorechormis abundantspeciesinthe the pelagicschoolingspeciesAtherina hepsetus, wereindividuals observed mainlymediumsized. medium smallindividuals.Andfinally, instationC-15the stations C-19andR-1themostabundantsize classwasthe However,40-50 %ofalltheindividualsobserved. in stations E-14, E-15, C-16 and C-21, representing around stations (Fig. 32). Small individualsclearly dominated in d)Fish sizestructure (7.9 ±3.0ind.125m -2 ). Even, abundant in five of the thoughC. julis was very -2 ) andSargocentron (5.2±1.8ind.125 rubrum With reference from tospeciesabundance,apart Fish size structure wasalsodifferent amongthe Figure 31. ofmeantotalbiomass(kg/125m distribution Spatial -2 Coris julis (18.7 ± 3.3 ind. 125 m ), Thalassoma pavo (7.8±2.7ind. -2 ), Siganus rivulatus Stations: (E)Enfeh,Stations: (C)Ras Chekaa Chromis -2 ), most important D.sargus,C.julis andS.cretensemost important . inthesimilarityofstationC-19,being participated D. sargusandS.cretense . On theotherhand,sixspecies julis, contribute upto90%thesimilarity, intheformer C. cabrilla. In thestationsC-16andR-1,onlythree species the speciesthathighlycontributedtosimilaritywasS. in thedeepeststationsofRasChekaa(C-15andC-21), similarity oftheEnfeh stations(E-14andE-15).However, one. speciesineach 10) helpedtoidentifythemostimportant among stations,theanalysisofsimilarity(SIMPER) (table more were the deepest ones of Ras Chekaa (C-15 and C-21). varied amongstations(figure 33).Thestationsthatdiffered ordination ofabundancesshowed thatthefishassemblages seven studiedstations (table 6),thetwodimensional nMDS C. chromis andC.juliscontributedover 70%tothe andT.S. rubrum pavo, andinthelatterS.rivulatus 2 Regarding thesedifferences inthefishassemblage ) in the study area ofthe2012survey.) inthestudy Figure 32. Meanabundance (ind./125 m in the study stations ofthe2012survey. stations in thestudy (E)Enfeh, Stations: (C)Ras Chekaa, (R) Raoucheh. 2 ± standard error) ±standard ofthefish assemblagesizestructure

45 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY 46 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY Station C-15:SM=37.20 Station C-19:SM=36.70 Station C-16:SM=53.51 Station C-21:SM=14.59 Station E-14:SM=36.80 Station R-1:SM=25.88 Station E-15: SM=54.21 Station E-15:SM=54.21 of the2012survey. are indicated. upto85%ofthedissimilarity contribute Onlythespeciesthat T. flavimaculosus Table10. (SIMPER)ofthespeciesabundance sampledineachstation Analysis ofsimilarity O. melanura G. geniporus S. rivulatus S. rivulatus C. chromis S. rubrum S. cabrilla S. cabrilla S. cretense S. cretense S. hepatus C. chromis D. sargus D. sargus T. pavo T. pavo T. pavo C. julis C. julis C. julis C. julis C. julis % sim: percentage contribution of each species in the station similarity; %acu: accumulated percentage similarity; ofeachspeciesinthe station % sim:percentage contribution ABU 2.7 1.8 2.8 6.8 4.6 1.5 4.8 3.4 2.8 6.7 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.9 3.6 2.5 3.1 2.0 2.9 1.6 4.4 4.5 4.2 4.2 SM: meansimilarity; ABU: Meanabundance (ind./125 m % sim 42.0 14.4 16.8 55.7 41.7 31.2 21.3 11.1 16.7 62.4 11.8 28.9 54.4 13.7 13.8 15.0 17.1 13.4 35.1 36.9 44.0 44.0 8.7 9.3

%acu 42.0 86.8 72.5 85.7 73.2 21.3 90.1 79.0 62.4 95.1 83.3 54.4 86.9 67.3 53.5 38.4 85.3 76.6 85.5 72.1 36.9 44.0 44.0 55.7 55.7 2 ); censused during2013. lineatus. On thecontrary, Stephanolepis diaspros, wasnot recorded C.novemstriatus inthe2012survey: andP. flavimaculosus. Two oftheselessepsianspecieswere not Siganus andTorquigener rivulatus,Sargocentron rubrum Plotosus lineatus,Pempheris vanicolensis, Siganus luridus, which were novemstriatus lessepsianspecies:Cheilodipterus , a totalof28fishspecies (table5-6),7ofwere observed 5.3.2. Saida-Tyre-Nakoura (2013Survey) On theotherhand,during2013survey, underwater visualcensusofthe2012survey.underwater (E)Enfeh, Stations: (C)Ras Chekaa, (R)Raoucheh. Figure 33. Two each at dimensionalnMDSordination ofabundances ofthespeciesobserved biomass (Table 12,Figs. 34-37). number of species, and in N-14 for total abundance and total T-21. Theminimum values instationwere observed T-22 forthe values oftotalbiomasswere intwostations:N-15and observed while totalabundancepeakedinN-15.However, themaximum The meannumberofspecieswasmaximuminthestationN-12, rather different amongthestudiedstationsin2013survey. in 2013thanthe2012.(Table 11).Alsotheseparameterswere a)Fish assemblageparameters The fishassemblageparameters were, ingeneral, lower 47 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY 48 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY Cheilodipterus novemstriatusCheilodipterus Number ofspecies/125m Torquigener flavimaculosus Abundance (ind./125m Symphodus mediterraneus Pempheris vanicolensis Biomass (kg/125m Sargocentron rubrum Symphodus ocellatus Xyrichthys novacula Mycteroperca rubra Symphodus roissali Pagellus erythrinus Sparisoma cretense Epinephelus costae Diplodus vulgaris Siganus rivulatus Serranus cabrilla Serranus hepatus Gobius bucchichi Symphodus tinca Thalassoma pavo Chromis chromis Plotosus lineatus Apogon imberbis Muraena helena Diplodus sargus Siganus luridus Serranus scriba Spicara smaris Coris julis Variable Species Table 11. inthe2013survey andtrophic** Sampledspeciesanditsspatial* categories Table 12. Meanvalues error) (±standard ofnumber ofspecies, totalabundance 2 ) 2 ) 2 moving axis, alongvertical moderately 4:nekto-benthicspecies, species, species) 5:relatively sedentary 6:cryptic COE 29.6 ± 13.0 29.6 ±13.0 0.6 ± 0.2 0.6 ±0.2 4.1 ± 0.5 4.1 ±0.5 6 2 5 6 3 3 5 6 6 5 3 5 6 5 4 3 5 5 3 5 6 5 5 3 5 4 and total biomass in the study stations of the 2013 survey ofthe2013survey stations and totalbiomassinthestudy 5 5 N-11 N-11 Trophic CMM CMM CMM CMM CMC CMC CMC CMC CMC CMC CMC CMC CMC CMC CMC CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS HBV HBV HBV cat. *COE ; 1: very mobilepelagicspecies, pelagicspecies,*COE ;1:very sedentary 2:moderately species 3:demersal 66.0 ± 16.2 66.0 ±16.2 **Trophic cat.; CMM: microphagous, CMS: mesophagous, CMC: macrophagous, HBV: herbivorous. 13.9 ± 13.9 13.9 ± 0.7 ± 0.2 0.7 ±0.2 6.4 ± 0.6 6.4 ±0.6 5.8 ± 1.6 5.8 ±1.6 0.3 ± 0.3 0.3 ± 0.6 ± 0.5 0.6 ±0.5 0.3 ± 0.2 0.3 ±0.2 0.6 ± 0.3 0.6 ±0.3 0.3 ± 0.2 0.3 ±0.2 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 2.0 ± 0.9 2.0 ±0.9 0.3 ± 0.2 0.3 ±0.2 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 5.0 ± 2.9 5.0 ±2.9 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.3 ± 0.3 0.3 ± N-12 N-12 N-11 N-11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mean abundance (ind./125 m 38.3 ± 14.9 38.3 ±14.9 10.0 ± 2.2 10.0 ±2.2 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 1.3 ± 1.3 1.3 ± 0.4 ± 0.2 0.4 ±0.2 1.3 ± 0.6 1.3 ±0.6 0.5 ± 0.3 0.5 ±0.3 8.0 ± 3.7 8.0 ±3.7 0.3 ± 0.2 0.3 ±0.2 3.4 ± 2.6 3.4 ±2.6 0.3 ± 0.2 0.3 ±0.2 0.5 ±0.2 1.9 ± 0.5 1.9 ±0.5 0.02 ± 0.005 0.02 ±0.005 N-12 N-12 4.0 ± 0.4 4.0 ±0.4 2.3 ± 0.5 2.3 ±0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N-14 N-14 2.8 ± 0.8 2.8 ±0.8 0.8 ± 0.3 0.8 ±0.3 0.3 ± 0.3 0.3 ± 0.3 ± 0.3 0.3 ± N-14 N-14 115.8 ± 41.9 115.8 ±41.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.8 ± 1.0 1.8 ±1.0 5.6 ± 0.8 5.6 ±0.8 Station N-15 N-15 2 ± standard error) ±standard ofthespeciessampledineachstation. Station N- 44.5 ± 44.5 44.5 ± 12.5 ± 12.5 12.5 ± 17.9 ± 6.7 17.9 ±6.7 10.6 ± 5.8 10.6 ±5.8 11.5 ± 5.2 11.5 ±5.2 8.4 ± 1.6 8.4 ±1.6 1.4 ± 1.0 1.4 ±1.0 2.3 ± 2.3 2.3 ± 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.6 ± 0.3 0.6 ±0.3 0.5 ± 0.5 0.5 ± 1.6 ± 1.0 1.6 ±1.0 0.3 ± 0.2 0.3 ±0.2 3.6 ± 3.0 3.6 ±3.0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 62.0 ± 0.0 62.0 ±0.0 1.8 ± 0.6 1.8 ±0.6 5.5 ± 0.5 5.5 ±0.5 T-21 36.0 ± 0.0 36.0 ±0.0 9.0 ± 9.0 9.0 ± 2.5 ± 0.5 2.5 ±0.5 3.0 ± 1.0 3.0 ±1.0 9.0 ± 9.0 9.0 ± 1.5 ± 1.5 1.5 ± 0.5 ± 0.5 0.5 ± 0.5 ± 0.5 0.5 ± T-21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.06 ± 0.02 0.06 ±0.02 Stations: (N) Nakoura, Stations: (T) Tyre. 12.9 ± 4.3 12.9 ±4.3 Stations: (N)Nakoura,Stations: (T) Tyre. 2.3 ± 0.4 2.3 ±0.4 T-22 9.6 ± 3.0 9.6 ±3.0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 2.0 ± 0.9 2.0 ±0.9 0.8 ± 0.5 0.8 ±0.5 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.3 ± T-22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 69.0 ± 34.7 69.0 ±34.7 1.0 ± 0.8 1.0 ±0.8 4.7 ± 0.9 4.7 ±0.9 26.0 ± 13.0 26.0 ±13.0 26.0 ± 24.5 26.0 ±24.5 6.7 ± 0.3 6.7 ±0.3 6.7 ± 2.3 6.7 ±2.3 0.7 ± 0.7 0.7 ± 0.3 ± 0.3 0.3 ± 2.7 ± 2.2 2.7 ±2.2 T-25 T-25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 total abundance (ind./125 m Figure 34. Meanvalues error) (±standard ofnumber ofspecies(nºspp/125m 2 ) and totalbiomass(g/125m Stations: (N)Nakoura,Stations: (T) Tyre 2 ) in the study stations ofthe2013survey. stations ) inthestudy 2 ), 49 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY 50 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY Figure 35. ofmeannumber ofspecies(nºspp/125m distribution Spatial Figure 36. ofmeantotalabundance (ind./125 distribution Spatial m area ofthe2013survey. (N)Nakoura, Stations: (T) Tyre area ofthe2013survey. (N)Nakoura, Stations: (T) Tyre 2 ) inthestudy 2 ) inthestudy moderately sedentary pelagicspeciesanddemersal moderately sedentary 2013 survey, thefishassemblagewasmainlydominated by none ofthespeciesthesecategorieswere censed.In the mobile pelagicspecieswere dominantin2012,during2013 b)Spatial categories Regarding thespatialcategories,althoughvery COE1 COE2 COE3 COE4 COE5 COE6 Figure 37. ofmeantotalbiomass(kg/125m distribution Spatial for the spatial categories in the study stations of the 2013 survey ofthe2013survey stations inthestudy for categories thespatial 13.9 ± 13.9 13.9 ± Table 13. Meanabundance (ind./125 m 0.9 ± 0.6 0.9 ±0.6 8.8 ± 1.5 8.8 ±1.5 6.1 ± 2.7 6.1 ±2.7 N-11 N-11 area ofthe2013survey. (N)Nakoura, Stations: (T) Tyre 0 0 38.3 ± 14.9 38.3 ±14.9 21.4 ± 5.3 21.4 ±5.3 0.4 ± 0.2 0.4 ±0.2 6.0 ± 4.3 6.0 ±4.3 N-12 N-12 0 0 0.3 ± 0.3 0.3 ± 3.8 ± 0.6 3.8 ±0.6 N-14 N-14 0 0 0 0 4: nekto-benthicspecies, species, species. 5:relatively sedentary 6:cryptic 1: very mobilepelagicspecies, pelagicspecies, 1:very sedentary 2: moderately the mostabundantinstationsN14and T-22. specieswerealthough someofthem,asrelatively sedentary also in T-25. Other spatialcategorieswere lessimportant, N-11, N-12 and T-25, and the latter in stations T-21 and former presented the greater abundances in the stations moving axis(Table moderatelyalongthevertical 13).The 12.5 ± 12.5 12.5 ± 50.1 ± 45.5 50.1 ±45.5 17.9 ± 6.7 17.9 ±6.7 14.5 ± 8.7 14.5 ±8.7 20.8 ± 5.5 20.8 ±5.5 3: demersal speciesmoving axis,3: demersal alongthevertical moderately 2 Station ± standard error) ±standard N-15 N-15 0 45.0 ± 9.0 45.0 ±9.0 0.5 ± 6.0 ±2.0 1.5 ± 9.0 ± 9.0 9.0 ± 2 ) inthestudy T-21 0 10.8 ±3.6 Stations: (N)Nakoura,Stations: (T) Tyre. 0.1 ± 2.0 ± 0.9 2.0 ±0.9 T-22 0 0 0 26.0 ± 13.0 26.0 ±13.0 26.0 ± 24.5 26.0 ±24.5 17.0 ± 4.6 17.0 ±4.6 T-25 0 0 0 51 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY 52 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY size structure in the study stations ofthe2013survey. stations inthestudy size structure (N)Nakoura, Stations: (T) Tyre Figure 38. Mean abundance (ind./125 m 2 ± standard error) ±standard of thefish assemblage , themorethe pelagicschoolingspeciesChromis chormis individuals. N-15, where the most abundant size class was the medium (representing more than60%ofallindividuals)except in Medium smallindividualsclearlydominatedinallstations structure wasquitesimilaramongthestations(Fig. 38). d)Fish sizestructure abundant followed by themicrophagous andherbivorous the 2012survey, themesophagousspecieswere themost c) Trophic categories With reference from tospeciesabundance,apart tothe2012survey,Contrary in2013thefishsize Concerning thetrophic categories,similarlyto CMM CMC CMS HBV at each underwater visualcensus ofthe2013survey. eachunderwater at (N)Nakoura, Stations: (T) Tyre. Figure 39. Two dimensionalnMDS ordination ofabundances ofthespeciesobserved for the trophic categories in the study stations of the 2013 survey ofthe2013survey stations for inthestudy thetrophic categories 13.9 ± 13.9 13.9 ± 14.8 ± 2.8 14.8 ±2.8 0.9 ± 0.3 0.9 ±0.3 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± Table 14. Meanabundance (ind./125 m N-11 N-11 38.3 ± 14.9 38.3 ±14.9 26.5 ± 6.0 26.5 ±6.0 1.3 ± 0.4 1.3 ±0.4 N-12 N-12 0 CMC: macrophagous; CMM: microphagous; CMS: mesophagous;HBV: herbivorous. 1.0 ± 0.4 1.0 ±0.4 0.3 ± 0.3 0.3 ± 2.8 ± 0.8 2.8 ±0.8 N-14 N-14 0 vanicolensis (8.7±8.7ind.125m abundant species in the entire studied area were dominated. the station T-25, microphagous andherbivorous bothco- prevail inthestationN-12andherbivorous in T-21. In N-11, N-14,N-15and T-22, meanwhilemicrophagous species (Table 14).Mesophagous predominated instations 125 m thestations (Fig. 39). abundances showed thatthefishassemblages varied among 2013 (Table 15),thetwodimensionalnMDSordination of abundantinfouroftheseven stationsstudiedin was very Evenbetween the2012and2013surveys. thoughC.julis must bepointedoutthatthemostabundantspeciesdiffered -2 85.5 ± 43.7 85.5 ±43.7 17.9 ± 6.7 17.9 ±6.7 12.3 ± 6.7 12.3 ±6.7 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 2 ) and Station ± standard error) ±standard N-15 N-15 Siganus rivulatus 45.0 ±9.0 9.5 ± 9.5 9.5 ± 7.5 ± 0.5 7.5 ±0.5 T-21 0 (4.2 ± 1.7 ind. 125 m -2 ), 10.9 ± 3.6 10.9 ±3.6 Stations: (N)Nakoura,Stations: (T) Tyre. 2.0 ±0.9 Coris julis(7.5±0.9ind. T-22 0 0 26.0 ± 13.0 26.0 ±13.0 26.0 ± 24.5 26.0 ±24.5 16.3 ± 4.4 16.3 ±4.4 0.7 ± 0.7 0.7 ± Pempheris T-25 -2 ). It 53 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY 54 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY Table 15. ofthe2013survey. (SIMPER) ofthespeciesabundance sampledineachstation Analysis ofsimilarity Station N-11:SM=31.90 Station N-14:SM=62.76 Station N-15:SM=39.83 Station T-21:SM=57.37 Station T-22:SM=54.63 Station T-25:SM=48.99 Station N-12: SM=53.33 Station N-12:SM=53.33 S. rivulatus S. rivulatus S. rivulatus C. chromis C. chromis S. cabrilla S. cretense S. cretense S. cretense S. cretense C. chromis s. rubrum T. pavo T. pavo C. julis C. julis C. julis C. julis C. julis C. julis C. julis Only species that contribute up to 85 % of the dissimilarity are indicated upto85%ofthedissimilarity contribute Only speciesthat ABU 1.31 1.04 1.16 2.36 3.04 5.07 1.60 0.75 2.97 2.77 3.22 6.00 2.27 2.85 1.71 1.57 2.47 2.58 0.98 4.16 2.13 2.13 % sim: percentage contribution of each species in the station similarity; ofeachspeciesinthestation % sim:percentage contribution SM: Meansimilarity; ABU: Meanabundance (ind./125 m %acu: accumulated percentage. N: Nakoura; T: Tyre. % sim 17.54 17.23 29.86 32.45 74.59 25.41 30.36 35.88 16.92 67.96 86.71 16.02 16.02 27.00 36.55 10.42 25.52 61.88 61.88 9.52 8.66 9.97

%acu 88.94 79.41 88.20 79.53 62.31 74.59 100.0 66.24 35.88 83.16 67.96 93.13 86.71 100.0 83.98 63.55 36.55 97.13 89.06 61.88 61.88 32.45 32.45 2 ); of thedifferent Conventions and Directives: aboutthem.Theprotection degreewith someobservations distribution, habitats,threats andtheLebanondistribution common synonymies, status of protection, geographical tobeprotected. Eachspeciesispresenteddeserve by the missions (2012,2013),togetherwithotheronesthat protected during the species that have been observed interest and patrimonial with value Species 5.4 fisheries thatoperatesinthearea. and willensure asustainabledevelopment oftheartisanal area, willhelpinthenaturalrestoration offishassemblages, protected areas whichwillregulate theactivitiesinstudy the highcapabilityofarea. Theestablishmentofmarine alongthestudiedstationsvaries alot,showingobserved in anon-overexploited situation.Thefishassemblage with ahighcapacitytobecomehotspotoffishbiodiversity stations in Tyre (T-21 and T-25), could provide thisplace inthedeeperfreshwater springs habitat complexityobserved host ahighdiversity offishes. high For example,the very habitats that occurs in the study area makes it possible to overexploited situation.However, thehighheterogeneity of mean abundanceofcommercial targetspeciesindicatethe lowRaoucheh). The presencevery of big sizes and the low than in the areas studied in 2012 (Enfeh, Ras Chekaa and censused inthe2013areas (Nakoura and Tyre) were lower 2012 and 2013, even though the abundances and biomasses characteristics ofanexploitedassemblageinbothsurveys, 5.3.3Discussion • whose exploitationmustberegulated. endangered orthreatened species;annexIII,species -2009 andIstambul -2013amendments):annexII, Barcelona Convention (1995,withtheMarrakech Lithothamnion corallioides Phymatolithon calcareum Sargassum trichocarpum In this paragraph, are included the actually fishassemblageshowedThe observed thetypical Cystoseira foeniculacea Cymodocea nodosa MACROPHYTA Magnoliophyta Cystoseira dubia Rhodophyta Ochrophyta Table 16. Macrophyta Marine ofspecial interest, inLebanon observed MRB +

+ + + - - (MRB)MediterraneanFloraRed Directive Book;(EU)Habitat European Union(1992); (BaC) Barcelona Convention Convention (1995);(BeC)Bern (1996-98). Lebanon. under Mediterranean protection in andhave beenobserved 5.4.1Macrophyta 2013). that were inthetwoLebanonmissions(2012, observed others ofeconomicinterest (largeSparidae andSerranidae) • • • • Posidonia, 1990). Mediterranean Flora ‘Red Book’ (UNEP/IUCN/GIS- exploitation. of othercountriestoprevent unsustainableorillegal trade inthespeciesandthatneedscooperation included attherequest ofaParty thatalready regulates unless tradeiscloselycontrolled; appendixIII,species threatened with extinction but that may become so appendix II, species that are not necessarily now endangered andthreatened withextinctionCITES; Flora (CITES): appendix I, species that are the most Trade inEndangered Species of Wild Fauna and Washington Convention. Convention ofInternational from thewild canberestricted. need ofstrictprotection; annex V, specieswhosetaking of Special annexIV, Areas ofConservation; speciesin annexII,speciesrequiring designation of conservation; requiresconservation thedesignationofspecialareas Commission: annex I,naturalhabitat types whose habitats andofwildfaunaflora, European Directive ofnatural 92/43CEontheconservation fauna species;annexIII,protected faunaspecies. protected flora species;annexII,strictlyprotected Bern Convention (1996,1998):annexI,strictly EU V V

- - - - Table 16shows alistofthemacrophytes thatare Together withthesespecies,we have included BaC II II II II II

- - BeC

I - - - - - 55 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY 56 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY a)Ochrophyta Figure 41. Cystoseira foeniculacea Figure 40. Talus of Lagoon Tyre ofnorthern (st. T-22, 9mdepth) Dictyota fasciola and epiphyted by Dictyota Ras Chekaa (st. C-15, 42mdepth) Cystoseira dubiafixed onarhodolith. © © RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ attached onacobble attached . 1820; Common synonymies: rhodoliths. O C-15, C-18,C-21);33to42mdepth. L trawling, pullupby trammelnets. Th (Giaccone & Verlaque, 2009). coastal detriticbottoms,between 25and170mdepth H Mediterranean Easternbasin(Riberaetal.,1992). Mediterranean sea.SW-Italy, Sicily, Adriatic Sea and G the listofendangered orthreatened species. European Union proposal (COM(2009)585)toincludeitin (Barcelona Convention, AnnexII,Marrakech 2009amendment). S 1952. Common synonymies:Cystoseira fucoidesErcegovic, cobbles whichare moved by theswell. lagoon created beach and theinlets,on between thenorthern it formssparse‘forests’. C.foeniculaceaisabundantinthe O S-7); 5to15mdepth. T-22, T-24); rare inRasChekaa(C-11) and Saida (st.S-2, S-6, N-9), RasEl Bayada (N-2)and Tyre (T-2, T-5, T-6, T-14, T-15, L (marinas, ports). pollution, landreclamation, littoral dynamicalterations Threats: Sediment dumping,hyper-sedimentation,organic 1990 ;Cabioch etal.,1995;Gómez-Garreta, 2001). horizon, 0-50 m depth (UNEP /IUCN/GIS Posidonie, calm shallow waters (littoral pools) to sciaphilic lower H Mediterranean Sea (Cabioch etal.,1995;Ribera etal.,1992). NE-Atlantic (southernSpatin islands)and toCanary G ‘Red Book’ (UNEP/IUCN/GIS-Posidonia, 1990). the listofendangered orthreatened species.Mediterranean Flora European Union proposal (COM(2009)585)toincludeitin (Barcelona Convention, AnnexII,Marrakech 2009amendment). S Giaccone, 1973. tatus ofprotection: Endangered orthreatened species tatus ofprotection: Endangered orthreatened species ebanon missions: Lower infralittoral from Ras Chekaa, (st. Relativelyebanon missions: commoninNakoura (N-4,N-5, eographical distribution:Atlanto-Mediterranean species. eographical distribution: Endemic speciesofthe Attached ontheflat bservations: rock andcobbles;where Uncommonbservations: onrocky substratumand abitat: Infralittoral and upper circalittoral rock, and abitat: Infralittoral speciesonrocky substratum,from reats: Hyper-sedimentation, sedimentdumping,turbidity, C. discors(Linnaeus)Agardh, 1828;C.ercegovicii (Linnaeus) Greville, 1830(Fig. 41) Cystoseira foeniculacea Valiante, 1883(Fig. 40) Cystoseira dubia C. abrotanifolia (Linnaeus)C.Agardh,

b)Rhodophyta Figure 43. Somebranchedrhodoliths of Figure 42. Talus of corallioides. Nakoura (st. 15, 43 mdepth) in Enfeharea (st. E-4, 31mdepth) Sargassum trichocarpus © RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ © RAC/SPA, Ghazi Lithothamnion Lithothamnion sampled BITAR (r), Phymatolithon cf.calcareum (r), O depth. C-18), Tyre (T-25) and Nakoura (N-11, N-14); 35 to 47 m L fixed bottomnets,trawling. Threats: also onlower infralittoral(Bressan &Babbini, 2003). fine gravel, andlow muddyfractionsubjecttobottomcurrents; H and theMediterranean Sea (www.algaebase.org). Eastern Atlantic (from Ireland totheCape Verde Islands) G IUCN/GIS-Posidonia, 1990)asmaerlhabitat. Directive 92/43). Mediterranean Flora ‘Red Book’ (UNEP/ from the wild can be restricted (Annex V, EU Habitats Other Calcareous Bio-concretions. Species whosetaking Action oftheCoralligenousand Plan fortheConservation L. corallioides) have beenincludedintheMediterranean S corallioides (Crouan &Crouan) Lemoine. Lithophyllum solutum(Foslie) Lemoine(1915),Mesophyllum soluta Foslie (1905);Lithothamnium solutumFoslie (1908); infralittoral. infralittoral. O E-4) andRasChekaa(C-4);28-30mdepth. Lebanon missions:It inEnfeth (st. hasonlybeenobserved land reclamation, andpullupby trammelnets. Th depth (Gómez-Garreta etal.,2001). H Eastern Mediterranean basin(Riberaetal.,1992). Mediterranean sea.From theIberian Peninsula tothe G to includeitinthelistofendangered orthreatened species. amendment). European Union proposal (COM(2009)585) (Barcelona Convention, AnnexII,Marrakech 2009 S Montagne,J. Agardh, 1848;S.boryanum 1846. Common synonymies: Common synonymies: tatus ofprotection: Endangered or threatened species tatus ofprotection: Themaerlbeds(including ebanon eographical distribution:Atlanto-Mediterranean species. eographical distribution:Endemic speciesofthe Normally bservations: withSpongites (c)and fruticulosum Rare species,onrockybservations: substratuminthelower Circalittoral maerl forming species on coarse sand and abitat: Circalittoral maerlformingspeciesoncoarsesandand abitat: Infralittoral on rocky substratum,down to 30m reats: Hyper-sedimentation, turbidity, sedimentdumping, ( P.L.Crouan &H.M.Crouan, 1867)(Fig. 43) Sediment dumping, hyper-sedimentation, pull up by Sediment dumping,hyper-sedimentation,pullupby Common in Ras Chekaa (st. C-15, missions: Common in Ras Chekaa (st. C-15, Lithothamnion corallioides Sargassum trichocarpum Sargassum J.Agardh, 1848(Fig. 42) Sargassum vulgare var. f. Lithothamnium f. fruticulosum trichocarpum 57 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY 58 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY c)Magnoliophyta Figure 44. Somerhodolithsof Figure 45. Cymodocea nodos from Ras Chekaa (st. C-15, 44mdepth) (st. E-12, 3mdepth) cf.Phymatolithon calcareum © RAC/SPA, OscarOCAÑA a meadow inEnfeh © RAC/SPA, Hany ElSHAER (marinas, ports). (marinas, ports). pollution, landreclamation, littoraldynamicalterations Threats: Sediment dumping,hyper-sedimentation,organic lagoons (Pergent, 2009). bottoms, from shallow waterstoa50mdepth;andcoastal H Sea (Cabioch etal.,1995). Atlantic (Southern Spain toMauretania) andtheMediterranean G shallow inletsandbays(1160). slighly covered by seawaterallthetime(1110);andlarge (Annex I,Habitat Directive 92/43):sandbankswhichare are locatedinthenaturalhabitatsofcommunityinterest Bern Convention 1996-98).Also,theCymodocea meadows amendment); strictlyprotected floraspecies(AnnexI, (Annex II,Barcelona Convention, Marrakech-2009 Status Common synonymies:None. onthedeepermaerlbeds. Lebanon, ithasonlybeenobserved O C-18); >42mdepth. L fixed bottomnets,trawling. SedimentThreats: dumping,hyper-sedimentation,pullupby Babbini, 2003). alsoonlowerfruticulosum; infralittoralhorizon (Bressan & currents, withLithothamnioncoralliodesandSpongites and finegravel, andlow muddyfractionsubjecttobottom H Mediterranean Sea (www.algaebase.org). distribution intheAtlantic, Pacific, Antarctic, and G IUCN/GIS-Posidonia, 1990)asmaerlhabitat. Directive 92/43). Mediterranean Flora ‘Red Book’ (UNEP/ from the wild canberestricted (Annex V, EUHabitats Other Calcareous Bio-concretions. Species whosetaking Action oftheCoralligenousand Plan fortheConservation P. calcareum) have been includedintheMediterranean Status ofprotection: Themaerlbeds(including Foslie, 1898;Millepora polymorphaLinnaeus,1767. Common synonymies: ebanon eographical distribution:Atlanto-Mediterranean species.NE- eographical distribution: Wide rangeofgeographical bservations: abitat: Infralittoral speciesonsandandmuddy abitat: (Pallas) (Adey 1970)(Fig. &McKibbin, 44) of protection: Endangered orthreatened species Circalittoral maerlformingspeciesoncoarsesand missions: inRasChekaa(st.C-15, Only observed (Ucria) (Ascherson, 1870)(Figs.(Ucria) (Ascherson, 45) Rare intheEasternMediterranean basin.In Phymatolithon Cymodocea nodosa Lithophyllum calcareum (Pallas) cf. calcareum d)Otherprotected Macrophyta Figure 46. Cymodocea nodosa collected at 31mdepthinEnfeh(st.collected at E-5) germinated seeds germinated © RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR practically absentfrom theLebanese coast. the presence ofT. trochanter intheRamkimeisland,now them duringthe2012and2013missions.Noteworthy is obs.): Convention) from haveLebanon(G.Bitar, beenobserved pers. far as31mdepth). (19-26/06/2012), thatcolonisedthedeepersediments(as abundance ofgerminatedseeds(Fig. 46)inJune of2012 in shallow waters (1-4 m depth). Noteworthy is the and muddy sand bottoms. The meadows are developed O T-4); 1to31mdepth. atthefront ofthesouthbeach observed Tyre (st. T-3, in thesouthernsectorofLebanon,where ithasonlybeen in RasChekaa(C-22).On theotherhand,ithasbeenrare E-1, E-2,E-3,E-5,E-6,E-7,E-8,E-9)andlesscommon Lebanon • • • bservations: Zostera noltiiHornemann, 1832. Boudouresque, Perret-Boudouresque & Verlaque, 2002. Titanoderma (=T. trochanter (Bory) undulosa)Benhissoune, 1832. Cystoseira deSaint-Vincent, amentacea(C.Agardh) Bory Despite the intense observations, weDespite couldn’t the intense observations, spot Other protected Macrophyta spp. (Annex II,Barcelona missions: Commonaround theEnfeh area (st. Cymodocea nodosacolonizes thesandy 59 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY 60 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY in thetable17. the Lebanonmissionsthatare underprotection are indicated 5.4.2Invertebrata The important marine invertebrates observed in observed marineinvertebrates The important Dendropoma petraeum Lithophaga lithophaga Phyllangia mouchezii Paracentrotus lividus Cladocora caespitosa Sarcotragus foetidus Aplysina aerophoba Axinella polypoides Spongia officinalis Echinodermata Erosaria spurca Pinna nobilis Luria lurida Tonna galea Aplysina sp. Mollusca Cnidaria Porifera Species Table 17. in2012and2013Lebanon invertebrata ofspecialinterest Marine missions (EU) Habitat Directive (EU)Habitat European Union(1992);(BaC)Barcelona Convention (1995, 2009, 2013); BaC III III II II II II II II II II II II II

- (BeC) Bern Convention (BeC)Bern (1996-98); Washington Convention orCITES(2013). BeC III III II II II II II II II II II

- - EU IV IV

------WC II II II

------a)Porifera Figure 48. Aplysinasp. insidethecave Ras at ElBayada Figure 47. Aplysinaaerophobaonrocky substratum in Ras Chekaa (st. C-20, 7mdepth) (st. N-10, 3mdepth) © RAC/SPA, Yassine SGHAIER © RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR under theECIMARproject (2007-2011). under theCEDREproject (1999-2002)andlatterlystudied in theRaouchehtunneland Bouknaicave, respectively, sp., were firstfound by oneofus(GB)andH.Zibrowius been abundant. This species, together with located caves (RaouchehandRasEl Bayada), where ithas O depth). Ras El Bayada (st. N-3, N-10); in shallow waterscaves (1-5 m L reclamation, littoralworks (marinas,ports). Threats:Organic pollution, erosion by diving, land H Lebanon. G endangered orthreatened speciesAplysina spp. plur. of Union proposal (COM(2009)585)toincludeitonthelist species (AnnexII,Bern Convention 1996-98).European (Barcelona Convention, AnnexII);strictlyprotected fauna Status ofprotection: 30 mdepth,mainlyinshallow waters(<15mdepth). photophilic/hemi-sciaphilic rocky substrata,between 0to O and Tyre (T-6); inshallow waters(0-8mdepth). rare intheSouthern sector, inNakoura onlyobserved (N-10) and lesscommoninRasChekaa(C-8,C-16,C-20). Very intheEnfeh area particularly (E-1,E-5,E-8,E-9,E-14,E-15) L Th that requires photophilicsubstrata. been spotedat40mdepth.(Moreno etal,2008).It isaspecies rocky bottoms, preferably inshallow waters,althoughithas H al., 2008). andMadeira islands),MediterraneanCanary Sea (Moreno et Eastern Atlantic (from Southern Portugal toCape Verde, G list ofendangered orthreatened speciesAplysina spp. plur. Union proposal (COM(2009)585)tobeincludedinthe species (AnnexII,Bern Convention 1996-98).European (Barcelona Convention, AnnexII);strictlyprotected fauna Status ofprotection:Endangered orthreatened species Aplysina (Schmidt,1862). carnosa Common synonymies: Common in Raoucheh (st. R-1) and ebanon missions:CommoninRaoucheh(st.R-1)and ebanon eographical eographical The species has only been observed in very in very Thespecieshasonlybeenobserved bservations: abitat:This specieshasonlybeensampledinshallow caves. abitat: : bservations reats: Sediment dumping,anchoring,collectionby divers. It isaphotophilicspeciesthatalive oninfralittoral missions: distribution: Atlanto-Mediterranean species. The species has been observed on Thespecieshasbeenobserved distribution: At in present, onlyobserved (Nardo, 1833)(Fig. 47) Aplysina Aplysina aerophoba Very commonintheNorthern Lebanon, Endangered orthreatened species Verongia aerophoba sp. (Fig. 48) (Nardo, 1843); Cymbaxinella 61 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY 62 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY a) Figure 49. Axinellapolypoides b) Cymbaxinella Axinella rocky outcrop front Tyre (st. T-21, 42mdepth) cave (Ras Chekaa, st. C-19, 5mdepth); sp. A. (perhaps dissimilis Figure 50. species: Axinellidae sp. theentrance oftheChack at ElHatab N-2, -14mdepth) on vertical surface ofthe surface onvertical © RAC/SPA, OscarOCAÑA © RAC/SPA, OscarOCAÑA © ) inRas ElBayada (st. RAC/SPA, Hany ElSHAER the Axinelladissimilis,Fig. 50b). crevices, between 13to25mdepth(perhapsbelonging (Fig. 50a).Small Axinellidaespecimensare present inrocky Cymbaxinella represented intheLebanonarea, where anotherspecies, infralittoral lower horizon. The family of Axinellidae is well community, overhangs, andcrevices surfaces vertical inthe O to 47mdepth. Tyre areas (st. T-72, t-21, T-25); rare inSaida very (S-5);25 common intheNakura (st.N-4,N-5,N-6,N-8,n-11)and Lebanon missions:Rare in the Ras Chekaa area (C-21) and trawling, anchoring,erosion and/orcollectionby divers. Threats: in theuppercircalittoral horizon (40-50mdepth). depth (Moreno etal.,2008),althoughitismore abundant overhangs. It hasabathymetricrangefrom 15to>300m the speciesispresent ininfralittoralenclaves oncrevices and onrockyhorizontal substrata.Also, surfaces andvertical H Sea (Moreno etal.,2008). Azores, islands)andtheMediterranean Madeira andCanary NE-Atlantic (Southern United KingdomtoMauretania, G of endangered orthreatened species. Union proposal (COM(2009)585)toincludeitinthelist species (AnnexII,Bern Convention 1996-98).European (Barcelona Convention, AnnexII);strictlyprotected fauna Status Common synonymies:None. Atlanto-Mediterraneaneographical distribution: species. bservations: abitat: of protection: Endangered orthreatened species Sediment dumping,pullupby fixed bottomnets, Typical circalittoral species that colonizes sp. A. polypoidesispresent inacoralligenous

Schmidt, 1862(Fig. 49) , islocatedintheentranceoflittoralcaves Axinella polypoides Figure 51. foetidusinRas Sarcotragus Chekaa, Figure 52. Spongiaofficinalis, entranceofthe Chack cave ElHatab (st. C-19, 5mdepth) 8 mdepth(St. C-11) © © RAC/SPA, Hany ElSHAER RAC/SPA, Hany ElSHAER and rocky crevices. shallow waters (< 10 m depth) and, normally, in overhangs O 3-20 mdepth. Raoucheh (R-1), Tyre (T-10) andRasEl Bayada (N-10); inEnfehhave (st.E-12),RasChekaa(C-19), beenobserved individuals few Lebanon missions:Rare species,onlyvery nets, trawling,recollection unregulated. Threats: al. 2004). have beencaughtfrom 200to300mdepth)(Templado et shallow watersto40mdepth(occasionally, someindividuals entrances), seagrassbedsandcoarsesandybottoms,from H Indian Ocean) (Templado etal.,2004). (Mediterranean Sea, Easternand Western Atlantic Sea, affinities withawiderangeofgeographicaldistribution G protected faunaspecies(annexIII,Bern Convention, 1996). be regulated (AnnexIII,Barcelona Convention, 1995); Status ofprotection: Species whoseexploitationmust Schmidt, 1862. 1759); Spongia adriatica (Schmidt, 1862);Spongia mollissima Common synonymies: Status Schmidt, 1984. Ircinia (Schmidt, 1864), Sarcotragus muscarum muscarum Common synonymies: O depth. Ras El Bayada (N-10)andRasChekaaarea (C-11);2-18m Lebanon missions: domesticsewage. works (marinas, ports), Threats: Sediment dumping,littoralreclamation, littoral between 1 to31mdepth. H Portugal andGalicia (NWSpain). Mediterranean Sea, withthedistributionextendingto G species (AnnexII,Bern Convention 1996-98). (Barcelona Convention, AnnexII);strictlyprotected fauna eographical distribution:Species oftemperate-warm eographical distribution:Endemic speciesofthe All of the individuals have been observed in Alloftheindividualshave beenobserved bservations: Thespeciesseemsrare inLebanon. bservations: abitat: abitat: of protection: Siltation, hyper-sedimentation, pull up by fixed On rock (normally in walls, overhangs and cave Typical infalittoralspeciesonrocky substrata, Linnaeus, 1759(Fig. 52) Schmidt, 1862(Fig. 51) Sarcotragus cf.foetidus Spongia officinalis Present in TyrePresent (T-1, T-11, T-12, T-19), Endangered orthreatened species Hircinia foetida(Schmidt,1862), Euspongia officinalis(Linnaeus, 63 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY 64 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY b) Cnidaria: b)Cnidaria: Anthozoa Figure 54. coral The ahermatypic Cladocora coespitosa Figure 53. coral The Mediterraneanhermatypic mouchezii inRas Chekaa (st. C-17, 5mdepth) in Tyre (st. T-2, 2mdepth) © © RAC/SPA, Yassine SGHAIER RAC/SPA, Yassine SGHAIER Phyllangia americana habitats inLebanon,between 2to47mdepth. O Raoucheh (R-1)and Tyre (T-21). Lebanon missions:RasChekaa(C-17,C-19,C-20), circalittoral rocky bottoms,pollutioninthecaves. Threats: and circalittoral bottoms(0-47mdepth). H Sea (Zibrowius, 1980). Senegal, Azores, islands)andMediterranean Madeira andCanary G Convention, 2013). Status ofprotection :Appendix IICITES(Washington 1913). (Doderlein,Common synonymies:Coenocyathusapertus with Oculina patagonicathatcanovergrow onCladocora. O Tyre (st. T-2, 0-5mdepth). Lebanon missions: collection by divers, competitionwithOculina patagonica. Th coastal detritic(Barea-Azcón etal.,2008). clearwaters.On rockyvery substrata,Posidonia rhizomes and bottoms (0-25mdepth),althoughitcanreach 50mdepthin H (Morocco) (Zibrowius, 1980). in theNEAtlantic from southernPortugal toAgadir Mediterranean Sea. Thespecieshasalsobeensignaled G II CITES(Washington Convention, 2013). (Annex II,Barcelona Convention, Istanbul 2013);Appendix Status Joubin, pallaryi 1930. Cladocora stellariaMilne Edwards &Haime, 1849. Hoplangia Common synonymies: eographical eographical distribution: Notbservations: rare speciesoncoralligenousandcaves bservations: abitat: abitat: reats: Hyper-sedimentation, sedimentdumping,trawling, of protection :Endangered orthreatened species Hermatypic coralthatlive inphotophilicinfralittoral Ahermatypic coralthatlive insciaphilicinfralittoral Erosion and collection by divers, mooring on (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1897)(Fig. 54) Phyllangia americanamouchezii distribution: EasternAtlantic (from Portugal to Very rare speciesinLebanon.Competition (Linnaeus, 1767)(Fig. 53) Cladocora caespitosa Only one colony has been observed in Only onecolonyhasbeenobserved Madrepora flexuosaPallas, 1766; Endemic speciesofthe c)MolluscaGastropoda Figure 57. The ‘cowrie’ Erosariaspurca Figure 55. Dendropomapetraeum from Ras Chekaa, 11mdepth(st. C-17) Figure 56. platforms Deadvermetid in the littoral fringe infront of in thelittoralfringe Tyre (Alicante, Spain) © © © RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ from Tabarca Island , eroded specimen basin (UNEP/MAP-RAC/SPA, 2007). (Templado and Habitat: (Templado etal.,2004). Ascension andSaint Helene Islands, Mediterranean Sea Strait toAngola(also,Canary, Madeira, Cape Verde, Geographical distribution: endangered orthreatened species. Union proposal (COM(2009)585)toincludeitinthelistof species (Annex II, Bern Convention 1996-98). European (Barcelona Convention, AnnexII);strictlyprotected fauna Status ofprotection: Endangered orthreatened species (Monterosato, 1897). (Gray, 1825);Cypraea verdensia (Melvill,Cypraea 1888); minima Cypraea lunata(Fisher von Waldheim, 1807);Cypraea elliptica Common synonymies: around Tyre (Fig. 56). inRasElobserved Bayada, intherocky reefs particularly Nakoura sector; only some small living colonies have been Ras Chekaasector, whereas itseemstoberare intheSaida- The species is moreObservations: common in the Enfeh- N-1, N-2),at0mdepth. Chekaa (st.C-3,C-23), Tyre (T-2) andRasEl Bayada (st. Lebanon missions: Present in Enfeh (st. E-1, E-12), Ras littoral works (marinas,ports). ofthebiogenicformations), bait collection(destruction Threats: Marine Reserve, pers.observ.). on infralittoralphotophilicrock at3mdepth(at Tabarca in the exposed littoral fringe (Templado substratum with Neogoniolithon brassica-florida, normally Habitat: Thespeciesformsdenseaggregates on rocky Atlantic coasts from Spain andMorocco (Templado etal.,2004). Mediterranean Sea, from Gibraltar Strait toLebanon.Also, G of endangered orthreatened species. Union proposal (COM(2009)585)toincludeitinthelist species (AnnexII,Bern Convention 1996-98).European (Barcelona Convention, AnnexII);strictlyprotected fauna Status ofprotection:Endangered orthreatened species. 1892). Bernardi, 1832), Vermetus(Monterosato, cristatusf.minor Common synonymies: eographical Distribution: Endemic speciesofthe Posidonia oceanicameadows, between 0to20mdepth Sediment dumping,organicpollution,trampling, On rocky infralittoralbottoms,understones, (Monterosato, 1884)(Figs. 55,56) et al.,2004),deeper(30mdepth) in Levantine (Linnaeus, 1758)(Fig. 57) Dendropoma petraeum Erosaria spurca Cypraea spurca (Linnaeus,1758); Vermetus glomeratus (Bivona- Eastern Atlantic from Gibraltar et al., 2004). Also, 65 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY 66 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY Figure 58. The ‘crowrie’ Luridalurida 11 mdepth(st. C-17) © RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ from Ras Chekaa, shells have beencollected. : Observations 12-25 mdepth. L turdus ). lessepsian Cypraeidae (e.g.Purpuradusta gracilis, Erosaria organic pollution); collection by divers; competition with (hyper-sedimentation, sedimentdumping,littoralworks, Threats: Impacts associatedwiththeinfralittoralhabitatloss stones, between 0to50mdepth (Barea-Azcón etal.,2008). Habitat: (Templado etal.,2004). Ascension andSaint Helene Islands, Mediterranean Sea Portugal toAngola(also,Canary, Madeira, Cape Verde, Geographical endangered orthreatened species. Union proposal (COM(2009)585)toincludeitinthelistof species (Annex II, Bern Convention 1996-98). European (Barcelona Convention, AnnexII);strictlyprotected fauna Status (Audouin, 1826);Cypraea aurora (Monterosato, 1897). Cypraea leucogaster(Gmelin,1791);Cypraea kunthii Common synonymies: empty shellshave beencollected. Observations: C-17); 12-25mdepth. inRasChekaa(st.C-16, Lebanon missions:Observed Cypraeidae (e.g.Purpuradusta gracilis, Erosaria turdus). pollution); collectionby divers; competitionwithlessepsian (hyper-sedimentation, sedimentdumping,littoralworks, organic Threats: Impacts associatedwiththeinfralittoralhabitatloss ebanon of protection: Endangered orthreatened species On rocky bottoms(overhangs, crevices) andunder Observed in Ras Chekaa (st. C-16, C-17); inRasChekaa(st.C-16,C-17); missions: Observed Very rare speciesinLebanon,onlytwoempty distribution: Eastern Atlantic from southern (Linnaeus, 1758)(Fig. 58) Very rare speciesinLebanon,onlytwo Luria lurida Cypraea lurida(Linnaeus, 1758);

d) MolluscaBivalvia Figure 60. The date’‘sea ( (Tonna galea) Figure 59. Smallemptyshellofthe ‘giant tun’ from Ras ElBayada, 15mdepth(st. N-15) from Tyre, 7mdepth(st. T-11) © © RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ Lithophaga lithophaga Lithophaga

) the Lebanoncoast(G.Bitar, pers.obs.). in RasElobserved Bayada, thespeciesseemscommon in Although, only one specimen has been Observations: (st. N-15). inRasElLebanon missions:Observed Bayada, 15mdepth ofthe rocky substratumbyimply thedestruction divers. Threats: Very appreciated resource whosecollection might al., 2008). frequent inshallow waters(0-5mdepth)(Barea-Azcón et corals, biogenicformations),from 0mto50depth;more Habitat: Endolithic speciesincalcareous substrata(rock, et al.,2004). Mediterranean Sea; alsoreported intheRed Sea (Templado Portugal andMadeira Islands), toAngola(also,Canary Geographical Distribution: EasternAtlantic from southern (Appendix II,CITES,2013). may becomeinthefuture, unlesstradeiscloselycontrolled not necessarilynow threatened withextinctionbutthat Habitat Directive 92/43European Union). Species thatare community interest inneedofstrictprotection (Annex IV, species (AnnexII,Bern Convention 1996-98).Species of (Barcelona Convention, AnnexII);strictlyprotected fauna Status ofprotection: Endangered orthreatened species dactylus (Cuvier, 1817);Lithodomus inflatus(Réquien, 1848). 1758), Common synonymies: sampled. Observations: Very rare, onlyoneemptyshellhasbeen in Lebanon missions:Observed Tyre (st. T-11), 7mdepth. Threats: Trawling, collectionby divers. usually from 15to80mdepth(Templado etal.,2004). and coralligenouscommunitiesonthecontinentalshelf, Habitat: Mediterranean Sea (Templado etal.,2004). Western Atlantic Carolina (from toBrazil), northern Eastern Atlantic (from southernPortugal toSouth Africa), Geographical of endangered orthreatened species. Union proposal (COM(2009)585)toincludeitinthelist species (AnnexII,Bern Convention 1996-98).European (Barcelona Convention, AnnexII);strictlyprotected fauna Status ofprotection: Endangered orthreatened species Buccinum olearium(Linnaeus,1758). Common synonymies: Lithophaga mytuloides(Röding, 1798);Lithodomus Mainly insandybottomsneartodetriticsubstrata distribution: Species withwarmaffinities. (Linnaeus, 1758)(Fig. 60) Linnaeus, 1758(Fig. 59) Lithophaga lithophaga Tonna galea Lithodomus lithophagus(Linnaeus, Dolium galea. (Linnaeus,1758); 67 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY 68 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY Figure 61. Fragments ofthe mussel’ ( ‘fan in Ras Chekaa, 42mdepth(st. C-15) © RAC/SPA,© AitorFORCADA Pinna nobilis) (Enfeh andRasEl Bayada). Lebanon waters.Only twoalive specimenswere observed AtObservations: present, thespeciesseemstoberare in from trammelnets. lagoonof northern Tyre (st. T- 16),butprobably are debris m depth.Some inthe fragmentsofshellshave beenobserved (st. C-15,C-21)andRasEl Bayada (st. N-7),from 7 to42 inEnfehLebanon missions:Observed (st.E-1),RasChekaa pollution, trawling);collectionby divers; pullupby fixed nets. sedimentation, sedimentdumping,littoralworks, organic Threats: Impacts associatedwiththeseagrasshabitatloss(hyper- waters to40mdepth. muddy sandbottoms(Moreno &Barrajón, 2008).From shallow Posidonia andCymodocea meadows; also,incoarsesandand Habitat: Characteristicspeciesonsoftsubstrata,mainlyin Mediterranean Sea (Moreno &Barrajón, 2008). Geographical distribution: Endemic species of the Habitat Directive 92/43European Union). community interest inneedofstrictprotection (AnnexIV, species (AnnexII,Bern Convention 1996-98).Species of (Barcelona Convention, AnnexII);strictlyprotected fauna Status ofprotection: Endangered orthreatened species (Monterosato, 1884);Pinna nigella(deGregorio, 1885). 1819); Pinna squamosa (Gmelin,1791);Pinna angustana(Lamarck, Common synonymies: Pinna ensiformis (Brusina, 1870); PinnaPinna ensiformis cornuformis (Linnaeus, 1758)(Fig. 61) Pinna nobilis Pinna incurvata Pinna incurvata (Von Born, 1780); vous duringthe2012and2013missions. observed Lebanon waters(Barcelona Convention) have notbeen f)Otherprotected invertebrates e)Echinodermata • MARINE VERTEBRATA

Figure 62. The seaurchin’‘rock ( Epinephelus marginatus Rhinobatos cemiculus Rhinobatos communis), the ‘trumpet shells’ (Charonia lampas Annex II:’honeycombsponge’ (Hippospongia Gymnura altavela Chelonia mydas It isthecaseof: Other protected species reported invertebrate from Table 18. inLebanon fishes the2012and2013missions andobserved Marine during ofspecialinterest from Enfeh, 2mdept(st. E-1) Paracentrotus lividus) Paracentrotus © RAC/SPA, Hany ElSHAER BaC III III II II and and Legend: (BaC)Barcelona Convention Convention (1995);(BeC)Bern (1996-98). observed inLebanonare indicatedinthetable18. observed 5.4.3 Vertebrata been observed inRasElbeen observed Bayada. Paracentrotus intheSaida-Nakouraparticularly sector. In thissector, Thespecieshasnotbeenabundant, Observations: Bayada (st.N-3,N-10);0mto5depth. Chekaa (st.C-10,C-14,C-17,C-19,C-20,C-23)andRasEl inEnfehLebanon missions: Observed (st.E-1,E-7,E-12),Ras Threats: Hyper-sedimentation, collectionby divers. 0 to80mdepth,normallyinshallow waters(<20mdepth). Habitat: (Templado etal.,2004). Azores, islands),andMediterranean Madeira andCanary Sea Eastern Atlantic, from Brittany islandstoMauritania (incl. Geographical Distribution: Atlanto-Mediterranean species. fauna species(annexIII,Bern Convention, 1996). regulated (Annex III,Barcelona Convention); protected Status ofprotection: Species whoseexploitationmustbe (Risso, 1826). 1816); Common synonymies: • Annex III:‘slipper lobster’ (Scyllarideslatus). longispinus). Ch. tritonis),andthe‘hatpinseaurchin’ (Centrostephanus Echinus vulgaris(Blainville, 1825);Echinus purpureus The important marinefishestobe protected and The important On rocky substrataandPosidonia meadows, from BeC III II - - is heavilycollectedforfood,andithasonly (Lamarck, 1816)(Fig. 62) Paracentrotus lividus Echinus saxatilis(Tiedemann, EU IV - - - 69 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY 70 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY a)Elasmobranchii Figure 64. cemiculus ) (Rhinobathos The guitarfish ‘blackchin Figure 63. ( The ray’ butterfly ‘spiny of Kerkennah, =40cm) between (rule 29-30mdepth from (Tunisia). theGulfofGabès South-eastern © RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ @ P Gymnura altavela eter N. PSOMADAKIS ) observed in observed Tyre andSaida. RareObservations: species,onlytwospecimenshave been between 25to30mdepth. in Lebanon missions:Observed Tyre (T-8) andSaida (S-5), juveniles are present. Threats: Bottomtrawlingonthecoastalareas where the (McEachram &Capapé,1984;Bauchot, 1987b). the continentalshelf, from shallow watersto100mdepth Habitat: Benthic speciesonsandyormuddybottomsof Sea (McEachram &Capapé,1984). Eastern Atlantic from Bay ofBiscay toAngola,Mediterranean Geographical distribution:Species ofwarmaffinities. 98); criticendangered species(IUCNRed List). protected faunaspecies(AnnexII,Bern Convention 1996- (Barcelona Convention, AnnexII,Marrakech 2009);strictly Status ofprotection: Endangered orthreatened species Rhinobatos rasus (Garman, 1908). Saint-Hilaire, 1817);Rhinobatos congolensis (Giltay, 1928); Common synonymies: RareObservations: speciesinLebanon. m depth(st.E-4). Lebanon missions:One exemplarinEnfeh, at31 observed Threats: degradation. Gill nets,trawling,estuary up to80mdepth.(Bauchot, 1987). bottoms, neartoestuaries:Normally, from shallow waters Habitat: Benthic species oncoastalsandyandmuddy Mediterraneanestuary); andBlack Seas (Bauchot, 1987). Bay ofBiscay toAngola;from Massachusetts toLaPlata Geographical 98); criticallyendangered species(IUCNRed List). protected fauna species(AnnexII,Bern Convention 1996- (Barcelona Convention, AnnexII,Marrakech 2009);strictly Status valenciennii (Duméril, 1865). Pteroplatea vaillantii (Rochebrune, 1880);Pteroplatea (Valenciennes, 1843);Pteroplatea binotata(Lunel, 1879); 1758); Common synonymies: (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)(Fig. 64) of protection: Endangered orthreatened species Raja macluraRaja (Lesueur, 1817);Dasyatis canariensis Distribution: Amphi-Atlantic species(from (Lamarck, 1816)(Fig. 63) Rhinobatos cemiculus Rhinobatos Gymnura altavela Glaucostegus cemiculus Pteroplatea altavela (Linnaeus, (Geoffroy b) Actinopterygii Figure 65. Onejuvenile of ( ‘dusky grouper’ Figure 66. The meagre’‘brown ( National ParkNational ofZembra(Tunisia), 24mdepth ) from Enfeh,marginatus 4mdepth(st. E-12) © RAC/SPA, ADEL BOUAJINA © Sciaena umbra RAC/SPA, Hany ElSHAER Epinephelus ). Endangered species(IUCNRed List,2004). the Annex V, whosecapture from thewildcanberestricted. European Union proposal (COM(2009)585)toincludeitin protected fauna species(annexIII,Bern Convention, 1996). be regulated (AnnexIII,Barcelona Convention, 1995); Status E. gigas(Brünnich, 1768). Common synonymies: (heavy spear-fishing, competitionwithlessepsian species). O Enfeh, at18mdepth(st.E-15). in Only onespecimenwasobserved Lebanon missions: meadows (juvenile areas). Threats: Spear-fishing; oftheseagrass alterationordestruction depth (Bauchot, 1987). rocky andsandybottoms,from shallow watersupto 180 m Habitat: islands), Mediterranean andBlack Seas (Bauchot, 1987). Eastern Atlantic (from English ChanneltoSenegal, Canary Geographical distribution:Atlanto-Mediteranean species. endangered orthreatened species. V whosecapture from thewildcanbeonrestricted listof Union proposal (COM(2009)585)toincludeitintheAnnex fauna species(annexIII,Bern Convention, 1996).European regulated (AnnexIII,Barcelona Convention, 1995);protected Status ofprotection: Species whoseexploitationmustbe nigraCorvina (Bloch, 1791). Common synonymies: areas wouldbecomeoperative. possible recovery ofthesize classes,whenthemarineprotected correspondsa to juvenile specimens (size < 20 cm). This means in theLebanoncoast.Nevertheless, thepopulationobserved Observations: N-10), from 1mto8depth. C-23), Tyre (st. T-2, T-19, T-20) andRasEl Bayada (st.N-7, E-9, E-12,E-14),RasChekaa(st.C-14,C-17,C-19,C-20, Lebanon missions:More orlesscommon inEnfeh (st.E-1, individuals (malepopulations). Threats: Over-exploitation by spear-fishingonthegreat caves, from 0to200mdepth(Tortonese, 1986). Habitat: Demersal speciesonhard bottomsandsubmarine (Bermuda’s Islands toBrazil), Mediterranean Sea (Tortonese, 1986). Atlantic (Brittany Islands to South Africa), Western Atlantic Geographical distribution:Amphi-Atlantic species.Eastern bservations: Very rare, thisspeciesseemstobeinregression of protection: Species whose exploitation must Demersal species in coastal waters, on seagrass, Demersal speciesincoastalwaters,onseagrass, seems to be more or less common E. marginatusseemstobemore orlesscommon (Linnaeus, 1758)(Fig. 65) (Linnaeus, 1758)(Fig. 66) Epinephelus marginatus Sciaena umbra Epinephelus guaza(Linnaeus,1758), Johnius umbra (Linnaeus,1758),

71 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY 72 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY during themissionsof2012and2013.It isthecaseof: waters (Barcelona Convention) have notbeenobserved d)Otherprotected vertebrata c)Reptilia • •

Annex III:‘shi corb’ drum (Umbrina cirrosa). dolphin’ (Tursiops ). truncatus Annex II:‘loggerheadturtle’ (Caretta caretta ), ’bottlenose Figure 67. (Cheloniamyda The green turtle Other protected reported vertebrates from Lebanon in Tyre, 3mdepth(st. T-20) © RAC/SPA, Yassine SGHAIER s) surroundings. interesting tomonitortheminmarine protected areas and protection status but are of economic value and so, it will be Then we have considered othertargetspecieswhichhave no 5.4.4Otherspeciesofinterest endangered species. Reserve thatrepresents nesting area animportant forthis mydas around Tyre inlets quiteneartothe Tyre CoastNature OfChelonia of Observations: interest istheobservation in theRaoucheharea (may-2012by H.El Shaer). T-18, T-20), 0-3mdepth.Anotherindividualwasobserved Lebanon vessels. accidental catches by trawling, eggs collection,collision with (nesting beaches,feedingshallow seagrassesmeadows), Threats: ofthelifecycle Thedestruction criticalhabitats (Marquez, 1990). lagoons) withseagrassesmeadows; anditlayeggsonbeaches feeding aggregations inshallow waterareas (beaches,bays, Habitat: nektonicanimalthatoccasionallyforms Solitary islands, rare intemperatewaters(Marquez, 1990). and subtropical waters,nearcontinentalcoastsandaround G II ofBonnConvention). significantly benefit from internationalco-operation (Appendix species (IUCNRed speciesthatneedorwould List).Migratory Habitat Directive 92/43European Union). Endangered community interest inneedofstrictprotection (AnnexIV, species (AnnexII,Bern Convention 1996-98).Species of (Barcelona Convention, AnnexII);strictlyprotected fauna S Common synonymies:Testudo viridis(Schneider, 1783). tatus ofprotection: Endangered orthreatened species eographical distribution: Widely distributedintropical Observed aroundmissions: Observed theinletsof Tyre (st. (Linnaeus, 1758)(Fig. 67) Chelonia mydas b)MolluscaCephalopoda a) Crustacea Decapoda a)Crustacea Figure 68. The spidercrab’‘spiny ( Figure 69. inRas Octopusvulgaris Chekaa, 5 mdepth(st. C-3) front ofEnfeh. © RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ © RAC/SPA, Yassine SGHAIER Maja goltziana ) Nakoura sector(28/08-05/09/2013). sector. Nevertheless, inthe Saida- ithasnotbeenobserved Observations: 0-21 mdepth. E-1, E-12)andRasChekaa(C-3,C-14,C-16,C-17,C-22); (June 2012) Lebanon missions: in Observed Enfeh (st. organic pollution). possible degradationofthelittoralspawningsites(siltation, Threats: Thespeciesdonotseemthreated, except by the 1992). continental shelf, between 0mto200depth(Guerra, seagrass meadows, coastal detritic, muddy detritic) on the Habitat: Benthic specieslivingindifferent habitats(rocks, tropical, subtropical andtemperatewaters (Guerra, 1992). Geographical Distribution: Cosmopolitanspecies,in species. 750 g.astheminimumtotalweight tocommercialize the Regulation ECNo. 850/98),theEuropean Union establishes protection ofjuveniles ofmarineorganisms(Council resources throughof fishery technicalmeasures forthe Status ofprotection: None. With regard totheconservation ); Octopus niger(Risso,1854). Common synonymies: Enfeh. the 2012mission(20.06.2012)at110mdepthinfront of Observations: of noeconomicinterest. . Threats: Thespeciesiscaughtaccidentally by gillnets,andis depth) (Holtuis, 1987;González-Pérez, 1995). stones), from theinfralittoraltoupperbathyal(15-300m Habitat: Mediterranean (Holtuis, 1987). & Di Franco, 2013)andmore commonintheEastern rare in Westernto Guinean Gulf), Mediterranean (Langeneck Geographical Common synonymies:None. Benthic species on soft substrata (muddy sand with Benthic species on soft substrata (muddy sand with Distribution: EasternAtlantic (from Portugal One specimen wascaught in agillnet during Relatively frequent intheEnfeh-Ras Chekaa d’Oliveira, 1888(Fig. 68) Cuvier, 1797(Fig. 69) Octopus vulgaris Maja goltziana Octopus bitentaculatus(Risso,1854 73 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY 74 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY large Serranidae, from Epinephelus apart marginatus , have c)Large Serraridae Figure 70. ( grouper’ A ‘white (Epinephelus costae Figure 71. A juvenile ofthe ‘golden grouper’ During the diving observations some juveniles of During some juveniles of the diving observations caught in the Gulf of Gabes (Tunisia)caught intheGulfofGabes by trawling, 35-38mdepth ) inEnfeh, -14m(st. E-14) © RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ Epinephelus aeneus © RAC/SPA, Carlos VALLE ) aeneus doesnotseemstobefrequent inLebanonwaters. (Tyre, Batroum) andcaptured by spearfishing. However, E. during themissions,butitispresent inthefish-markets underwater Thespecieshasnotbeenobserved Observations: individuals (malepopulations). Threats: Over-exploitation by spear-fishingonthegreat depth (Tortonese, 1986b) Habitat: Eastern basin,exc. Aegean Sea) (Tortonese, 1973;1986b). Portugal toAngola),Mediterranean Sea (North Africaand Geographical Distribution: EasternAtlantic (from northern large serranids(>45cm). (France, Spain) have regulated theminimumsize tocatch Status ofprotection:None. Some Mediterranean countries 1817), Common synonymies: these species, particularly theNorthernthese species,particularly sector. areashows of the Lebanon shore of the importance as a nursery another, been reported: E.costae(c)andMycteroperca rubra (c);whereas recovery ofthepopulationwithprotection measures. heterogeneous rock) andjuveniles wouldmakepossiblethe (size <25cm).Thepresence ofasuitablehabitat(mainly, prospected areas, onbutonlyrepresented by juveniles specimens RelativelyObservations: frequent speciesin all of the (N-15), Tyre (T-1, T-12, T-14, T-19), Saida (S-5); 5-30mdepth. (C-7, C-19,C-21),Nakoura (N-6,N-7,N-11,N-13),El Bayada Lebanon missions:Enfeh (E-9,E-11,E-14,E-15),RasChekaa individuals (hermaphrodite selective fishingofmalepopulations). Threats: Over-exploitation by spear-fishingofthegreat 300 mdepth(Tortonese, 1986b). juveniles alsoinseagrassmeadows; from shallow watersto Habitat: Demersal speciesonrocky andmuddybottoms, Adriatic Sea) (Tortonese, 1896). Portugal toNigeria), Mediterranean Sea (exc. northern Geographical Distribution: EasternAtlantic (from southern large serranids(>45cm). (France, Spain) have regulated theminimumsize tocatch Status of protection: (Forsskål, 1775). alexandrinus (Döderlein, 1882);noEpinephelus chrysotaenia Cerna Common synonymies: Perca robusta (Couch,1832). , has been observed in fishing markets. This infishingmarkets. This E. aeneus,hasbeenobserved (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)(Fig. 70) Sandy andmuddybottoms,between 20to200m (Valenciennes, 1828),synonymyofE.fasciatus (Steindachner, 1878)(Fig. 71) Epinephelus aeneus Epinephelus costae None. Some Mediterranean countries Plectropoma fasciatus(Costa,1844); Cherna aenea(GeoffroyCherna Saint-Hilaire,

(Mycteroperca rubra Figure 72. Juvenile of ‘comb grouper’ ) inEnfeh, 18mdepth(st. at E-14) © RAC/SPA, Aitor FORCADA population withprotection measures. rock) and juveniles would make possible therecovery ofthe cm). Thepresence ofasuitablehabitat(mainly, heterogeneous alltheindividualswerebeen observed; juveniles (size <25 studies.Nevertheless,species intheunderwater noadulthas Observations: N-15), Nakoura (N-7, N-9, N-10, N-12, N-13); 1-23 m depth. T-12, T-18, T-19, T-20, T-23,N-3, (N-2, Bayada T-24),El Ras (S-1), TyreSaida (T-1,(R-1), Raoucheh T-2, T-5, T-6, T-11, Chekaa (C-1,C-3,C-10,C-11,C-14,C-17,C-19,C-21), Lebanon populations). individuals (hermaphrodite selective fishingofmale Threats: Over-exploitation by spear-fishingofthegreat 200 mdepth(Tortonese, 1986);juveniles inshallow waters. Habitat: Demersal species, on rocky and sandy bottoms at 15- 1986). Bermuda Islands toBrazil), Mediterranean Sea. (Tortonese, Atlantic (form Bay ofBiscay toAngola), Western Atlantic (from Geographical Distribution: Amphi-Atlantic species.Eastern large serranids(>45cm). (France, Spain) have regulated theminimumsize tocatch Status (Cocco, 1833),Serranus1893). (Osório, armatus acutirostris Mycteroperca scirenga (Rafinesque, 1810), Common synonymies: of protection: None. Some Mediterranean countries Enfeh (E-1, E-7, E-12, E-14, E-15), Ras missions: Enfeh (E-1, E-7,E-12,E-14,E-15),Ras (Valenciennes, 1828), M. rubra hasbeenthemostfrequent serranid (Bloch, 1793)(Fig. 72) Mycteroperca rubra Epinephelus (Bloch, ruber 1793), Serranus nebulosus Parepinephelus 75 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY 76 5. LEBANON MARINE BIODIVERSITY D. d)Large Sparidae were rare. auriga were rare. Figure 74. Oneindividualofthe seabream’ ‘redbanded sardus have been common, whereas Figure 73. Oneindividualofthe seabream’ ‘zebra During Diplodus thedivingobservations, (Diplodus cervinus (Pagrus auriga ) (st. R-1, 3mdepth) ) (st. E-12, 4mdepth) © D. puntazzo and © RAC/SPA, Hany ElSHAER RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR cervinus and and cervinus Pagrus Sparus aurata duringthemissions. have not been observed However, otherslargesparidssuchasDentex dentex and subject tohighfishingpressure. m depth.Probably, likeotherlargesparids,thespeciesis inshallowindividuals have beenobserved waters,0-10 Observations: and Nakoura (N-2),0-10mdepth. inRaoucheh(R-1) Lebanon missions:Rare, onlyobserved by spear-fishing. organic pollution,siltationorlittoralworks; over-exploitation Threats: Alterationofthejuvenile habitats(inshore rocks) by shallow waters(Bauchot &Hureau, 1986). bottoms, from shallow waters to 170 m depth; juveniles in Habitat: Demersal andcoastalspeciesonrocky andgravel 1986). Sea, more frequent inthesouthernsector(Bauchot &Hureau, Eastern Atlantic (from Portugal toAngola),Mediterranean Geographical Distribution: Atlanto-Mediterranean species. Status ofprotection: None. Common synonymies: presented asize <25cm. individualshad present inallofthesectors.Allobserved Thespeciesisnotabundant,butithasbeen Observations: C-22), Tyre (T-12), RasEl Bayada (N-3,N-10);1-13mdepth. Lebanon missions:Enfeh (E-9),RasChekaa(C-3,C-17,C-19, by spear-fishing. organic pollution,siltationorlittoralworks; over-exploitation Threats: Alterationofthejuvenile habitats(inshore rocks) by shallow watersto300mdepth(Bauchot &Hureau, 1986). Habitat: Demersal species onrocky andmuddybottoms,from (Bauchot &Hureau, 1986). Lion Gulf) MediterraneanMadeira andCanary), andBlack Seas (exc. Eastern Atlantic (from Bay ofBiscay to Cape Verde Islands, Geographical Status ofprotection: None. 1810) . Common synonymies: (Valenciennes, 1843)(Fig. 74) Distribution: Atlanto-Mediterranean species. The speciesseemsrare, onlytwojuvenile (Lowe, 1838)(Fig. 73) Diplodus cervinus Pagrus auriga Sparus auriga(Valenciennes, 1843). Diplodus trifasciatus(Rafinesque, 77 © RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOS ESPLÀ 78 © RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOS ESPLÀ variation ofthemegabenthic species).Thisclassification with other studies, independently of the season (with the to compare theresults ofoneormore from sites surveys based ongeo-morphological features makespossible conspicuous ordominantflora/fauna. habitat (mainlygeo-morphologicalfeatures) andthemore A seascaperepresents thecombinationofphysical communities, basedinthesessileepibenthicassemblages. seascapes asgeo-morphologicalunitswiththeassociated One pragmaticapproximation hasbeentoconsiderthe species distribution,mainly, throughout therocky bottoms. fundamental tounderstandhow abioticpatternsinfluence ecology (Pittman etal.,2011;Fuller, 2013),sinceitseems problem, we have doneanapproximation oftheseascape difficulties, onspatialandtemporalscales. Tosolve this habitats from other Mediterranean sectors represent some & Moss, 2004).Amongtheselimitationsare: Bellan-Santini habitat/biocenosis classifications(Pérès & Picard, 1964; and difficultfortheapplicationofusual Mediterranean characteristics of the Lebanon’s benthic habitats are peculiar measures. Nevertheless,of possibleconservation some areashave also been usedinmappingandinventorying supralittoral upto50mdepth(uppercircalittoral). They been intendedtocover allinshore marinehabitatsfrom the monitoring ofthesites(Costello&Emblow, 2005). for evaluating andalongterm ofthenature conservation development of a standard habitat classification is required located anthropogenic impacts (Roff to explainthedelimitationofmarineprotected areas and habitats, andtheirbenthicassemblagesisaconsistenttool 6.1Introduction 6. BENTHICBIONOMY AND MARINEHABITATS v) iv) iii) ii) i) flora composition. pronouncedand theseasonalchangesare inthe very Chama-Spondylus influence ofsomelessepsiansspecies(as Siganidae, (late summerthermoclineat40-50mdepth); relative homogeneityoftheinfralittoralfaunaandflora high variability oftheinfralittoralrock assemblages; Aegean Sea, Adriatic Sea, Ionian Sea); Mediterranean sectors(Western Mediterranean Sea, many habitatsare quitedifferent from tothe rest of Scarcity ofstudiesaboutLebanon’s marinehabitats; The mainbenefitofusing habitatclassification Therefore, thecomparisonswithequivalent Two studies of the Lebanon marine habitats have Identification andtypificationof themarine et al.,1994,2002;UNEP/MAP, 1998;Davis bioconstructions) onthehabitat; bioconstructions) et al., 2003). Thus, the among the zones (between 1 to 20 m width). among thezones (between 1to20mwidth). platform ismore orlesswide,althoughthere are variations (by waves) hasvaried from moderatetohigh.Theabrasion rocks (Saida, Tyre, Nakoura, Fig. 76).Thehydrodynamism Ras Chekaa,Raoucheh,El Bayada, Fig. 75)andsandstone Biotope: Thenature ofsubstratahasbeenlimestone(Enfeh, waters andhighbarometric pressure). midlittoral stages, with the littoral fringe (> 0 m in calm 6.2.1Littoralrock horizons) andcircalittoral rocky bottoms. and midlittoral),infralittoralrock (upper, middleandlower to hard substrata,classifiying themas:littoral rock (supra 6.2Hard substrata ofspecies). included intheAnnexII(inventory inthedifferentrare. communities Thespeciesobserved are common,(c)and(r) of theabundance:(cc)very (phyto andzoobenthos, fishes)withasubjective appreciation megabenthos species andcharacteristicoftheobserved give them thiscode. We have includedthemore abundant the text); but to some of them, it has not been possible to assigned acode(UNEP/MAP-RAC/SPA, 2006;asUMRin known aboutthebenthicenvironment. mapping marinehabitats,mainlyinareas littleis where very aims toprovide astandard nomenclature fordescribingand The littoral rock embracesthesupralittoraland We have applied theseascape/biocenosisconcepts Each biocenosisandassociation/facieshave been Figure 75. Littoral rock ofEnfeh(st. E-1) © RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR 79 6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS 80 6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS Associated biocenosis: Associated filling). Vermetid platformsare themainthreatened habitat. sediment pollution, littoraldisturbance(building,ports, collection (normallyforbaits),hydrocarbon andsewage anthropogenic impactsare tramplig,shell-fishandalgae rock isthe mostthreatened marinehabitat.Themain Potential threats: Due tohumanactivities,thelittoral Palisada perforata. purposes, are Sargassum vulgare, Cystoseira compressa and forconservation otherspecies,important been observed; Although theassociationofCystoseira amentaceahasnot plateausontheabrasionplatform. develops intertidal (Dendropoma petraeum withNeogoniolithon brassica-florida) interest:Conservation The vermetid bio-builder • • • • •

Littoral fringe (abrasion platform with littoral pools) Littoral fringe(abrasionplatformwithlittoralpools) Midlittoral caves (UMR:II.4.3) Lower midlittoralrock (UMR:II.4.2) Upper midlittoralrock (UMR:II.4.1) Supralittoral rock (UMR:I.4.1) Figure 76. Littoralrock inNakoura (st. N-1) Euraphia depressa (r)andPachygrapsus marmoratus (r). Littorina) Melarhaphe (=Littorina) present, withthelichenVerrucaria amphibian(r),thegastropods Structure ofthecommunity:Only the lower stratumis rock (Fig. 77) 6.2.1.1Biocenosis of thesupralittoral Echinolittorina punctata andEchinolittorina Melarhaphe neritoides Figure 77. The supralittoralzonewiththelittorinids punctata Inlets of northern Tyre Inlets ofnorthern (station T-5) (cc), and the (= neritoides (cc)andEchinolittorina (= © RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ (cc), Ligiacrustaceans italica (cc), © RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR . papillosum Figure 78. Biocenosis of the upper midlittoral rock with Porphyra leucostictaandNemalion helmintoidesare present. spring periods,theephemeralrhodophytesBangia atropurpurea , Chthamalus stellatus(cc)andCh.montagui(cc).In winterand of this lower strata withendoliticCyanophyta lower stratum.In in thesummerseason,itcanonly be observed Structure ofthecommunity:It isexclusively recognized inthe midlittoral rock 6.2.1.2Biocenosisoftheupper T-5, T-6, T-17, T-18,N-10). N-3, T-20),(N-1, Nakoura C-14, C-17,C-19,C-20,C-23),Saida (S-2,S-3), Tyre (T-2, Stations: Enfeh (E-1, E-7,E-12),RasChekaa(C-3,C-10, and Facies and associations: AssociationwithEnthophysalis deusta Figure 79. Uppermidlittoralrock withChthamalus ; as sessile epifauna, the cirripeds Lithophyllum papillosum;assessileepifauna,thecirripeds (Ch. stellatus, Ch. montagui Verrucaria spp. (UMR:I.4.1.2). , stellatus (white (white patches), (yellow Saida(st. turfs). S-3) Patella rustica (Ras Chekaa, st. C-23) Echinolittorina punctata, Echinolittorina © © RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ ), behind Polysiphoniasp. (cc) and white patches (cc) and whitepatches Lithophyllum Lithophyllum Chthamalus Chthamalus spp.

Facies and associations: Facies andassociations: crab Pachygrapsus marmoratus (c). and helmintoides (UMRII.4.1.3). II.4.1.1), associations withtherhodophytaBangia atropurpurea (UMR seasonal assemblages at the upper midlittoral as to observe Saida (S-3), Tyre (T-5, T-6) andNakoura (N-1). Stations: Enfeh: (E-1,E-12),RasChekaa(C-3,C-23), limpet the speciesChthamalusstellatus(cc)andCh.montagui(c).The 2, T-5, T-6, T-17, T-18,N-10. N-3, T-20),(N-1, Nakoura C-14, C-17,C-19,C-20,C-23),Saida (S-2,S-3), Tyre (T- Stations: Enfeh (E-1,E-7,E-12),RasChekaa(C-3,C-10, is alsopresent (Fig. 79). In someplaces(e.g.Saida), therhodophyte September), thisassociationdominatetherocky substratum. Mobile fauna:ThegastropodsEchinolittorina punctata(cc) • •

Patella (cc);theisopodLigia rustica italica(c)andthe Facies withChthamalusspp. spp. (UMR:II.4.1.4). Association with Lithophyllum papillosum and Polysiphonia Patella isalsocommon. rustica Association withLithophyllumAssociation papillosum During winterandspringperiods,itispossible This facies occurs in exposed environments, with This faciesoccursinexposedenvironments, with In thesummerperiod(from lateJune toearly Porphyra leucosticta(UMRII.4.1.2)andNemalion Facies withChthamalusspp.(Fig. 79) and Polysiphonia spp.(Fig. 78) Polysiphonia sp.

81 6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS 82 6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS Ch. montaguiare present, mainlyinexposedshores. characteristic species.ThecirripedsChthamalusstellatus,and gelidiales (r) andNeogoniolithon brassica-florida of (c),andtheturf epilithic the lower strata with endolitic the lower strata. In the summer season, it onlyappears on Structure ofthecommunity:It occursinthemiddleand rock (Fig. 80) 6.2.1.3Biocenosisofthelower midlittoral Figure 80. Lower midlittoralrock withRalfsiaverrucosaand Figure 81. Vermetid intheFanar platforms zone. Rivularia atra verrucosa Ralfsia (c),theencrusting The softmacroalgae Ulva compressa (cc)isa (c). Gelidium cf.pusillumandParviphycus pannosus Ulva compressa. Enfeh(st. E-1) Tyre (st. T-18) © RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ Cyanophyta (cc) and the © RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR June), theassociationsare: Facies andassociations:During thestudyperiod(late galeritahasbeenobserved. Also, theblennidaeCoryphoblennius Patella ulyssiponensis(cc),P. (c), caerulea Mobile fauna:ThegastropodsEchinolittorina punctata(cc), crustaceans crustaceans (r); the polyplacophore (T-18), Nakoura (N-1). Stations: Enfeh (E-1),RasChekaa(C-23),Saida (S-3), Tyre plates inthelower midlittoral. corallinale (C-23). Stations: in Enfeh: Only (E-1) and Ras Chekaa observed is anothergelidialobserved. pusillum, intheLevantine rocky shores Parviphycus pannosus (C-23). Stations: inEnfeh Only(E-1)andRasChekaa observed summer period. populations in spring which then disappear during the mission (latesummer).Although,U.compressa maydevelop a regressive inthesecond process; ithasnotbeenobserved summer). Apparently, thisseasonalspeciesmaybesuffering conditions, andduringtheperiodofsampling(early localized, innatural The speciesdistributionhasbeen very • • • II.4.2.10) Pools andlagoonsassociatedwithvermetids (UMR: Association withGelidiales spp. (UMR:II.4.2.9) Association withUlva compressa (UMR:II.4.2.6) Association withUlvaAssociation compressa (Fig. 80) The vermetid Dendropoma petraeum and the Although, thecharacteristicspeciesisGelidium Ligia italica (c) andPachygrapsus marmoratus (c). Neogoniolithon brassica-florida from small Pools andlagoonsassociated Association withGelidialesAssociation with vermetids (Fig. 81) (r); the Acanthochitona fascicularis (r); the Phorcus turbinatus cf.

Palaemon serratus andtheBlenniidae fishesare common. (c).Inverrucosa thelittoralpoolsdecapodcrustaceans -Mobile fauna: With Vermetus. triquetrus is dominatedby themytilidBrachidontes pharaonis and Jania andValonia rubens utricularis(r)Thesessilefauna - Lower zone ismainly colonized stratum: Thesurf by (cc) are frequent, intheNakoura particularly area (Fig. 84). ochrophytes (June inEnfeh andRasChekaa).In thelittoralpools, the Chaetomorpha by chlorophytes (Ulva compressa, U.rigida,Cladophora and - Middle stratum: Theabrasionplatformisdominated Acanthophora) candevelop acomplexhabitat. macroalgae (Sargassum, Cystoseira, Palisada, Laurencia, -Upper stratum:In zone, someramified thesurf rhodophytes andMytilidae. a middleandlower strata,dominatedby chlorophytes, Structure of the community: Theabrasionplatformpresents sea level forsomedays. high barometric pressures, thiszone canremain above the platform, theshallow zone. Under littoralpoolsandsurf the infralittoralalgae.It canbeidentified by theabrasion 6.2.1.5Littoralfringe caves (Fig. 83). RasChekaapresentsnorthern someinteresting midlittoral Stations: Enfeh (E-12), Raoucheh (R-1). The littoral of the andHildenbrandialenormandii rubra (UMR:II.4.3.1). andfacies:AssociationwithPhymatolithonAssociation observed. . Somelenormandii exemplaries ofActinia schmidti have been rhodophytesHidenbrandiaencrusting rubra and Structure ofthecommunity:Only thelower stratumwiththe 6.2.1.4 Biocenosis of midlittoral caves (Fig. 82) Figure 82. withHildenbrandiarubra Association The littoral fringe isthe uppermost horizon of Dictyota fasciola(cc)andPadina boergenseni spp.) andtherhodophyteHypnea musciformis in Raoucheh tunnel(st. R-1) Patella (c) and Eriphia caerulea © RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR Phymatolithon Phymatolithon with theassociations/facies: oftheinfralittoralrock (0-0,5mdepth) uppermost part Facies andassociations:Theyare concentratedinthe • • • • • • Figure 84. fasciola Littoralpoolwiththealgae Dictyota Mytilids withBrachidontes pharaonis (UMCIII.6.1.4) Jania rubens compressa (UMRIII.6.1.25) Sargassum vulgare (UMRIII.20)andCystoseira Association withUlvales (infralittoral enclave) Littoral poolssometimesassociatedwithvermetids (UMR III.6.1.3) Vermetids withDendropoma andNeogoniolithon and Padinaboergesenii in the northern ofRas Chekaain thenorthern Figure 83. Littoralcave © © RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ . Nakoura, st. N-1).

83 6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS 84 6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS (T-18), Nakoura (N-1). Stations: Enfeh (E-1), RasChekaa(C-23),Saida (S-3), Tyre bio-concretions are dead. but theyare covered by algae,andmanyofthevermetids The vermetid formationsappeardeveloped inallofthearea (Fig. 81). notarisii) (cc),formasmallcushionandplatestructures calcareous algae Neogoniolithon brassica-marina Figure 86. Facies with Figure 87. Janiarubens onthelittoralfringe, with Dendropoma andNeogoniolithon concretions Cladophora sp . inlets,Tyre (northern st T-17) Figure 85. Ulvaspp. onthelower midlittoral abrasion platform inRas platform abrasion Chekaa (st. C-23) The vermetid Dendropoma petraeum (c)andthe Vermetus triquetrus rock (Saida, S-3) station Brachidontes pharaonisonthe © © RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ is another frequent vermetid. © RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR (= Spongites N-3, N-10). Tyre(T-1, T-2, T-17, T-18, T-20, T-22),(N-2, Nakoura C-10, C-11, C-14, C-17, C- 19, C-23), Saida (S-2, S-3), Stations: Enfeh (E-1,E-7,E-12,E-14),RasChekaa (C-3, (c). and by therhodophytesCorallina elongata(c), zone. Usuallyfringe (0-1mdepth)inthesurf itisaccompanied N-3, N-10). Tyre(T-2, T-5, T-6, T-17, T-18,(N-1, T-20)Nakoura and C-14, C-19,C-22,C-23),Raoucheh(R-1),Saida (S-3), Stations: Enfeh (E-1,E-12),Ras Chekaa (C-3, C-10,C-11, Chekaa, inRaoucheh, Tyre andSaida. It isfrequent inmanyplaces, in theNorthern ofRas part midlittoral, withUlvales (Ulva platform anditformsamarked beltinthelower ofthe part Stations: Enfeh (E-12),Saida (S-3). ontheSaidahas beenobserved inlets. U. rigida,Chaetomorphaspp., spp.). Bryopsis Thisassociation Bryopsidales andCladophorales(Ulva intestinalis,U.compressa, pollution, thechlorophytes are dominantwithUlvales, (T-18). Stations: Enfeh (E-1), RasChekaa(C-23),Saida (S-3), Tyre H. spinella).ThedecapodePalaemon serratus isfrequent. boergesenii) andrhodophytes(Jania Hypnea rubens, musciformis, Chaetomorpha are abundant,:aschlorophytes (Cladophora sandstones andlimestonesrocks (Fig. 84).Themacroalgae Laurencia obtusa (r),andthechorophytes Cladophora Facies withBrachidontes pharaonis (Fig. 86). Association withJaniaAssociation (Fig. rubens 87) The rhodophyteJania can dominatethe littoral rubens This lessepsianmusseldominatestheabrasion In someplaces,normallysubjecttoorganic These infralittoralenclaves are frequent inthe Littoral poolssometimesassociated with vermetids (infralittoralenclave) Association withUlvalesAssociation (Fig. 85) spp.), ochrophytes (Dictyota fasciola, Padina spp.) and and spp.) Palisada perforata (c) Chaetomorpha spp. spp., Ulva spp. spp. spp. C-23), Tyre(T-5, T-6, T-17). Stations: Enfeh (E-1, E-7,E-12,E-15),RasChekaa(C-11, Tyre); also,theceramialePalisada perforata canbepresent. dominant, togetherwithJania (Nakoura rubens andnorthern the ocrophytes Sargassum vulgare andCystoseira compressa canbe sheltered) andlightintensities:(photophilic/sciaphilic): four groups (dependingonthehydrodynamism (exposed/ the infralittoralalgaedominatesthree horizons, with lower withcoarsesedimentpatches. whereas, intheSaida-Nakoura one,itisandhorizontal and Ras Chekaa what prevails is the slopping and high rock; channels, according tothezones. Therefore, inthe Enfeh- rock varies from slopingtohorizontal with/withoutsandy the base.In themiddlehorizon, thetopographyof the rocky profile (Fig. is vertical 89) with big boulders on with thedepths.So inshallow depths(0-8m),normally, upper, middleandlower (Riedl,1971). we have considered three horizons in the infralittoral rock: algae (UMR:III.6.1). communities, withauniquebiocenosis:theinfralittoral thermocline depth,etc.Thatmeansa zonation ofthe sediment cover andscour, seasonaltemperature changes, slope,wave exposure,substratum, surface illumination, habitats dependingonthenature andtopographyofthe 6.2.2Infralittoral rock iv) iii) ii) i) • • • sheltered sciaphilicmacroalgae. sheltered photophilicmacroalgae ; exposed sciaphilicmacroalgae ; exposed photophilicmacroalgae ; dominance of sciaphilic algae on horizontal surfaces. dominance ofsciaphilicalgaeonhorizontal surfaces. Lower horizon: From 29to42mdepth,withthe ; surfaces dominance ofthephotophilicalgaeonhorizontal Middle horizon: From 8mto29depth,withthe sedimentation ; m depth. Here the intense wave action prevents the Upper horizon: From themeansealevel upto8 In calmandunpollutedshallow waters(0-2mdepth), According withthis zonation, the biocenosisof The topography of the rocky bottoms changes According towave exposure andlightextinction, The infralittoral rock represents acomplexof Sargassum vulgare withSargassum Associacion and Cystoseira compressa (Fig. 88) the sciaphiliccommunities. and thepresenceoverhangs surfaces ofvertical favours with bigbouldersonthebottom.Thewave exposure ishigh zones (shallower in Enfeh, deeper in Nakoura), normally, to2-8mdepth(Fig.falls vertically 89),dependingofthe Biotope: Following theabrasionplatform,rock profile rock oftheinfralittoral 6.2.2.1Upperhorizon Figure 89. Rocky profile vertical with Figure 88. withSargassumvulgare Association Cystoseira compressa , togetherwith association, Ras Chekaa, 5mdepth(st. C-20) (inlets of northern Tyre,(inlets ofnorthern station T-17) © RAC/SPA, OscarOCAÑA © Corallina elongata RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR Jania rubens and 85 6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS 86 6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS reniformis, Crambe crambe, Clionaparenzani, Phorbas topsenti), sessile fauna,theporiferans(Chondrillanucula,Chondrosia compressa dominant. In Enfeh, someSagassum vulgare andCystoseira places, themytilidBarchidontes pharaonis and/orhydroids are Corallinales (Jania Corallina rubens, elongata).In some -Middle-lower stratum: With ofgeniculate thealgalturfs ( ( predominate inthecommunity, althoughsomeochrophytes Structure ofthecommunity:Themiddleandlower stratum high. exposedlittoral.Thelightintensityis very very hydrodynamism, anditcanreach about6-8mdepthina 6.2.2.1.1Exposedphotophilicalgae Associated biocenosis: Associated some targedspecies(suchasthelargeSerranidae). ofLithophagathe harvest lithophaga,andspearfishingof resources must be taken into consideration, as well as on be considered theseriousimpactofdynamiteonliving sedimentfillingandland ports), reclamation. Also,itmust (industrial and domestic), littoral development (building, by many anthropogenic pollution impacts,suchassewage Potential threats: Theupperinfralittoral rock isthreated are dominantinsomeplaces). the impactoflessepsianspeciesislow (Brachidontes pharaonis and complex habitat.ThesciaphilicassemblagewithSchottera Cystoseira (we’ve seen it previously) create a photophilic interest. Theerectconservation ochrophyte Sargassum interest:Conservation There are somespeciesof Pennaria, Macrorhynchia ) cancreate anupperstratum. Sargassum vulgare, Cystoseira compressa ) andlargehydrozoans • • Plocamium isdiverse, harbouringmanyspecies.Also, Coralligenous infralittoralenclaves (UMR:IV.3.1). (photophilic andsciaphilicalgae); III.6.1), corresponding towave exposedhabitats Part ofthebiocenosisinfralittoralalgae(UMC Figure 90. Exposedphotophilicalgae with The widthofthishorizon dependsonthe patches have been observed (Fig.patches have beenobserved 89).Amongthe (Ergalatax junionae .) andthered spongePhorbastopsenti Enfeh, 3mdepth(st. E-12) , incrustans ), (Balanus,Perforatus cirripeds gastropodsLithophyllum and Facies andassociations Symphodus roissali (r),Serranus scriba(r)andBlennidae (cc). (cc), are rare (mainlyintheSaida-Nakoura sector).Amongthefishes urchins scabridum Calcinus tubularis (c),withthelessepsiangastropodaCerithium (cc)and (c)andthepaguresverrucosa Clibanariuserythropus -Mobile fauna:Asforthemobilefauna,decapodsEriphia the rocky substratum. taylori) andrhodophyta(Pterocladiella capillacea) dominate Enfeh and Raouched),thechloropyta (Ulva altered siteswithorganicpollution(someplaceslocatedin accompanied by Lithophyllum Saida, Tyre andNakoura) duetothesurcollection by divers. of seaurchins (Paracentrotus, Arbacia) insomelocations(as sanguinea the anthozoan OculinaSchizoporella patagonica,bryozoan have been frequent. Anothercommonsessilefaunahasbeen and thecirripeds(Balanus trigonus andPerforatus perforatus) the hydrozoan (Pennaria disticha,Macrorhynchia philippina) soito with • Association • • • • • • Diplodus Siganus rivulatus(cc),Sparisoma creense (cc),Corisjulis(c), Association withSargassum vulgare (UMR:III.6.1.20); III.6.1.1) Overgrazed algae(UMR: facieswithencrusting Facies withBalanidae spp. Facies withlargehydrozoans (UMR:III.1.27); III.6.1.4); Facies withMytylidae (Brachidontes pharaonis) (UMR: (UMR: III.6.1.26); Association with III.6.1.25); Arbacia lixulaandParacentrotus lividusare relatively The presence ofbare frequent, with rock is very and ascidianPhallusia nigra . Noteworthy istherarity (cc) andConomurex persicus(c)are frequent; thesea spp. ( incrustans incrustans Cliona parenzani and D. sargus,vulgaris)(cc),Thalassomapavo Pterocladiella capillacea and and smallCeramiales(Fig. 90), Cystoseira compressa (UMR: © Balanus RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR spp., Codium spp. In some Ulva spp.

Figure 91. Overgrazing facies with Figure 94. Associaion with accompanied by Janiarubens. Enfeh, 1mdepth(St. E-1) Figure 92. Bare rock intheRas ElBayada, 6mdepth Figure 93. withSargassumvulgare The association and Arbacialixula 1 mdepth(st. E-1) (station N-10) (station . Enfeh, 2mdepth(st. E-12) Cystoseira compressainEnfeh, © RAC/SPA, Yassine SGHAIER © incrustans Lithophyllum RAC/SPA, Hany ElSHAER © © RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR , Nakoura, where ithasnotbeenobserved. 0-1 mdepth;theassociation seems rare inRasSaida and Tyre (T-5, T-6, T-17). CommoninEnfeh and Tyre, between Stations: Enfeh (E-1, E-7,E-12,E-15),RasChekaa(C-23), C. compressa hasbeenlessfrequent thanSargassum. inSaidanot beenobserved andNakoura. between 0-1mdepth;theassociationseemsrare orithas C-23), Tyre (T-5, T-6, T-17), CommoninEnfeh and Tyre, Stations: Enfeh (E-1,E-7,E-12,E-15),Ras Chekaa (C-11, sector thanthesouthernone,perhapsduetoseasonalchanges. Nakoura (N-3,N-3,). T-2, T-5, T-6, T-11, T-18, T-24,and S-2) T-24),(S-1, Saida 3, C-14,C-17,C-20,C-23),Raoucheh(R-1), Tyre (T-1, of theareas. Enfeh (E-1,E-7,E-12,E-15),RasChekaa(C- Stations: This overgrazing faciesisextensively spread inall and theascidianPhallusia nigra (r). Schyzoporellatrigonus (r),theascophoranbryozoan errata (c); spp. (c);thecirripedsPerforatus perforatus (r)andBalanus poriferans andwell anchoredencrusted animalsare present. Likethe 8 m. storms (Fig. 92). The bare rock can appearsup toa depthof the erosion by the coarse sand of the rock due to the heavy scarce inthestudiedzones.very Anotherreason couldbe sea urchins (Arbacia and lixulaParacentrotus lividus)are fishes this overgrazing isduetotheherbivorous pressure ofthe andArbaciaincrustans lixula(Fig. 91)ispresent, normally Neogoniolithon spp.) withsome Amphiroa rigidatalus. corallinales are present (Lithophyllum and incrustant empty oferected softmacroalgae, onlysomeencrusting Association withCystoseiraAssociation compressa (Fig. 94) Sargassum vulgare withSargassum Association (Fig. 93) Siganus rivulatus(cc)andS.luridus(c),whereas the Although it ispresent in thesamesitesof The associationhasbeenmore frequent inthenorthern The macrofauna ispoorly represented, andsome Although thetypicalfacieswithLithophyllum In someplaces, the rocky substrata is bare and Crambe crambe (c)andtheboringspongesCliona Overgrazing facies(Fig. 91) S. vulgare, 87 6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS 88 6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS Figure 98. Facies with Figure 95. withUlvaspp.Association andPterocladiella Figure 96. Upperinfralittoralfacies with Figure 97. Facies withthehydroid ,trigonus andsomegastropods capillacea Ras ElBayada, 2mdepth(st. N-10). pharaonis Enfeh, 4mdepth(st. E-1). . Enfeh, 0.5mdepth(st. E-1) and Balanus perforatus Perforatus © . Saida(st. S-3). RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ © RAC/SPA, Yassine SGHAIER Ergalatax junionae © © Pennaria disticha RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR Brachidontes . , Raoucheh (R-1). Stations: Enfeh (E-1, E-7,E-12),RasChekaa(C-3)and lessepsian chorophyte Codiumtayloriispresent. are dominant in shallow waters (0-4 m depth). Also, the and thechlorophites Ulva intestinalisandU.lactuca organic pollution.TherhodophytePterocladiella capillacea 2, T-5, T-19) andNakoura (N-2, N-3,N-10,N-16). C-14, C-17,C-19,C-20,C-23),Saida (S-1,S-2), Tyre (T- Stations: Enfeh (E-1,E-12),RasChekaa(C-10,C-11, tests. to 15 m depth. Noteworthy is the high frequency of empty areas onhorizontal between andsubhorizontal 1 surfaces, Balanus and southern trigonus is common in the northern been more frequent inRasChekaaand Tyre. areas, betweenthe observed 0-7mdepths.However, ithas Nakoura (N-2,N-3,N-10).Thefaciesisdistributedinallof S-2), Tyre(T-1, T-2, T-4, T-5, T-5, T-6, T-10, T-11, T-20), C-17, C-19,C-22,C-23),Raoucheh(R-1),Saida (S-1, Stations: Enfeh (E-1, ),RasChekaa(C-3,C-10, C-14, particularly, intheNakoura area (RasEl Bayada). philippina(c)aredisticha (cc)andMacrorynchia present, and Nakoura (N-2,N-3,N-9,N-10). S-3), Tyre(T-1, T-2, T-5, T-6, T-7, T-11, T-17, T-18, T-20) C-14, C-17, C-19, C-23), Raoucheh (R-1), Saida (S-1, S-2, Stations: Enfeh (E-1,E-12),Ras Chekaa (C-3, C-10,C-11, pharaonis cancompletelycover therocky surfaces. m depth.In someplaces,thelessepsianmytilidBrachidontes southern sector(Saida, Tyre andNakoura), between 0to8 Association withPterocladiellaAssociation capillacea This associationislocatedinsomestationswith This faciesisdominated by Perforatus perforatus and In the hydroids some exposed surfaces It inthe commonfacies,particularly isavery Facies withlargehydrozoans (Fig. 97) Facies withBalanidae spp.(Fig. 98) Brahidontes pharaonis (Fig. 96) Facies withtheMytilidae and Ulva spp.(Fig. 95) Pennaria Figure 101. Exposed sciaphilic rock with minor) are commoninthishabitat. Pempheris vanicolensis, Scorpaenamaderensis, Tripterygion gastropodes (Ergalatax junionae)andfishes(Blennidae, ( areanorthern (Enfeh, RasChekaa).Also,thedecapods frequent,Hermodice particularly, isvery carunculata inthe -Mobile fauna:Asforthemobilefauna,polychaete ( cirripeds (Perforatus perforatus, Balanus trigonus),bivalves poriferans(Crambewith encrusting crambe, Phorbas topsenti), (c) ispresent insomeplaces.Also,thesessilefaunaisabundant, and -Lower stratum: With therhodophytesSchottera nicaeensis ( pacifica, Malleus regula, Spondylus spinosus)andascidians disticha, Aglaophenia Clathrina cf.coriacea,Niphates toxifera), hydrozoans (Pennaria fauna isabundant,withtheporiferans(Chondrosia reniformis, Corallina . Thesessile elongataandPlocamium cartilagineum -Middle stratum: With thedominanceofrhodophytes rock between 0-6mdepth,withthemiddleandlower strata. Structure ofthecommnity:It predominates onthevertical (Fig. 99) algae 6.2.2.1.2Exposedsciaphilic Brachidontes pharaonis ) andascidians(Didemnidae spp.). Herdmania momus,Phallusia nigra ). Charybdis helleri,Atergatis roseus, CalcinusCharybdis tubularis), Lithophyllum); theochrphyteLobophora incrustans variegata and Figure 100. withCorallinaelongata; Association on theleft,. Niphates toxifera theporiferan In front ofElFanar, 4mdepth(st. T-11). Didemnidae sp. inEnfeh, 1mdepth(st. E-12). spp.), some lessepsian bivalves (Chama © © Schottera nicaeensis RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR

(R-1). Stations: Enfeh (E-12),RashChekaa(C-19)and Raoucheh Clathrina poriferans Lithophyllum (cc)and Mesophyllum incrustans (c), (0-2 mdepth),withtherhodophytesSchottera nicaeensis oftheupperinfralittoralhorizon, inshallowsurfaces water Nakoura (N-2,N-3,N-10). 1); Tyre(T-1, T-2, T-5, T-6, T-10, T-11, T-18, T-20);and C-11, C-14,C-17,C-19,C-20,C-23),Raoucheh(R- Stations: Enfeh (E-1,E-7,E-12);Ras Chekaa (C-3,C-10, Didemnidae spp. (c)andPhallusia nigra (c). Schichoporellathe bryozoan errata (c);andtheascidians and and nucula (c),Chondrosia reniformis (c),Crambe crambe(c) fauna isnotabundantwiththeporiferansChondrilla should be present, (c). The sessile Plocamium cartilagineum substrata, between 0to6mdepth.Anotherrhodophyte (UMR:codeUNEP/MAP-RAC/SPA,Associations 1998) Figure 99. algae (Corallinaelongata, Exposedsciaphilic • • poriferans (Crambecrambe poriferans Plocamium cartilagineum, Lobophoravariegata Plocamium cartilagineum, Pennaria disticha(c);thecirripedPerforatus perforatus; Association withSchotteraAssociation nicaeensis(Fig. 101) Niphates toxifera (r);thehydrozoans Aglaophenia (c),CorallinaPlocamium cartilagineum (c), elongata Shottera nicaeensis(UMR:III.6.1.29). Corallina elongata(UMR:III.6.1.5); Association withCorallinaAssociation elongata(Fig. 100) and gastropods. Enfeh, 2mdepth(st. E-12). This associationislocatedonmore sciaphilic On walls,thiscorallinaceadominatethe vertical cf. Chondrosia reniformis (c),Crambe crambe (cc)and coriacea(r)are present. ) ascidians( © RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR Didemnidae sp.) sp. (r).The ) with spp.

89 6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS 90 6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS the lossofmonofilamentnetsandtraps(‘ghost fishing’). spearfishing ofthetargetspecies(suchasbig Serranidae) and living resources mustbetakenintoconsideration,aswell asthe filling andland reclamation. Theimpactofdynamiteonthe sediment and domestic),littoraldevelopment (building,ports), anthropogenic pollution (industrial impacts, such as sewage Potential threats: Theinfralittoral rock isthreated by many species. proves thepotentialofthisbiotopetorecover theseoverfished Epinephelus costae,E.marginatusandMycteroperca rubra) presence ofjuveniles ofsometargetspecies(Diploduscervinus, polychaetes,crustaceans, andophiurids).Furthermore, the habitat where findshelter(gastropods, manyinvertebrates species. Even, theChama-Spondylus reefs create acomplex aerophoba, Petrosia etc.),andcanharbourmany ficiformis, with poriferans(Axinella Peyssonnelia photophilic complexhabitat.Thesciaphilicassemblagewith interest. Theerect ochrophyte Cystoseira foeniculaceacreate a interest:Conservation There are somespeciesofconservation (in sheltered places)to28mdepthonhorizontal surfaces. communities. Thebathymetricrange varies from 2mdepth andoverhangs surfaces of vertical favours thesciaphilic irregular andhigherthantherest ofthesoutherncoast. some areas suchasRasEl Bayada, the rock profile ismore rock with coarse sand patches andchannels.Nevertheless, in gentler intheSaida-Nakoura sector(Fig. 103),normallyflat It issteepintheEnfeh-Ras Chekaasector(Fig. 102)and Biotope: The rock profile changeswiththestudied zones. rock (Figs. 102, 103) oftheinfralittoral 6.2.2.2Middlehorizon (Padina, Amphiroa,Galaxaura Figure 102. Rocky massifswiththephotophilicalgae foreground, the fish Mycteroperca rubra The wave exposure ismoderateandthepresence spp. Enfeh, 23mdepth(st. E-14) and Lobophora variegata isdiverse, together sp., Chondrosia reniformis, Aplysina © RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ ) and Aplysina aerophoba; . polychaetes (Sabellida toxifera, Petrosia ficiformis, Ircinia and Sarcotragus spp.), stratum, suchastheporiferans (Aplysina aerophoba, Niphates of thismiddle . Also,thesessileepifaunaforms part parvulum sinuosa, Dictyota dichotoma)andthechlorophyte Codium ochrophytes (Stypocaulon scoparium, Padina spp. Colpomenia (Jania longifurca, Amphiroa beauvoissi, Galaxaura), rugosa -Middle stratum:Mainly, witherect rhodophytes sp. indeeperones(18-29mdepth). foeniculacea inshallow biotopes(5-17mdepth)andAxinella rare, onlyrepresentedthe upperonehasbeenvery by Cystoseira communities presents amiddleand lower stratum. Whereas, Structure ofthe ofthecommunities:Themajorpart macroalgae are dominant,butthisisnotalwaystherule. 28 mdepthintheRasChekaa,Nakoura and Tyre areas. The depends of the hydrodynamism and illumination reaching a pressure (Siganidae, deeper thermocline(48mdepth)andtheherbivorous changes inthemacroalgae assemblages, togetherwiththe seasonal associations and/or facies due tothe important (Fig. 104) 6.2.2.2.1Sheltered photophilicalgae biocenosis: Associated • • •

Galaxaura rugosa springs intheRasEl Bayada area. Interesting isthepresence ofsubmarinefreshwater Coralligenous enclaves (UMR:IV.3.1). corresponding tosheltered sciaphilicmacroalgae. Part ofthebiocenosisinfralittoralalgae(UMRIII.6.1), In theLebanonarea, itisdifficulttoestablish Figure 103. Middleinfralittoralrock with Ras ElBayada, 12mdepth(st. N-2) Conomurex). Thewidth of thishorizon , sandandshellgravel. withcoarse spp.), actiniarians(Anemonia viridis, © RAC/SPA, Hany ElSHAER substrata, thedifferences between zones (Enfeh-Ras Chekaa Facies andassociations:Due tothecomplexityofrocky the lessepsianSynaptula reciprocans hasbeenmore frequent. holothurians (Holothuria tubulosa,H.forskali, impatiens),only the echinoidsArbacia lixulaand relatively rare (mainlyintheSaida-Tyre- Nakoura area), suchas Blenniidae spp., Gobiidae spp, etc).Theechinodermsare S. cabrilla,Scorpaenamaderensis, Torquigener flavimaculosus, Thalassoma pavo, Sparisoma cretense, Siganus spp., Serranus scriba, Fusinus, andfishes(Chromis verrucosus chromis, Diplodus spp., scabridum (cc),Conomurex persicus(cc),Ergalatax junionae(c) (mainly in the Enfeh-Ras Chekaa area), the gastropods -Mobile fauna: With thepolychaete Hermodice carunculata spp.) bryozoans. (Schizoporellabryozoans errata ) andascidians(Didemnidae Cliona poriferans (Crambe crambe, Phorbas topsenti,P. tenacior, ( -Lower stratum: With corallinales theencrusting (Phallusia nigra, Herdmania momus). persicus, Pinctada imbricata,Malleus regulus) andascidians Aiptasia mutabilis); bivalves (Chama pacifica, Conomurex Lithophyllum Neogonioliton incrustans, mamillosum),the spp.), cirripeds(Balanus trigonus, Perforatus perforatus ), Figure 104. Middle infralittoralrock with thebiocenosisofphotophilicalgae (Galaxaurarugosaand Laurencia sp.) withajuvenile of Paracentrotus lividus;andthe Mycteroperca rubra Cerithium Cerithium

probably new and specific to the Levantine infralittoral. probably andspecifictotheLevantine new infralittoral. some assemblagescanbedistinguishedandothersare associations (someofthemasseasonalaspects).Nevertheless, September), difficulttoestablishthedifferent ithasbeenvery and Saida-Nakoura) andthesamplingperiods(lateJune, early present duringlatewintertospring. because it is (UMR: III.6.1.21) has not been observed, • • • • • • • with • Association • Facies withChamapacificaandSpondylus spinosus. ; Association withCodiumparvulum Association withGalaxaura andLaurencia rugosa sp.; Association withPadina spp., seasonalaspect; Association witherect Corallinales; Association withCystoseira foeniculacea; aspect; seasonal Association withGanonema farinosum, III.6.1.23); seasonal aspect; Association withColpomeniasinuosa(UMR:III.1.1.22), . Ras ElBayada, 14mdepth(st. N-2) The associationwithDictyopteris polyploides Stypocaulon scoparium(UMR: © RAC/SPA, Hany ElSHAER 91 6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS 92 6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS (Tyre northern inlets, (Tyre incrustans northern Lithophyllum station T-17) Figure 108. withcorallinales: Association Figure 106. Patches of Figure 107. withGanonemaAssociation farinosum Figure 105. withColpomeniasunuosa. Association Jania spp.,. incrustans and Lithophyllum Ras ElBayada, 14mdepth(st. N-15) Enfeh, 3mdepth(st. E-12) Enfeh, 3mdepth(st. E-12) © Stypocaulon scoparium Stypocaulon RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ © © RAC/SPA, OscarOCAÑA RAC/SPA, Hany ElSHAER © RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR Amphiroa with spp., , grasses onrock, between 10-15mdepth(Fig. 109). common. In theEnfeh area, Jania longifurca develop dense and Corallinales deeper waters(from 15mdepth).Also,theencrusting (cc), bothreplaced by A.beauvoisii andJ.longifurca in ramified corallinalesAmphiroa rigida(cc)andJania rubens between 3to25mdepth.Themainspeciesare the although muchmore concentratedaround theinlets, C-23). Enfeh (E-1,E-7,E-12,E-12)andRasChekaa(C-3,C-11, Stations: sector in late June. in the northern Only observed September), forminggaudymassesbetween 1to3mdepth. C-11, C-23),Saida (S-1)and Tyre (T-17). Stations: Enfeh (E-1,E-7,E-12,RasChekaa (C-3,C-10, areas, inthesouthernsector. particularly in theobserved shallow waters(0-3mdepth);andithasnotbeenfrequent Tyre inlets.Thisassociationpresents apatchy distribution in southern area, in the Saida it has only been observed and littoral rocks oftheEnfeh andRasChekaa;butrare inthe Enfeh (E-1, E-6,E-11,E-12,E-15)andRasChekaa(C-3). Stations: sector in late June. in the northern Only observed 14 mdepth. biocenosis incoldmonths(December toJune), between 1to Association withStypocaulonAssociation scoparium(Fig. 106) Association withGanonemaAssociation farinosum(Fig. 107) Association withColpomeniaAssociation (Fig. sinuosa 105) Neogoniolithon mamillosum (indeeperones)are very Association witherectAssociation Corallinales(Fig. 108) This associationisspread alongthe wholearea, (JuneThis speciesappearsinwarmmonths to This ochrophyte seemstobecommononthe It represents aseasonalaspectoftheinfralittoralalgae Lithophyllum (inshallow incrustans waters) Figure 109. of Densemats Figure 110. withPadinaspp.Association (mainly, Padina Figure 111. An emptyshellneartoanalive individual of boergenseni), andthelessepsianfish Torquigener e.Sparisoma cretens Enfeh, 14mdepth(st. E-15) flavimaculatum Ras elBayada, 14mdepth (st. N-15) (down left)of © RAC/SPA, © . Enfeh, 24mdepth(st. E-14) Jania longifurcawithjuveniles Chama pacifica. RAC/SPA, Alfonso © © RAC/SPA, Aitor FORCADA RAC/SPA, OscarOCAÑA A. RAMOSESPLÀ Reptadeonella) andascidians(Didemnidae spp.). (Schizoporella,common species are bryozoans the encrusting disticha), serpulids,cirripeds,etc.are fixed. Another spp., Eudendrium Aplysina aerophoba, Ircina sp.), hydrozoans (Aglaophenia ficiformis, Haliclona fulva, Sycon sp. poriferans (Crambe crambe, Phorbas tenacior, Petrosia the algae (Ceramiales, Corallinales as Amphiroa beauvoisii), the growing ofahighnumbersessileorganismssuchas with anotherlessepsianbivalve Malleus regulus (cc). facies, withoutcomparisonalongthewholeMediterranean, could beprevailing onthebottoms.Thosedevelop original from 1to31mdepth,itisbetween 5to26mdepthwhere they spp. onlyinEnfeh. have beenobserved present in all of the areas, populations of Padina important (N-2, N-13,N-15).Althoughthisassociationhasbeen C-5, C-7,C-9),Saida (S-1,S-7), Tyre (T-4) andNakoura Stations: Enfeh (E-9,E-11,E-14,E-15), Ras Chekaa (C-4, momus) are common. Crambe crambe) andtheascidians(Didemnidae corallinales have been theochrophyte Dictyota dichotoma (c),andthe pavonica isalsopresent. Other accompaniedmacroalgae Padina boergenseniistheprevailing species,although P. Ras Chekaa,between 21to28mdepth.Thelessepsian Nakoura (N-2,N-12,N-13,N-15,N-16). 1, T-2, T-5, T-6, T-12, T-15, T-19, T-22, T-23, T-24)and C-11, C-14,C-16,C-17,C-20),Saida (S-1,S-2), Tyre (T- Stations: Enfeh (E-1,E-14,E-15),RasChekaa(C-3, C-10, Conomurex persicus. herbivorous pressure onsoftalgaeby thesiganidsfishesand overgrazing corallinales,duetothe facieswithencrusting association. Thisassociationcouldbesimilartothe spinosus were themore commonsessilefaunainthis Niphates toxifera andIrcinia sp., andthebivalve Spondylus Association withPadinaAssociation spp. (Fig. 110) The heterogeneous substrataofthe valves allow Although theselessepsianbivalves canbepresent The poriferans(Aplysina aerophoba, Petrosia ficiformis, in Enfeh and This associationhasbeenobserved The sponges Jania (r)andAmphiroa corniculata beauvoissi (r). and Spondylus spinosus(Fig. 111) Facies withChamapacifica spp., Macrorhynchia philippina, Pennaria Crambe crambe, , Niphates toxifera, Aplysina aerophoba, spp., Herdmania 93 6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS 94 6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS Figure 112. The candlestick sponge (Axinella sp.) in the association Figure 114. withCodiumparvulum Association Chama-Spondylus. Ras Chekaa, 25mdepth(st. C-16) Figure 113. withGlaxaurarugosa Association and Laurencia Amphiroa rigida. sp. (Nakoura, N-13) station Saida, 13mdepth(S-1) © RAC/SPA, OscarOCAÑA © © RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR and observed in the northern sector(Enfeh-Ras Chekaa). inthenorthern observed and Nakoura (N-4,N-12,N-13,N-16).It hasnotbeen Stations: Saida (S-1,S-2,S-6,S-7), Tyre (T-9, T-19) bottoms around theSaida area, between 5-15mdepth. species: This association is characteristic of the escort rocky rigida (cc),Schizoporella errata (c)andPhallusia nigra (c)are sessile species and the presence of fine sediments. colonizes stressed rocky habitatswithalow numberof Chekaa (C-3,C-16,C-20),itdoesnotformanassociation. inEnfeh (E-1,E-7,E-12,E-15)andRas has beenobserved Nakoura area, between 7-23mdepth.Although,G.rugosa N-13, N-15,N-16).It abundantinthe hasbeenvery T-19, T-23) andNakoura (N-2,N-4,N-9, N-10,N-12, (S-1), TyreSaida Stations:(T-1, T-6, T-8, T-9, T-12, T-14, buchichii are common. the gastropod and theascidianPhallusia nigra. Asforthemobilefauna, philippina (c),Pennaria disticha(c)andEudendrium crambe (cc)andIrcinia and Nakoura (N-9,N-12,N-13,N-15,N-16). (S-1), TyreSaida (T-C-16), 1, T-10, T-12, T-15, T-19)and Stations: Enfeh (E-14, E-15),RasChekaa(st.C-10,C-14, 27 mdepth. common (Fig. 112),especiallyinRasChekaa,between 23to rock (Nakoura andSaida). Theerected spongeAxinellasp. is (Saida-Nakoura), formingsmallblocksattachedontheflat Chekaa andEnfeh). Also,itiscommoninthesouthernsector the limestone massifs, between 8 to 27 m depth (as in Ras Neogoniolithon sp.;theporiferansAxinella (Fig. withCodiumAssociation parvulum 114) Codium parvulum The lessepsianchlorophyte Codiumparvulum It isaccompaniedby thecorallinalesAmphiroa of The faciesiscommonontheslopingsurfaces Association withGalaxauraAssociation rugosa Conomurex persicus and the gobid fish and Laurencia sp. sp. (c);thehydroids Macrorynchia (Fig. 113) sp. (c),Crambe Amphiroa sp. (c); Gobius spp. (N-4, N-9) Tyre(T-2, T-5, T-9, T-14, T-15, T-22, T-24)Nakoura and Stations: RasChekaa(C-3,C-14),Saida (S-2,S-6,S-7), thali. the hydroid Pennaria distichawere tangledonthe observed the actionofwaves. TheepiphytesDictyota fasciolaand on cobblesinthelagoon,where theywere moving dueto thefixationof observed fixedCystoseira wasobserved the individualsare more orlessisolated.Curiously, itwas branches (herbivorousthali present pressure) secondary and discors) citedby Bitar &Kouli-Bitar (2001).Rarely, the Probably theCystoseira located behindthe Tyre’s inlets(7-9mdepth). northern localities such as Nakoura (9-11 m depth) and the lagoon ascidian other hand, the lessepsian bivalve (c),Ircinia ficiformis variabilis (c)andSpongia officinalis(r);onthe pellucida (r). The massive poriferans are not abundant, with Stypopodium schimperi(c)andthechlorophyte Cladophora stratum, withthegelidialGelidium bipectinatum(c),theochrophyte Amphiroa beauvoisii (cc)andJania longifurca (c)dominatethis -M Structure ofthecommunity: (fromand deepinfralitoralrocky 26mdepth). surfaces enclaves (shadow crevices, surfaces: walls,overhangs) vertical observed rare and is located very in deep bottoms, and we have not Peyssonnelia developed inthearea, butwiththepredominance ofthe algae 6.2.2.2.2Sheltered sciaphilic Some geniculated corallinales such as edium stratum:Some geniculatedcorallinalessuchas are frequent. Herdmania momusare frequent. Association withCystoseiraAssociation sp. This interesting association was observed insome This interesting associationwasobserved The sheltered sciaphilicalgaecommunityis well Halimeda tuna.It appearsinshallow infralittoral spp. andLobophora variegata. sp. maybeC.foeniculacea(= and the solitary Malleus regula and the solitary © RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR (Fig. 115) Flabellia petiolata Petrosia Facies andassociations Scorpaena maderensis (c)andTripterygion minor(c).

fishes (c); the holothurian ornatus helleri(c),Atergatis roseus (c)and Calcinussuch asCharybdis it israre decapods inthesouthernone);somecrustacean is common(particularly, sector, inthenorthern however - Mobile fauna: Thepolychaete Hermodice carunculata spp.) are frequent. parenzani, Lyosina blastifera ) andascidians(Didemnidae poriferans (Crambe crambe, Phorbas topsenti,Cliona ochrophyte mamillosum (c),andPeyssonnelia corallinales Figure 115. withCystoseiraAssociation cf. foeniculacea

• • -Lower stratum:It isdominatedby theencrusting

Nakoura, 11mdepth(st. N-9, left);and Tyre lagoon, Association withPeyssonnelia spp. (UMR:III.6.1.34) Association withLobophora variegata (UMR:III.6.1.12) Pempheris vanicolensis (cc), Mesophyllum sp. (c)andNeogoniolithon Lobophora variegata (c).Theencrusting 7 mdepth(st. T-22, right) © RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ Holothuria sanctori (r). The Sargocentron rubrum Sargocentron rubrum spp. (cc);withthe (cc), . in 95 6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS 96 6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS N-10, N-12,N-16). T-4, T-5, T-11, T-19, T-22, N-9, N-4, T-24),(N-2, Nakoura C-15, C-16, C-17, C-20, C- 21), Raoucheh (R-1), Tyre (T-1, Stations: Enfeh (E-1,E-7,E-14,E-15),Ras Chekaa (C-14, ascidians Didemnidae spp. (c)andPhallusia nigra (c). reniformis (c),Petrosia (cc),Ircinia ficiformis are frequent suchasCrambe crambe (cc), and algae are therhodophytesPeyssonnelia rock Themain (asfar as35mdepthinhorizontal surfaces). (N-2, N-3,N-10,N-15,N-16). C-16), Tyre(T-1, T-5, T-6, T-15, T-22, T-23)Nakoura and Stations: Enfeh (E-1,E-14,E-15),RasChekaa(C-10, beauvoisii (c),andgelidial Gelidium (c). bipectinatum m depth,withthecorallinalesJania longifurca (c)andAmphiroa betweenhemi-photophilic andsciaphilicrocky 2to18 surfaces, resources mustalsobeconsidered; thespearfishing onsome sediment filling.Thehighimpactofdynamiteontheliving Potential threats: Thelower infralittoral rock isthreated by species. this biotopetohelpwiththerecovery oftheseoverfished marginatus andMycteroperca rubra ) proves thepotentialof small adultsofsome target species(Epinephelus costae, E. candlestick spongeAxinella Barcelona Convention) intheRasChekaa area; withthe dubia andSargassum trichocarpum(protected by the interest, mainlytheochrophytesconservation Cystoseira interest:Conservation There are somespeciesof range varies from 28to44mdepth. favours thecoralligenouscommunity. Thebathymetric is moderate. The presence and surfaces of vertical overhangs to thelightabsorption(Fig. 118);andthebottomcurrent due The sciaphilicspecies dominate onhorizontal surfaces been flat,withcoarsesandandgravel patchesandchannels. Biotope: Thedominant rock profile inallstudied zones has rock 6.2.2.3Lower oftheinfralittoral horizon Association withLobophoraAssociation variegata (Fig. 116) P. rubra). Asfortothesessilefauna,poriferans Association withPeyssonneliaAssociation spp.(Fig. 117) This associationis well developed onsciaphilic The ochrophyta Lobophora variegata dominatesome sp. Moreover, thepresence of spp. (cc)(P. squamaria sp. (c),andthe Chondrosia accompanied by Associated biocenosis: Associated monofilament netsandtraps(‘ghost fishing’). target species (such as the bigSerranidae); and the loss of • • Figure 117. community with Sciaphilic

Coralligenous infralittoralenclaves (UMR:IV.3.1). macroalgae; corresponding toshelterphotophilic andsciaphilic Part ofthebiocenosisinfralittoralalgae(UMCIII.6.1), Figure 118. Lower infralittoralrock withAxinella Figure 116. withLobophora variegata Association polypoides. Nakoura, 35mdepth(st. N-11) Northern inletsof Tyre,Northern 3mdepth(st. T-20) and thespongeCrambecrambe Jania longifurca. Enfeh, 14 m depth (st. E-15). © © RAC/SPA, OscarOCAÑA RAC/SPA, OscarOCAÑA © RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR Peyssonnelia spp. .

- facies. sparse and doesform a typical species, butthey are very where Whereas thisonedoesnotappearonthesouthernsector, Sporochnus pedunculatum(r),formsanupperstratum. Cystoseira dubia(r),Sargassum trichocarpum(r)and Chekaa), theochrophyte Arthrocladia villosa(cc),with -Upper stratum:In sector(Enfeh-Ras thenorthern aspect, whichdisappearsduringthesummerperiod. sp. are dominant.Perhaps, A.villosarepresents aseasonal ( in thesouthernsector, rhodophytes theencrusting (Halymeniales, Rhodymeniales Gelidiales spp.). Whereas, trichocarpum, Sporochnus pedundulatus) and rhodophytes ochrophytes (Arthrocladia villosa,Cystoseira dubia,Sargassum Chekaa, thesciaphilicdeepcommunityisdominatedby seasonal periodofsampling(earlyvs.latesummer).In Ras andsouthernsectors,maybetothe between the northern Structure ofthecommunities:There are somedifferences are present from adepthof32mdepth. cobbles andpebbles.In thesegravel patches,therhodolites is flatwithgravel channels/patchesand/orsmallboulders, a depthofabout44m(Fig. 119).Theprofile ofthe rock 28 mdepth,anditreaches thecircalittoral communitiesat algae sciaphilic 6.2.2.3.1Biocenosisofsheltered schimperi (r); rhodophytes Amphiroa dichotoma (c),Padina pavonica (cc),Stypopodium Neogoniolithon, Mesophyllum, Peyssonnelia spp.) with Axinella

Middle stratum:Formed by ochrophytes Dictyota Figure 119. algae (Mesophyllumalternans Sciaphilic Axinella This assemblage appears at on horizontal surfaces hydrozoans ( sp. andEudendrium Eudendrium sp. are themainlyerect spp. (A.beauvoisii, A, sp.) andascidians( Herdmania momus andPeyssonneliaspp.), ( Crambe crambe withporiferans trigonus (c),Malleus regula (c)andChamapacifica(r). association, such as common species.Some shallower speciesare present inthis and Crambe crambe, (r); andtheochrophyte Lobophora variegata. Theporiferans (c), (cc), -Lower stratum: With therhodophytesPeyssonnelia common. (Aglaophenia and mediterranea (r),Petrosia (r),Agelas ficiformis oroides (r) (r). Themassive poriferansare rare, suchasHaliclona Scinaia furcellata (r);andthechlorophyte Codiumparvulum (r),halimeniales(c) (Halymeniarugosa floresia, H.latifolia), ) (c),Rhodymeniaardissoneicryptarthrodia (c),Galaxaura

Facies andassociations Thalassoma pavo (c)canreach thesedepths. as Torquigener flavimaculosus(c).Some more littoralspeciessuch (cc),Serranusrubrum cabrilla(c),Sparisoma cretense (c)and Boops boops(cc),Chromis chromis (c),Corisjulis (c),Sargocentron Echinaster sepositusandSynaptula recoprocans. Within thefishes, ( Goniobranchus annulatus,andthedecapodcrustaceans ) arePilumnus hirtellus rare; aswell as,theechinoderms • • - Diplodus sargus(r),Serranus scriba(r),Siganus luridus(r)and

Mobile fauna:Thegastropods prosobranchia, as Gelidium botryoides bipectinatum(c)andBotryocladia Cliona viridis,also,theDidemnidae spp. are themore Niphates toxifera (r);onthecontrary, thehydrozoans Association with encrusting corallinales. Association withencrusting IV.2.2.4); Association withArthrocladia villosa(UMR: Neogoniolithon mamillosum(c),Mesophyllum alternans ). Nakoura, 35mdepth(st. N-11) sp.) andtheascidiaHermania momusare Sycon Spirobranchus lamarcki (c), sp., Phorbas topsenti , © RAC/SPA, OscarOCAÑA Haliclona fulva ), Balanus Balanus spp.

97 6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS 98 6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS species rhodophytearedepth) theencrusting dominantwiththe C-8, C-21). Stations: in theRasChekaasector, between 27to42mdepth. Padina pavonica (r)andStypopodium schimperi(r)are frequent pedunculatus (r);inthemiddlestratum,Dictyota dichotoma (c), Cystoseira dubia(r), substrata, accompaniedby anothererected ochropytes, suchas from thegravelapart andpebbles,italsodevelops onflat rocky high bottomcurrents. Nevertheless, intheRasChekaaarea, coastal detritic communities (UMR: IV.2.2.4) under relatively (sponges, anthozoans) as‘souvenirs’. big Serranidae); andthecollectionofsomevulnerable species the spearfishingwithtankson sometargetspecies(suchas fixed nets that pull up the candle sponges and madreporarians; boat anchoringontherock. Also,theerosion produced by the by non-trainedscubadivers (erosionrubbing), and by flippers, fragiletohumanimpacts,mainlythemechanical impacts very Potential threats: Thecoralligenousandcaves communitiesare high fragilitybecauseofthehumanimpacts. Convention, European Union Habitat Directive), duetothe are considered aspriorityhabitatsunderprotection (Barcelona interest: Conservation The coralligenous and cave communities depth. community.m Thebathymetric range varies from 28to 42 andoverhangs surfaces of vertical favours thecoralligenous absorption; and the bottom current is moderate. The presence duetothelight sciaphilic speciesdominateonhorizontal surfaces been flat, with coarse sand and gravel patches and channels. The (Fig. 122).The dominant rock profile inallstudied zoneshas depth inthepresent inthe surfaces study)onvertical Tyre area bottoms have beenrare between 44to47mdepth(maximum (overhangs, caves entrances)andcaves, thecircalitoral rocky Biotope: Apart from thecoralligenousinfralittoralenclaves 6.2.3Uppercircalittoral rock (T-7, T-8, T-21, T-25) andNakoura (N-4,N-5,N-6,N-8). Stations: RasChekaa(C-19),Raoucheh(R-1),Saida (S-5), Tyre springs (station T-21, at38mdepth). philippina andPhallusia nigra intheproximity ofthecoldwater more littoralspeciessuchasPennaria disticha, Axinella sp., Crambe crambe). Interesting isthepresence of the speciesofAxinellidaefamily(Axinellapolyploides, Stipopodium schimperi.Theporiferansare abundant,particularly spp.; andtheerect Amphiroa andtheochrophyta cryptarthrodia Association with encrusting corallinales(Fig. withencrusting Association 121) Association withArthrocladiaAssociation villosa(Fig. 120) Mesophyllum In deeper rocky infralittoral habitats (26 to 35 m In deeperrocky infralittoral habitats (26to35m This association is included in the circalittoral stage on Enfeh (E-5) andRasChekaa(C-4,C-5,C-6,C-7, Sargassum trichocarpum (r)andSporochnus spp. Neogoniolithon spp., andPeyssonnelia Macrorhynchia Macrorhynchia Associated biocenosis: Associated parvulum • • Mesophyllum alternans Figure 120. villosa. withArthrocladia Association Semi-dark cave (UMR:IV.3.2). Coralligenous (UMR:IV.3.1) Figure 121. Macroalgae ondeeprock, suchas Axinella polypoides Figure 122. Coralligenouscommunity with (green) with the poriferan Axinellapolyploides (green) withtheporiferan Ras Chekaa, 33mdepth(st. C-21) Nakoura, 35mdepthst. N-11) . Tyre, 43mdepth(st. T-21) (rose andCodium patches) © © © RAC/SPA, OscarOCAÑA RAC/SPA, OscarOCAÑA RAC/SPA, OscarOCAÑA . and (cc),Mespohyllumstictaeforme (c),Peyssonnelia alternans -Lower stratum: spinosus are present, buttheyare rare. lessepsian bivalves Chamapacifica, ascidian and the solitary Phyllangia americanamouchezii,thepolychaete Filograna and have beenrare. However, thelargehydrozoans Aglaophenia bryozoans mediterranea andPetrosia. In ficiformis thesameway, theerect , candelabrum are rare with Agelas oroides, Stypopodium schimperi. cf. lomation);andthe ochrophyta Dictyota dichotoma and Halymeniales (Halymenia floresia, H.latifolia, Cryptonemia ( there are someCeramiales(Acrosorium ascidians. erectWithin andsolitary bryozoans therhodophyta, stratum withmassive poriferans,largehydrozoans, anthozoans, -Middle stratum: Many erect rhodophytes form the middle lower infralittoralrock, are present inthecoralligenous. also, sparsetoformsmall‘forests’;The ochrophyte C.dubiaisvery sponges coralligenous communityfrom Lebanonisthecandlestick -Upper stratum:Themore apparent speciesinthe except theassociationwithCystoseira dubia. described fortheMediterranean are notpresent inLebanon, diverse biota. Nevertheless, typical associations and facies are various strata(upper, middle,lower, epibiosis)witha the mostcomplexcommunityonMediterranean. There Structure ofthecommunity:Thecoralligenous represent horizontal onesfrom 43mdepth(Fig. 123). entrances, crevices),at32mdepthand surfaces onvertical high sciaphilicenclaves inshallow waters(overhangs, caves the coralligenousandsemi-dark caves. Bothappearin 6.2.3.1Biocenosisofthe ‘coralligenous’ Rodymenia ardissonei ), Gelidiales (Gigartina bipictinatum)and Eudendrium spp., theanthozoans Madracis phaerensis and . The encrusting poriferans Crambe. Theencrusting botryoides Botryocladia Arthrocladia villosaandSporochnus pedunculatus,from the Axinella polyploides, With regard to theepifauna,massive poriferans The biocenosesoncircalittoral hard substrataare Adeonella pallasii, Cymbaxinella, damicornis With therhodophytesLithophyllum Hermania momus are common. The Axinella dissimilis and Axinella sp. Caberea andReteporella boryi sp. Acanthella acuta, Malleus regula andSpondylus Dysidea avaraDysidea Haliclona sp.), Rhodymeniales sp.), Rhodymeniales Corticium Corticium spp. (cc) (cc) sp. sp. sp.

- ascidians Didemnidae spp. (cc)andCystodytes dellechiajei(cc). PhorbasSchizomavella ( tenacior (r); bryozoans crambe (cc),Haliclona fulva (c),Spirastrella cunctatrix(r)and Facies andassociations: Torquigener flavimaculosus(c)andThalassomapavo (r). Chromis chromis (c),Sparisoma cretense (c),Siganus luridus(c), maderensis (c). Some infralittoral species are present, such as (cc), more abundant,withCorisjulis(cc),Sargocentron rubrum sepositus (r)andCoscinasteriastenuispina(r).Thefishes are crustacean (r), thegastropod Conomurex (r),thedecapod persicus • • • •

Mobile fauna: Within thepolychaete Hermodice carunculata mouchezii Figure 123. The anthozoanPhyllangiaamericana Coralligenous onblocks(platforms)(UMR:IV.1.15) Facies withAxinellaspp. Association withCystoseira dubia(UMR:IV. 3.1.3). Coralligenous ininfralittoralenclaves (UMR:III.6.1.35). Serranus cabrilla(c), hydrozoans. Tyre, 44mdepth(st. T-21) Echinaster (c),andtheasteroidsPilumnusEchinaster hirtellus ,Crambe) and (Axinella, withporiferans Scorpaena Gobius vittatus(c)andScorpaena © RAC/SPA, OscarOCAÑA spp.) and the spp.) and the

99 6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS 100 6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS Figure 124. Coralligenousenclave intheinfralittoralrock, Figure 126. Coralligenouscommunity onrocky substratum Crambe crambe mouchezii with thespongesAxinellapolyploides withthegoby. Gobiuskolonvatovici pedunculatus with the poriferans Spongiasp.,with theporiferans Crambecrambe Figure 125. Cystoseira dubiaandSporochnus Clathrina and Clathrina Ras Chekaa, 44mdepth(st. C-18) (white polyps). (white Tyre, 43mdepth(st. T-21) (red); acolony of spp. Tyre, 3mdepth(st. T-2) © © RAC/SPA, OscarOCAÑA RAC/SPA, OscarOCAÑA © Phyllangia americana RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR (yellow) and Crambe crambe, the chlorophyte Palmophyllum crassum (r). Neogoniolithon mamillosum(c))andPeyssonnelia ( calcareouscoralligenous communitywithencrusting algae (overhangs, cave entrances,crevices), there isthelittoralrocky hydrozoan Station: RasChekaa(C-19). there is aCymbaxinellasp. (Fig. 127). located at the entrance of the Chack El Hatab cave. Here Station: Tyre, (T-25). between surfaces 41-47monvertical (cc) andHerdmania momus(c). the ascidiansCystodytes dellechiajei(cc),Didemnidae spp. americana mouchezii (cc) and Madracis phaerensis Eudendrium glomeratum; the sclerantinians lobularis (r)andHaliclona fulva (c);thehydrozoan poriferans between 40-42mdepth. springs, where thecandlestickAxinellapolypoidesiscommon outcrops from northern Tyre, quitenearofthecoldwater C-18). Stations: RasChekaa,between 43-44mdepth(C-15, villosa andSporochnus pedunculatus,normallyonpebbles. accompanying ochrophyta species have been observed with rhodoliths(maerlfacies),between 43-44mdepth.Other some flat rocky outcrops surrounded by coastaldetriticbottoms 3, N-10). C-19, C-20),Raoucheh(R-1), Tyre (T-2) andNakoura (N- Stations: Enfeh (E-1,E-12),RasChekaa(C-10,C-14, and Trypterygion minor(r). fish: Herdmania momus.Themobilefaunais represented by the and (c), Lithophyllum (r),Mesophyllum stictaeforme (c), alternans Coralligenous ininfralittoralenclaves (Fig. 124) Reptadeonella Sargocentrum rubrum (cc), rubrum Sargocentrum Facies withAxinellidaespp.(Figs. 126,127) Association withCystoseiraAssociation dubia(Fig. 125) The sessilefaunaisdominated by theporiferans In the infralittoral enclaves of this community Another interesting facieswithAxinellidae The sessilefaunaisabundantwiththeother This association ispresent in thehigh rocky inRasChekaaon This associationhasbeenobserved Crambe crambe avara (cc),Dysidea (r),Oscarella Aglaophenia Chondrosia reniformis andClathrina spp.; theascidiansDidemnidae spp. and spp.; Schyzoporella thebryozoans Pempheris vanicolensis (cc) spp. (cc); also, spp. (cc);also, Arthrocladia Arthrocladia Phyllangia (c); and sp.; the spp. is and (cc); andtheascidiansHerdmania momus (c),Phallusia nigra (c) Margarettaspecimens ofChamapacifica(r);thebryozoan cereoides mouchezii (c)andtheactinian Telmatactis cricoides(r);some C. cf. clathrus, Euryspongia raouchensis (c)andClathrina reniformis (cc),Petrosia (c),Myrmekioderma ficiformis (c), spelaeum -M Structure ofthecommunity: Peyssonnelia (c), algaeMesophyllumencrusting sp. coralligenous community(except intheChackEl Hatab cave) the Bayada. Theentranceofthecaves iscolonized by animpoverished depth inEnfeh, RasChekaa,theRaouchehtunnelandEl caves (Figs. 129, 130, 131) 6.2.3.2Biocenosisofthesemi-dark Station: Nakoura, between 43-44mdepth(N-14). organisms. prospected areas), butrather, rocky boulderscover by encrusting appearsfromon subhorizontal 43mdepthinthe surfaces coralligenous platforms,duetothedepth(the top oftheseblocks. an ochrophyte Lobophora with rhodoliths(maerlfacies).Noteworthy istheabundanceof Cystodytes dellechiajei). Schizomavellaverrucosa, spp.) andascidians(Didemnidae spp., Phorbas tenacior, Spirastrella (Frondipora cunctatrix);bryozoans Neogoniolithonalternans, sp.), poriferans(Crambe crambe, calcareous rhodophytes(Lithophyllum Mesophyllum stictaeforme, there are smallboulders(ø=30-50cm)covered by encrusting Figure 127. Population of Pyura dura (r). Coralligenous onblocks(platforms) (Fig. 127). of theChack cave, ElHatab 4mdepth(st. C-19) Chondrosia edium stratum: With themassive spongesChondrosia This biocenosis has been observed between 0 to 5 m between 0to5 This biocenosishasbeenobserved We donotthinkthattheseblocksmustbe These blocksare surrounded by gravel andcoarsesand On theflat rock from Nakoura, between 44-45m, spp (cc) andPalmophyllum crassumspp (r). Phyllangia americana lacunosa);thescleractinianPhyllangia americana sp.(M. Verlaque’s Cymbaxinella © (c), Lithophyllum (c), stictaeforme RAC/SPA, OscarOCAÑA spp.; ( sp. intheentrance ) on the pers. com.)onthe C. coriacea, C. cf. C. coriacea,cf.

of Lebanon’s intheChackEl caves, particularly Hatab and minor (r). (cc),Apogon rubrum Sargocentrum imberbis(r)andTripterygion fisheshave been:Pempheris(r), Theobserved vanicolensis (cc), helleri(c)andGalatheidae (c); thedecapodesCharybdis -Mobile fauna:With thepolychaete Hermodice carunculata Cystodytes dellechiajei(cc). ascidians Didemnidae spp., Symplegma brakenhielmi (r)and hassi (c),Cellaria, Crisia andScrupocellaria Phyllangia Schizoretepora mouchezii(cc);thebryozoans Diplastrella (cc), -Lower stratum: With speciesAplysina theencrusting (red), schmidti Actinia Chondrosiareniformis (white) Crambe crambe (c),Haliclona fulva (c),Sycon with poriferans (Crambe,Mycalewith poriferans (Cystodytes, Didemnum Figure 128. Coralligenousconcretion blocks Noteworthy is the original and rich sessile fauna Figure 129. cave with habitat Semi-dark spp. (r), spp. (r), Ras ElBayada, 2mdepth(st. N- 10) and Aplysinasp. (yellow). Hexadella racovitzai (r);themadreporarian ) (Nakoura, N-14) station © © RAC/SPA, OscarOCAÑA RAC/SPA, OscarOCAÑA ) andascidians spp. (c), andthe sp. (c), sp. sp. sp.

101

6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS 102 6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS 3, N-10). C-19, C-20),Raoucheh(R-1), Tyre (T-2) andNakoura (N- Stations: Enfeh (E-1,E-12),RasChekaa(C-10,C-14, the strong currents andhighabundanceoforganicmatter. filter-feeding communitiesintheLevantine coast,dueto Symplegma high.) isvery Hedmania, Phallusia, Polysyncraton, Pseudodistoma, Pyura, ( Petrosia, Phorbas, Spongia, Sycon Gastrophanella, Haliclona, Hexadella, Ircinia, paraleucilla, Crambe, Clathrina,Diplastella,Disporella, Euryspongia, diversity ofporiferans(Aplysina, Chondrosia, Cliona, Gastrophanella phoeniciensis(Fig. 130). sponges, suchasthelithistidMicroscleroderma laminaand Raoucheh. Thefirstone presents someinteresting endemics Aplidium, Cystodytes, Botrylloides, Didemnum,Diplosoma, Figure 131. Ascidian community Cystodytes, Didemnum, Pyura, Symplegma Figure 130. The endemicspongefrom Lebanon in theRaoucheh tunnel, -2m depth(st. R-1) This cave perhaps represents oneoftherichest As forRaoucheh’s tunnel(fig.131),the Microcleroderma lamina Microcleroderma Ras Chekaa, 2mdepth(st. C-19) of theChack cave. ElHatab © intheinner RAC/SPA, OscarOCAÑA © (Pseudodistoma, (Pseudodistoma, spp.) and ascidians RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR spp.) Phallusia fumigata(c). philippina (cc)andPennaria disticha (cc)withtheascidian nucula are abundant.Also,thehydroids Macrorynchia spp.) andtheporiferanCrambe crambe and such asrhodophytes(Peyssonnelia spp.andLithophyllum as theporiferanPhorbas topsenti. dominates (Oscillatoria Around thecoldwatersprings,onedeepred Cyanobacteria Bayada (12 to 15 m depth) and Tyre (32-40 m depth). features inRasElunderwater Bayada and Tyre. around them. We todive have inthese hadtheopportunity interesting duetotheirrarityandorganismsadaptations very springs coldandhotfreshwater 6.2.4Submarine Station: RasChekaa(C-19). Facies andassociations:None phaerensis (c). lower stratumwithSerpulidae Structure of the community:It isOnly present onthe present. cave, where theilluminationisabsentandfreshwater springsare (Fig. theupperstages) 132) (inenclave intotaldarkness in 6.2.3.3 Biocenosis of the caves and ducts Figure 132. Inside of the Chack El Hatab cave in the total total the in cave Hatab El darkness Chack with the of Inside 132. Figure Cold freshwater springs(Fig. 133,134): In RasEl Bayada (Fig. species 133),someencrusting They have beenlocatedinfront oftheRas El The submarinecoldandhotfresh waterspringsare oftheChackEl intheinnerpart Hatab Only observed Serpulidae spp. and sp.) andcover someorganismssuch © RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ Madracis phaerensis (st. C-19) spp. (cc)andMadracis Chondrilla rhodophytes. that ofthecoldwaterones, dominatingtheencrusting hole. Thebiodiversity around thehotspringsispoorer than characteristic andtheygrowth quiteneartothehotspring 42 mdepth.Thecoloniesofthebacteria Beggiatoa are Stations: RasEl Bayada (N-15)and Tyre (T-21). Eudendrium spp.,Chama pacifica andSpondylus spinosus. Phallusia nigra. Other commonspecieswereCrambe crambe, such asthehydrozoan Pennaria distichaandtheascidian the abundanceofshallower species around thesprings, st N-15) with Cyanobacteria, encrusting rhodophytes, poriferans Figure 133. Cold freshwater spring in Ras El Bayada (14 m depth, (40 mdepth, st. T-21) with ( Crambe), andsome coloniesofhydroids (Pennaria). crambe Figure 134. Coldfreshwater in spring Tyre Located in the north of Located inthenorth Tyre, between 38- In Tyre, adeeperstation(Fig. 134),itisnoteworthy Hot-water springs(Fig. 135) , Chamapacifica andPlallusianigra Pennaria disticha © RAC/SPA, OSCAR OCAÑA © RAC/SPA, OscarOCAÑA , Crambe

there is onecommunityofspecialinterest, theCymodocea interest:Conservation From point of view, the conservation (from 32-33mdepth)asthelimitofthesestages. not clear, we have considered the presence ofdeepmaerlbeds in theinfralittoralandcircalittoral softsubstratacommunitiesis and channelsintherocky substratum.Althoughtheseparation shell gravel bottomsare thedominant,normallyforming patches the present study).In rocky shore areas, thecoarsesandandfine fraction increases to 50 m depth (maximum isobathreached in bottoms withoutmud,from 0to15mdepth;then,themud and southof Tyre). Thewave actionprocures cleansandy frequent, from thelittoralbeaches(Chekaa, north particularly Biotope: In shallow waters (< 15 m) sand the is well sorted 6.3.1Infralittoralsoftbottoms and muddysand(15-50mdeph). shell gravel (8-32mdepth);maerlbeds(32-47 sandinshallowsorted waters(0-15mdepth);coarseand mud. Themore predominant sedimentshave been: well varied: cobbles,pebbles,gravel,very sand(coarse,fine)and hasbeen sand bottoms(at50mdepth).Thegranulometry areas, from 0minthelittoralsandbeachestodeepermuddy 6.3Softsubstrata Station: Tyre(T-25). ascidians (Cystodytes dellechiajei). hydrozoans (Aglaophenia andEudendrium (Stypopodium schimperi),poriferans(Petrosia), ficiformis Peyssonnelia of sciaphilicalgaeispresent withrhodophytes(Ceramiales, Figure 135. Hotwater with spring colonies (white semicircles).colonies (white Around someencrusting The softsubstrataare thedominantaround the Around the springanimpoverished community rhodophytes (Tyre, station T-25) spp., Amphiroa beauvoisii), ochrophytes © RAC/SPA, Alfonso bacterial bacterial Beggiatoa A. RAMOSESPLÀ spp.) and 103

6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS 104 6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS Associated biocenosis: Associated beachreplenishment,(such asmarinas,ports, littoralgains). to untreated domestic waters and littoral constructions harbour; concrete factories).Other impactscouldberelated hyper-sedimentation from sedimentdischarge(e.g.Selaata to various threats. One ofthemore onesisthe important Potential threats: TheCymodocea meadows are subject Selaata (in2004at30mdepth). in in the2012and2013missions,onlywasobserved Nevertheless, impacts maybesomepossiblecausesofthisrarefaction. together with the increasing temperature and anthropic magnoliophyte causes are notelucidated,butthecompetitionwithanother present,this communityisbecomingrare inLebanon.The nodosa meadows (Barcelona Convention, Fig. 136).At Figure 136. Cymodocea nodosa • • • bottom currents (UMR:III.3.2). Coarse sandsandgravels, under theinfluenceof Biocenosis ofmuddysand(UMR:III.3.). Biocenosis sand(UMR:III.2.2). ofwell sorted fine sand. Enfeh, 2mdepth(st. E-2) Halophila stipulacea(lessepsianspecies), Halophila stipulaceahasbeenabsent meadow establishes on meadow establishes © RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR facies andassociation: podas, Xyrichthys novacula, Pomatoschistus sp. (c). (c),MullusLithognathus mormyrus (r),Bothus surmuletus the holothurianHolothuria tubulosa (r);andthefishes persicus (c),Nassarius reticulatus (c)andN.mutabilis(c); (cc); thegastropodes Rhinoclaviskochi(c),Conomurex -Mobile fauna: With thedecapodDiogenespugilator mediterraneum (c). Gafrarium savignyi(c);andtheechinoidea,Echinocardium tuberculata (cc),Glycymeris - Infauna: Cerianthidae sp. (r). As forthemiddleandlower strata,itisonlyrepresented by Cymodocea nodosainsomeshallow locations,1-3mdepth. Structure ofthecommunity:Theupperstratumwith between 0 to15mdepth. from the open beaches,mainlyinEnfeh-Chekaa and Tyre, sands(Fig. 137) fine 6.3.1.1Biocenosisofwell sorted • Figure 137. Cerianthidae sands (UMR:III.2.2.1). Association withCymodocea fine nodosaonwell sorted The biocenosis of well sorted finesandisdevelopedThe biocenosisof well sorted Chekaa, 3mdepth(st. C-22) Mainly withthebivalves Acanthocardia spp. (cc),Mactra (c), stultorum sp. fine inwell sand. sorted © RAC/SPA, Hany ElSHAER (1.5 x 1.5 m). At Ras Chekaa (Beny beach and Florida hotel), (less than 8 m The Chekaa were provided inthetable19. the prospected meadows in the Enfeh Peninsula andRas biomass andmorphological features): Biometric data for b) Meadow parameters(characteristics,plantdensity, sand have been present between 9-14mdepth(st. T-4). (st. T-3). In shallower water, somedispersedmeadows onfine betweenisolated plantshave 28-31mdepth beenobserved Chekaa beachfrom 8to29mdepth. seeds (Fig. 139)hasbeenfrequent around theEnfeh and hotel inRasChekaa).However, thepresence ofgerminated Cymodocea nodosa(Enfeh Peninsula, Beny beachandFlorida km ofcoastline),weoccurrences detectedonlyfournew of between the Enfeh Peninsula andRasChekaa(Fig. 138-2). shoots of Cymodocea were at a depth of 11 m also observed Enfeh Peninsula (Table 19;Fig. 138-1).Furthermore, asparse Florida hotelintheRasChekaa area inthe andinthesmallport three times:infrontwas onlyobserved ofBeny beachandthe a) Distribution: In theprospected coast, Cymodocea nodosa by by was very smallof5m C. nodosawasvery Association withCymodoceaAssociation nodosainfinesand In Rachidiye (southern Tyre), C.nodosasmall (moreDespite than6.5 the intensityofoursurveys Figure 138. ofthe Distribution ofseagrassmeadows small total surface isvery -2 ). At the Enfeh Peninsula, the area colonized -2 (3×5 m)and2.25m C. nodosa (green circles) intheEnfehpeninsula (1)andRas Chekaa (2) 1 -2

Ischia (101.4gDW m The 1991). (215 gDW m growing islands-Spain intheCanary (710sh.m Caye &Meinesz 1985;2000sh.m 2 1993; 2302sh.m those recorded across therangeofC.nodosa(2060shootsm The than 5shootm the 1900 sh.m C-10, C-22)and Tyre (T-4). Stations: Enfeh (E-1,E-2,E-7,E-15),Ras Chekaa (C-1, Mediterranean Sea. of thedistributionC.nodosainthissectorfor extreme environmental conditions,whichare thelimit during the summer period. This could be related tothe lower value inmorphology, shootdensity, andbiomass (287 gDW m and Banc d’Arguin-Mauritania (576sh.m al. 2005),Montazah Bay-Egypt (404sh.m DW m DW , Cancemietal.2002;1900sh.m C. nodosawasmore low present withavery densityless -2 , Reyes etal.1995)andintheMontazah Bay-Egypt C. nodosaatthepresent studysiteexhibiteda -2 , Cunha &Duarte 2007;1928sh.m shoot biomassare lower thanthoserecorded in shoot densityvalues were slightlylower than -2 -2 -2 , Mostafa 1996). , Pérez Islands 1989),intheCanary (245g . -2 , Rismondoetal.1997),except C.nodosa -2 , Cancemietal.2002),Ebro Delta -2 -2 , Pérez 1989;1925sh.m , Terrados &Ros 1992; -2 -2 , VanLent , Mostafa 1996) -2 , Barberá et -2 , Reyes et al. 2 -2 , -

105

6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS 106 6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS Facies andassociation: and Serranus hepatus(cc),Bothuspodas(r), Xyrichthys novacula (c) (r); thefishesDasyatis pastinaca(c),Pagellus (c), acarne holothuroids (c), kochi (cc),Conomurex persicus (c),Murex forskoehlii pugilator (cc)andMyra fugax (r);thegastropodaRhinoclavis -Mobile fauna: With decapodsDiogenes thecrustacean Echinocardium mediterraneum (r). Lucinella divaricata (c)andFulvia fragilis (c);theechinoida bivalves -Infauna: With thepolychaete arietina(cc);the Ditrupa . have beenobserved missions. Some isolated individuals from Cerianthidae Halophila duringthe stipulaceahave notbeenobserved this community. Caulerpa racemosa andthemagnoliophyte isolated mats of Cymodocea in nodosa have beenobserved prolifera -M Structure ofthecommunity Cymodocea nodosaandCaulerpa prolifera patches. around Enfeh8 to47mdepth,particularly andSelaata with 6.3.1.2Biocenosisofmuddy sands • Number ofIntermediate leaves pershoot Nassarius mutabilis(c)andSemicassis granulata (c);the Spicara smaris(c). Mean intermediate leaflength(mm) III.2.3.4). III.2.3.4). Association withCymodocea nodosaonmuddysands(UMR: iddle andlower strata: With the chlorophytes Caulerpa Below-ground biomass(gDW m Number ofadultleaves pershoot Mean adultleaflength(mm) Acanthocardia tuberculata (c), (c), Number ofleaves pershoot Mean adultleafwide(mm) This community isspread in alltheareas, between Shoot biomass(gDW m Leaf area index(m Cymodocea parameters Density (Shoot m Holothuria tubulosa(r)andSynaptula reciprocans (r) and C. scapelliformis Table 19. Cymodocea nodosa ² m -2 ) -² ) -2 ) -2 Flabellia petiolata (r); ) Ctena decusata Enfeh Peninsula 57,05±12,95 74,86±3,74 44,8±14,35 : biometric data (±SD)for data EnfehandRas: biometric Chekaa 41,6±14,4 0,15±0,01 2,35±0,20 2,35±0,20 4,25±0,35 4,25±0,35 1,2+0,15 1567±80 1567±80 1,9±0,2 spp. (c),

has been observed (Fig.nodosa hasbeenobserved 139)ononesite(infront occurs inlaterspring.In theSaida-Nakoura sector, C. m depth(Fig. period 140), itmeansthatthefructification betweengerminated seedshave 14to44 been observed, dispersed mats,resulting from seedrecruitment (Fig. 139). sites deeperthan14m,butitdoesnotformmeadows only intheEnfeh-Rasfrequently Chekaasectorin observed • •

Figure 139. A smallplant of Association withFlabellia. petiolataandCaulerpa scapelliformis Association withCaulerpa prolifera (UMR:III.2.3.6) During the2012missioninJune many Cymodocea nodosaonmuddysandhasbeen Association ofCymodoceaAssociation nodosa Beny beach Beny beach Rachidiye, 31mdepth(st. T-3) on muddysands(Fig. 139) 5 ------© RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ Ras Chekaa Ras Cymodocea nodosa Florida hotel 1 ------, Stations: Enfeh (E-8,E-10),RasChekaa(C-12). to 27mdepth. depth. in the Enfeh – Ras Chekaa sector,observed between 17 to 44 m Ras Chekaa(C-1), Tyre (T-3). Stations: Enfeh (E-3, E-5,E-6,E-8,E-9,E-10,E-11), isolated plantsat30-31mdepth. of Rachidiye, southern Tyre) formingasmallpatchwith Figure 141. Caulerpaprolifera Dispersed Figure 140. seedsfrom Cymodocea Somegerminated Association withCaulerpaAssociation prolifera (Fig. 141) C. prolifera meadows are dispersedanddensefrom 20 The Caulerpa prolifera meadows have only been The Caulerpaprolifera meadows have onlybeen nodosa -44 mdepth(st. E-8) . Enfeh, 40mdepth(st. E-8) © RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ © RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR mats inEnfeh, mats Facies andAssociations: N-12, N-13,N-16). Tyre(T-5, T-15, T-16, T-22, T-24, T-23),(N-9, Nakoura Stations: Enfeh (E-14),RasChekaa(C-16),Saida (S-1), (cc). The more characteristicfishhasbeen Gobius bucchichi (c), Serranus(c), cabrilla(cc),Sargocentron rubrum lineatus (c),Thalassomapavo (c),Diplodusvulgaris Dasyatis pastinca (c), and sandybottoms,thefisheshave beencommon,suchas empty shellsofBrissus unicolor (Fig. 142)onthisbottom. Synaptula reciprocans (r).Noteworthy isthefrequency of (c)andMimachlamysverrucosa varia (r);andtheholothurian Bittium with thepolychaete: Hermodice; thegastropods carunculata and Cinachyrella levantinensis (r); Ceramiales (cc)withtheporiferansCiocalypta carballoi(c) are absent.In thelower stratumappearsomerhodolithsand Structure ofthecommunity:Theupperandmiddlestrata maerl bedsandrock ridges. appears inrocky channelsandpools,between blocks,around circalittoral bottoms(mainly, between 7to44mdepth),it Chekaa, Nakura and Tyre zones. Bothoninfralittoraland the influence ofbottom currents is widespread in theRas bottom currents) (Fig. 142) gravels (undertheinfluenceof sandsand 6.3.1.3Biocenosisofcoarse Figure 142. Shell gravel and sand coarse with a of test the • echinoid Torquigener flavimaculosus(r)andGobius (r), geniporus Association withrhodoliths(UMR:III.3.2.2). sp. (c)andConomurex persicus(r);thebivalves Venus Nevertheless, andduetotheproximity ofrocky mobilefaunahasbeenpoor,The invertebrate The biocenosisof coarse sand andgravels under Brissus unicolor. Nakoura, 13mdepth(st. N-9) Boops boops (c), Coris julis (cc), © RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR Spicara smaris Plotosus 107

6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS 108 6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS the European Union habitat Directive (annex V). point ofview. It isprotected by theBarcelona Convention and communitiesonsoftbottoms from the conservation important interest:Conservation Themaerlfacies represents themost the thermocline(28°C)hasreached 42mdepth. muddy detritic bottoms. In the summer time (mission 2013) sediment becomesfrequent ongravel bottoms, revealing the presence ofmud(Fig. 144).Nevertheless, from 40mthemuddy areas where the intensityofthebottomcurrents, preventing the Biotope: Thecoarsesandandgravel spread are around the very This occursatadepthofabout32-33mdepth. considered maerlbed(according with Steller etal.2003). in thecoarsesandandgravel exceeded the10%,itwas The criterionhasbeenpragmatic,whentherhodolithcover between infra and circalittoral soft bottom communities. 6.3.2Uppercircalittoral softbottoms Stations: Tyre(T-5, T-15, T-16, T-22, T-24). rubra area. ), asanursery Noteworthy isthe the presence of juvenile fishes (p.e. Mycteroperca ( ascidians (Phallusia, Rhodosoma, Styelidae ) andmacroalgae Pictada), hydroids Pennaria (Macrorynchia, ), sponges(Crambe), mainly sessilefaunaare bivalves (Chama,Spondylus, Malleus, is associatedwiththishabitat,between 6to9mdepth(Fig. 143), where the inlets andbeachformalagoon.Acomplexcommunity , withsmallcobbles,shellgravel andcoarsesand. incrustans the speciesNeogoniolithon brassica-florida andLithophyllum them substratum isformed by free livingrhodoliths (some of Mediterranean to be considered deserves separately. The of bottomcurrents, thisoriginalandrare habitatinthe biocenosis ofcoarsesandsandgravels undertheinfluence Cystoseira, Dictyota, Amphiroa, Lobophora, Lithophyllum…). and shellgravel. Tyre lagoon, 7mdepth(st. T- 5) Figure 143. Shallow rhodolithsbetween cobbles ∅ = 7 cm) of the Corallinacea (Melobesiae), mainly It hasbeendifficulttoestablishtheseparation This maerl bed has been located in northern Tyre, Although thiscommunityisenclosedinthe Association withrhodoliths(Fig.Association 143) © RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR Caulerpa scapelliformis and Caulerpa scapelliformis Facies andassociations:AssociationwithFlabellia petiolata and Corisjulis(r)have beenobserved. Synaptula reciprocans (r)andthefishesSerranus cabrilla Hermodice (r),thelessepsianholothurian carunculata the fish Serranus hepatusiscommon.Also,thepolychaete -Mobile fauna:Themobilefaunahasbeenrare, only corallioides) withsmallCeramialesspp. are present. - Lower stratum:Some livingrhodoliths(Lithothamnion floresia individualsare present. Associated biocenosis: Associated Cystoseira dubia). nets thatpulluptherhodolithsandassociatedspecies(e.g. harbour; concrete factories).Anotherimpactisrelated tofixed sedimentation from sedimentdischarge(e.g.Selaata threats. threats One ofthemostimportant isthehyper- Potential threats: Themaerlbedsare subjectto various very dispersed; some very thaliformanupperstratum,although Caulerpa scapelliformis - Upper and lower strata: TheFlabellia petiolataand Structure ofthecommunity present onmuddybottoms. ; thislaterspeciesisalso petiolata andCaulerpa scapelliformis depth. ThemostcharacteristicassociationhasbeenFlabellia been present inpatchesonthemaerlbed,between 35-47m bottom 6.3.2.1. Biocenosisofthemuddy detritic • • • Figure 144. Synaptula bedwiththe holothurian Maerl Caulerpa prolifera facies. Also, themuddysandsare present atthisstagewiththe IV.2.2). Biocenosis ofthecoastaldetriticbottom(UMR: IV.2.1). Biocenosis ofthemuddydetriticbottom(UMR: reciprocans The biocenosisofthemuddydetriticbottomhas . Nakoura, 34mdepth(st. N-11) Arthrocladia villosa and © RAC/SPA, OscarOCAÑA Halymenia (c) (c) andPhymatolithon calcareum (r);thesoftrhodophytes corallioides (cc),Spongites (c),Mesophyllum fruticulosa -Lower stratum: With thecorallinalesLithothamnion agglomerate withsomerhodolites. schimperi (r).TheascidianHerdmania momus(c)can the ochrophytes as -Middle stratum: Mainly, withsoftrhodophytessuch are present andfixed onrhodoliths(Fig. 146). Sporochnus pedunculatus (c); some thalli of Cystoseira dubia -Upper stratum:With Structure ofthecommunity surface). dominated by therhodoliths(cover >10%ofthebottom depth, where thecoarsesandandfinegravel sedimentare bottom detritic 6.3.2.2Biocenosisofthecoastal Stations: RasChekaa(C-15,C-18). the mud. in RasChekaa,between 42-44monmaerlbeddegradedby Halymenia floresia (c)andRhodymeniaardissonei (c); andCaulerpascapelliformis Flabellia petiolata The coastaldetriticbottomsappearat32m This interesting associationhasbeenonlyobserved (Fig.and Caulerpa scapelliformis 145) Association withFlabellia Association petiolata Rash Chekaa, 43mdepth(st. C-15). Figure 145. with Association Dictyota dichotoma (c) and © RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ Arthrocladia villosa(cc)and Stypopodium . sp. Associations andfacies Associations G. kolombatovici (r)andG.vittatus(c)]. flavimaculosus (c)andGobiidae [withGobius (c), geniporus (r), abundant fisheshave beenCorisjulis(c),Sparisoma cretense Echinaster sepositus(r)andSynaptula reciprocans (r).Themost (r);theechinoderms (r); thebrachyuranPilumnus hirtellus (r); thegastropods Bittium - Mobile fauna: With thepolychaeteHermodice carunculata (r); andthebivalve Striarca lactea(c). Crambe crambe (c);themadreporarian Madracis phaerensis Peyssonnelia (c), botryoides Cryptonemia lomation(c),Botryocladia • •

Serranus cabrilla(c),Pagellus (r),Torquigener erythrinus Association withArthrocladia villosa(UMR:IV.2.2.4) calcareum) (UMR:IV.2.2.2) Maerl facies(Lithothamnion corallioides andPhymatoliton Figure 146. Cystoseira dubiaonarhodolith. Ras Chekaa, 44mdepth(st. C-15) spp. (cc) and Ceramiales (cc), the sponge © sp. (cc)andConomurex persicus RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ

109

6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS 110 6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS Figure villosa. 148. bottomwithArthrocladia Detritic Figure 147. Deeprhodolithbedwith corallioides andSpongites fruticulosa. Ras Chekaa, 42mdepth(St. C-18) Tyre, 38mdepth(st. T-25) © © RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ Lithothamnion Lithothamnion Stations: RasChekaa(C-15,C-18,C-21). linearis (c)andD.dichotoma(c). pedunculatus (c).Other ochrophytes are present, Dictyota is formed by Chekaa area, between 32-42 m depth. The upper stratum T-25), Nakoura (N-11). Stations: RasChekaa(C-15,C-18,C-19), Tyre (T-21, reciprocans (r). Conomurex persicus(c),andtheholothurianSynaptula The lessepsianchlorophyte ispresent. Caulerpa scapelliformis corallioides (c), shell gravel andcoarsesand,withtherhodolithsLithothamnion Tyre, between 32-45mdepth.Thesubstratumisformed by Association withArthrocladia Association villosa(Fig. 148) Only thisassociation has beenpresent intheRas The epifaunahasbeenscarce withthegastropod The deepmaerlbedshave appeared in Nakoura and Mesophyllum Arthrocladia villosa (cc) and Maerl facies(Fig. 147) sp. (c) and (c). Spongites (c). fruticulosus Sporochnus some extensive rocky outcrops. Near totheshore, thebouldersare towards ofEnfeh andRasChekaa,with theseaineasternpart between 0-50 mdepth. intheEnfeh-Ras Chekaasector,the mainbiocenosesobserved sector 6.4.1Northern 6.4Bionomicalmapping Noteworthy istheprolongation oftherocky areas The figuresof 149and150show thedistribution Figure 149. oftheEnfeharea Bionomicalmapping depth) in the southern part ofEnfeh. depth) inthesouthernpart rock reef. Of interest is also therocky outcrop (19-27 m Enfeh peninsula asfar40mdepth,formingamassive fine sand. prolongation of the is the underwater Noteworthy Enfeh area are predominately hard, withsomesector a)Enfeharea (Fig. 149) The presence oflittoralcaves around thisarea isfrequent. common forminginteresting photophilicandsciaphilicenclaves. The shallow bottoms(<10mdepth) around the 111

6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS 112 6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS area, withtheextensionofshore rocky substratumasfar b)Ras Chekaa area (Fig. 150) The RasChekaageomorphology follows the Enfeh Figure 150. oftheRas Bionomicalcartography Chekaa area muddy sandbottoms. patches; whereas, intheEnfeh area, theyare surrounded by bottoms are surrounded by gravel-coarse sand,withmaerl as 40mdepth.However, intheRasChekaaarea, therocky been the rule. been therule. flat rock (with channels,different sedimentpatches…)has has beenpredominant, inthesouthernoneaheterogeneous complexity. Ras Chekaasectorduetothevariety ofthehard substratum (Saida-Nakoura) hasbeenmore difficultthanthe Enfeh- sector (Saida-Nakoura) 6.4.2Southern Whereas sectorthemassive rock inthenorthern The bionomicalmappingofthesouthernsector Figure 151. oftheSaidaarea (hydroplane Bionomicalmapping transectsandplotdives) is present from 12mtotheshore. between thefinesand 6 to39mdepth.In part, the northern to theflat rocky substratawithsmallbouldersandcobbles; a)Saidaarea (Fig. 151) the wholeareas. cannot beadequatelyextrapolatedtobenthicmappingof between transects, thatexplainswhythehydroplane profiles The major surface ofthe The majorsurface Saida area corresponds This isthe reason, otherthanthemajordistances (RC) rock sand-gravel andcoarse channels;(FS) fine sand. Legend: (R)rock; (RB)rock andboulders; 113

6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS 114 6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS cobbles and pebbles (5-30m depth); in the north-western cobbles andpebbles(5-30mdepth);inthenorth-western predominant with flat rocky bottoms covered by boulders, Northern sector(Fig. 152): b) Tyre area Figure 152.Tyre oftheNorthern area (hydroplane Bionomicalmapping transectsandplotdives) The rocky substrataare (RC) rock sand-gravel andcoarse channels;(RP)rock and pebbles;(SC)sandcobbles. sectors. sectors. bottom issoftwithfineandcoarsesand,somecobble rocky reefsaction ofthenorthern andbeach,thedominant springs are present (35-45mdepth).In thelagoon,dueto somehighrock outcropspart, with cold and hot freshwater Legend: (FS) fine sand;(R)rock; (RB)rock andboulders; cobbles, pebblesandgravel- coarsesand;particularly, are dominantwithhighandflat rock, covered by boulders, different typologies(10-22mdepth).The rockysubstrata variety of different substrata(hard andsoftbottoms) with Southern sector(Fig. 153): Noteworthy in this area is the Figure 153. oftheSouthern Tyre Bionomicalmapping area (hydroplane transectsand plot dives) sand bottoms. a bottom. Thesectorinfront oftheRachidiye presents from 22m depth,thesubstratumchangestomuddysand between 10-22 mdepthwithsmallhighrock hummocks; Cymodocea nodosameadow, between 9-12mdepth infine (RC) rock sand-gravel andcoarse channels;(RP)rock and pebbles Legend: (Cn) (GP) gravel andpebbles;(HR)highrocky outcrops; (MS) muddy sand;(R)rock; (RB)rock andboulders; Cymodocea nodosa meadow; (FS) fine sand; 115

6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS 116 6. BENTHIC BIONOMY AND MARINE HABITATS by gravel-coarse sand, with small boulders (ø < 50 cm). by gravel-coarse sand,withsmallboulders(ø<50cm). m depth).From 37-44m depth, the rocky bottomiscovered the flat rock withcoarsesand-gravel channelandpatches(0-37 c)Nakoura area (Fig. 154) Like theotherareas, thepredominant substratumis Figure 154. of the Saidaarea (hydroplane Bionomicalmapping transects) 12-15 mdepth. are present, someofthemwithcoldfreshwater springs, between (RC) rock sand-gravel andcoarse channels;(RP)rock and pebbles In front ofRasEl Bayada, somehighrock outcrops Legend: (R)rock; (RB)rock andboulders; 117

© RAC/SPA, Aitor FORCADA 118 © RAC/SPA, Aitor FORCADA (table 21). valorization, adaptingthecriterionvalues tothedifferent habitats associations orfacies),we have followed the UNEP/MAP(1998) 7.2Habitats when there isinformationabouttherelative abundanceof index(MI):ItMargalef’s isagoodindexofspeciesrichness Tyre springs(160). values correspond toSaida (359),Raoucheh(179)andthe and Tyre present thehighestvalues (RA>1000).Thelowest Appreciative abundance(A):AlsoRasChekaa,Nakoura Saida (107spp.), Raouchehand Tyre springs(S<100spp.). highest values ofS(>200spp.), followed by Nakoura (192spp.), Species richness(S):RasChekaa, Tyre andEnfeh present the indexofspeciesrichness. relative abundanceandtheMargalef’s 7.1Speciesrichness index, patrimonialspeciesandfishpopulations). some objective parameters(relative speciesrichness,habitat 7. EVALUATION OF THE ZONES Relative abundance(RA) Adjustment (MH/1.29) Nº Habitats/Zone (H) Margalef' index(M) Margalef' Species richness(S) Parameters/Zones Index MH(M/H) N dive stations For theevaluation ofthehabitats (biocenosis, The table 20 shows the number of species by zone, the For theevaluation ofthezones, we have considered Depth range 0-28 m 0-28 m 30.78 1.14 0.88 861 209 209 27 E 6 Table 20. by zones Speciesparameters 0-44 m 0-44 m 37.66 1835 1.15 0.89 284 284 33 13 13 C 0-6 m 15.42 1.40 1.09 179 (E) Enfeh;(C)Ras Chekaa; (R)Raoucheh; (S)Saida;(T) Tyre; and(N)Nakoura. 11 81 R 1 economical value. patrimonial (vulnerableandendangered species),rarityand/or species, someofthemwithhigh ecological(key-stonespecies), sensitivity tohumanimpacts-harbour adifferent diversity of depending on their complexity and heterogeneity, as well as whereas Saida (0.82)hadthelowest one. Raoucheh (1.09)have presented thehighestvalues (>1.0), MH value. With thisadjustment,the Tyre springs(1.76)and by zone(biocenosis, associationsorfacies)observed andthe abundance). Table 20present thenumberofhabitats the maximumnumberofspeciesandtotalrelative indexvalue with habitats) where MH=1.29(Margalef’ total numberofsamples(totalspp., relative abundanceand relative speciesrichnessby habitat(M/H): compare thedifferent zones itisconvenient toknow the variety of habitats,whichharbourdifferent species. To Index MH:However, theMargalef indexdependsofthe Tyre springshave gotalower value (<20). followed by Enfeh (30.78). Whereas, Saida, Raouchehand the species.TheMIiselevated (≥30)inRasChekaa(37.66); 0-14 m 18.02 1,06 0.82 107 359 M/H = Margalef’s index /numberofhabitats index M/H =Margalef’s 17 S 3 These habitats - structurally and functionally andfunctionally These habitats-structurally toadjustthesevalues tothe Also, itisnecessary 0-18 m 29.86 1173 1.15 0,89 212 26 14 T 32-45 m 2.27 1.76 13.6 160 TS TS 70 6 2 0-44 m 27.10 1195 1.08 0.84 192 25 11 N 0-45 m 50.20 5794 1.29 Tot. 436 1.0 39 50 119

7. EVALUATION OF THE ZONES 120 7. EVALUATION OF THE ZONES Classification (C): (P) priority habitat; (N) no important habitat. (N)noimportant habitat; Classification (C): (P)priority Evaluation: (3)highvalue; (2)mediumvalue; (1)low value. (modified ofUNEP/MAP, 1998). B. supralittoralrock B. uppermediolittoralrock - F. withChthamalusspp. B. coarsesandsandfinegravels, bottomcurrents - A.Lithophyllum papillosum B. muddydetriticbottom - A.Ulva compressa B. coastaldetriticbottom - A.withGelidiales - A.Arthrocladia villosa B. infralittoralalgae - F. coralligenous(infralittoral enclaves) Dendropoma - A.Neogoniolithon brassica-florida with - F. - F. B. semi-dark caves - F. Submarine coldfreshwater springs - A.Colpomeniasinuosa - A.Cystoseira cf. foeniculacea - A.Pterocladiella capillaceaandUlva spp. - A.erect Corallinales (Amphiroa, Jania) - F. Codium parvulum - A.Codiumparvulum - A.Lobophora variegata Corallinaceae - A.encrusting - Criteria: (E)economic significance;Criteria: value; (A)aesthetic (HV) relative value; habitat value; (V)vulnerability. (PV)patrimonial (S)speciesrichness; (R)rarity; - A.Caulerpa prolifera - A.Nemalion helminthoides - Associationwithrhodoliths B. lower mediolittoralrock - A.Flabellia petiolataandCaulerpa scapelliformis - Pools andlagoonsassociatedwithvermetids - Maerl facies B. mediolittoralcaves B. coralligenous - F. - A.Cystoseira dubia - A.Jania rubens - Coralligenousonblocks(platforms’) - A.Sargassum vulgare andCystoseira compressa B. caves andductsin totaldarkness - F. Submarine hotfreshwater springs - A.Stypocaulon scoparium - A.Ganonema farinosum - A.Corallina elongata - A.Padina spp. - A.Galaxaura andLaurencia rugosa sp. - A.Schottera nicaeensis - A.Peyssonnelia spp. B. fineandmuddysands A. Cymodocea nodosa Axinellidaespp. Brachidontes pharaonis largehydrozoans ChamapacificaandSpondylus spinosus overgrazing algae withencrusting Balanidae spp. HABITAT Table 21. Evaluation andclassification ofthehabitats

S 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2

1 2 2 1 3 3 3

1 3 2 3 2 3 1 3 3 3 1 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2

- - V 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 2

1 1 2 1 3 3 2

1 3 3 3 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2

- - PV 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 3

1 2 3 1 3 3 2

1 3 3 3 1 3 1 3 2 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2

- - R 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 3

1 2 2 1 3 3 2

1 3 2 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1

- - A 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2

1 2 2 1 3 3 2

1 3 2 3 2 3 1 3 3 3 1 3 1 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1

- - E 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2

1 1 1 1 2 2 2

1 2 1 3 1 3 1 2 2 3 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1

- - 1.50 0.33 1.33 0.67 1.83 1.83 1.16 1.83 2.00 2.00 1.83 1.16 2.00 1.83 1.67 0.33 1.83 0.33 1.16 0.33 0.16 0.16 0.33 0.16 0.83 0.16 0.83 0.33 HV 0.5 1.2 0.5 0 0 0 0

0 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

- - N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N C P P P P P P P P P P P

P P

P P P P P P P

- - represents thesumofdifferent(Table criteria values 21:S, (UNEP/MAP, 1998). asafunctionofthelocalconditions each criterioncanvary are ofnospecificinterest. Moreover, theevaluation levels of whereas thebiocenosisitselforotherassociation/facies their rarityandhighaestheticvalue, aspecificprotection requiring, duetotheirvulnerability, theirheritagequality, Pools andlagoonsassociatedwithvermetids B. mediolittoralcaves A. Neogoniolithon brassica-florida withDendropoma A. Sargassum vulgare andCystoseira compressa A. Stypocaulon scoparium A. Corallina elongata A. Padina spp. A. Galaxaura andLaurencia rugosa sp. A. Lobophora variegata A. incrusting Corallinaceae A. incrusting B. coarsesandsandfinegravels, bottomcurrents F. coralligenous(infralittoralenclaves) A. Cystoseira dubia A. Jania rubens Coralligenous onblocks(platforms’) A. Colpomeniasinuosa Submarine coldfreshwater springs A. Cystoseira cf. foeniculacea A. Caulerpa prolifera A. erect Corallinales(Amphiroa, Jania) Maerl facies .ChamapacificaandSpondylus spinosus F. Total Value/Zone =ΣHV) (TVZ A. Schottera nicaeensis Medium Value Habitat/Zone (MVZ = TVZ/HZ) Adjustment (MVZ/1,03) A. Peyssonnelia spp. A. Cymodocea nodosa Association withrhodoliths Association B. semi-dark caves F. Axinellidaespp. B. caves andductsintotaldarkness Submarine hotfreshwater springs A. Flabellia petiolataandCaulerpa scapelliformis A. Arthrocladia villosa A. Arthrocladia Nº Habitats/Zone (HZ) The relative habitat value (HV) of the habitats The relative ofthehabitats habitat value (HV) Some of them could be considered as priority, i.e. HABITAT /ZONE

Table 22. Relative value habitat (HV)by zones 15.31 1.83 1.16 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.16 0.16 0.33 0.83 0.16 0.83 1.83 0.33 0.81 0.79 1.2 0.5 1.5 0.5 19 E 1 2 ------(E) Enfeh;(C)Ras Chekaa; (R)Raoucheh; (S)Saida;(T) Tyre; and(N)Nakoura. zone. the different zones andobtainamedium value by habitat/ zones infunction ofthehabitatvalues. We can compare R with value 1are notconsidered (thatisthereason less1): V, P, R, A, E) divided by 6 (number of criteria). The habitats 26.46 1.83 Habitats: (B)biocenosis;(A)association; (F) facies.Habitats: value. (HV)habitat 1.16 0.33 0.33 1.16 0.33 0.16 0.16 0.33 0.83 0.16 0.83 0.33 1.83 elative habitat value (HV) =(ΣS+V+P+R+A+E/6)-1 elative habitatvalue (HV) 0.33 0.67 1.83 1.16 0.98 0.95 1.2 0.5 1.5 0.5 27 C 1 2 2 2 2 - - - - - The table22 represents the evaluation of the 1.83 0.33 0.83 0.83 0.33 1.83 7.98 1.14 1.11 R 2 - - 7 ------0.33 1.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.33 0.55 0.53 1.2 0.5 0.5 5.5 10 S 1 ------14.97 1.16 0.33 1.16 0.33 0.16 0.16 0.33 0.16 0.16 0.83 0.33 1.33 1.83 0.79 0.76 1.2 0.5 1.5 0.5 19 T 1 2 ------0.33 1.67 1.83 1.83 8.16 1.36 1.32 TS 0.5 2 - - - 6 ------15.98 1.16 0.33 0.16 0.16 0.33 0.16 0.16 0.83 0.33 1.83 1.83 1.67 1.83 0.89 0.86 1.2 0.5 0.5 18 N 1 2 ------33.11 0.33 1.16 0.16 0.33 1.83 0.83 1.16 0.83 0.33 0.33 1.33 0.16 0.16 0.16 1.83 1.67 0.33 1.83 0.33 0.67 1.83 1.83 1.16 1.03 1.83 HV 1.2 0.5 1.5 0.5 1.0 32 1 2 2 2 121

7. EVALUATION OF THE ZONES 122 7. EVALUATION OF THE ZONES areas isthepresence ofspecieswithpatrimonialvalue species 7.3Interesting Ras Chekaa(1.14and0.98,respectively). number ofhabitatsby zone (HZ),Raouchehisbiggerthan =26.46),whenthisvalue referresChekaa (TVZ tothe SVZ/26 Σ spp.values by zone (SVZ) Sciaena umbra Epinephelus marginatus Rhinobatos cemiculus Paracentrotus lividus Lithophaga lithophaga Luria lurida Dendropoma petraeum Spongia officinalis Axinella polypoides Aplysina aerophoba Phymatolithon cf. calcareum Sargassum trichocarpum Cystoseira cf. Cystoseira dubia Chelonia mydas Mycteroperca rubra Epinephelus costae Gymnura altavella Pinna nobilis Tonna galea Erosaria spurca Cladocora caespitosa Sarcotragus cf. Aplysina sp. Cymodocea nodosa Lithothamnion corallioides Another criteriontoestablishmarineprotected Although thehighestvalue by zone hasbeenRas (E) Enfeh;(C)Ras Chekaa; (R)Raoucheh; (S)Saida;(T) Tyre; and (N)Nakoura. Relative abundance: (3)abundant; (2)common;(1)scarce. Table 23. value Specieswithpatrimonial (Barcelona Convention, by zones 1995) distributed

foeniculacea phoetidus Species/Zones 0.69 18 E 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 3 1 ------and Saida have thelowest one(0,19). followed by Tyre and Nakoura (0,96). Whereas Raoucheh Habitat Directive 92/43). 1995, Marrakech, 2009;Bern Convention 1997-98;EU (included intheAnnexes IIandIII,Barcelona Convention, 1.0 26 C 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 ------Ras Chekaahaspresented thehighestvalue (1,0), 0.19 R 5 1 1 3 ------0.23 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 S ------0.73 19 T 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 ------0.23 TS 6 3 3 ------0.96 25 N 2 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 2 2 1 3 1 2 ------exposed to possible threats: exposed topossiblethreats: 25), thismeansavariety ofimpactsand,subsequently, itis fisheries, tourism,littoralurbanization,localpopulation;table human activities(industry, andsportive commercial, artisanal 7.5Uses/impactsandNaturalness parameters (mainlyspeciesrichness,abundanceandbiomass) represents themainresource forthelocalfishermen.Thefish criterion toestablishmarineprotected areas becauseit 7.4Fish populations • • • •

hyper-sedimentation (0-3). discharge(0-3),sedimentdumping/ oil): industrialsewage sediment/mineraldischarge,concrete, (ports, Industry (0-3); Tourism: marinas (0-3), bathing (0-1), boating/mooring (0-3); nets (mainlymono-filamentsandtraps=>ghostfishing) angling (0-1), spearfishing(0-3), bait collection (0-3), lost Fishing: professional (netsandtraps,long-lines),shore 0-3), solidwastes(0-2),trampling(0-2); discharge(valuesLittoral urbanization:domesticsewage = FVC Relative biomassindex Abundance (ind./m Biomass (gr/m The studied zones are subjectto thedifferent uses and The studyofthefishpopulationsisanimportant Fish parameters 2 ) 2 ) Table 24. Fish asafunctionofthezones parameters 0.68 0.27 8.0 E 2 29.28 2.11 1.0 C 4 (E) Enfeh;(C)Ras Chekaa; (R)Raoucheh; (S)Saida;(T) Tyre; (TS) Tyre springs mean biomassfrom RasChekaa). division ofthemeanbiomasszone by 29.28(max. The (Tablerelative biomassindex 24)isthe result ofthe The table24summarizes theseparameters by zones. by zones have previously been treated in the paragraph 5.2. evaluation ofthezones. the Naturalness Index (NI=1-UI),tobeconsidered inthe of MPAs, duetotherelative low impactandfrequentation. areas are inorder important toestablishmentthecore zones such asRasChekaa(centralsector)andEl Bayada. These discharge…), someareas (Table 25)are more orlesspristine, littoral urbanization,differentsewage fishingactivities, to thestudyundergoesmanyusesandimpacts(industry, impacts anddividedby 39(13uses-impactsx3). been calculatedfrom thesumofrelative values ofuses- 19.12 1.20 0.65 R 1 In order toevaluate thezones, we have calculated Although thelittoralofLebanonrelative The use/impactindex(UI,table25) by zones has and (N)Nakoura. Abundance =ind./m 0.02 0.48 0.1 S 1 0.02 0.48 0.1 T 1 14.28 0.55 0.49 TS 2 2 ; biomass=gr/m 14.4 0.92 0.49 N 4 2 . 123

7. EVALUATION OF THE ZONES 124 7. EVALUATION OF THE ZONES richness, habitats,patrimonialspecies,fishpopulationsand 7.6Evaluation ofthezones Naturalness Index (NI=1–UI) Professional fishing Shore angling Spearfishing Lost nets(ghostfishing) Trampling Bait andshell-fishcollecting Mooring Ports, marinas,cove fishing Solid wastes Domestic sewagedischarge Industrial sewagedischarge Hyper-sedimentation Beaching/bathing Σ uses-impactvalues (TUV) TUV/39 (UI) Tyre springs Ras Chekaa Ras Raoucheh Nakoura Enfeh Saida Zone Uses-Impacts /Zones Tyre With thesumofdifferent indices(species Table 26. Evaluation ofthezones(environmental value) according tothedifferent criteria Species richness 0.84 1.76 0.89 0.82 1.09 0.89 0.88 (SC) S-Ras Chekaa;(SC) S-Ras (R)Raoucheh; (S)Saida;(NT)N-Tyre; (ST)S-Tyre; (TS) Tyre (B)Ras springs; ElBayada; (N)Nakoura. 0.69 0.31 NE 30 3 1 3 2 2 3 1 1 3 2 2 1 - Habitats 0.86 1.32 0.91 0.53 1.11 0.95 0.79 0.77 0.27 Relative evaluation of the use/Impact: (3) very important; (2) more or less important; (1) not important; (1)notimportant; (2)more orlessimportant; Relative important; evaluation oftheuse/Impact:(3)very SE 34 3 1 3 2 2 3 2 1 3 3 3 1 - Table 25. Usesandimpactsofthezones 0.94 0.06 EC (NE) N-Enfeh; (SE) S-Enfeh; (EC)Enfeh-Chekaa; (NC)N-Ras(NE) N-Enfeh;(SE)S-Enfeh; Chekaa; (CC)Centre Ras Chekaa; 38 Patrimonial species 3 1 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 0.77 0.23 NC 33 3 1 3 0.96 0.23 0.96 0.23 0.19 1.00 0.69 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 - 0.46 0.54 CC 18 2 1 3 3 1 2 1 1 2 - - - - (2-3); andlow (<2). high(≥4);(3-4);medium value (EV) couldbe:very zones (environmental value) (Table 26).Theenvironmental naturalness), we have calculated the relative value of the 0.86 0.14 SC 27 2 1 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 Fish populations 0.60 0.40 0.49 0.49 0.02 0.02 0.65 1.00 0.27 29 R 3 1 3 1 1 3 1 3 3 1 1 1 - 0.94 0.06 38 S 3 1 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 0.80 0.20 NT Naturalness* 36 (*) Max. value inthezone. oftheNaturalness 3 1 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 1 2 - 0.43 0.69 0.26 0.06 0.40 0.54 0.31 0.74 0.26 ST 33 3 1 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 1 2 - 0.31 0.69 TS 11 3 3 3 2 ------Environmental value 0.57 0.43 24 B 3 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - 3.58 4.49 3.04 1.66 3.44 4.38 2.94 0.63 0.37 28 N 3 1 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 - MV 35 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 2 1 Fish populations:Thefishbiomasshasbeen low (8gr/m site). be protected through a MPA without core zone (urbanized value (2.94),themarinepatrimonialenvironment needsto Environmental value: AlthoughEnfeh hasgotamean 155). thepresence ofaPhoenicianis noteworthy settlement(Fig. Palisada, Sargassum, Cystoseira) andthemidlittoralcaves. It status;aswell asthelittoralfringe(Dendropoma,conservation Patrimonial value: TheCymodocea meadows are ingood littoral urbanization,over-frequentation, over-fishing. Naturalness: Low, solidwastes, duetothedomesticsewage, which meansahighfishingpressure. with caves, Association (A) with associated withvermetids, Biocenosis (B)ofmidlittoral standingout:poolsandlagoons facies) have beenobserved, Habitats: Atotalof27habitats(biocenosis,associations, indexishigh(30.78). Margalef’s and amoderateabundance(14.7%ofthetotal).Also, range (0-28mdepth)with209spp. (48%ofthetotal) Species richness:It isrelatively high,duetothedepth 7.6.1Enfeh(Fig. 155) Interesting species: Twelve spp. have beenobserved: nodosa meadows. in infralitoralenclaves, B.semi-dark caves, andCymodocea compressa, A.Schottera nicaeensis,Facies (F)coralligenous • • •

umbra (r). (r), Vertebrata: (r), Paracentrotus lividus(r). officinalis (r),Dendropoma petraeum (c),Pinna nobilis Invertebrata: (cc).nodosa Macrophyta: Sargassum trichocarpum(r),Cymodocea Dendropoma, Figure 155. part, Littoralofthe Enfeh northern E. marginatus (1), with thePhoeniciansettlement Gymnura altavella (1), Aplysina aerophoba (cc),Spongia A. Sargassum vulgare andCystoseira Mycteroperca rubra Neogoniolithon brassica-florida © RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR Epinephelus costae (r), Sciaena 2 ), 1,0), with17spp.: Interesting species: It haspresented thehighestvalue (= dubia, maerlbedsandCymodocea nodosameadows. darkness, coralligenous with Axinellidae in infralitoralenclaves, B.semi-dark caves, caves intotal compressa, A.Schottera nicaeensis,Facies (F)coralligenous with caves, Association (A) with associated with vemetids, Biocenosis (B) of midlittoral standingout:poolsandlagoons facies) have beenobserved, Habitats: Atotalof33habitats(biocenosis,associations, (0,89), occupyingthe4 adjustment are appliedthespeciesrichnessvalue descends zones (37.66), whenthenumberofhabitats(33)and Margalef index have been the highest compared to the other of thetotal),relative abundance(31,7%ofthetotal)and Species richness: Although the number of species (65.1 % 7.6.2Chekaa (Fig. 156)

• • •

Macrophyta: Cystoseira cf. (c), Mycteroperca rubra (r). Vertebrata: Paracentrotus lividus (c). Erosaria spurca (r), (1), Invertebrata: (c) Dendropoma, A.Sargassum vulgare andCystoseira Figure 156. Ras Chekaa cliffs androcky coast Phymatolithon calcareum (c),Cymodocea (c). nodosa Sargassum trichocarpum(c),Lithothamnion corallioides Spongia officinalis(r), Epinephelus costae(r),E.marginatus Aplysina aerophoba (c),Sarcotragus phoetidus th Luria lurida(r),Pinna nobilis(r), place. © RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ Neogoniolithon brassica-florida foeniculacea (r),Cystoseira dubia Dendropoma petraeum (c), spp., A. Cystoseira

125

7. EVALUATION OF THE ZONES 126 7. EVALUATION OF THE ZONES value from fishbiomass(29,28gr/m Fish populations:RasChekaahaspresented thehighest high(1,09). (MH/1,29) thisvalue hasbeen very 179 and15.42,respectively): However, withthe adjustment index have been relatively low (81, abundance and Margalef’ Species richness:Althoughthenumberofspecies,relative 7.6.3Raoucheh (Fig. 157) an MPA withacore zone (central RasChekaa). marine environment isacandidatetobeprotected through pristine Mediterranean coast(rare intheLebanon),and The RasChekaaarea represents anexcellent exampleofa Environmental value: The high(4.38). EV hasbeen very interesting andendemicfauna. a very caves with is alsothepresence ofmidlittoralandunderwater cliffs) withcultural value (Maronite’s churches). Noteworthy Patrimonial value: The landscapeis impressive (highcoast, fishing andhyper-sedimentationfrom the Selaata area. environment, onlyaffected by professional andsportive harbour. Nevertheless, presents thecentralpart apristine plant), mainly from chemical fertilizer sewage, the Selaata hyper-sedimentation,industrial activities (commercial port, nets). Whereas thesouthernsectorisimpactedby industrial angling, spearfishing,baitandshellcollecting,losttraps mooring), andprofessional fishing(shore andsportive beaching,boating, (littoral urbanization,port/marina, Naturalness: sectorisimpacted by tourism Thenorthern Figure 157. InsideoftheRaoucheh tunnel © RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ 2 ). Fish populations: Very low biomass(<1gr/m (0,06). urbanized Chekaasector(Table 25) hasbeenthelowest The underwater…). Naturalness index,togetherwiththe discharge, sedimentdumping, highpresence ofsolidwastes impacts (over-fishing, domestic andindustrialsewage Naturalness: The zone of Saida issubjecttomanyhuman means ahighfishingpressure in the zone. with only3spp.: Interesting species:It haspresented alow value (=0,19), enclaves and B.semi-dark caves. F. caves, A. Schottera nicaeensis, standingout:B.midlittoral facies) have beenobserved, Habitats: Atotalof11habitats(biocenosis,associations, relatively high(19,12gr/m andfishingpressure,Beirut thefishbiomasshasbeen Fish populations: Despite the proximity tothecityof with 6spp.: Interesting species:It haspresented alow value (=0,23), A. Cystoseira cf. associated withvermetids, A.Neogonioliton standingout:poolsandlagoons facies) have beenobserved, Habitats: Atotalof17habitats(biocenosis,associations, prospected zones. the lowest relative speciesrichnessvalue (0,82)ofthewhole 18.2, respectively), habitats.Thissupposes with17observed indexhave beenrelativelyand Margalef’s low (107,359and Species richness:Thenumberofspecies, relative abundance 7.6.4Saida(Fig. 158) entails theprotection ofthis small area as Natural Monument. Environmental value: The EV ismedium-high(3,44),which out sporadicvisits.It represents theBeirut’s emblem. and, probably, the monk seal (Monachus monachus) carry the presence of bats (order Chiroptera) has been detected; submarine caves andtunnels.In thesecaves andtunnels, Patrimonial value: Thelandscapeisimpressive with (shore angling,spearfishing). Mainly, fishing andsportive solidwastes,domesticsewage crowdedby avery city, where thehuman pressure ishigh. Naturalness: The Raoucheh’ massive rocks are surrounded • • • • •

rubra Vertebrata: (r). Erosaria spurca (r). Vertebrata: Mycteroperca rubra (r). Invertebrata: Aplysina sp. (cc), Spongia officinalis(r). Invertebrata: Macrophyta: Cystoseira cf. (r). (r). foeniculacea. Axinella polypoies (r), Rhinobatos cemiculus(r),Mycteroperca 2 ). foeniculacea(r) coralligenous in infralittoral Dendropoma petraeum (r), and Dendropoma, 2 ), which Fish populations: Very low biomass(<1gr/m with 15spp.: Interesting species: It has presented a high value (= 0,73), dark caves, A. foeniculacea, F.coralligenous A. associated with vermetids, A. standingout:poolsandlagoons facies) have beenobserved, Habitats: Atotalof26habitats(biocenosis,associations, (MH/1,22) presents arelative highvalue (0,89). (212, 1173and29,86,respectively), theadjustment index have been relatively high abundance and Margalef’ Species richness:Althoughthenumberofspecies,relative 7.6.5 Tyre (Fig. 159) some measures ofprotection. inlets could be the object of fortressCrusader and northern industry, discharge…).However, sewage thesectorbetween accumulationontheshore,southern sector(rubbish oil the for integratedcoastalzone management,particularly coastal andmarineareas from Saida needurgentmeasures Environmental value: The EV value islow (1,66).Thewhole places toapplyprotection measures. fortress attheentranceofharbor, represent thetwo formations, togetherwiththearea around theCrusader PatrimonialDendropoma inletswith value: Thenorthern a highfishingpressure inthe zone. • • • Sargassum vulgare andCystoseira compressa, A. mydas (r). (c), Vertebrata: Tonna galea(r), Pinna (r). nobilis (r), foetidus (r),Spongia officinalis(r),Cladocora coespitosa Invertebrata: nodosa (r). Macrophyta: E. marginatus(r),Mycteroperca rubra (c),Chelonia Dendropoma petraeum (r), an interesting placetobeprotectedan interesting Figure 158. inletofSaida, Northern CymodoceaA. nodosaand Rhinobatos cemiculus(r),Epinephelus costae Cystoseira Aplysina aerophoba (c),Sarcothagus Neogoniolithon cf. (infralittoral enclaves), semi- foeniculacea (cc),Cymodocea © RAC/SPA, Yassine SGHAIER rhodolithes. Erosaria spurca (r), and 2 ), thatmeans Dendropoma, Cystoseira cf. cf.

0,49 (14,28gr/m Fish populations:Thebiomassindexhasamean value of and Lithothamnion corallioides common. , bothvery Interesting species:Not abundant,onlyAxinellapolypoides and maerlbeds. springs, coralligenousbiocenosiswithAxinellapolyploides (1,32), duetothepresence ofcold andhotfreshwater Habitats: Also the value of habitats has been the highest parameter. whichsignifiesthehigh havevalue ofthis beenobserved, the Margalef indexisrelatively low (13,6),only6habitats with 70spp. andarelative abundanceof160.Although Species richness:It hasshown thehighestvalue (1,76), 7.6.6 Tyre (Fig. springs 160) avoid discharge,solidwastesanddynamitefishing. sewage protection measures wouldbenecessary, to particularly andmonitoringresearch.marine conservation…) Some accessible) toenvironmental education (fishing,habitats, (3,04), the Tyre zone represents anexcellent area (easily Environmental value: AlthoughtheEV ismedium-high beach harboursisaninteresting habitatwithrhodoliths. inletsand formations. Thelagoonformed by thenorthern are many small inlets and rocky reefs with Coast Nature Reserve).Around the Tyre peninsula,there Caretta caretta), thisarea istheobjectofprotection (Tyre (Cheloniamydas and a nestingpointforthemarineturtles Patrimonial value: Thesouthernbeachesof Tyre represents good environment. harbors are notpresent onthisarea, whichmeanarelatively discharge, solidwastes…).Industries andcommercial boating, professional fishing,domesticsewage andsportive the cityof Tyre (over- frequentation, trampling,bathing, Naturalness: It shows alow value (mean=0,23)dueto appear around thearea. Figure 159. ElJamal area (Tyre) presents avariety of habitats (rockyof habitats reefs andsandycreeks) 2 ). Althoughmanylostnetsand long-lines © RAC/SPA, Alfonso A. RAMOSESPLÀ Dendropoma 127

7. EVALUATION OF THE ZONES 128 7. EVALUATION OF THE ZONES Dendropoma, A.Cystoseira cf. lagoons associatedwithvermetids, A.Neogoniolithon and standingout:poolsand facies) have beenobserved, Habitats: Atotalof18habitats(biocenosis,associations, presents alow value (0.84). 27.1, respectively). However, theadjustment(MH/1,22) indexhave beenrelatively high(192,1195and and Margalef’ Species richness:Thenumberofspecies, relative abundance 7.6.7Ras ElBayada (Fig. 161) protection measures duetothefishingimpacts. the highest(4.49)ofstudiedzones. Thearea needs Environmental value: The EV of the Tyre springs has been outcrops, whichcouldbeaspawningarea forgroupers. communities are well represented; as well as the rocky to protect thisarea. Also,thecoralligenousandmaerl rare hotsprings,shows thevery particularly thenecessity Patrimonial value: Thepresence offreshwater springs, mooring), andscubadiving. professional fishing (spearfishing,and lostsportive nets, due totherestricted humanimpacts,withonlyincluding Naturalness: It has the highest value of the zones (0,69), Figure 160. Rocky Tyre outcrops inthenorthern with lost long-lines,with lost -43m(st. T-21). foeniculacea, F. coralligenous © RAC/SPA, OscarOCAÑA Figure 161. Ras ElBayada intheNakoura zone with 15 spp.: with 15spp.: Species withpatrimonialvalue: It hasahighvalue (=0,96), caves, cold freshwater springsandmaerlfacies. (infralittoral enclaves), coralligenousonblocks,semi-dark protected area withacore zone (RasEl Bayada): the zone presents characteristicsforamarine important Environmental value: The EV ismediumhigh(3.58),but front ofRasEl Bayada. infralittoral enclaves. Also,thecoldfreshwater springsin the littoral caves from Ras El Bayada; and the coralligenous platforms withlittoralpools,where Dedropoma isfrequent; Patrimonial value: Noteworthy are thewideabrasion presents agoodnaturalnessindex(0,43). pressure, theuseofdynamite.RasEl particularly Bayada high (mean = 3,64), the impacts are mainly due to fishing Naturalness: Althoughtheenvironmental value ismedium- be completelyeliminated. 0,49 (14,28gr/m Fish populations:Thebiomassindexhasamean value of • • iii) ii) i) •

Invertebrata: corallioides (cc). Macrophyta: environment. relatively ofthecoastandmarine goodconservation absence ofanindustrialzone; low littoralurbanization; Mycteroperca rubra (c). Vertebrata: lividus (r). Lithophaga lithophaga (c), officinalis (r),Dendropoma petraeum (c), Axinella polypoides(cc),Sarcothagus cf. Dynamite fishingcausesahugeimpactandmust Epinephelus costae(c),E.marginatus (r), 2 Cystoseira ). Aplysina aerophoba (r),Aplysina cf. foeniculacea(c),Lithothamnion Pinna nobilis (r), © RAC/SPA, GhaziBITAR Spongia foetidus(r),Spongia Erosaria spurca (r), Paracentrotus sp.

(cc), (cc), 129 129 © RAC/SPA, Ghazi BITAR 130 © RAC/SPA, Ghazi BITAR influence, withoutpermanent or significant human modified areas, retaining their natural character and W limited toensure values. protection oftheconservation where human visitation, use andimpactsare controlled and also possibly for geological/geomorphological features, S S I: Category summarized below. management categories(onewithasub-division), reserves, marine-terrestrial parks. The objectives are diverse: marine-terrestrialreserves, parks. Theobjectives are diverse: prolongation ofterrestrial parks, huntingrefuges, marine zone, preserved (fisheries, hunting,environment…): fishery established underdifferent nationaland regional legislation and withdiverse objectives/criteria: area. MPAs have beenestablishedunderdifferent legislation and infrastructure are needed to attain the objectives of each ?, educationalorculturalpurposes..)andwhatmediums or community protection ?, to promote fishing development is themainaimwhenestablishingeachMPA (speciesand/ based onprotected landareas. It toknow what isnecessary most oftheexistingmodelshave beentakenfrom regulations 8.1 Types andfigures ofMPAs. (Ramos- Esplá,2009;IUCN,2012). the different humanpressures, mainlyfishing andtourism success orfailure oftheMPA dependsonthecontrol of impacts and possible threats. Thisisfundamental, asthe evaluate the present usesofthezones, includingthehuman future marine protected areas (MPA), to it is necessary 8. MARINEPROTECTED AREAS, ZONING AND MANAGEMENT trict nature: Strictly reserve protected forbiodiversity and trict nature (Ia) reserve andwildernessArea (Ib) • • • • • ilderness area : Usually large unmodified orslightly (e.g. maritime national parks, natural marine reserves). Preservation of marine and/or coastal environment ‘cantonnements depêche’, ‘aree ditutelabiologica’); Restocking areas ‘no (marinereserves, takezones’, cetaceans); marine turtles, Preservation offlagspecies(sanctuariesformonkseal, zone); Marine protection ofterrestrial parks (marinebuffer periods, species); activity(numberofboats,methods, Restricting fishery The IUCN (Day et al. , 2012) establishes six A There isnostandard modelofmarineprotection; To establishthezoning andmanagementofthe variety of nomenclature has been used, and variety ofnomenclature hasbeenused,and political andeconomic parameters(Salm &Dobbin, 199 3). the prevailing resources aswell as theenvironmental, social, and zoning. Thechoiceofapproach shouldbeinfluenced by approaches tomarineprotected area planning, management issue inresource-allocation exercises. There are manydifferent andexploitation,representbetween conservation amajor 8.2Zoningandmanagement isseenasoneof themainaims. with nature conservation where low-level non-industrialnaturalresource use compatible under sustainable natural proportion resource management and systems. Generally large,mainlyinanaturalcondition,with values andtraditionalnaturalresource management cultural ecosystems,togetherwithassociated Areas whichconserve Pr VI: Category andothervalues.associated nature conservation interaction isvitaltoprotect andsustainthearea andits scenic value: andwhere safeguarding theintegrityofthis character withsignificantecological,biological,culturaland of peopleandnature over timehasproduced adistinct Pr V:Category not arequirement ofthecategory. speciesorhabitats,butthisis meet theneedsofparticular this priority. Many willneedregular, to active interventions speciesorhabitats,whereparticular managementreflects H IV:Category living feature suchasanancientgrove. mount, marinecavern, geologicalfeature suchasacave, ora specific naturalmonument,whichcanbealandform,sea N III: Category visitor opportunities. compatible spiritual,scientific,educational, recreational and ecosystems, whichalsohave environmentally andculturally large-scale ecologicalprocesses withcharacteristicspeciesand N II: Category condition. habitation, protected theirnatural andmanagedtopreserve : Large natural or near-natural areas protecting ational park : Largenaturalornear-naturalareas protecting atural monumentorfeature: Areas setasidetoprotect a abitat/species managementarea: Areas toprotect otected areas withsustainableuse of naturalresources: otected landscapeorseascape: Where theinteraction Generally, conflictinginterests, suchas those 131 131 8. MARINE PROTECTED AREAS, ZONING AND MANAGEMENT 132 8. MARINE PROTECTED AREAS, ZONING AND MANAGEMENT Reserves: Reserves: MPAs, according to three basic functions of the Biosphere andexploitationin useful forintegratingtheconservation (Man andBiosphere Program, UNESCO,1976)maybe the philosophyandzoning (Fig. 162)oftheBiosphere Reserves whicharemarine reserves, strictlyno-takeareas. In thissense, use isregulated by zoning fordifferent activities. It includes (Kelleher & Kenchington, 1992;Laffoley, 1995): objectives for the management of the MPA and are usually spearfishing). Theprincipleobjectives of zoning reflectthe fishing,scubadiving/ methods, professional/sports users of the coastal zone (selective/non selective fishing Moreover, thezoning mayresolve someconflictsbetween toconsiderthezoning oftheMPAnecessary planning. Thus, we should considerinMPAs: • • • • • • • • • • • •

resources and cooperation with local populations. resources andcooperation withlocalpopulations. sustain arationalandcontinuous exploitationofnatural fishing) andlow impactactivities(‘soft-tourism’) that Development function:toallow traditionaluses(artisanal foreducationandinformation. services from insideandoutsidetheMPAs, aswell assupplying Logistic function:focusedonresearch andmonitoring habitats, ecosystems). levels of biological biodiversity (genetic, taxonomic, of the different function:preservation Conservation MPA. whilst minimizingtheeffectsofthoseuseson To suitable areas reserve human uses, for particular of managementplans; and involved inthedevelopment andimplementation Traditional usersofthemanagedarea shouldbeconsulted uses; MPA whilst allowing of reasonable a spectrum human To protect thenaturaland/orculturalqualitiesof To separateconflictinghumanactivities; of scientific research oreducation; state undisturbedby humansexcept forthepurposes To someareas preserve oftheMPA intheirnatural habitats, ecosystemsandecologicalprocesses; To provide protection for critical or representative institutional influences and constraints (legal support). institutional influencesandconstraints(legalsupport). the politicalcomponent:administrative and needs (socio-economicsupport); ecological componentfrom humanactivitiesand the socio-economic component: pressures on the component species(scientificsupport); the ecologicalcomponent:linkedenvironments and An MPA refers toamanagement area inwhichthe To avoid humanimpactsasfarpossible,itis a cave, oralivingfeature suchasanancientgrove. landform, seamount,marinecavern, geologicalfeature suchas a aside toprotect aspecificnaturalmonument,whichcanbe III) must be applied. Areas set monument (IUCN category high natural/geologicalvalue, aswell aslandscape.The Natural isseenasoneofthe mainaims. nature conservation level non-industrialnaturalresource usecompatiblewith sustainable naturalresource managementandwhere low- mainly in a natural condition, under with a proportion natural resource managementsystems.Generally large, together withassociatedculturalvalues andtraditional ecosystems, VI). Areas(IUCN category whichconserve ‘protected areas withsustainableuseofnaturalresources’ M not arequirement ofthecategory. speciesorhabitats,butthisis meet theneedsofparticular this priority. Many willneedregular, to active interventions speciesorhabitats,whereparticular managementreflects management area’ Areas toprotect IV). (IUCNcategory B condition. habitation, protected theirnatural andmanagedtopreserve and influence,withoutpermanentorsignificanthuman slightly modifiedareas, retaining theirnaturalcharacter area’ Ib). Usually (IUCNcategory largeunmodifiedor Core zone: Thecore zone couldcorrespond tothe ‘wilderness different managed zones: to adapt some of the IUCN categories to the it is necessary urbanization, highindustry, tourismpressure, over-fishing), (relatively coast,highhumandensity, short highlittoral 27). Due features to the particular of the coast of Lebanon (permit or not) according(Table tothedifferent categories IUCN (Day et uffer zone: It couldcorrespond tothe‘habitat/species ultiuse orperipheralzone: It couldcorrespond tothe (MaB, UNESCO, 1976):core zoneorintegralreserve; and multi-use or peripheral zone,and multi-use orperipheral development area. Figure 162. ZoningintheBiosphere Reserves buffer zoneorprotection ofthecore zone; The caseofRaouchehisdifferent,a a small area with With regards tothemanagementofzones, al., 2012)establishesdifferent activities/uses established fourcategorieswithdifferent managementmeasures: According tothisevaluation andprotected area, we have habitats, interesting species,fishpopulations,naturalness). we have evaluated thedifferent proposed zones (speciesrichness, 8.3Proposed MPAs b) a) Research: non-extractive Non-extractive traditionaluse (e.g. invasive speciescontrol, coralreintroduction Restoration/enhancement forconservation Traditional fishing/collectioninaccordance withculturaltraditionanduse Non-extractive recreation (e.g.diving) Large scalelow intensitytourism Shipping (except asmaybeunavoidable underinternational maritimelaw) Problem wildlifemanagement(e.g.shark control programmes) Research: extractive Renewable energygeneration (e.g. beachreplenishment, fishaggregation, artificial reefs) Restoration/enhancement forotherreasons Fishing/collection: recreational Fishing/collection: longterm andsustainablelocalfishingpractices Aquaculture Works dredging) (e.g.harbours,ports, Untreated wastedischarge Mining (seaflooras well assub-seafloor) Habitation represents apristinearea whichmeritsanintegral (~3.5). Also,intheNakoura zone, RasEl Bayada Nakoura andRaouchehhave presented highvalues coralligenous, maerlbeds)mustbeprotected. interesting habitats(coldandhotfreshwater springs, 30-50m depth,duetotherarityandpresence of rocky outcrops fromunderwater northern Tyre, between which meritanintegralprotection. Furthermore, the (> 4).RasChekaahassomepristineareas (centralsector) Tyre Springs andRasChekaapresent thehighestvalues In theprevious chapter(7.Evaluation ofthezones), Table 27: Matrix of marine activities that may be appropriate forTable eachIUCN managementcategory maybeappropriate activitiesthat ofmarine 27:Matrix ACTIVITIES /IUCNCategories Key: (N)No; (N*)Generallyno, (Y) apply; unlessspecialcircumstances Yes; (Y*) Yes becausenoalternative exists, but specialapproval isessential;(*)Variable; thisactivitycanbemanaged dependsonwhether in suchaway withtheMPA’s itiscompatible that objectives (from Dayetal. d) Saida: culturalvalue, Despite Saida the important c) presents a very impacted presentsand crowded a very environment, areaprotection nesting. ofthisimportant forturtle Nature Reserve, abuffer zone could reinforce the methods, nomarinas).In thecaseof Tyre Coast treatment,the humanimpacts(sewage selective fishing (fishing, tourism) and applying mitigation measures to zone could beoperative, permittingsomeregulated uses area wouldbeinoperative. In thesecases,thebuffer have medium values (~3.0)andanintegralprotection and Tyre:Enfeh Due tothehighhumanpresence, they Monument. theadequateprotectionBeirut; figure wouldbe Natural tunnels. Thisarea issmalland rounded by thecityof impressive marine caves landscape with and important relatively highfishbiomass).Raouchehshows an protection (littoralcave, coldfreshwater springs,and N* Y* Y* Y* Ia N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N* N* Y* Ib N N N N N N N N N N N Y Y * * N* N* N* Y* Y* Y* N N N N N N II N Y Y Y Y Y N* N* N* III Y* Y* Y* N N N N N N N Y Y Y Y Y N* IV Y* N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y * * * * * Y* V Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y , 2012). 2012). , N* VI Y* Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 133 133 8. MARINE PROTECTED AREAS, ZONING AND MANAGEMENT 134 8. MARINE PROTECTED AREAS, ZONING AND MANAGEMENT Figure 163. Proposed MPAs and possible zoning: core area area core (blue), zoning: buffer area (green) and possible multi-use or peripheral area (red) and MPAs Proposed 163. Figure the managementplanoffutures MPAs. tointegratethemin commercial harbours),itisnecessary problematicChekaa sectorsare (pollutingindustries, very 50 m depth. Although the Enfeh-Chekaa and South of Ras about 2kmtotheshore andfollowing theisobathiclimitof sector (Enfeh, RasChekaa,Raoucheh)wouldbe(Fig. 163) sector 8.3.1.1Northern applied tothedifferent zones: 8.3.1Zoning a) Enfeh: Theappliedfigure wouldbeabuffer zone,with iii) ii) i) Zones: (NE) North Enfeh;(SE)South(E-C) (NRC) Enfeh-ElHeri; Zones: (NE)North surface). surface). includes 4kmofthelittoralto30m(about lines, environmental education…).Theprotected area selective fishingmethodssuch ashand-linesandlong- and protection measures treatment, (domesticsewage some uses for the local population (fishing, tourism) regulation uses. ofcertain resource managementarea (multiusezone) with of someharmfulactivities; protection (buffer partial zone) withprohibition/regulation integral protection (core zone); applied withanintegratedcoastalzone management. impossible. Nevertheless, themulti-usezone couldbe with thelowest EV (1.66),where aMPA wouldbe The protected-managed areas inthenorthern Three different levels of protection couldbe North Ras Chekaa;North (CRC) Centre Ras Chekaa); (SRC) SouthRas Chekaa (from GoogleEarth). 2 of 8.3.1.3 Southern sector 8.3.1.3Southern km Natural Monument oraspecialprotected area ofabout1 with twolargepinnaclesofrock andlittoralcaves), as the highaestheticvalue (highrocky shore, formingacreek 8.3.1.2Raoucheh: iii) ii) i) a) Saida: Theevaluation islow duetothemultiple b) c) 2 of surface (Fig. ofsurface 164): important populationofbats (Chiropteraimportant spp.). sp., Euryspongia raouchensis); presence speciesinthe caves Aplysina ofnew (e.g.anew been seeninthearea years; inthelastfew (Monachus monachus),usually,two individualshave presence ofthelittoralcaves forthemonk seals sedimentation, anthropic pressure, industrial wastes). impacts that occur in the area hyper- (rubbish, (Fig. centralandsouth(~16km 163):north, Ras Chekaa:It represents anextensive area with3zones with anintegratedcoastalzone management. south areas couldbebuffer zones(both ~3km season. Thisarea (~15km crowdedand very through the tourisminthesummer activities (concrete andthermo-electricalpower plants) represents impactedarea through avery industrial peninsula andRasChekaa(Fig. 163),theChekaazone Enfeh-Ras Chekaasector:In themiddleofEnfeh terrestrial protection). controls, to managementmeasures (fishingandindustry km a pristineenvironment whichmaybeacore zone (~10 sector isrelatively free ofhumanimpacts,that’s whyithas Onlyharbour ofSelaata, thecentral mineralindustry). marina), whereas thesouthoneisindustrial(commercial sectorispredominatelynorth touristic(beaching,boating, Figure 164. Raoucheh area (from GoogleEarth) 2 ) from the littoral to a depth of 30 m. The north and and ) from the littoral toadepthof30m.Thenorth It consideration,otherthan aparticular deserves 2 ) couldbeamulti-usezone 2 ) subject ) subject 2 ). The ). The c) b)

interest ofthiszone aMarine Protected Area (~5km Tyre (submarinefreshwater spring):Due tothehigh • of 20 m. Even, a small buffer zone (~ 1km is proposed withtwozones (totalof30km of thepopulation.Nevertheless, aMarine Protected Area Tyre (around thecity):No core zone duetotheproximity inlets(Fig. fortressCrusader andnorthern 165a). km A mountain’.the ‘rubbish (historical siteandinlets);thesouthernzone with necessary, mainlyintheinteresting zone northern However, anintegratedcoastalzone managementis is proposed withtwozones (Fig. 165b, upperpart): •

multi-usezone around thevillagezone isproposed (~8 2 Buffer zone (~10km shore toadepthof20m. Tyre meadows. CoastNature Reserve andCymodocea Cystoseira forest). In toprotect the thesouthernpart, lagoon (maerl and of the westernnorthern part Multi-use zone (~20km ) with the northern inlets, from the shore to the depth inlets,from theshore) withthenorthern to the depth and multi-use or peripheral area(red).and multi-use orperipheral Zones: (a)Saida;b) Tyre; c)Nakoura. (from GoogleEarth). Figure 165. Proposed MPAs andpossible zoning:core area (blue), buffer area (green) 2 ): Inlets around Tyre andthe 2 ): Around Tyre, from the 2 ) (Fig. 165b): 2 ) between ) between 2 ) sea, thatmeans450km Lebanon is225km,and2kmfrom theshore totheopen levels (core, bufferandmulti-use zones). Thecoastlineof the differentzones, depending onthe protection observed environment withameasure ofprotection. for Lebanonwillrepresent aboutthe3%ofitsmarine d) zones (Fig. 164c),withatotalarea of60km Nakoura: AMarine Protected Area isproposed with3 • • • • •

from theshore toa40mdepth(~30km Multi-use zone: Around thecore andbuffer zones, depth, around thecore zone (~25km Buffer zone: Nakoura from the shore upto a 20 m around the core zone. around the core zone. Core zone (~1,75km depth (~5km Core zone: Ras El Bayada, from the shore to a 20 m Buffer zone (~3,25km with hot and freshwater springs (30-50 m depth). with hotandfreshwater springs(30-50mdepth). The Table 28summarizes of theprotected surface 2 ). 2 . Thepresent proposal forMPAs 2 2 ), includingtherocky outcrops ): Circle with a radius of 500 m ): Circle with aradiusof500m 2 ). 2 2 . ). 135 135 8. MARINE PROTECTED AREAS, ZONING AND MANAGEMENT 136 8. MARINE PROTECTED AREAS, ZONING AND MANAGEMENT article 7-1 that:‘The article shall,inaccordancerules Parties withthe Mediterranean’ (Barcelona Convention, 1995)mentionsinthe Protected Areas (SPA) andBiological Diversity inthe compatible withtherationalexploitationofarea. fishing, Scubadiving/spear-fishing)andtomake protection zone (selective/no selective fishingmethods,professional/sportive zoning mayresolve someconflictsbetween theusersofcoastal through thezoning oftheprotected area. Thismanagementand toconsiderthemanagementplanning possible, itisnecessary 8.4Managementmeasures Enfeh-Ras Chekaa Tyre Springs Ras Chekaa Ras Raoucheh Raoucheh Table 28. (inkm Surface Nakoura In thissense,the‘Protocol concerningSpecially To avoid thehumanimpactsinaMPA asfar Zones Enfeh Saida Total Tyre % 2 Core Zone ) ofthepossible MPAs from Lebanon, according tothedifferent managementzones 20.75 15.6 1,75 10 9 - - - - - Buffer Zone 45.25 34.0 3,25 21 10 1 1 6 4 - measures. measures. The table29summarizes thepossibleusesandmanagement indicates themeasures thatshouldbeincludedforeachSPA. and monitoringmeasures fortheSPAs. 7-2),it Later(art. of internationallaw, adoptplanning,management,supervision Multi-use Zone 50.4 67 25 20 15 7 - - - - Total 100 133 55 30 16 15 5 8 1 4 Industry Industry Aquaculture (inshore cages) Sportive fishing(nets,traps) Tourism, visitors Scuba diving Research/education Shore angling Professional fishing Mooring Fishery port Sportive ports Littoral urbanization Snorkeling Beaching/swimming Boating Sewage dumping Dredging Spearfishing Table 29. Possible usesandmanagementmeasures protected/managed ofthedifferent areas zonesinthemarine Uses/Zones Zones: (CZ)core zone; (BZ)buffer zone; (MZ)multi-use zone. (N)forbidden. Uses:(Y)permitted; (3) Sewage by treatment plant (allofthearea);control depuration waters. oftheballast Y(8) Y(2) CZ N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Y (1) To anti-pollutionmeasures andtherigorous control establish ofthe discards. (4) Coastal Zonemanagement(more than100mtoshore-line) (4) Coastal (7) Permitted (no monofilament nets) withgearrestrictions Y (4) Y(2) Y(7) Y(6) Y(5) Y(5) BZ N N N N N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Legend inbrackets): ofnotes(numbers (6) Establishment of mooring zones ofmooring (6) Establishment (5) Onlyintheactualsituation. (2) With license/permit license/permit With (2) Y (4) Y(3) Y(1) Y(2) Y(7) Y(5) Y(5) Y(1) MZ (8) Control ofvisits N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 137 137 8. MARINE PROTECTED AREAS, ZONING AND MANAGEMENT 138 138 © RAC/SPA, Ghazi BITAR Rapports Commission internationale Mer Commission internationale MéditerranéeRapports , 39:452. Bitar, G.2010.Impact deschangementsclimatiques etdesespècesexotiques surlabiodiversité etleshabitatsmarinsauLiban. UNEP/MAP-RAC/SPA, Tunis, 217 pp. interest.marine habitatfortheselection ofsitestobeincludedinthenationalinventories ofnaturalsites of conservation Bellan-Santini, D.,Bellan, G.,Bitar, G.,Harmelin, J.G.&Pergent, G.2002.Handbook forinterpreting typesof perspectives. Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CollectionPatrimoines Naturels, Vo. 19,246pp. Bellan-Santini, D.Lacaze, J.C.&Poizat, C.1994.Lesbiocénosesmarinesetlittorales deMéditerranée: Synthèse, menaceset underwater. Coral Reefs, 4:41-44. Bell, J.D.,Craik, G.J.S.,Pollard, D.A.yRussell, B.C.1985.Estimatinglengthfrequency distributionsoflargereef fish chimiques, GISPosidonie publ,Fr.: 189-214. assemblage. En: Boudouresque, C.F., M.Avon yC.Pergent (eds.):Qualite dumilieumarin.Indicateurs biologiquesetphysico- Bayle, J.T. &A.A.Ramos.1993. Some population parametersasbioindicatorstoassessthe“reserve effect” onthefish EEC), Rome. Vol. II. Vertébrés: 845-885. et Mer Noire (zone depêche37).Fischer, W., M.-L.Bauchot etM.Schneider(rédacteurs). FAO-CEE (Projet GCP/INT/422/ Bauchot, M.L.1987b. Raiesetautres batoides.In: Fiches FAO d’identification desespècespourlesbesoinsdelapêche. Méditerranée Vol. II. Vertébrés :767-843. (zone depêche37).Fischer, W., M.-L.Bauchot etM.Schneider(rédacteurs). FAO-CEE (Projet GCP/INT/422/EEC),Rome: Bauchot, M.L.1987a.Requins. In: Fiches FAO d’identification desespècespourlesbesoinsdelapêche. Méditerranée et Mer Noire novemstriatus (Rüppell, 1838)intheMediterranean Sea. BioInvas. Rec., 1(4):299–301. Bariche, M.&Azzurro,E.2012.New records andestablishmentoftheIndian Ocean twospotcardinalfish Cheilodipterus intheMiddle East, 34:53-60. Lebanon. Zoology Bariche, M.& Trilles, J.P. 2005.Preliminary checklistofCymothoids Isopoda) (Crustacea: parasiticonmarinefishesfrom indicus (Teleostei: Platycephalidae) intheMediterranean Sea. BioInvasions Rec. , 1:53-57. Bariche, M.2012.Recent evidenceonthepresence ofHeniochus(Teleostei: intermedius Chaetodontidae) and Platycephalus of Cymodocea Islands: nodosaseagrassmeadows intheCanary amultiscaledapproach. Bot.Mar. 48:122–126. Barbera, C.,F. Tuya, A.Boyra, P. Sanchez-Jerez, I.Blanch andR.J.Haroun. 2005.Spatial parameters variation inthestructural tomos. ConsejeríadeMedio Ambiente,Junta deAndalucía,Sevilla, 1430pp. Barea-Azcón, J.M.,Ballesteros-Duperón, E.&Moreno, D.(coords.), 2008.Libro Rojo delosInvertebrados deAndalucía. 4 algae community(North Aegean Sea, Greece). Comm.Int. Rapp. Mer Médit. , 37:476-476 Antoniadou, C., Voultsiadou, E.&Chintiroglou, C.2004a.On theecologyofseveral megabenthicspeciesfrom thesciaphilic Mediterranean (North Aegean Sea). Estur. Coast.Shelf Sci.,62:637-653. Antoniadou, C.&Chintiroglou, C.2005.Biodiversity ofzoobenthic hard-substrate sublittoralcommunitiesintheEastern Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 48:207-224. Aguado, M.T. &San Martín, G.2007.Syllidae (Polychaeta) from reports fortheMediterranean Lebanonwithtwonew Sea. Bot. 76,185-193. Agostini, S.,Pergent, G.,Bernard. M.,2003.Growth production ofCymodocea andprimary nodosainacoastallagoon.Aquat. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 206,227-237. Ackerman J.L.,Bellwood D.R., 2000,Reef fishassemblages:a re-evaluation usingenclosed rotenone stations. 9. REFERENCES 139 139 9. REFFERENCES 140 140 9. REFFERENCES Topic Centre onNature Protection andBiodivesity EEAProject: C02492, 84pp. Davis, C.E.&Moss, D.2004.EUNISHabitat Classification Marine Habitat Types: Revised Classification and Criteria.European Bot. Mar. 50,1-7. Cunha, A.H.,Duarte, C.M.,2007.Biomass andleafdynamicsofCymodocea nodosaintheRiaFormosa lagoon,southPortugal. (southern Portugal). Mar. Biol. 146,841-847. Cunha, A.H.,Duarte, C.M.,2005.Population agestructure andrhizome growth ofCymodocea nodosa intheRiaFormosa Cunha, A.H.,Araujo,A.,2009.New distributionlimitsofseagrassbedsin West Africa.J.Biogeogr. 36,1621–1622. II. Temporal variation inLebanesebivalve biota.Aquatic Biology, 19:75-84 Crocetta, F., Bitar, G.,Zibrowius, H.&Oliverio, M.2013a.Biogeographical homogeneityin theeasternMediterranean Sea. 408 +9pp. Mediterranean Sea. I:theopisthobranchs(Mollusca: Gastropoda) from Lebanon.Mediterranean Marine Science,14(2):403- Crocetta, F., Zibrowius, H.,Bitar, G., Templado, J.&Oliverio, M.2013a.Biogeographical homogeneityintheeastern Ireland’s Shores. J.G. Wilson (ed.),Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, p. 25-37. Costello, M.J. & Emblow, C. 2005. A classification of inshore marine biotopes. In: edition. PRIMER-E:Plymouth, United Kingdom.165pp. Clarke, K.R. y Warwick, R.M. 2001. 18: 117-143. Clarke, K.R.1993.Non-parametric multivariate analysesofchangesincommunitystructure. Australian, Journal ofEcology Ascherson ontheMediterranean coastofFrance. Aquat. Bot.22,277-289. Caye, G.,Meinesz, onthevegetative A.,1985.Observations development, flowering andseedlingofCymodocea nodosa(Ucria) Biología Marina, Alicante,Septiembre 2010. Castelló, J. 2010.Isópodos Isopoda) (Crustacea, litorales del Mediterráneo oriental. XVI Simposio Ibérico de Estudios de 66, 289-365. Cancemi, G.,Buia, M.C.,Mazzella, L.,2002.Structure andgrowth dynamicsofCymodocea nodosameadows. Scient.Mar. Europa :Atlántico yMediterráneo. Ed. Omega, Barcelona, 249pp. Cabioch, J.,Floc’h, J.Y., Le Toquin, A.,Boudouresque, C.F., Meinesz, A.& Verlaque, M.1995.Guía dealgaslosmares de determinazione. Biologia Marina Mediterranea 10(Suppl. 2):1-237. Bressan, G.&Babbini, L.(2003).Biodiversità marinadellecosteItaliane: CorallinalesdelMar Mediterraneo: guidaall Mediterranean sea.Biol. Mar. Medit . 7(2),328-331. Ragazzi, M.,Rico-Raimondino, V., 2000.Amonitoring network basedontheseagrassPosidonia oceanica in theNorthwestern Boudouresque, C.F., Charbonnel,E.,Meinesz, A.,Pergent, G.,Pergent-Martini, C.,Cadiou,G.,Bertrandy, M.C.,Foret, P., biocenosis intheLebanoncoast(EasternMediterranean) Rap. Com.Internat. Mer Médit., 38:437. Bitar, G.,Ocaña, O.&Ramos-Esplá,A.A.2007.ContributionoftheRed Sea somebenthic alienspeciestostructuring lessepsienne. Thalassia Salentina, 25:71-74. Bitar, G.&Kouli-Bitar, S.2001.Nouvelles donnéessurlafauneetflore benthiquesdelacôtelibanaise. Migration Méditerranée CommissioninternationaleMer Orientale). Rapports Méditerranée, 34:19. Bitar, G. & Bitar-Kouli, S. 1995b. Impact de la pollution sur la répartition des peuplements de substrat dur à Beyrouth (Liban- Hannouch (Liban-Méditerranée Mer Commissioninternationale Orientale). Méditerranée Rapports , 34:19. Bitar, G.&Bitar-Kouli, S.1995a.Aperçu debionomiebenthiqueetrépartition desdifférents faciesdela roche littoraleà Bitar, G.2014.Lesmollusquesexotiques delacôtelibanaise.Bull. Soc.Zool. Fr., 139(1-4):37-45. Change in marine communities: an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation, 2 The Intertidal Ecosystems: The Value of nd

R. Benamer, I.,Bitar, G.,Bouzaza, Z.,Magni, P. Bianchi, C.N., Tsiakkiros, L.,&Zenetos, A.2011. Twelve years afterthefirst Katsanevakis, S.,Poursanidis, D., Yokes, M.B.,Macic, V. Beqiraj, S.,Kashta,L.,Shaier, Y.R., Zakhama-Sraieb, gestion dulittoral, Coll.plurid.franco-japonaisocéanographie. pp. 143-151. sédiments côtiers:lesherbiers àPosidonia oceanica.In G.(Ed.), Lesaménagementscôtiersetla Ceccaldi,H.J.,Champalbert, Jeudy deGrissac, A.,Boudouresque, C.F., 1985. Rôles desherbiers dephanérogames marines danslesmouvements des Zone depêche37. Vol. I: Végétaux etInvertébrés. W. Fischer, M.-L. Bauchot etM. Schneider(eds.),FAO-CCE, Rome: 321-368. Holthuis, L.B.1987.Vrais crabs.In: Fiches FAO d’identification desespècespourlesbesoinsdelapêche. Méditerranée etmer Noire. Committee. (CoastsandseasoftheUnited Kingdom.MNCRseries.). Hiscock, K.(ed.)1996.Marine Nature Review: Conservation rationale andmethods.Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation coast (easternMediterranean Sea) with emphasisonRed Sea immigrants.Biological Invasions, 7:625-637 Harmelin-Vivien, M.L.,Bitar, G.,Harmelin, J.G.&Monestiez, P. 2005.Thelittoralfish communityoftheLebanese rocky (TerreEcologie Vie), 40:467-539. Duclerc, J.&Lassarre, G.1985.Evaluation despeuplementsetpopulationsdepoissons.Méthodes etproblèmes. Revue d’ Harmelin-Vivien, M., Harmelin, J.G., Chauvet, C., Duval, C., Galzin, R., Lejeune, P., Barnabé, G., Blanc, F., Chevalier, R., Mediterranean. Zootaxa, 2798:1-30. Microporella species(Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)withpersonatematernalzooids from Indian Ocean, Red Sea andsoutheast Harmelin, J.G.,Ostrovsky, A.N.,Cáceres-Chamizo, J.P. & Sanner, J.2011.Bryodiversity inthetropics: taxonomy of (Mediterranean Sea), andnon-indigenousspecies.Zoosystema includingnew 31(1):163-187. Harmelin J.-G.,Bitar G.&Zibrowius H.2009.-Smittinidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)from coastalhabitatsofLebanon Mediterranean) andreppraisal ofSchizotheca seratimargo (Hincks, 1886).Cahiers deBiologie Marine , 48:179-186. Harmelin J.-G.,Bitar G.&Zibrowius H.2007.Schizoretepora hassisp.nov. (Bryozoa; Phidoloporidae) from Lebanon(Eastern Rev. Ecol. (Terre Vie), 40:467-539. R., Duclerc, J.andLasserre, G.1985.Evaluation visuelledespeuplementsetpopulationsdepoissons.Méthodes etproblèmes. Harmelin-Vivien, M.L., Harmelin, J.G., Chauvet, C., Duval, C., Galzin, R., Lejeune, P., Barnabé, G., Blanc, F., Chevalier, Trav. sci.Parc nation.Port Cros , 1:47-52. Harmelin-Vivien, M.L.andHarmelin, J.G.1975.Présentation d’une méthoded’évaluation «insitu»delafaunaichtyologique. Port-Cros, France). P.S.Z.N.I.:, 8(3):263-284. Marine Ecology Harmelin, J.G.1987.Structure andvariability oftheichthyofauna inamediterraneanprotected rocky area (National Park of species: Posidonia oceanica,Cymodocea nodosa,Zostera marina.P.S.Z.N.: Mar. Ecol. 23,51-67. Guidetti, P., M. Lorenti, M.C. Buia, Mazella, L., 2002. Temporal in three dynamics and biomass portioning Adriatic seagrass Green, E.P., Short, F.T. (Eds.), 2003.World atlasofseagrasses. University ofCaliforniaPress, Berkeley. Gómez-Garreta, A.(ed.)2001.Flora phycologica ibérica.1Fucales. Publ. Universidad deMurcia, 192pp. Specially Protected Areas andBiological Diversity intheMediterranean: Cystoseira Giaccone, G.& Verlaque, M.2009.Form forproposing amendmentstoAnnexIIandIIItheProtocol concerning Landscapes. Fuller, B.J.C.2013.Advances inseascapeecology:applyinglandscape metricstomarinesystems.Ecology ofFragmented national park Mediterranean (north-western sea).Aquat. Conserv. 9,391-400. Francour, P., Ganteaume, A.,Poulain, M.,1999.EffectsofboatanchoringinPosidonia oceanica seagrassbedsinthePort-Cros Den C.,1970.The Hartog, Sea-grasses ofthe World. North-Holland Publication Co., Amsterdam. Protected Area Management Categories toMarine Protected Areas. Gland, Switzerland, IUCN.36pp. Day J.,Dudley N.,Hockings M.,Holmes G.,LaffoleyD., Stolton S.& Wells, 2012.Guidelines forapplyingtheIUCN spp.. UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG 331/6:14-79. 141 141 9. REFFERENCES 142 142 9. REFFERENCES Ott, J.A.(1980).Growth andproduction inPosidonia oceanica(L.)Delile. P.S.Z.N.I. Mar. Ecol., 1,47-64. Bauchot, J.-C.Hureau, J.Nielsen &E. Tortonese (eds.).Unesco, Paris, Vol. II:865-873. Ning Chao, L.1986.Sciaenidae.In: Fishes oftheNorth-eastern Atlantic andtheMediterranean. P.J.P Whitehead, M.-L. Mouneimne N.2002.Poissons marinsduLibanetdelaMéditerranée oriental.IPEX, 271pp. Nat., Hist. Nat. Paris, 228:1-490. Mouneimne N.1978.Poissons descôtesduLiban(Méditerranée orientale).Biologie etpêche.Arch. Doc. Inst. Ethnol. Mus. 49–62. (mainly Lebanos),withemphasisaonalienspecies.Journal oftheMarine Biological oftheUnited Association Kingdom,89(1), Morri, C.,Puce, S.,Bianchi, C.N.,Bitar, G., &Zibrowius, H.2009.Hydroids (Cnidaria:Hydrozoa) from theLevant Sea de Andalucía. Tomo I.ConsejeríadeMedio Ambiente,Junta deAndalucía:206-2010. Moreno, D.,Fernández-Casado, M.,De laLinde,A.&Maldonado, M.2008.Aplysina I. ConsejeríadeMedio Ambiente,Junta deAndalucía:192-195. Moreno, D.,de laLinde,A.&Maldonado, M.2008.Axinellapolypoides.In: Libro Rojo delosInvertebrados deAndalucía. Tomo Invertebrados deAndalucía. Tomo I.ConsejeríadeMedio Ambiente,Junta deAndalucía:256-262. Moreno, D.,Barrajón, A.,Gordillo, P. I.&López-González, 2008.Cladocora caespitosa(Linnaeus,1767).In: Libro Rojo delos Consejería deMedio Ambiente,Junta deAndalucía:396-402. Moreno, D.& Barrajón, A.2008. Pinna nobilis(Linnaeus,1758).In: Libro Rojo delosInvertebrados deAndalucía. TomoI. waters ofAlexandria,Egypt. Bull. Nat. Inst. Oceanogr. Fish., A.R.E.22,19-28. Mostafa, H.M.,1996.Preliminary oftheseagrassCymodocea observations nodosa(Ucria) AschersonintheMediterranean oceanica meadow. P.S.Z.N: Marine Ecology, 10(2),107-129. Mazzella L.,ScipioneM.B.,Buia M.C.(1989)Spatio-temporal distributionofalgalandanimalcommunitiesinaPosidonia 1223, 2006 of Pathfinder-AVHRR Sea Surface Temperatures (1985to2005). Re-analysis and validation. Ocean Sci.Discuss.,3,1191- Marullo, S. Buongiorno B. Nardelli, Guarracino, M. and Santoleri The R.. Observing Mediterranean Sea from space: 21 years Whitehead, M.-L.Bauchot, J.-C.Hureau, J.Nielsen &E. Tortonese (eds.).Unesco, Paris, Vol. I:156-158. McEachran, J.D.&Capapé,C.1984a.Rhinobatidae.In: Fishes oftheNorth-eastern Atlantic andtheMediterranean. P.J.P Marquez, R.1990.Sea ofthe turtles World. FAO Species Catalogue, Vol. 11.F.A.O., Rome, 81pp. Mediterranean Sea. Annali delMuseo Civico diStoria Naturale “G.Doria”, Genova, 94:407- Logan, A.,Bianchi, C.N.,Morri, C.,Zibrowius, H.&Bitar, G.2002.New records ofrecent Brachiopods from theEastern 4 (2):281-284. 1888 (Decapoda Brachyura Majidae) andXaiva biguttata(Risso,1816)(Decapoda Brachyura Portunidae). Biodiversity Journal , Langeneck, J. & Di Franco, D. 2013. Further records of in two Italianuncommon Crustaceans seas: Comm. int.Mer Médit-Mar. Sci.,38:526. Lakkis S.&Novel-Lakkis V., 2007.Distribution ofthePhytobenthos alongthecoastofLebanon(East.Mediterr.). Rapp. Basin, EasternMediterranean). Medcore Int. Conf.,Firenze. November 2005. Lakkis, S.&Novel-Lakkis, V. 2005.Benthic populationsdiversity ofsoftsubstratumalongtheLebanesecoast(Levantin Mar. Sci.,1-2;143-164. Lakkis S. & Novel-Lakkis V., 2000. Distribution of the Phytobenthos along the coast of Lebanon (East. Mediterr.). Biol. Res.Thessaloniki, 16:224-236. report ofthecrabPercnon gibbesi(H.Milne Edwards, 1853)intheMediterranean: current distributionandinvasion rates.J. spp. In: Libro Rojo delosInvertebrados Maja goltziana D’Oliveira, Medit- Pérez, M., Romero, J., Duarte, C.M.& Sand-Jensen, limitation ofCymodoceaK., 1991. Phosphorus nodosa ofnutrientsupply.the importance Aquat. Bot.47,249-264. Pérez, M.,Duarte, N.C.,Romero, J.,Sand-Jensen K.&Alcoverro, T., 1994.Growth plasticityinCymodocea nodosastands: Mediterranean semi-estuarineenvironment. P.S.Z.N.I: Mar. Ecol. 15,51-64. Pérez, M.&Romero, J., 1994.Growth dynamics,production andnutrientstatuesoftheseagrassCymodocea nodosaina Doctoral thesis,University ofBercelona, Spain. Pérez, M.,1989.Fanerógamas marinasensistemasestuáricos:producción, factores limitantesyalgunosaspectosdelciclodenutrientes. Endoume, 31,47,137p. Péres J.M.&Picard J.1964.Nouveau manueldebionomiebenthiquelamerMéditerranée. Bull. Rech. Trav. Stat. Mar. meadow intheGhar El Melh lagoon, Tunisia. Bot.Mar. 54:4,411-418. Sghaier, Y.R., Zakhama-Sraieb, R.Charfi-Cheikhrouha, F., 2011. production andbiomassinaCymodoceaPrimary nodosa assemblages:comparisonofamphipodsand decapods.Sci.Mar.modified by bottomtrawlingoncrustacean , 64:319-326. Sánchez-Jerez, P., Barberá-Cebrián, C. & Ramos-Esplá, A.A., 2000. Influence ofthestructure of Posidonia oceanica and photosynthesisoftheseagrassPosidonia oceanica.Mar. Pol. Bul., 46(12):1523-1533. Ruiz, J.M.&Romero, onspatialstructure, J.(2003).Effectsofdisturbancescaused growthby coastalconstructions dynamics habitats andtheircommunities.Aquatic Marine andFreshwater Conservation: Ecosystems, 13:77-90. Roff. J., Taylor, M.E.&Laughren, J.2003. Geophysical approaches totheclassification,delineation andmonitoringofmarine in thelagoonof Venice. Aquat. Bot.58,55-64. Rismondo, A.,Curiel, D.,Marzocchi, M.,Scattolin,1997.Seasonal patternofCymodocea nodosabiomassandproduction Riedl, J.R.1971.Energy exchange Thalassia atthebottom/waterinterface. Jugoslavica , 7:329-339. Riedl, R.1971. Water movement. In: O. Kinne(ed).Marine Ecology, pp1123-1156.John Wiley, New York. Seaweeds. I.Fucophyceae (Warming, 1884).Bot.Mar., 35:109-130. Ribera, M.A.,Gómez-Garreta, A.,Gallardo, T., Cormaci,M.,Furnari, G.&Giaccone, G.1992.Check-listofMediterranean El Médano (southof Tenerife, Islands). Canary Bot.Mar. 38,457-465. Reyes, J.,Sansôn M.,Afonso-CarrilloJ.,1995a.Leafphenology, growth andproduction oftheseagrassCymodocea nodosaat en elMedano (Tenerfe, Islas Canarias). Tesis Doctoral, Universidad LaLaguna, Tenerife, Spain. Reyes, J.,1993.Estudio delaspraderas marinasdeCymodocea nodosa(Cymodoceaceae, Magnoliophyta) ysucomunidaddeepifitos Documents., 3:61-78. Ramos-Esplá, A.A.2007.Marine Protected Areas asa Mediterranean fisheriesmanagement tool. FAO-MedSudMed Technical Workshop onPosidonia oceanicaBeds. GIS-Posidonie, Marseille (Francia): 57-61 delapraderasuperficialPosidoniaRamos-Esplá, A.A.1984.Cartografía oceanicaenlabahíadeAlicante.International Harmelin J.G.eds.,CAR/ASPpubl., Tunis :199pp. les inventaires nationauxdesitesnaturels d’intérêt Pergent pourlaConservation. G.,Bellan‐Santini D.,Bellan G.,Bitar G., PNUE/PAM‐CAR/ASP, 2007. Manuel d’interprétation des types d’habitats marins pour la sélection des sites à inclure dans seagrass transplantedarea oftheLagoon Venice. Scient.Mar., 64,303-310. Pranovi, F., Curiel, D.,Rismondo,A.,Marzocchi, M.,Scattolin,2000. Variations ofthemacrobenthic communityina 187-190. Pittman, S., Kneib, R.T. & Simenstad, C.A. 2011. Practicing coastal seascape ecology. Mediterranean cave (Lebanon).Journal oftheMarine Biological oftheUnited Association Kingdom,84:15-24. Perez, T., Vacelet, J.,Bitar, G.&Zibrowius, H.2004. Two lithistids(Porifera, new Demospongiae) from ashallow eastern 109, 129-133. Marine Ecology ProgressMarine Ecology Series, 427: growth. Mar. Biol. meadows 143 143 9. REFFERENCES 144 144 9. REFFERENCES 234. Symposium on Marine Vegetation (Yasmine-Hammamet, 2-4 December 2010), UNEP/MAP-RAC/SPA publ. Tunis. 233- ascherson intheGulf ofGabes. In Zakhama-Sraieb, R.,Mouelhi S.,RamosEspla, A.,2010.Phenology andbiomassoftheseagrassCymodocea nodosa(Ucria) 89-93. Atlantic andtheMediterraneanthe north-eastern Sea. Journal oftheMarine Biological oftheUnited Association Kingdom,83: Young, P.S., Zibrowius, H. & Bitar, G. 2003. Verruca stroemia and Verruca Cirripedia): distribution splengeri in (Crustacea: the Banc d’Arguin (Mauritania). Hydrobiol., 258,59-72. Zostera1993. Leafdynamicsandstandingstocksofintertidal noltiiHorneman andCymodocea nodosa(Ucria) Aschersonon Vermaat, J.E., Beijer, J.A.J., Giglstra, R., Hootsmans, C.G.M., M.J.M., Philippart, Van Der Brink, N.W., Van Vierssen, W., Estuar. Coast.Shelf. Sci.79,591-598. H., 2008.Use ofSPOT 5andIKONOS formappingbiocenosesina imagery Tunisian CoastalLagoon(Mediterranean Sea). Vela, A.,Pasqualini, V., Leant, V., Djelouli,A.,Langar, H.,Pergent, G.,Pergent-Martini, C.,Ferrat, L.,Ridha,M.,Djabou, 353-367. Cymodocea nodosa(Ucria) AschersonattheBanc d’arguin (Mauritania, approach. Aquat. NWAfrica):apreliminary Bot. 41, Van Lent,F., Nienhuis, P.H. & Verschuure, J.M.,1991.Production andbiomassoftheseagrassZostera noltiiHornem and Mediterranean, 29:1-10. Sea. Marine Ecology Vacelet, J.,Bitar, G.,Dailianis, T., Zibrowius, H.&Perez, T. clionidspongeintheEastern 2008.Alargeencrusting Mediterranean’ and‘ Phorbas ‘Phorbas coriaceus’.Zootaxa paupertas , 1873:26-38. Vacelet, J.&Perez, T. 2008.Phorbas topsentiandPhorbas tailliezi (Demospongiae, Poecilosterida), namesforthe new http://www.rac-spa.org/sites/default/files/doc_cop/decision_ig_19_12_en.pdf Areas andBiological Diversity intheMediterranean. UNEP(DEPI)/MED-IG.19/8. UNEP/MAP-RAC/SPA, 2009.AmendmentsofthelistAnnexes IIandIIIoftheProtocol concerningSpecially Protected Management Programme ofCyprus. By Ramos,A.Cebrián,D.&Demetropoulos. Ed. RAC/SPA, Tunis. 69pp UNEP/MAP-RAC/SPA, 2007.Integrated CoastalArea Management inCyprus: Biodiversity ConcernsontheCoastalArea Activity Centre forSpecial Protected Areas, Tunis. 18pp UNEP/MAP-RAC/SPA, 2006.Classificationof Benthic Marine Habitat Types forthe Mediterranean Region. Ed. Regional Environment Program, Mediterranean Action Plan, UNEP(OCA)/MED WG.149/5, 44pp. UNEP/MAP, delaréunion 1998.Rapport d’experts surletyped’habitats marinsdanslarégion méditerranée.United Nations Méditerranée. MAP Technical Report Series, No. 43.UNEP, Athens, 250pp. UNEP/IUCN/GIS Posidonie. 1990. Livre rouge ‘Gérard Vuignier’ des végétaux, peuplements et paysages marins menacés de Kingdom, 87:1539-1552. subtropical affinities from thecoastofLebanon(eastern Mediterranean).Journal ofMarine Biological oftheUnited Association Vacelet, J., Bitar, S., Zibrowius,G., Carteron, H. & Perez, T. 2007. Five sponge species (Porifera: new Demospongiae) of M.L. Bauchot, J.C.Hureau, J.Nielsen &E. Tortonese. Unesco, Paris, Vol. II:781-796. Tortonese, E.1986b. Serranidae andMoronidae. In. Fishes oftheNorth-eastern Atlantic andtheMediterraneanP.J.P.. Whitehead, CSIC, Madrid, 214pp. . Naturalezaprotegidos por lalegislaciónnacionaleinternacional yParques Nacionales, Se. Técnica. MºdeMedio Ambiente, Templado, A.,Luque, J.,Calvo,A.,Maldonado, M.,Garvia, M.&Moro, L.2004.Guía deinvertebrados ypecesmarinos Zootaxa, 2071:1-20. Stöhr, S.,Boissin,E.&Chenuil,A.2009.Potential speciationinMediterranean cryptic longicauda. populationsofOphioderma rhodolith structure andconsequencesofdisturbance.2003.AquaticmarineFreshwater Conservation: Ecosystems, 13:S5-S20 Riosmena-Rodriguez, R.,Foster, M.S.&Roberts, C.A.Rhodolithbeddiversity in theGulf of ofCalifornia: theimportance Short, F.T. andNeckles, H.A.,1999.Theeffectsofglobalclimatechangeonseagrasses.Aquat. Bot.63:169-196.Steller, D.L., : ELAsmiS.,LangarH.,Belgacem W. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Fourth Mediterranean Zibrowius, H.&Bitar, G.2003.Invertébrés Marins Exotiques surlaCôteduLiban.LebaneseScienceJournal , 4(1). invading species (Cnidaria:Scleractinia).ScientiaMarina, 61(2):227-231. Zibrowius, H.&Bitar, G.1997.Scleractiniancoralsfrom Lebanon,EasternMediterranean, includinganon-lessepsian Zibrowius, H.1980.LesScléractiniaires delaMéditerranée etl’Atlantique nord-oriental. Mem. Inst. océanogr.Monaco, 11:1-227. of theseagrassCymodocea nodosa(Ucr.) Asch.Sci.Mar. 62,301-309. Zavodnik, N., Travizi, A., de Rosa S., 1998. Seasonal variations in the rate of photosynthetic activity and chemical composition 145 145 9. REFFERENCES 146 146 © RAC/SPA, Ghazi BITAR 10. ANNEXES • • • o o o o o o o o Annex III:Species/taxons by station inthe2012and2013missions Annex II.Inventory ofthetaxaobserved Annex I:Characteristicsofthestations2012and2013missions

10.3.2 RasChekaa(hydroplane) 10.3.1 Enfeh 10.3.8 Nakoura 10.3.7 Tyre (plotscuba and snorkel dives) 10.3.6 Tyre (hydroplane) 10.3.5 Saida 10.3.4 Raoucheh 10.3.3 RasChekaa(plotscubaandsnorkel dives) 147 147 10. ANNEXES 148 148 10. ANNEXES

10.1 Annex I: Characteristics of the stations of the 2012 and 2013 missions

Station Code Locality Date Depth (m) Lat. N (i) Long. E (i) Lat. N (f) Long. E (f) Observers Meth. Observations E-1 Enfeh 19.06.2012 0-8 34º21,701' 35º43,551' 34º21,667' 35º43,741' G,H,Y Sk Rock with Stypocaulon scoparium facies E-2 Enfeh " 0-3 34º21,658' 35º43,732' - - H,Y Sk Muddy sand with Cymodocea nodosa meadow E-3 N-Enfeh " 20-27 34º22,101' 35º43,734' 34º22,194' 35º43,975' Ar Hy Muddy sand Cymodocea nodosa very rare E-4 N-Enfeh " 21-31 34º22,300' 35º43,574' 34º21,988' 35º43,642' C Hy Muddy sand with pebbles E-5 N-Enfeh " 29-34 34º22,182' 35º43,484' 34º22,191' 35º43,542¡ Af Hy Muddy sand with boulders E-6 NW-Enfeh " 11-33 34º21,986' 35º43,327' 34º21,715' 35º43,728' O Hy Muddy sand with boulders E-7 Enfeh 20.06.2012 0-6 34º21,664' 35º43,733' 34º21,719' 35º44,037' G,H,Y Sc Muddy sand, Cymodocea nodosa, rock and boulders E-8 W-Enfeh " 25-40 34º21,817' 35º43,179' 34º21,834' 35º43,492' Ar Hy Muddy sand E-9 SW-Enfeh " 8-47 34º21,631' 35º42,938' 34º21,611' 35º43,424' C Hy Muddy sand and rocks E-10 S-Enfeh " 12-29 34º21,479' 35º43,107' 34º21,374' 35º43,690' O Hy Muddy sand E-11 S-Enfeh " 4-25 34º21,242' 35º43,104' 34º21,169' 35º43,708' Af Hy Muddy sand, rock and boulders C-1 Beach Ras Chekaa " 6-15 34º19,007' 35º42,218' 34º18,660' 35º42,549' Ar Hy Muddy sand C-2 N-Ras Chekaa " 7-24 34º18,228' 35º41,942' 34º18,881' 35º41,323 C Hy Muddy sand, at the end with pebbles C-3 El Heri (N-Ras Chekaa) 21.06.2012 0-5 34º18,699' 35º41,740' 34º18,837' 35º40,281' G,Y Sk Bare rock with Ganonema farinosum C-4 W-Cape Ras Chekaa " 12-27 34º19,136' 35º40,179' 34º18,842' 35º41,010' O Hy Sandy detritic, pebbles, rock C-5 SW-Cape Ras Chekaa " 18-40 34º18,986' 35º40,098' 34º18,642' 35º40,735' Af Hy Sandy detritic, pebbles, rock C-6 SW-Cape Ras Chekaa " 31-33 34º18,753' 35º39,900' 34º18,809' 35º39,951 Ar Hy Sandy detritic, smooth rock, entangled hydroplane C-7 SW-Cape Ras Chekaa " 16-46 34º18,866' 35º39,843' 34º18,489' 35º40,561' C Hy Coastal detritic with maerl, pebbles, smooth rock C-8 S-Ras Chekaa " 6-43 34º18,464' 35º39,714' 34º18,026' 35º40,007' O Hy Coastal detritic with maerl, pebbles, blocks, rock C-9 Hannouch " 20-30 34º18,151' 35º39,451' 34º17,669' 35º40,029' Af Hy Smooth rock with blocks and canals C-10 El Heri (N-Ras Chekaa) 22.06.2012 0-12 34º17,881' 35º40,174' 34º18,194' 35º40,281' G,H,Y Sc Rock wirh Corallina et Jania C-11 Front Port Chekaa " 0-8 34º18,347' 35º39,650' - - H,Y Sc Sand, Cymodocea nodosa meadow C-12 N-Port Selaata " 17-40 34º17,408' 35º39,650' 34º17,223' 35º39,826' O Hy Muddy sand C-13 NW-Cape Ras Chekaa " 28-44 34º19,909' 35º41,295' 34º19,170' 35º41,211' C Hy Muddy sand, smooth rock Station Locality Date Depth (m) Lat. N (i) Long. E (i) Lat. N (f) Long. E (f) Observers Meth. Observations Code E-12 Enfeh 23.06.2013 0-4 34º21,634' 35º43,831' 34º21,657' 35º43,880' G,H,Y Sc Midlittoral caves, littoral rock E-14 SW-Enfeh " 8-24 34º21,676' 35º43,181' - - Ar,Af,O,C Sc,FVC Rock with Chama E-15 S-Enfeh " 10-15 34º21,187' 35º43,597' - - Ar,Af,O,C Sc,FVC Rock, boulders C-14 Crique de Hannouch 24.06.2012 0-12 34º18,254' 35º40,321 34º18,481' 35º40,576' G,H,Y Sc Rock with Corallina et Jania C-15 SW-Ras Chekaa " 42-44 34º18,464' 35º39,714' - - Ar,Af,O,C Sc,FVC Coastal detritic with maerl C-16 Front Hannouch " 20-25 34º18,199' 35º39,949' - - Ar,Af,O,C Sc,FVC Rock with Chama C-17 Ras Chekaa 25.06.2012 0-12 34º23,517' 35º40,625' 34º18,733' 35º40,833' G,H,Y Sc Rock with Corallina et Jania C-18 SW-Ras Chekaa " 42-44 34º18,464' 35º39,714' - - Ar,Af,O,C Sc Coastal detritic with maerl C-19 Grotte Chack El Hatab " 0-5 34º17,641' 35º40,267' - - G,H,Y,Ar,Af,O,C Sc,FVC Cave, littoral rock C-20 Ras Chekaa 26.06.2012 0-8 34º18,859' 35º41,178' - - G,H,Y Sc Littoral rock C-21 SW-Ras Chekaa " 32-33 34º18,753' 35º39,900' - - Ar,Af,O,C Sc,FVC Coastal detritic with smouth rock C-22 Ras Chekaa (harbour) " 0-3 34º18,697' 35º41,827' - - H,Y Sk Boulders and sandy bottom C-23 El Heri " 0-2 34º18,833' 35º41,230' - - G,O,Ar Sk,W Littoral rock, boulders R-1 Grotte Raoucheh 28.06.2012 0-6 33º53,316' 35º28,165' - - G,O,Ar,C,Af Sc,FVC Cave, littoral rock N-1 Nakoura 27.08.2013 0 33º06,265’ 35º06,288’ - - AR W Littoral rock N-2 Ras El Bayada 28.08.2013 11-14 33º10,087’ 35º09,986’ - - G,H,Y Sc Hard substrata with small sandy patches N-3 Ras El Bayada " 0-6 33º09,531’ 35º08,869’ - - G,H,Y Sc Rocky substrata with boulders, cave N-4 Nakoura " 13-32 33º07,759’ 35º07,050’ 33º07,377’ 35º07,513’ AR Hy Flat rock with coarse sandy canals N-5 Nakoura " 26-34 33º08,765’ 35º07,480’ 33º08,405’ 35º07,897’ O Hy Flat rock with coarse sandy canals N-6 Nakoura " 18-36 33º09,743’ 35º07,844’ 33º08,912’ 35º08,869’ C Hy Flat rock and fine sandy patches N-7 Nakoura " 5-29 33º10,496’ 35º08,944’ 33º09,349’ 35º09,593’ AF Hy Irregular rocky substrata with boulders and sandy bottoms N-8 Ras El Bayada 29.08.2013 31-37 33º12,382’ 35º08,809’ 33º12,619’ 35º09,497’ C Hy Flat rock and sandy bottoms T-1 Tyre-N " 3-11 33º17,215’ 35º11,738’ 33º17,153’ 35º11,738’ G,H,Y Sc Rocky substrata with boulders and coarse sand patches T-2 Tyre-S " 0-5 33º15,898’ 35º11,452’ 33º16059’ 35º11,687’ G,H,Y Sc,Sk Rocky substrata with boulders and sand, roman columns T-3 Tyre-S " 12-31 33º14,380’ 35º10,449’ 33º14,436’ 35º11,258’ AR Hy Muddy-sand and flat rock with canals T-4 Tyre-S " 9-22 33º14,535’ 35º11,097’ 33º14,500’ 35º12,217’ O Hy Flat and irregular rock, coarse and fine sand Coarse sand substrata with boulders and rocky T-5 Tyre-N 30.08.2013 0-6 33º17,017' 35º11,935’ 33º17,126’ 35º11,806’ G,H,Y Sc substrata, lagoon 149 149 10. ANNEXES 150 150 10. ANNEXES

Station Locality Date Depth (m) Lat. N (i) Long. E (i) Lat. N (f) Long. E (f) Observers Meth. Observations Code T-6 Tyre-N " 0-6 33°15,941’ 35°11,476’ 33°16,051’ 35°11,697’ G,H,Y Sc Rocky substrata with small sand patches, littoral rock T-7 Tyre-N " 1-30 33º19,636’ 35º12,490’ 33º19,333’ 35º13,920’ AF Hy Irregular rock with sandy canals, big boulders T-8 Tyre-N " 16-28 33º17,387’ 35º10,477’ 33º17,276’ 35º11,434’ C Hy Flat rock with small boulders and sandy patches T-9 Tyre-C " 13-26 33º16,216’ 35º10,262’ 33º16,119’ 35º11,162’ AR Hy Flat rock with sandy canals T-10 Tyre-S " 5-21 33º13,691’ 35º10,797’ 33º13,765’ 35º10,158’ O Hy Flat and irregular rock, coarse and fine sand Rocky substrata with small and big boulders, small N-9 Nakoura 31.08.2013 8-15 33º06,902’ 35º06,850’ 33º06,796’ 35º06,748’ G,H,Y Sc sandy patches Rocky substrata with boulders and cave, seabed N-10 Ras El Bayada " 0-8 33º09,895’ 35º10,137’ 33º09,875’ 35º10.205’ G,H,Y Sc cover by sand N-11 Nakoura " 33-35 33º08,796’ 35º07,497’ - - O,AR,C,AF Sc,FVC Flat rock with gravel and rhodoliths N-12 Nakoura " 21-23 33º07,672’ 35º07,422’ - - O,AR;C,AF Sc,FVC Flat rock with coarse sandy canals S-1 Saida 01.09.2013 4-14 33º34,285’ 35º21,917’ 33º34,244’ 35º22,004’ G,H,Y Sc Rocky substrata with sand patches and boulders S-2 Saida " 0-3 33°34,106’ 35°22,148’ - - G,H,Y Sc Rocky substrata S-3 Saida " 0-3 33°34,365’ 35°22,110’ - - G,H,Y Sk,W Littoral rock, abrassion platform S-4 Saida-S " 20-39 33º33,786’ 35º20,911’ 33º33,804’ 35º21,457’ O Sc Muddy-sand bottom S-5 Saida-C " 10-30 33º34,354’ 35º21,266’ 33º34,313’ 35º21,951’ C Hy Flat rock with small boulders and sandy bottoms S-6 Saida-N " 9-17 33º34,697’ 35º21,850’ 33º34,654’ 35º22,718’ AF Hy Flat rock, coarse and fine sand S-7 Saida-N " 8-22 33º34,978’ 35º21,954’ 33º34,979’ 35º22,742’ AR Hy Flat rock and coarse sand Coarse sandy rocky bottom with bottom currents, T-11 Tyre-C 02.09.2013 3-7 33º16,813’ 35º11,741’ 33º16,911’ 35º11,736’ G,H,Y Sc high ripple-marks T-12 Tyre-C " 13-15 33°16,954’ 35º11,326’ - - G,H,Y Sc Rocky bottom with small sandy patches T-13 Tyre-S " 7-27 33º15,143’ 35º10,877’ 33º15,078’ 35º11,645’ O Hy Flat rock with sand T-14 Tyre-C " 4-26 33º18,371’ 35º11,394’ 33º18,091’ 35º13,017’ C Hy Flat rock with sandy canals T-15 Tyre-N " 3-12 33º16,987’ 35º11,784’ 33º16,819’ 35º12,697’ AR Hy Lagoon, sandy bottom with cobbles and pebbles T-16 Tyre-N " 7-9 33º16,566’ 35º11,858’ - - Z Sc Lagoon, sandy bottom with cobbles and pebbles T-17 Tyre-N " 0-2 33º17,028’ 35º11,725’ - - O Sk,W Littoral rocky reefs N-13 Nakoura 03.09.2013 12-22 33°07,216’ 35°06,595’ 33°07,055’ 35°06,957’ G,H,Y Sc Flat rocky bottom N-14 Nakoura " 43-44 33º07,613’ 35º04,948’ - - O,AR;C Sc,FVC Detritic bottom with boulders N-15 Ras El Bayada " 12-15 33º10,088’ 35º10,000’ - - O,AR,C Sc,FVC Rocky substrata with cold freshwater springs Station Locality Date Depth (m) Lat. N (i) Long. E (i) Lat. N (f) Long. E (f) Observers Meth. Observations Code T-18 Tyre-S " 0-3 33°15,748’ 35°11,593’ 33°15,815’ 35°11,537’ G,H,Y Sk Rocky substrata with boulders and sand T-19 Tyre-S 04.09.2013 12-18 33°15,995’ 35°11,187’ 33°15,857’ 35°11,609’ G,H,Y Sc Flat rocky substrata with some sandy canals T-20 Tyre-S " 0-3 33°16,072’ 35°10,946’ 33°16,016’ 35°11,567’ G,H,Y Sk Rocky substrata T-21 Tyre-N " 32-47 33º19,965’ 35º11,323’ - - O,AR,C Sc,FVC Rocky substrata with cold freshwater springs T-22 Tyre-N " 7-9 33º16,939’ 35º11,933’ - - G,H,Y,O,AR Sc,FVC Lagoon, small boulders and cobbles with Cystoseira sp.

T-23 Tyre-C 05.09.2013 16-18 33º15,922’ 35º11,076’ - - G,Y Sc Flat rocky substrata with some sandy canals

T-24 Tyre-N " 6-7m 33º16,939’ 35º11,933’ - - G,Y Sc Lagoon, small boulders and cobbles on sandy bottom

T-25 Tyre-N " 38-42m 33º19,946’ 35º10,624’ - - O,AR,C Sc,FVC Rocky substrata with warm freshwater springs N-16 Nakoura 13.09.2013 15-18m 33º07,937’ 35º07,483’ - - H,Z Sc Aeroplane wreck

Code: (C) Ras Chekaa; (E) Enfeh; (N) Nakoura; (R) Raoucheh; (S) Saida; (T) Tyre. (Lat.) Latitude: (i) initial; (f) final. (Long.) Longitude: (i) initial; (f) final. Observers: (Af) A. Forcada; (Ar) A. Ramos;(C) C. Valle; (G) G. Bitar; (H) H. El Shaer; (O) O. Ocaña; (Y) Y. Sghaier; (Z) Z. Samaha. (Meth.) Methodology: (FVS) fish visual census; (Hy) hydroplane; (Sc) scuba diving plot; (Sk) snorkeling; (W) walking. 151 151 10. ANNEXES 152 152 10. ANNEXES Sargassum vulgare C.Agardh, 1820 Sargassum trichocarpumJ.Agardh, 1848 J.E.Areschoug, 1845 (J.E.Areschoug) verrucosa Ralfsia Padina pavonica (Linnaeus)Thivy, 1960 *Padina boergeseniiAllender&Kraft,1983 Lobophora variegata (J.V.Lamouroux) Womersley exE.C.Oliveira, 1977 Hydroclathrus clathratus (C.Agardh) M.A.Howe, 1920 Dictyota linearis(C.Agardh) Greville, 1830 Dictyota fasciola(Roth) J.V.Lamouroux, 1809 Dictyota dichotoma(Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux, 1809 Cystoseira dubiaValiante, 1883 Cystoseira foeniculacea (Linnaeus)Greville, 1830 Cystoseira compressa (Esper)Gerloff & Nizamuddin, 1975 Colpomenia sinuosa(Mertens exRoth) Derbès &Solier, 1851 Arthrocladia villosa (Hudson) Duby, 1830 OCHROPHYTA Valonia utricularis (Roth) C.Agardh, 1823 Ulva cf. lactucaLinnaeus,1753 Ulva intestinalisLinnaeus,1753 Ulva compressa Linnaeus,1753 Penicillus capitatusstadioEsperaLamarck, 1813 Cladophora pellucida(Hudson) Kützing, 1843 Chaetomorpha sp. (R.Brown*Caulerpa scalpelliformis ex Turner) C.Agardh, 1817 Caulerpa prolifera (Forsskål) J.V.Lamouroux, 1809 plumosaC.Agardh,Bryopsis 1823 CHLOROPHYTA Verrucaria amphibiaClemente,1814 FUNGI Rivularia atra Roth exBornet&Flahault, 1886 Oscillatoria sp. autumnale(C.Agardh)Phormidium Trevisan exGomont, 1892 Calothrix sp. CIANOBACTERIA Beggiatoa spp. PROTEOBACTERIA Palmophyllum crassum (Naccari) Rabenhorst,1868 Flabellia petiolata(Turra) Nizamuddin, 1987 Dasycladus (Scopoli) Krasser, vermicularis 1898 *Codium tayloriiP.C.Silva, 1960 exAudouin) (Bory P.C.Silva,*Codium parvulum 2003 *Cladophoropsis modonensis (Kützing) Reinbold, 1905 Cladophora sp.

10.2 Annex II: Inventory of the taxa observed inthe2012and2013missions ofthetaxaobserved 10.2 Annex II: Inventory TAXA C. abrotanifolia, C.fimbriata S. vulgare var. trichocarpum Cladophora patentiramea Enteromorpha compressa Enteromorha intestinalis C. discors,ercegovicii C. pseudopellucida Synonymy U. fasciata

2012 CC CC CC CC CC CC C C C C C C C C C R R R R R R R ------2013 CC CC CC CC CC CC CC CC CC C C C C C C C C C C R R R ------Lithothamnion corallioides P.L.Crouan &H.M.Crouan, 1867 Mesophyllum sp. Mesophyllum (Foslie) alternans Cabioch&Mendoza, 1998 *Lophocladia lallemandii(Montagne) F.Schmitz, 1893 Lithophyllum (Areschoug) stictaeforme Hauck, 1877 Lithophyllum papillosum(Zanardini exHauck) Foslie 1900 Lithophyllum Philippi, 1837 incrustans *Laurencia sp. Laurencia obtusa(Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux, 1813 Jania var. rubens Jania (Linnaeus)J.V.Lamouroux, rubens 1816 Jania longifurca Zanardini, 1843 Jania adhaerens J.V. Lamaouroux, 1816 *Hypnea spinella(C.Agardh) Kützing, 1847 Hypnea (Wulfen) musciformis J.V.Lamouroux, 1813 Hildenbrandia rubra (Sommerfelt) Meneghini, 1841 Halimeniales sp. Halymenia latifoliaP.Crouan &H.Crouan exKützing 1866 Halymenia floresia (Clemente)C.Agardh, 1807 Haliptylon &Johansen virgatumGarbary (1982) Gracillaria sp. Gelidium cf. pusillum(Stackhouse) LeJolis, 1863 Gelidium bipectinatumFurnari, 1999 *Ganonema farinosum(J.V.Lamouroux) K.C.Fan & Yung C.Wang, 1974 *Galaxaura &Solander) J.V.Lamouroux, (J.Ellis rugosa 1816 Cryptonemia cf. J.Agardh, lomation(Bertoloni) 1851 Corallina elongataJ.Ellis &Solander, 1786 Ceramium sp. Ceramium virgatumRoth, 1797 (Lightfoot)Bliding,Chylocladia verticillata 1928 (Wulfen) botryoides Botryocladia Feldmann, 1941 Bonnemaisonia asparagoides (Woodward) C.Agardh, 1822 *Asparagopsis (Delile) taxiformis Trevisan deSaint-Leon Amphiroa rigidaJ.V.Lamouroux, 1816 Amphiroa Zanardini, cryptarthrodia 1843 Amphiroa beauvoisii Lamouroux (1816) Sjöstedt,Acrosymphyton (J.Agardh) 1926 purpuriferum Acrososirum sp. *Acanthophora (Delile) Papenfuss, nayadiformis 1968 RHODOPHYTA *Stypopodium schimperi(Buchinger exKütz.) Verlaque &Boudour., 1991 Stypocaulon scoparium(Linnaeus)Kützing, 1843 Sporochnus pedunculatus(Hudson) C.Agardh, 1820 Sphacelaria sp.

(Linnaeus) corniculata Yendo, 1905 TAXA Psudolithophyllum expansum Lithophyllum solutum C. mediterranea Liagora farinosa M. lichenoides H. cervicornis Synonymy C. rubrum 2012 CC CC CC CC CC CC CC C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C R R R R R R R R R R R R R R ------2013 CC CC CC CC CC CC CC C C C C C C C C C C C C C C R R R R R R R ------153 153 10. ANNEXES 154 154 10. ANNEXES Clathrina cf. 1842) lacunosa(Johnston, Clathrina cf. coriacea(Montagu, 1818) Minchin,Clathrina contorta 1905 (Schmidt,1864) Clathrina clathrus Ciocalypta carballoiVacelet etal,2007 Cinachyrella levantinensis Vacelet etal,2007 Chondrosia reniformis Nardo, 1847 Chondrilla nuculaSchmidt,1862 Calcarea spp. (Sycetusa, Vosmaeropsis Axinella sp. Axinella polypoidesSchmidt,1862 Aplysina sp. Aplysina aerophoba Nardo, 1833 Agelas oroides (Schmidt,1864) Clathrina cf. rubra Sará, 1958 Acanthella acutaSchmidt,1862 PORIFERA Amphistegina lobifera Larsen1976 FORAMINIFERA Cymodocea nodosa(Ucria) Ascherson,1870 MAGNOLIOPHYTA Tricleocarpa fragilis (Linnaeus)Huisman &R.A.Townsend, 1993 Spongites Kützing, fruticulosus 1841 Sebdenia 1884 dichotomaBerthold, (Kützing)*Solieria filiformis P.W.Gabrielson, 1985 Scinaia furcellata (Turner) J.Agardh, 1851 Schottera nicaeensis(J.V. Lamouroux exDuby) &Hollenberg, Guiry 1975 Rhodymenia cf. pseudopalmata(J.V.Lamouroux) P.C.Silva, 1952 Rhodymenia ardissonei (Kuntze) Feldmann, 1937 Rodriguezella sp. Pterocladiella capillacea(S.G.Gmelin)Santelices & Hommersand, 1997 Plocamium cartilagineum (Linnaeus)P.S.Dixon,Plocamium cartilagineum 1967 W.H.Adey, (J.E.Areschoug) Phymatolithon lenormandii 1966 Phymatolithon calcareum (Pallas) W.H.Adey &D.L.McKibbin, 1970 Peyssonnelia sp. Peyssonnelia squamaria(Gmelin)Decaisne, 1841 Peyssonnelia rubra (Greville) J.Agardh, 1851 Peyssonnelia rosa-marina Boudouresque &Denizot, 1973 Peyssonnelia coriaceaFeldmann, 1941 Parviphycus pannosus(Feldmann) G.Furnari, 2010 Palisada perforata deSaint-Vincent) (Bory K.W.Nam, 2007 Neurocaulon foliosum(Meneghini) Zanardini, 1843 Neogoniolithon mamillosum(Hauck) Setchell &L.R.Mason, 1943 Neogoniolithon brassica-florida Setchell (Harvey) &L.R.Mason, 1943

TAXA spp.) Lithothamnion lenormendii Lithophyllum calcareum Coelocalypta carballoi Galaxaura oblongata Verongia aerophoba Laurencia papillosa Gelidiella pannosa Guancha lacunosa Synonymy 2012 CC CC CC CC CC CC CC CC C C C C C C C C C C C C R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R - - - - - 2013 CC CC CC CC C C C C C C C C C C C C C C R R R R R R R R ------Aglaophenia spp. Aglaophenia picardi Svoboda, 1979 Aglaophenia elongataMenghini, 1845 Hydrozoa CNIDARIA Terpios sp. Sycon sp. Spongia officinalisLinnaeus,1759 Spirastrella cunctatrixSchmidt,1868 Sarcotragus spinosulus Schmidt,1862 Sarcotragus cf.foetidus Schmidt,1862 Sarcotragus fasciculatus (Pallas, 1766) (Hanitsch,Placospongia 1895) decorticans Phorbas topsenti Vacelet & Perez, 2008 Phorbas tenacior (Topsent, 1925) Petrosia (Poiret, ficiformis 1789) *Paraleucilla magnaKlautauetal.,2004 Oscarella lobularis(Schmidt,1862) Niphates toxifera Vacelet etal,2007 Myrmekioderma spelaeum(Pulitzer-Finali, 1983) Cymbaxinella (Esper, damicornis 1794) Crambe crambe (Schmidt,1862) Schmidt,1862 candelabrum Corticium Cliona parenzani Corriero &Scalera-Liaci,1997 Mycale sp. Mycale sanguineaTsurnamal, 1969 Microscleroderma laminaPerez etal.2004 Lyosina blastifera Vacelet, Bitar, Zibrowius Carteron, &Perez, 2007 Ircinia sp. Ircinia variabilis (Schmidt,1862) Hexadella racovitzai Topsent, 1896 Haliclona sp. Haliclona mediterranea Griessinger, 1971 Haliclona fulva (Topsent, 1893) Gastrophanella phoeniciensisPerez et al.,2004 Euryspongia raouchensis Vacelet etal.,2007 tupha(Martens, 1824) Dysidea fragilisDysidea (Montagu, 1818) avaraDysidea (Schmidt,1862) Diplastella sp. Dictyonella sp. Cymbaxinella sp. Cliona viridis(Schmidt,1862) Cliona celataGrant, 1826

TAXA P. (=Anchinoe) paupertas, Axinella damicornis part Axinellaspp.part Anchinoe tenacior Ircinia fasciculata S. muscarum Synonymy P. dura 2012 CC CC CC CC C C C C C C C C C R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R ------2013 CC CC CC C C C C C C C C C C C R R R R R R R R R R R R R R C ------155 155 10. ANNEXES 156 156 10. ANNEXES Sabella spallanzanii (Gmelin,1791) Protula sp. *Hydroides sp. Hermodice (Pallas, carunculata 1766) Darwin, 1854 Balanus trigonusDarwin, Cirripedia ARTHROPODA CRUSTACEA Sipunculus nudusLinnaeus,1766 Phascolosoma stephensoni(Stephen, 1942) SIPUNCULA Spirorbidae spp. *Spirobranchus tetraceros (Schmarda, 1861) *Spirobranchus lamarcki (Quatrefages, 1866) *Spirobranchus kraussii (Baird, 1865) Serpulidae spp. Sabellidae sp. Sabella pavonina Savigny, 1822 Filograna sp. arietina(O.F.cf. Ditrupa Müller, 1776) ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA *Mnemiopsis leidyiA.Agassiz,1865 CTENOPHORA *Rhopilema nomadicaGalil, 1990 Scyphozoa Telmatactis cricoides(Duchassaing, 1850) Polycyathus muellerae (Abel, 1959) Phyllangia americanamouchezii(Lacaze-Duthiers, 1897) *Oculina patagonica deAngelis,1908 Madracis pharensis (Heller, 1868) Cladocora caespitosa(Linnaeus,1767) Anemonia viridis(Forskål, 1775) Cerianthidae spp. Asterosmilia sp. Aiptasia mutabilis(Gravenhorst, 1831) Actinia schmidtiSole-Cava &Thorpe,1997 Anthozoa Sertularia marginata(Kirchenpauer, 1864) Pennaria disticha(Goldfuss, 1820) *Macrorhynchia philippinaKirchenpauer, 1872 Eudendrium spp. Eudendrium racemosum (Cavolini, 1785) Eudendrium cf. Watson, merulum 1985 Eudendrium glomeratum Picard, 1952 Eudendrium Clarke, 1882 carneum

TAXA Spirographis spallanzani Lytocarpus philippinus Pomatoceros lamarckii Actiniapart. equina Halocordyle disticha Pomatoleios kraussii Synonymy A. sulcata 2012 CC CC CC C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C R R R R R R R R R R ------2013 CC CC CC CC C C C C C C C C C C R R R R R R R R R R R R R C ------Elysia timida (Risso,1818) *Elysia grandifolia 1857 Kelaart, Echinolittorina punctata(Gmelin,1791) Bittium sp. *Aplysia dactylomelaRang,1828 Gastropoda Chiton olivaceus Spengler, 1797 Acanthochitona fascicularis(Linnaeus,1767) Polyplacophora MOLLUSCA Upogebia pusilla(Petagna, 1792)(moult) (Linnaeus,1761) Pilumnus hirtellus Palaemon serratus (Pennant, 1777) *Percnon gibbesi(H.Milne-Edwards, 1853) Pagurus anachoretus Risso,1827 Diodora (G.B.Sowerby rueppellii I,1835) Dendropoma petraeum (Monterosato, 1884) Conus ventricosus Gmelin,1791 *Conomurex persicus(Swainson, 1821) (Linnaeus,1758) Columbella rustica Cerithium vulgatumBruguière, 1792 *Cerithium scabridumPhilippi, 1848 *Cellana rota (Gmelin,1791) Cratena peregrina (Gmelin,1791) Bulla striataBruguière, 1792 Clibanarius erythropus (Latreille, 1818) Clibanarius erythropus hellerii(A.Milne-Edwards,*Charybdis 1867) *Callinectes 1896(carapace) sapidusRathbun, Calcinus tubularis(Linnaeus,1767) *Atergatis roseus (Rüppell, 1830) *Alpheus audouiniCoutière, 1905 Decapoda Ligia italicaFabricius, 1798 Anilocra physodes(Linnaeus,1758) Isopoda Perforatus perforatus (Bruguière, 1789) Euraphia depressa (Poli, 1791) Chthamalus stellatus(Poli, 1795) Chthmalus montaguiSouthward, 1976 Pachygrapsus marmoratus (Fabricius, 1787) *Myra fugax(Fabricius, 1798)(tests) Galatheidae sp. Eriphia (Forskål, verrucosa 1775) Diogenes pugilator(Roux, 1829)

TAXA Acanthochiton communis Chthamalus depressus Littorina punctata Balanus perforatus C. mediterraneus C. misanthropus E. spinifrons Synonymy C. ornatus 2012 CC CC CC CC CC CC CC CC C C C C C C C C R R R R R R R R R R R R R ------2013 CC CC CC CC CC CC CC C C C C C C C C C R R R R R R R R R R R R R R C ------157 157 10. ANNEXES 158 158 10. ANNEXES Phorcus (Lamarck, 1822) articulatus Patella ulyssiponensisGmelin,1791 Patella Linnaeus,1758 rustica Patella Linnaeus,1758 caerulea Ocinebrina sp. (shells) Nassarius mutabilis(Linnaeus,1758) Nassarius reticulatus (Linnaeus,1758) *Nassarius circumcinctus (A.Adams, 1852) *Murex forskoehliiRöding, 1798 Melarhaphe neritoides(Linnaeus,1758) Luria lurida(Linnaeus,1758) *Trochus erithreus (Brocchi, 1821) *Hypselodoris infucataRüppell 1831 &Leuckart, Semicassis granulata (Born,1778) *Rhinoclavis kochi(Philippi, 1848) *Purpuradusta gracilis notata(Gill, 1858) ocellatusRüppell*Plocamopherus 1828 &Leuckart, Phorcus turbinatus(Born,1778) Hexaplex (Linnaeus,1758) trunculus *Goniobranchus annulatus(Eliot, 1904) Gibbula spp. *Fusinus (Gmelin,1791) verrucosus *Flabellina (O'Donoghue, rubrolineata 1929) Flabellina affinis(Gmelin,1791) Euthria (Linnaeus,1758) cornea *Indothais sacellum(Gmelin,1791) Stramonita haemastoma(Linnaeus,1767) Thylacodes arenarius (Linnaeus,1758) Erosaria spurca (Linnaeus,1758) *Ergalatax junionaeHouart, 2008 Lima lima(Linnaeus,1758) (shells) Glycymeris nummaria(Linnaeus,1758) *Gafrarium 1846) savignyi(Jomas, *Fulvia fragilis (Forsskal inNeihbur, 1775) *Dendostrea frons (Linnaeus,1758) Ctena decussata(O.G.Costa,1829) *Chama pacificaBroderip, 1835 *Brachidontes pharaonis (P. Fischer, 1870) Barbatia barbata(Linnaeus,1758) Arca noaeLinnaeus,1758 Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linnaeus,1758) Bivalvia Vermetus Bivona-Bernardi, triquetrus 1832 Tonna galea(shells)(Linnaeus,1758) TAXA Osilinus (= Monodonta) articulatus Osilinus (= Monodonta) turbinatus Nassa (=Sphaeronassa) mutabilis Rudicardium tuberculatum G. violascens,insubrica Buccinulum corneum Phalium undulatum Littorina neritoides Trochus erythraeus Dendrostrea frons Nassa reticulate Thais scacellum F. marmoratus G. pectinatum Vermetus gigas B. variabilis Arca babata Synonymy V. triqueter E. obscura 2012 CC CC CC CC CC C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C R R R R R R R R R R R R R ------2013 CC CC CC CC CC C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C R R R R R R R R R R R R ------Arbacia lixula(Linnaeus,1758) Echinoidea Ophiomyxa pentagona(Lamarck, 1816) *Ophiocoma scolopendrina(Lamarck, 1816) *Aquilonastra (Gray, burtoni 1840) Asteroidea ECHINODERMATA sp.Scrupocellaria Schizoretepora hassiHarmelin, Bitar, Zibrowius, 2007 Schizoporella errata (Waters, 1878) Schizomavella spp. *Ophiactis savignyi(Müller & Troschel, 1842) Ophiuroidea Echinaster sepositus(Retzius, 1783) Coscinasterias tenuispina(Lamarck, 1816) Rhynchozoon neapolitanum Gautier, 1962 Reteporella sp. Reptadeonella sp. Margaretta cereoides (Ellis &Solander, 1786) Frondipora (Lamouroux, verrucosa 1821) Cellaria sp. Caberea sp. Caberea (Audouin, boryi 1826) Adeonella pallasii (Heller, 1867) BRYOZOA Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 Loligo vulgarisLamarck, 1798(eggs) Cephalopoda Venus Linnaeus,1758 verrucosa Venus casinaLinnaeus,1758 Venerupis (Gmelin,1791) corrugata Striarca lactea(Linnaeus,1758) *Spondylus spinosus Schreibers, 1793 Polititapes aureus (Gmelin,1791) Pinna nobilisLinnaeus,1758 *Pinctada imbricataradiata (Leach,1814) Ostreidae sp. Mimachlamys varia (Linnaeus,1758) *Malleus regula Forsskål, 1775 Mactra (Linnaeus,1758) stultorum Lucinella divaricata (Linnaeus,1758) Lithophaga lithophaga (Linnaeus,1758) Lioberus sp. Lioberus agglutinans(Cantraine,1835)

TAXA Paphia (= Venerupis) aurea Amygdalum agglutinans Malvufundus regulus Asterina burtoni Asterina Chlamys varia M. corallina V. geografica Synonymy Arca lactea 2012 CC CC CC C C C C C C C C R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R ------2013 CC CC CC CC C C C C C C C R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R ------159 159 10. ANNEXES 160 160 10. ANNEXES *Cheilodipterus novemstriatus*Cheilodipterus (Rüppell, 1838) Caranx (Mitchill, 1815) crysos Bothus podas(Delaroche, 1809) Boops boops(Linnaeus,1758) Belone belone(Linnaeus,1761) lacunosus(Forster,*Atherinomorus 1801) *Apogonichthyoides nigripinnis(Cuvier, 1828) Apogon imberbis(Linnaeus,1758) Actinopterygii Taeniura grabata (E.Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Rhinobatos cemiculusGeoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817 Myliobatis aquila(Linnaeus,1758) Gymniura altavella (Linnaeus,1758) Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus,1758) Elasmobranchii *Symplegma brakenhielmi (Michaelsen, 1904) Styelidae sp. *Rhodosoma turcicum (Savigny, 1816) Pyura dura (Heller, 1877) Pycnoclavella sp. Pseudodistoma cyrnusense Polysyncraton bilobatumLafargue,1968 Polyclinidae spp. *Phallusia nigra Savigny, 1816 *Microcosmus cf. *Herdmania momus(Savigny, 1816) Diplosoma sp. Didemnidae spp. Didemnum coriaceum(Drasche, 1883) Cystodytes dellechiajei(Della Valle,1877) sp. Botryllus cf.leachii(Savigny,Botrylloides 1816) cf.mentulaMüller,Ascidia 1776 Ascidiacea CHORDATA *Synaptula reciprocans (Forskal, 1775) Holothuria tubulosaGmelin,1791 Holothuria sanctoriDelle Chiaje,1823 Holothuria impatiens(Forskål, 1775) Holothuroidea Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) Echinocyamus pusillus (O.F. Müller, 1776)(tests) Echinocardium mediterraneum (Forbes, 1844)(tests) Brissus unicolor(Leske,1778)(tests)

exasperatus Heller, 1878 TAXA Apogon nigripinnis Synonymy 2012 CC CC CC CC CC CC CC C C C C C C C R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R ------2013 CC CC CC CC CC C C C C C C C R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R ------Scorpaena porcus Linnaeus,1758 *Scorpaena maderensis Valenciennes, 1833 (Forsskål,*Sargocentron rubrum 1775) *Pteragogus pelycus Randall,1981 Pseudocaranx dentex(Bloch &Schneider, 1801) Pomatoschistus sp. Pomadasys incisus(Bowdich, 1825) *Plotosus lineatus(Thunberg,1787) *Pempheris vanicolensis Cuvier, 1831 Parablennius zvonimiri (Kolombatovic, 1892) Parablennius sanguinolentus(Pallas, 1814) Parablennius rouxi (Cocco,1833) Pagellus (Linnaeus,1758) erythrinus Pagellus (Risso,1827) acarne Pagrus aurigaValenciennes, 1843 Oblada melanura (Linnaeus,1758) Mycteroperca rubra (Bloch, 1793) Muraena helenaLinnaeus,1758 Mullus Linnaeus,1758 surmuletus Mugilidae spp. Liza aurata (Risso,1810) (Linnaeus,1758) Lithognathus mormyrus trigloides(Valenciennes,Lipophrys 1836) 1883) nigriceps(Vinciguerra, Lipophrys *Lagocephalus scleratus (Gmelin,1789) Linnaeus,1758 merula Labrus Gymnothorax unicolorDelaroche, 1809 Gobius vittatusVinciguerra, 1883 Gobius kolombatovici Kovacic &Miller, 2000 Gobius Valenciennes, geniporus 1837 Gobius cobitisPallas, 1814 Gobius bucchichiSteindachner, 1870 *Fistularia commersonnii Rüppell, 1835 Epinephelus marginatus(Lowe, 1834) Epinephelus costae(Steindachner, 1878) *Enchelycore anatina(Lowe, 1841) Diplodus vulgaris(Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Diplodus sargus(Linnaeus,1758) Diplodus puntazzo (Walbaum, 1792) (Lowe,Diplodus cervinus 1838) Dicentrarchus punctatus(Bloch, 1792) galerita(Linnaeus,1758) Coryphoblennius Coris julis(Linnaeus,1758) Chromis chromis (Linnaeus,1758) TAXA Blennius sanguinolentus Blennius zvonimiri Blennius trigloides Blennius nigriceps Blennius galerita Blennius rouxi Synonymy 2012 CC CC CC CC CC CC C C C C C C C C C C R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R ------2013 CC CC CC CC CC CC CC C C C C C C R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R ------161 161 10. ANNEXES 162 162 10. ANNEXES Total Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus,1758) Reptilia Xyrichtys novacula (Linnaeus,1758) *Upeneus poriBen-Tuvia &Golani, 1989 *Upenus moluccensis(Bleeker, 1855) Tripterygion tripteronotus (Risso,1810) Tripterygion (Guichenot, melanurum 1850) Trachurus sp. *Torquigener flavimaculosus(Hardy &Randall,1983) Thalassoma pavo (Linnaeus,1758) Synodus (Linnaeus,1758) saurus Symphodus tinca(Linnaeus,1758) Symphodus roissali (Risso,1810) Symphodus ocellatus (Forsskål, 1775) Symphodus mediterraneus (Linnaeus,1758) *Stephanolepis diaspros Fraser-Brunner, 1940 Spicara smaris(Linnaeus,1758) *Sphyraena Klunzinger, chrysotaenia 1884 Sparisoma cretense (Linnaeus,1758) *Siganus rivulatusForsskål, 1775 *Siganus luridus(Rüppell, 1829) Serranus scriba(Linnaeus,1758) Serranus hepatus(Linnaeus,1758) Serranus cabrilla(Linnaeus,1758)

TAXA (*) Exoticspecies. Relative common;(C)(R)rare. abundance: (CC) very Synonymy 2012 341 CC CC CC C C C C C C C C C C R R R R R - - - - - 2013 303 CC CC CC C C C C C C C C C C C C R R R R - - - - 10.3 Annex III: Species/taxons by station 10.3.1 Enfeh

Stations (Enfeh) E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 E-10 E-11 E-12 E-14 E-15 Total Cyanobacteria

Calothrix sp. ------3 2 5 Chlorophyta

Bryopsis plumosa C.Agardh, 1823 2 ------2 Caulerpa prolifera (Forsskål) J.V.Lamouroux, 1809 ------2 - 1 - - - - 3 Cladophora pellucida (Hudson) Kützing, 1843 1 - - - - - 1 ------2 *Cladophoropsis modonensis (Kützing) Reinbold, 1905 2 ------2 - - 4 *Codium taylorii P.C.Silva, 1960 3 - - - - - 2 - - - - 2 - - 7 Ulva compressa Linnaeus, 1753 2 ------2 Ulva intestinalis Linnaeus, 1753 ------3 - - 3 Ulva cf. lactuca Linnaeus, 1753 3 - - - - - 2 - - - - 3 - - 8 Valonia utricularis (Roth) C.Agardh, 1823 ------1 ------1 Ochrophyta

Arthrocladia villosa (Hudson) Duby, 1830 - - - - 2 ------1 - 3 Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth) Derbès & Solier, 1851 3 - - - - 3 1 - - - 3 3 - - 13 Cystoseira compressa (Esper) Gerloff & Nizamuddin, 1975 2 - - - - - 1 ------3 Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux, 1809 - - - - 2 ------2 - 4 Dictyota linearis (C.Agardh) Greville, 1830 - - - - 1 - - - - - 2 - 3 - 6 Hydroclathrus clathratus (C.Agardh) M.A.Howe, 1920 ------3 3 Lobophora variegata (J.V.Lamouroux) Womersley ex E.C.Oliveira, 1977 3 - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 2 2 9 *Padina boergesenii Allender & Kraft, 1983 2 ------3 - 2 - 3 - 10 Padina pavonica (Linnaeus) Thivy, 1960 2 - - - - - 1 - - - - 2 3 3 11 Sargassum trichocarpum (J.Agardh, 1848 ) - - - 1 ------1 Sargassum vulgare (C.Agardh, 1820 ) 2 - - 1 - - 1 - - - - 1 - 1 6 163 163 10. ANNEXES 164 164 10. ANNEXES

Stations (Enfeh) E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 E-10 E-11 E-12 E-14 E-15 Total

Stypocaulon scoparium (Linnaeus) Kützing, 1843 3 - - - - - 2 - - - - 3 - - 8 *Stypopodium schimperi (Buchinger) Verlaque & Boudouresque, 1991 2 - - - - - 1 - - - - - 3 - 6 Rhodophyta

*Acanthophora nayadiformis (Delile) Papenfuss, 1968 2 ------2 - - 4 Acrosymphyton purpuriferum (J.Agardh) Sjöstedt, 1926 ------2 - 2 Amphiroa cryptarthrodia Zanardini, 1843 ------1 1 Amphiroa rigida J.V.Lamouroux, 1816 2 - - - - - 1 - - - 3 2 - 3 11 *Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan de Saint-Leon 1 ------1 Bonnemaisonia asparagoides (Woodward) C.Agardh, 1822 ------3 - 3 Ceramium virgatum Roth, 1797 (= C. rubrum) 3 ------3 Corallina elongata J.Ellis & Solander, 1786 3 - - - - - 3 - - - - 3 - - 9 *Galaxaura rugosa (J.Ellis & Solander) J.V.Lamouroux, 1816 2 - - - - - 2 - - - 3 2 - 2 11 *Ganonema farinosum (J.V.Lamouroux) K.C.Fan & Yung C.Wang, 1974 3 - - - - - 3 - - - - 3 - - 9 Gelidium bipectinatum Furnari, 1999 ------2 2 Gracillaria sp. ------2 - - - 2 Hildenbrandia rubra (Sommerfelt) Meneghini, 1841 ------3 - - 3 Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) J.V.Lamouroux, 1813 2 ------2 *Hypnea spinella (C.Agardh) Kützing, 1847 3 ------3 Jania longifurca Zanardini, 1843 ------3 - 3 Jania rubens (Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux, 1816 3 - - - - - 3 - - - - 3 3 3 15 Jania rubens var. corniculata (Linnaeus) Yendo, 1905 2 ------2 Lithophyllum incrustans Philippi, 1837 3 - - - - - 3 - - - - 3 - 3 12 Lithophyllum stictaeforme (Areschoug) Hauck 1877 2 - - - - - 1 ------3 Mesophyllum alternans (Foslie) Cabioch & Mendoza, 1998 1 ------1 - - 2 Neogoniolithon brassica-florida(Harvey) Setchell & L.R.Mason, 1943 2 ------2 - - 4 Neogoniolithon mamillosum (Hauck) Setchell & L.R.Mason, 1943 - - - 3 - 1 - - - 3 - 3 2 12 Stations (Enfeh) E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 E-10 E-11 E-12 E-14 E-15 Total

Palisada perforata (Bory de Saint-Vincent) K.W.Nam, 2007 2 ------2 - - 4 Parviphycus pannosus (Feldmann) G.Furnari, 2010 3 ------3 Peyssonnelia rosa-marina Boudouresque & Denizot, 1973 2 - - - - - 2 ------4 Peyssonnelia spp. 2 - - - - - 2 - - - - - 2 3 9 Phymatolithon lenormandii (J.E.Areschoug) W.H.Adey, 1966 ------3 - - 3 Plocamium cartilagineum (Linnaeus) P.S.Dixon, 1967 2 - - - - - 2 ------4 Pterocladiella capillacea (S.G.Gmelin) Santelices & Hommersand, 1997 2 ------2 Schottera nicaeensis (J.V. Lamouroux ex Duby) Guiry & Hollenberg, 1975 ------3 - - 3 Scinaia furcellata (Turner) J.Agardh, 1851 ------2 - 2 Tricleocarpa fragilis (Linnaeus) Huisman & R.A.Townsend, 1993 1 ------1 2 Magnoliophyta ------

Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson, 1870 1 3 1 - 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 - - 3 17 Porifera

Aplysina aerophoba Nardo, 1833 2 - - - 3 - - 2 2 - - - 3 2 14 Calcarea spp. (Sycetusa, Vosmaeropsis) 1 ------3 - - 4 Chondrilla nucula Schmidt, 1862 ------1 ------1 Chondrosia reniformis Nardo, 1847 3 - - - - - 3 - - - - 3 - - 9 Cinachyrella levantinensis Vacelet et al, 2007 ------1 - 1 Clathrina contorta Minchin, 1905 ------2 - - 2 Clathrina cf. coriacea (Montagu, 1818) ------2 - - 2 Clathrina cf. rubra Sará, 1958 ------1 - - 1 Cliona viridis (Schmidt, 1862) ------3 - 3 Cliona parenzani Corriero & Scalera-Liaci, 1997 2 - - - - - 1 - - - - 3 - - 6 Crambe crambe (Schmidt, 1862) 3 - - - - - 3 - - - - 3 3 3 15 Cymbaxinela sp. ------1 - 1 Ircinia variabilis (Schmidt, 1862) ------2 - 2 165 165 10. ANNEXES 166 166 10. ANNEXES

Stations (Enfeh) E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 E-10 E-11 E-12 E-14 E-15 Total

Ircinia sp. ------2 1 - 3 Mycale sanguinea Tsurnamal, 1969 ------1 - - 1 Niphates toxifera Vacelet et al, 2007 2 - - - - - 1 - - - - 2 2 2 9 Petrosia ficiformis(Poiret, 1789) ------2 - 1 3 Phorbas topsenti Vacelet & Perez, 2008 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - 2 2 2 8 Sarcotragus fasciculatus (Pallas, 1766) 1 ------1 - - 2 Sarcotragus spinosulus Schmidt, 1862 1 ------2 1 - 4 Spongia officinalisLinnaeus, 1759 ------1 - - 1 Sycon sp. 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 - 3 Cnidaria Hydrozoa

Eudendrium carneum Clarke, 1882 ------3 - 3 *Macrorhynchia philippina Kirchenpauer, 1872 1 ------1 Pennaria disticha (Goldfuss, 1820) 3 ------3 Anthozoa

Actinia schmidti Sole-Cava & Thorpe, 1997 ------1 - - 1 Cerianthidae spp. ------2 - - - - 2 Polycyathus muellerae (Abel, 1959) ------1 - - 1 Ctenophora

*Mnemiopsis leidyi A. Agassiz, 1865 ------1 - 1 Annelida Polychaeta cf. Ditrupa arietina (O. F. Müller, 1776) - - - - - 3 ------3 Hermodice carunculata (Pallas, 1766) 3 - - - - - 3 1 - - - 3 - - 10 Nereidae indet. 1 ------1 *Spirobranchus lamarcki (Quatrefages, 1866) 2 ------2 4 Crustacea Stations (Enfeh) E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 E-10 E-11 E-12 E-14 E-15 Total Cirripedia

Balanus trigonus Darwin, 1854 1 ------1 - - 2

Chthmalus montagui Southward, 1976 3 ------3 - - 6 Chthamalus stellatus (Poli, 1795) 3 ------3 - - 6 Perforatus perforatus (Bruguière, 1789) 3 - - - - - 2 - - - - 3 2 - 10 Decapoda

*Atergatis roseus (Rüppell, 1830) 1 ------1 - - 2 Calcinus tubularis (Linnaeus, 1767) ------3 - 3 *Charybdis hellerii (A. Milne-Edwards, 1867) 2 - - - - - 1 - - - - 2 - - 5 Clibanarius erythropus (Latreille, 1818) 3 ------3 - 2 8 Diogenes pugilator (Roux, 1829) - - 3 - - 3 - 1 ------7 Eriphia verrucosa (Forskål, 1775) 1 ------1 - - 2 *Myra fugax (Fabricius, 1798) (tests) - - 1 ------1 Pachygrapsus marmoratus (Fabricius, 1787) 1 ------1 - - 2 Pilumnus hirtellus (Linnaeus, 1761) ------1 - - 1 Mollusca Polyplacophora

Acanthochitona fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767) 1 ------1 - - 2 Gastropoda

*Cerithium scabridum Philippi, 1848 3 ------3 - - 6 Columbella rustica (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 - - - - - 1 - - - - 2 - - 5 *Conomurex persicus (Swainson, 1821) 3 - 3 - - 1 3 1 - 3 3 3 3 - 23 Conus ventricosus Gmelin, 1791 1 - - - - - 1 ------2 Dendropoma petraeum (Monterosato, 1884) 2 ------2 - - 4 Echinolittorina punctata (Gmelin, 1791) 3 ------3 - - 6 *Elysia grandifolia Kelaart, 1857 ------1 - - 1 167 167 10. ANNEXES 168 168 10. ANNEXES

Stations (Enfeh) E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 E-10 E-11 E-12 E-14 E-15 Total

*Ergalatax junionae Houart, 2008 3 - - - - - 2 - - - - 3 - - 8 Flabellina affinis(Gmelin, 1791) ------3 - 3 *Fusinus verrucosus (Gmelin, 1791) 1 ------1 - 1 3 Hexaplex trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 ------1 - - 2 *Hypselodoris infucata Rüppell & Leuckart, 1831 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - 1 4 *Trochus erithreus (Brocchi, 1821) 1 ------1 - - 2 Melarhaphe neritoides (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 ------2 - - 4 *Murex forskoehlii forskoehlii Röding, 1798 - - 2 2 ------4 *Nassarius circumcinctus (A. Adams, 1852) - - 1 ------1 Patella caerulea Linnaeus, 1758 3 ------3 - - 6 Patella rustica Linnaeus, 1758 3 ------3 - - 6 Patella ulyssiponensis Gmelin, 1791 3 ------3 - - 6 Phorcus turbinatus (Born, 1778) 2 ------2 - - 4 *Rhinoclavis kochi (Philippi, 1848) (shells) - - 3 - - 3 - 3 ------9 Semicassis granulata (Born, 1778) (shells) ------3 - - - - 3 Thylacodes arenarius(Linnaeus, 1758) (shells) 1 ------1 Bivalvia

*Brachidontes pharaonis (P. Fischer, 1870) 3 ------3 - - 6 *Chama pacificaBroderip, 1835 3 - - - - - 2 - - - 3 3 3 3 17 Ctena decussata (O. G. Costa, 1829) (shells) - - 1 ------1 Glycymeris nummaria (Linnaeus, 1758) (shells) ------1 ------1 Lucinella divaricata (Linnaeus, 1758) - - 1 ------1 *Malleus regula Forsskål, 1775 3 - - - - - 2 - - - - 2 - 2 9 *Pinctada imbricata radiata (Leach, 1814) 1 ------1 1 - 3 Pinna nobilis Linnaeus, 1758 (shell rests) 1 ------1 *Spondylus spinosus Schreibers, 1793 2 ------2 2 2 8 Stations (Enfeh) E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 E-10 E-11 E-12 E-14 E-15 Total

Venus verrucosa Linnaeus, 1758 (shells) ------1 - - 1 Cephalopoda

Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 - 1 ------2 - - 3 Bryozoa

Margaretta cereoides (Ellis & Solander, 1786) 3 ------2 - - 5 Reptadeonella sp. 1 ------1 1 1 4 Reteporella sp. ------1 - - 1 Schizoporella errata (Waters, 1878) 2 ------2 1 - 5 Scrupocellaria sp. 3 - - - - - 3 ------6 Echinodermata Asteroidea

Echinaster sepositus (Retzius, 1783) ------2 - 2 Echinoidea

Arbacia lixula (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 ------1 - - 2 Brissus unicolor (Leske, 1778) (tests) ------1 - 1 Echinocardium mediterraneum (Forbes, 1844) (tests) ------2 - - - - 2 Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - 3 Holothuroidea

Holothuria impatiens (Forskål, 1775) 1 ------1 Holothuria tubulosa Gmelin, 1791 1 - - - - - 1 ------2 *Synaptula reciprocans (Forskal, 1775) 2 - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - 4 Ascidiacea

Botrylloides cf. leachii ------1 - - 1 Cystodytes dellechiajei (Della Valle, 1877) ------1 - - - - 1 - - 2 Didemnidae spp. 2 - - - - - 2 - - - - 3 2 2 11 *Herdmania momus (Savigny, 1816) 2 - 2 - - - 1 2 - - - 2 - 2 11 169 169 10. ANNEXES 170 170 10. ANNEXES

Stations (Enfeh) E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 E-10 E-11 E-12 E-14 E-15 Total

*Microcosmus cf. exasperatus Heller, 1878 - - - - - 1 ------1 *Phallusia nigra Savigny, 1816 2 ------2 - - 4 Pisces' Elasmobranchii

Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) ------1 - - - - - 1

Gymnura altavella (Linnaeus, 1758) - - - 1 ------1 Actinopterygii

Apogon imberbis (Linnaeus, 1758) ------1 1 1 3 *Apogonichthyoides nigripinnis (Cuvier, 1828) - - 3 ------1 - - 4 Atherinidae sp. 3 - - - - - 3 ------6 *Atherinomorus lacunosus (Forster, 1801) 3 ------3 Boops boops (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 ------3 - - - - - 6 Bothus podas (Delaroche, 1809) 1 1 1 - - 1 ------4 Chromis chromis (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 - - - - - 2 - 3 - 3 3 3 2 19 Coris julis (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 - - - - - 1 - 2 - - 2 3 2 12 Diplodus cervinus (Lowe, 1838) ------1 - - - - - 1 Diplodus sargus (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 - - - - - 2 - 1 - - 3 2 1 12 Diplodus vulgaris (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) ------2 - - - - 2 - - 4 Epinephelus costae (Steindachner, 1878) ------1 - 1 - 1 1 4 Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834) 1 ------1 - - 1 1 1 5 Gobius cobitis Pallas, 1814 1 ------1 - - 2 Gobius geniporus Valenciennes, 1837 ------1 ------1 Gobius sp. 1 ------1 Lipophrys nigriceps (Vinciguerra, 1883) ------1 - - 1 Lithognathus mormyrus (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 2 - - - - 2 - - - - 2 - 1 9 Liza aurata (Risso, 1810) 2 ------2 Stations (Enfeh) E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 E-10 E-11 E-12 E-14 E-15 Total

Mugilidae spp. 2 ------2 - - 4 Mullus surmuletus Linnaeus, 1758 2 ------2 - 2 6 Muraena helena Linnaeus, 1758 ------1 - - 1 1 - 3 Mycteroperca rubra (Bloch, 1793) 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 2 1 6 Oblada melanura (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 ------3 - 2 8 Pagellus acarne (Risso, 1827) - - 2 ------2 Parablennius zvonimiri (Kolombatovic, 1892) ------1 ------1 *Pempheris vanicolensis Cuvier, 1831 3 - 1 - - - 3 - - - - 3 - - 10 Pomadasys incisus (Bowdich, 1825) ------1 - - - - 1 1 1 4 Pomatoschistus sp. - - - - - 2 ------2 *Sargocentron rubrum (Forsskål, 1775) 2 - - - - - 2 - 1 - 2 2 2 2 13 Sciaena umbra (Linnaeus, 1758) ------1 1 Scorpaena maderensis Valenciennes, 1833 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 1 1 5 Scorpaena porcus Linnaeus, 1758 ------1 - - 1 Serranus cabrilla (Linnaeus, 1758) - - - 1 1 ------2 1 5 Serranus hepatus (Linnaeus, 1758) - - 1 3 ------4 Serranus scriba (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 ------2 1 2 6 *Siganus luridus (Rüppell, 1829) 2 ------3 - - - 2 - 7 *Siganus rivulatus Forsskål, 1775 3 - - - - - 3 - 3 - - - 3 1 13 Sparisoma cretense (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 - - - - - 2 - 3 - - 3 2 3 16 *Sphyraena chrysotaenia Klunzinger, 1884 2 ------2 - - 4 *Stephanolepis diaspros Fraser-Brunner, 1940 - - 1 ------1 - - 1 - 3 Symphodus mediterraneus (Linnaeus, 1758) ------1 1 Symphodus ocellatus Forsskål, 1775 ------1 1 2 Symphodus roissali (Risso, 1810) ------1 - - 1 Symphodus tinca (Linnaeus, 1758) ------1 - - 1 171 171 10. ANNEXES 172 172 10. ANNEXES

Stations (Enfeh) E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 E-10 E-11 E-12 E-14 E-15 Total

Thalassoma pavo(Linnaeus, 1758) 3 - - - - - 2 - 2 - 2 3 2 2 16 *Torquigener flavimaculosusHardy & Randall, 1983 - - 1 ------2 1 4 Tripterygion melanurum Guichenot, 1850 ------1 - - 1 *Upeneus moluccensis (Bleeker, 1855) ------1 - - 1 *Upeneus pori Ben-Tuvia & Golani, 1989 1 ------1 Xyrichtys novacula (Linnaeus, 1758) - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - 2 Number of species (S) 123 4 17 6 7 10 62 10 17 8 14 114 60 52 209 Relative abundance 150 7 28 9 13 19 107 15 32 14 33 221 120 93 861 Margalef' index 24,35 1,542 4,802 2,276 2,339 3,057 13,05 3,323 4,617 2,652 3,718 20,93 12,32 11,25 -

Code: (C) Ras Chekaa; (E) Enfeh; (N) Nakoura; (R) Raoucheh; (S) Saida; (T) Tyre. Relarive abundance: (3) very common; (2) common; (1) less common. (*) non indigenous species. Chlorophyta Ochrophyta Rhodophyta Caulerpa prolifera (Forsskål) J.V.Lamouroux, 1809 *Caulerpa scalpelliformis (R.Brown*Caulerpa scalpelliformis ex Turner) C.Agardh, 1817 Flabellia petiolata(Turra) Nizamuddin, 1987 Magnoliphyta Arthrocladia villosa(Hudson) Duby, 1830 Porifera Colpomenia sinuosa(Mertens exRoth) Derbès &Solier, 1851 *Padina boergeseniiAllender&Kraft,1983 Padina pavonica (Linnaeus)Thivy, 1960 Sargassum trichocarpumJ.Agardh, 1848 *Stypopodium schimperi(Buchinger) Verlaque &Boudouresque, 1991 Amphiroa rigidaJ.V.Lamouroux, 1816 Hydrozoa Cnidaria Chylocladia verticillata (Lightfoot)Bliding,Chylocladia verticillata 1928 Polychaeta Spongites Kützing, fruticulosa 1841 Cirripedia Crustacea Cymodocea nodosa(Ucria) Ascherson,1870 Decapoda Aplysina aerophoba Nardo, 1833 Gastropoda Mollusca Axinella sp. Crambe crambe (Schmidt,1862) Bivalvia Ircinia sp. Niphates toxifera Vacelet et al,2007 Sarcotragus spinosulusSchmidt,1862 Sertularia marginata(Kirchenpauer, 1864) Hermodice (Pallas, carunculata 1766) Perforatus perforatus (Bruguière, 1789) Diogenes pugilator(Roux, 1829) *Conomurex persicus(Swainson, 1821) *Rhinoclavis kochi(Philippi, 1848)(shells) Stations Chekaa) (Ras 10.3.2 Ras Chekaa (hydroplane) C-1 1 3 1 3 ------C-2 ------C-4 3 3 2 3 3 2 ------C-5 3 3 2 2 ------C-6 3 3 3 1 3 2 ------C-7 3 3 2 3 2 3 ------C-8 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 ------C-9 2 2 1 ------C-12 3 ------C-13 3 2 ------Total 15 14 3 3 6 2

4 3 2 3 3 9

1 2 4

3 6 1 3 3 2

173 173 10. ANNEXES 174 174 10. ANNEXES Asteroidea Echinodermata Holothuroidea Elasmobranchii Pisces' Actinopterygii Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linnaeus,1758)(shells) *Chama pacificaBroderip, 1835 Echinaster sepositus(Retzius, 1783) *Synaptula reciprocans (Forskal, 1775) Dasyatis pastinaca(Linnaeus,1758) *Apogonichthyoides nigripinnis(Cuvier, 1828) Atherinidae sp. Species richness(S) Chromis chromis (Linnaeus,1758) Relative Abondance Coris julis(Linnaeus,1758) Margalef' index Margalef' Diplodus vulgaris(Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Epinephelus costae(Steindachner, 1878) Labrus merula Linnaeus,1758 merula Labrus Mullus Linnaeus,1758 surmuletus Muraena helenaLinnaeus,1758 Mycteroperca rubra (Bloch, 1793) Pomatoschistus sp. *Sargocentron rubrum (Forsskål,*Sargocentron rubrum 1775) Serranus cabrilla(Linnaeus,1758) *Siganus luridus(Rüppell, 1829) *Siganus rivulatusForsskål, 1775 Sparisoma cretense (Linnaeus,1758) *Stephanolepis diaspros Fraser-Brunner, 1940 Thalassoma pavo (Linnaeus,1758) *Torquigener flavimaculosus Hardy &Randall,1983 Xyrichtys novacula (Linnaeus,1758) Stations Chekaa) (Ras 2,652 2,652 C-1 14 2

1 2 1 8 ------1,443 1,443 C-2

1 2 2 ------3,462 3,462 C-4 13 32 3

3 2 2 2 1 ------3,481 3,481 C-5 12 24 1

3 2 1 2 1 ------3,417 3,417 C-6 12 25 1

2 2 1 ------4,847 4,847 C-7 19 41 1

3 2 1 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 ------3,628 3,628 C-8 14 36 3 1

3 3 ------3,338 3,338 C-9 11 20 1

2 2 1 3 2 2 2 ------1,028 1,028 C-12

3 3 7 ------0,621 0,621 C-13

2 5 ------Total 206 10 51 2 6 4

3 1

6 2 1 2 2 4 1 2 8 4 4 8 3 2 1 2 - 10.3.3 Ras Chekaa (plot scuba and snorkel dives)

Stations (Ras Chekaa) C-3 C-10 C-11 C-14 C-15 C-16 C-17 C-18 C-19 C-20 C-21 C-22 C-23 Total Cyanobacteria

Calothrix sp. - - - 3 - 2 2 ------7 Chlorophyta

Bryopsis plumosa C.Agardh, 1823 2 ------2 4 *Caulerpa scalpelliformis (R.Brown ex Turner) C.Agardh, 1817 - - - - 2 - - 3 - - - - - 5 Chaetomorpha sp. ------1 - 1 - 2 Cladophora pellucida (Hudson) Kützing, 1843 ------1 - - - - - 2 3 *Cladophoropsis modonensis (Kützing) Reinbold, 1905 - - - 2 ------2 *Codium taylorii P.C.Silva, 1960 3 2 - 2 - - 2 ------9 Dasycladus vermicularis (Scopoli) Krasser, 1898 ------1 1 Flabellia petiolata (Turra) Nizamuddin, 1987 - - - - 3 - - 3 - - - - - 6 Palmophyllum crassum (Naccari) Rabenhorst, 1868 - 1 ------1 1 - - - 3 Penicillus capitatus stadio Espera Lamarck, 1813 1 Ulva compressa Linnaeus, 1753 ------3 3 Ulva cf. lactuca Linnaeus, 1753 3 ------2 - - 2 2 9 Valonia utricularis (Roth) C.Agardh, 1823 ------1 1 Ochrophyta

Arthrocladia villosa (Hudson) Duby, 1830 - - - - 3 - - 2 - - 3 - - 8 Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth) Derbès & Solier, 1851 3 ------3 Cystoseira compressa (Esper) Gerloff & Nizamuddin, 1975 1 ------1 2 Cystoseira dubia Valiante, 1883 - - - - 2 - - 2 - - 1 - - 5 Cystoseira foeniculacea (Linnaeus) Greville, 1830 2 - 1 ------3 Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux, 1809 1 - - 1 2 - - - - - 2 - - 6 Dictyota linearis (C.Agardh) Greville, 1830 ------2 - - 2 Lobophora variegata (J.V.Lamouroux) Womersley ex E.C.Oliveira, 1977 1 2 - 1 - 2 1 1 - 1 - - - 9 175 175 10. ANNEXES 176 176 10. ANNEXES

Stations (Ras Chekaa) C-3 C-10 C-11 C-14 C-15 C-16 C-17 C-18 C-19 C-20 C-21 C-22 C-23 Total

Padina pavonica (Linnaeus) Thivy, 1960 2 ------3 2 - 7 Ralfsia verrucosa (J.E.Areschoug) J.E.Areschoug, 1845 ------2 2 Sargassum vulgare C.Agardh, 1820 2 - 1 ------3 6 Sphacelaria sp. ------2 2 Sporochnum pedunculatum (Hudson) C.Agardh, 1820 ------2 - - - - - 2 Stypocaulon scoparium (Linnaeus) Kützing, 1843 2 2 2 ------2 8 *Stypopodium schimperi (Buchinger) Verlaque & Boudouresque, 1991 - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 - - 2 Rhodophyta *Acanthophora nayadiformis (Delile) Papenfuss, 1968 ------1 1 Acrososirum sp. - - - - 1 ------1 Amphiroa beauvoisii Lamouroux (1816) - - - - - 2 ------2 Amphiroa cryptarthrodia Zanardini, 1843 - - - - - 1 ------1 Amphiroa rigida J.V.Lamouroux, 1816 2 2 3 3 - - 3 - - 2 - - 2 17 Botryocladia botryoides (Wulfen) Feldmann, 1941 - - - - 2 - - - - - 1 - - 3 Chylocladia verticillata (Lightfoot) Bliding, 1928 ------0 Ceramiales sp. ------3 - - - - 3 6 Corallina elongata J.Ellis & Solander, 1786 3 3 3 3 - - 3 - 3 3 - 2 3 26 Cryptonemia cf. lomation (Bertoloni) J.Agardh, 1851 - - - - 2 - - 2 - - - - - 4 *Galaxaura rugosa (J.Ellis & Solander) J.V.Lamouroux, 1816 2 - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - 4 *Ganonema farinosum (J.V.Lamouroux) K.C.Fan & Yung C.Wang, 1974 3 1 3 ------3 10 Gelidium cf. pusillum (Stackhouse) Le Jolis, 1863 2 ------2 Halymenia floresia(Clemente) C. Agardh, 1807 - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 - - 2 *Hypnea spinella (C.Agardh) Kützing, 1847 ------2 2 Jania longifurca Zanardini, 1843 - - - 3 - 3 3 - - 2 - - - 11 Jania rubens (Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux, 1816 3 3 3 3 - - 3 - 3 3 - 2 3 26 Jania rubens var. corniculata (Linnaeus) Yendo, 1905 - - - - - 1 - - - 2 - - - 3 Stations (Ras Chekaa) C-3 C-10 C-11 C-14 C-15 C-16 C-17 C-18 C-19 C-20 C-21 C-22 C-23 Total

Laurencia obtusa (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux, 1813 1 ------1 Lithophyllum incrustans Philippi, 1837 3 - - 3 - - 3 - - 3 - - 3 15 Lithophyllum papillosum (Zanardini ex Hauck) Foslie 1900 ------2 2 Lithophyllum stictaeforme (• • Areschoug) Hauck 1877 - - - 2 - - - - 3 - - - - 5 Lithophyllum sp. ------2 - - - 2 Lithothamnion corallioides P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan, 1867 - - - - 2 - - 2 - - - - - 4 *Lophocladia lallemandii (Montagne) F.Schmitz, 1893 - - - 2 - 2 2 - - 1 - - - 7 Mesophyllum alternans (Foslie) Cabioch & Mendoza, 1998 1 - - 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 - - 14 Neogoniolithon brassica-florida(Harvey) Setchell & L.R.Mason, 1943 2 - 3 ------5 Neogoniolithon mamillosum (Hauck) Setchell & L.R.Mason, 1943 - - - 2 - 2 2 - - 2 2 - - 10 Neurocaulon foliosum (Meneghini) Zanardini, 1843 - - - - 1 ------1 Palisada perforata (Bory de Saint-Vincent) K.W.Nam, 2007 3 ------3 6 Parviphycus pannosus (Feldmann) G.Furnari, 2010 ------3 3 Peyssonnelia rosa-marina Boudouresque & Denizot, 1973 2 - - - - 2 - - - 3 - - - 7 Peyssonnelia rubra (Greville) J.Agardh, 1851 - - - - 3 3 - 3 - 3 - - - 12 Peyssonnelia spp. 2 - - 3 2 - 2 3 3 3 2 - - 20 Phymatolithon cf. calcareum (Pallas) W.H.Adey & D.L.McKibbin, 1970 - - - - 2 - - 2 - - - - - 4 Phymatolithon lenormandii (J.E.Areschoug) W.H.Adey, 1966 ------2 2 Plocamium cartilagineum (Linnaeus) P.S.Dixon, 1967 2 2 - 3 - - 2 - 3 3 - - - 15 Pterocladiella capillacea (S.G.Gmelin) Santelices & Hommersand, 1997 1 ------1 Rhodymenia ardissonei (Kuntze) Feldmann, 1937 - - - - 2 - - 2 - - 2 - - 6 Rhodymenia cf. pseudopalmata (J.V.Lamouroux) P.C.Silva, 1952 ------2 - - - - - 2 Schottera nicaeensis (J.V. Lamouroux) Guiry & Hollenberg, 1975 ------3 - - - - 3 Scinaia furcellata (Turner) J.Agardh, 1851 ------1 - - 1 Sebdenia dichotoma Berthold, 1884 - - - - 1 ------1 Solieria filiformis(Kützing) P.W.Gabrielson, 1985 ------1 1 177 177 10. ANNEXES 178 178 10. ANNEXES

Stations (Ras Chekaa) C-3 C-10 C-11 C-14 C-15 C-16 C-17 C-18 C-19 C-20 C-21 C-22 C-23 Total

Spongites fruticulosa Kützing, 1841 - - - - 3 - - 3 - - 1 - - 7 Tricleocarpa fragilis (Linnaeus) Huisman & R.A.Townsend, 1993 1 1 - 1 - - 1 ------4 Magnoliphyta

Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson, 1870 - 2 ------1 - 3 Foraminifera

*Amphistegina lobifera Larsen 1976 ------3 - - 3 Porifera

Acanthella acuta Schmidt, 1862 ------1 1 - - - 2 Aplysina aerophoba Nardo, 1833 - - - - - 1 - - - 2 - - - 3 Axinella sp. - - - - 1 2 - 1 1 1 - - - 6 Calcarea spp. (Sycetusa, Vosmaeropsis) 1 1 - 1 - - 1 - 2 1 - - - 7 Chondrilla nucula Schmidt, 1862 - 2 - 2 - - - - 2 - - - 1 7 Chondrosia reniformis Nardo, 1847 2 2 - 2 - - 3 - 3 2 - - 2 16 Cinachyrella levantinensis Vacelet et al, 2007 - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - 2 Ciocalypta carballoi Vacelet et al, 2007 ------1 - - 1 Clathrina cf. coriacea (Montagu, 1818) ------2 - - - - 2 Clathrina cf. lacunosa (Johnston, 1842) ------2 - - - - 2 Clathrina cf. rubra Sará, 1958 ------1 - - - - 1 Cliona viridis (Schmidt, 1862) ------2 - - 2 Cliona parenzani Corriero & Scalera-Liaci, 1997 2 2 1 2 - - 2 - - 2 - - 2 13 Corticium candelabrum Schmidt, 1862 ------1 - - - 1 Crambe crambe (Schmidt, 1862) 2 2 - 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 - 2 26 Cymbaxinella damicornis (Esper, 1794) - - - - - 1 ------1 Cymbaxinela sp. - - - - - 3 - - 2 3 - - - 8 Dictyonella sp. ------2 - - - 2 Diplastella sp. - - - - - 2 - - 1 1 - - - 4 Stations (Ras Chekaa) C-3 C-10 C-11 C-14 C-15 C-16 C-17 C-18 C-19 C-20 C-21 C-22 C-23 Total

Dysidea fragilis (Montagu, 1818) ------1 - - - - 1 Gastrophanella phoeniciensis Perez et al., 2004 ------3 - - - - 3 Haliclona mediterranea Griessinger, 1971 ------1 - - 1 Haliclona sp. ------1 - - - 1 Ircinia variabilis (Schmidt, 1862) - - - - - 2 ------2 Ircinia sp. - 1 - - 1 - 1 ------3 Microscleroderma lamina Perez et al., 2004 ------3 - - - - 3 Mycale sanguinea Tsurnamal, 1969 - - - 1 - - 1 - 1 - - - - 3 Mycale sp. - - - - 2 1 ------3 Myrmekioderma spelaeum (Pulitzer-Finali, 1983) ------1 - - - - 1 Niphates toxifera Vacelet et al, 2007 - 1 1 3 - 1 2 - - - 1 - - 9 Petrosia ficiformis(Poiret, 1789) - 1 - - - 3 2 - 2 1 - - - 9 Phorbas tenacior (Topsent, 1925) - 1 - - - - 1 - 1 1 - - - 4 Phorbas topsenti Vacelet & Perez, 2008 1 1 - 1 - 2 1 1 1 2 - - 1 11 Placospongia decorticans (Hanitsch, 1895) ------1 - - - - 1 Sarcotragus fasciculatus (Pallas, 1766) 1 1 - 1 - - 1 - 1 1 - - - 6 Sarcotragus cf. foetidus Schmidt, 1862 - - 1 ------1 Sarcotragus spinosulus Schmidt, 1862 1 1 - 1 - - 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 8 Spirastrella cunctatrix Schmidt, 1868 1 - - - - - 1 - 1 1 - - - 4 Spongia officinalisLinnaeus, 1759 ------1 - - - - 1 Sycon sp. 2 1 - 1 - 2 2 - 2 1 2 - 1 14 Terpios sp. ------1 - - - - 1 Cnidaria Hydrozoa

Aglaophenia elongata Menghini, 1845 ------2 - - 2 4 Aglaophenia sp. ------2 - - 2 179 179 10. ANNEXES 180 180 10. ANNEXES

Stations (Ras Chekaa) C-3 C-10 C-11 C-14 C-15 C-16 C-17 C-18 C-19 C-20 C-21 C-22 C-23 Total

Eudendrium spp. - 2 - 2 3 2 2 - - 2 2 - - 15 *Macrorhynchia philippina Kirchenpauer, 1872 1 1 - - - - 1 - 1 1 - 2 - 7 Pennaria disticha (Goldfuss, 1820) 3 2 2 3 - - 2 - 3 2 - 1 2 20 Plumullaridae sp. - - - - 3 ------3 Sertularia marginata (Kirchenpauer, 1864) 2 ------2 - - - 4 Anthozoa

Anemonia viridis (Forskål, 1775) ------3 - 3 Cerianthidae spp. - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - 1 - 3 Madracis pharensis (Heller, 1868) - - - - 2 1 1 1 2 3 - - - 10 *Oculina patagonica de Angelis, 1908 2 1 ------1 4 Phyllangia americana mouchezii (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1897) ------2 - 2 1 - - - 5 Polycyathus muellerae (Abel, 1959) ------2 - - - - 2 Polychaeta

Hermodice carunculata (Pallas, 1766) 3 3 - 3 - - 2 1 2 3 - - - 17 Protula sp. ------2 - - - 2 Sabella spallanzanii (Gmelin, 1791) ------1 ------1 Sabella pavonina Savigny, 1822 ------1 ------1 Serpulidae spp. ------3 - - - 3 *Spirobranchus lamarcki (Quatrefages, 1866) 2 2 - 2 - - - - 1 2 2 - - 11 *Spirobranchus tetraceros (Schmarda, 1861) - 2 ------2 Crustacea Cirripedia

Balanus trigonus Darwin, 1854 1 1 - 1 - - 1 - 1 1 2 - - 8 Chthmalus montagui Southward, 1976 3 3 - 3 - - 3 - 3 3 - - 3 21 Chthamalus stellatus (Poli, 1795) 3 ------3 6 Perforatus perforatus (Bruguière, 1789) 3 3 2 3 - - 3 - 3 3 - 2 3 25 Stations (Ras Chekaa) C-3 C-10 C-11 C-14 C-15 C-16 C-17 C-18 C-19 C-20 C-21 C-22 C-23 Total Isopoda

Ligia italica Fabricius, 1798 ------3 3 Decapoda

*Atergatis roseus (Rüppell, 1830) 1 - - - - - 1 - 1 1 - - - 4 Calcinus tubularis (Linnaeus, 1767) - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - 2 *Charybdis hellerii (A. Milne-Edwards, 1867) 2 - - 2 - - 2 - 2 - - - - 8 Clibanarius erythropus (Latreille, 1818) 3 - - 3 - - - - - 3 - - 3 12 Diogenes pugilator (Roux, 1829) ------1 - 1 Eriphia verrucosa (Forskål, 1775) 1 - - 1 ------1 3 Pachygrapsus marmoratus (Fabricius, 1787) 1 - 1 ------1 3 Pagurus anachoretus Risso, 1827 ------1 1 - - - 2 *Percnon gibbesi (H. Milne-Edwards, 1853) 2 ------2 Pilumnus hirtellus (Linnaeus, 1761) ------1 1 - - - - - 2 Mollusca Polyplacophora

Acanthochitona fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767) 1 1 ------2 Chiton olivaceus Spengler, 1797 ------1 1 Gastropoda

Cratena peregrina (Gmelin, 1791) - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - 2 *Cerithium scabridum Philippi, 1848 3 3 3 - - - 3 - - 3 - - 3 18 Columbella rustica (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 2 - 2 - - 2 ------8 *Conomurex persicus (Swainson, 1821) 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 - 2 3 - - 3 26 Conus ventricosus Gmelin, 1791 ------1 1 Dendropoma petraeum (Monterosato, 1884) 2 ------2 4 Echinolittorina punctata (Gmelin, 1791) 3 - 3 ------3 9 *Ergalatax junionae Houart, 2008 3 3 2 3 - - 3 - 3 3 - - 3 23 181 181 10. ANNEXES 182 182 10. ANNEXES

Stations (Ras Chekaa) C-3 C-10 C-11 C-14 C-15 C-16 C-17 C-18 C-19 C-20 C-21 C-22 C-23 Total

Erosaria spurca (Linnaeus, 1758) (shells) ------1 ------1 Flabellina affinis(Gmelin, 1791) - - - - - 1 ------1 *Fusinus verrucosus (Gmelin, 1791) - 1 ------1 2 Gibbula spp. ------2 2 *Goniobranchus annulatus (Eliot, 1904) ------1 - - 1 Hexaplex trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 1 - 1 - - 1 ------4 *Trochus erithreus (Brocchi, 1821) - 1 - - - - 1 - - 1 - - 1 4 Luria lurida (Linnaeus, 1758) (shell) - - - - - 1 1 ------2 Melarhaphe neritoides (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 ------2 4 *Murex forskoehlii forskoehlii Röding, 1798 - 1 - 1 ------2 Nassarius mutabilis (Linnaeus, 1758) (shells) ------1 - 1 Patella caerulea Linnaeus, 1758 3 - 3 ------3 2 11 Patella rustica Linnaeus, 1758 3 3 ------3 9 Patella ulyssiponensis Gmelin, 1791 3 - 3 ------3 9 Phorcus articulatus (Lamarck, 1822) ------1 1 Phorcus turbinatus (Born, 1778) 2 2 ------2 6 *Purpuradusta gracilis notata (Gill, 1858) (shells) ------1 ------1 *Rhinoclavis kochi (Philippi, 1848) (shells) ------2 - 2 Thylacodes arenarius(Linnaeus, 1758) (shells) 1 ------1 *Indothais sacellum (Gmelin, 1791) (= Thais scacellum) - - - 1 ------1 Bivalvia

*Brachidontes pharaonis (P. Fischer, 1870) 3 3 3 3 - - 3 - 3 - - 3 3 24 *Chama pacificaBroderip, 1835 3 3 - 3 - 3 3 - 3 3 - 2 3 26 *Dendostrea frons (Linnaeus, 1758) - 1 1 1 - - 1 - - 2 - 3 - 9 *Gafrarium savignyi (Jomas, 1846) (shells) ------1 ------1 Lioberus agglutinans (Cantraine, 1835) (shells) - - - 1 ------1 Stations (Ras Chekaa) C-3 C-10 C-11 C-14 C-15 C-16 C-17 C-18 C-19 C-20 C-21 C-22 C-23 Total

*Malleus regula Forsskål, 1775 2 3 1 2 - 2 3 - 2 3 2 - - 20 Ostreidae sp. 2 - - 2 - - - - - 3 - - - 7 *Pinctada imbricata radiata (Leach, 1814) 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 - - 1 - - - 7 Pinna nobilis Linnaeus, 1758 (shell rests) - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 - - 2 *Spondylus spinosus Schreibers, 1793 2 2 - 2 - 2 2 - 2 2 - 1 1 16 Striarca lactea (Linnaeus, 1758) - - - - 2 - - 2 - - - - - 4 Cephalopoda

Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 1 - - 1 - 1 1 - - - - 1 - 5 Bryozoa

Adeonella pallasii (Heller, 1867) - - - - 1 ------1 Caberea boryi (Audouin, 1826) ------2 2 - - - 4 Cellaria spp. ------3 3 - - - 6 Margaretta cereoides (Ellis & Solander, 1786) - - - 2 - - - - 2 - - - - 4 Reptadeonella sp. 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 - - - 7 Reteporella sp. ------1 - 2 2 - - - 5 Rhynchozoon sp. ------1 - - - - - 1 Schizomavella spp. ------1 - - - 1 Schizoporella errata (Waters, 1878) 2 2 - 2 - - 2 - 2 2 - 3 - 15 Schizoretepora hassi Harmelin, Bitar, Zibrowius, 2007 ------1 1 - - - 2 Scrupocellaria sp. - - - 2 - - 1 ------3 Echinodermata Asteroidea

Coscinasterias tenuispina (Lamarck, 1816) ------1 - - - - - 1 Echinaster sepositus (Retzius, 1783) ------1 - - - - - 1 Ophiuroidea

*Ophiactis sp. (O. parva or O. savignyi) 1 ------1 183 183 10. ANNEXES 184 184 10. ANNEXES

Stations (Ras Chekaa) C-3 C-10 C-11 C-14 C-15 C-16 C-17 C-18 C-19 C-20 C-21 C-22 C-23 Total

Ophiomyxa pentagona (Lamarck, 1816) ------1 - - - - 1 Echinoidea

Arbacia lixula (Linnaeus, 1758) - 1 - 2 - - 1 - 1 1 - - - 6 Brissus unicolor (Leske, 1778) (tests) - - - - - 1 ------1 Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) 1 2 - 2 - - 1 - 1 1 - - 1 9 Holothuroidea

Holothuria impatiens (Forskål, 1775) 1 ------1 Holothuria sanctori Delle Chiaje, 1823 1 - - 1 - - 1 - 1 - - - - 4 Holothuria tubulosa Gmelin, 1791 - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - 2 Ascidiacea

Ascidia cf. mentula Müller, 1776 ------1 - - - - - 1 Botryllus sp. - - - 1 ------1 Cystodytes dellechiajei (Della Valle, 1877) - 1 - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - 4 Didemnidae spp. 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 - 2 23 Diplosoma sp. - - - 1 ------1 *Herdmania momus (Savigny, 1816) 2 2 - 2 3 1 3 2 2 2 - - 1 20 *Phallusia nigra Savigny, 1816 2 2 - 2 - - 1 - 2 2 - 2 2 15 Polyclinidae spp. - - - - 2 ------2 Pyura dura (Heller, 1877) - 1 ------1 *Symplegma brakenhielmi (Michaelsen, 1904) ------1 - - - - 1 Pisces' Actinopterygii

Apogon imberbis (Linnaeus, 1758) - 1 - 1 - - - - 1 1 - - - 4 Atherinidae sp. 3 - 3 - 3 - - - 3 - 3 3 - 18 *Atherinomorus lacunosus (Forster, 1801) 3 ------3 Belone belone (Linnaeus, 1761) 1 ------1 Stations (Ras Chekaa) C-3 C-10 C-11 C-14 C-15 C-16 C-17 C-18 C-19 C-20 C-21 C-22 C-23 Total

Blennidae spp. 1 ------1 Boops boops (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 ------1 - 3 - - 7 Chromis chromis (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 3 3 3 - 2 3 - 3 3 1 - - 24

Coris julis (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 2 - 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 - 3 24

Dicentrarchus punctatus ------2 - 2 Diplodus cervinus (Lowe, 1838) 1 - - - - - 1 - 1 - - 1 - 4 Diplodus puntazzo (Walbaum, 1792) - - - 1 ------1 Diplodus sargus (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 3 3 3 - 2 3 - 3 3 - 1 2 26 Diplodus vulgaris (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) 2 2 2 2 - - 2 - - 2 - 1 2 15 Epinephelus costae (Steindachner, 1878) ------1 - 1 - - 2 Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834) 1 1 - 1 - - 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 8 Gobius bucchichi Steindachner, 1870 - - - - - 2 1 ------3 Gobius geniporus Valenciennes, 1837 ------2 - - 1 - - 3 Gobius kolombatovici Kovacic & Miller, 2000 - - - - 1 ------1 Gobius vittatus Vinciguerra, 1883 ------1 - - 1 - - 2 Gymnothorax unicolor Delaroche, 1809 ------1 ------1 Mugilidae spp. ------2 - 2 Mullus surmuletus Linnaeus, 1758 ------1 2 - - - 3 Muraena helena Linnaeus, 1758 - - - 1 - 1 1 ------3 Mycteroperca rubra (Bloch, 1793) 1 1 1 1 - - 1 - 1 - 1 - - 7 Oblada melanura (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 3 2 3 - 2 3 - 3 2 - - - 21 Parablennius zvonimiri (Kolombatovic, 1892) 1 ------1 *Pempheris vanicolensis Cuvier, 1831 3 3 - 3 - - 2 - 3 3 - - - 17 Pomadasys incisus (Bowdich, 1825) ------1 - - - - 1 Pseudocaranx dentex (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) ------2 - - - - 2 *Pteragogus pelycus Randall, 1981 - - - - - 1 1 ------2 185 185 10. ANNEXES 186 186 10. ANNEXES

Stations (Ras Chekaa) C-3 C-10 C-11 C-14 C-15 C-16 C-17 C-18 C-19 C-20 C-21 C-22 C-23 Total

*Sargocentron rubrum (Forsskål, 1775) 2 2 - 3 - 3 2 - 3 2 2 - - 19 Scorpaena maderensis Valenciennes, 1833 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 - - - 7 Scorpaena porcus Linnaeus, 1758 - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - 2 Serranus cabrilla (Linnaeus, 1758) - - - 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 - - 11 Serranus hepatus (Linnaeus, 1758) - - - - 1 - - 2 - - 2 - - 5 Serranus scriba (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 - - 2 - - 1 - - 2 - - - 7 *Siganus luridus (Rüppell, 1829) 2 2 - 2 - - 2 - 2 2 - - 1 13 *Siganus rivulatus Forsskål, 1775 3 3 - 3 - - 3 - 3 3 - 2 2 22 Sparisoma cretense (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 3 - 3 2 2 3 - 3 3 1 1 2 26 *Sphyraena chrysotaenia Klunzinger, 1884 2 ------3 - 5 *Stephanolepis diaspros Fraser-Brunner, 1940 1 1 - - - 1 ------1 4 Symphodus ocellatus Forsskål, 1775 - - - - - 1 ------1 Thalassoma pavo(Linnaeus, 1758) 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 - 3 3 - - 3 28 *Torquigener flavimaculosusHardy & Randall, 1983 - - - - 2 1 - - - - 2 - - 5 Tripterygion melanurum Guichenot, 1850 1 1 - - - - 1 - 1 - - - 1 5 Tripterygion tripteronotus (Risso, 1810) ------1 - - - - 1 Species richness (S) 107 77 32 88 42 54 93 36 98 94 44 32 75 271 Relative Abondance 211 141 68 167 77 93 161 66 177 181 75 59 151 1628 Margalef' index 19,81 15,36 7,347 17,0 9,439 11,69 18,11 8,354 18,74 17,89 9,959 7,603 14,75 - Polycyathus muellerae (Abel, 1959) Phyllangia americanamouchezii(Lacaze-Duthiers, 1897) Anthozoa Sertularia marginata(Kirchenpauer, 1864) Pennaria disticha(Goldfuss, 1820) Eudendrium Clarke, 1882 carneum Aglaophenia picardi Svoboda, 1979 Hydrozoa Cnidaria Terpios sp. Sycon sp. Spongia officinalisLinnaeus,1759 Phorbas topsentiVacelet &Perez, 2008 Petrosia (Poiret, ficiformis 1789) *Paraleucilla magnaKlautauetal.,2004 Ircinia variabilis (Schmidt,1862) Hexadella racovitzai Topsent, 1896 Haliclona fulva (Topsent, 1893) Gastrophanella phoeniciensisPerez etal.,2004 Euryspongia raouchensis Diplastella sp. Crambe crambe (Schmidt,1862) Cliona viridis(Schmidt,1862) Clathrina cf. Clathrina cf. coriacea(Montagu, 1818) Minchin,Clathrina contorta 1905 (Schmidt,1864) Clathrina clathrus Chondrosia reniformis Nardo, 1847 Calcarea spp. (Sycetusa, Vosmaeropsis) Aplysina sp. Porifera Schottera nicaeensis(J.V. Lamouroux exDuby) &Hollenberg, Guiry 1975 Pterocladiella capillacea(S.G.Gmelin)Santelices & Hommersand, 1997 (Linnaeus)P.S.Dixon,Plocamium cartilagineum 1967 W.H.Adey, (J.E.Areschoug) Phymatolithon lenormandii 1966 Peyssonnelia spp Lithophyllum Philippi, 1837 incrustans Hildenbrandia rubra (Sommerfelt) Meneghini, 1841 Corallina elongataJ.Ellis &Solander, 1786 Rhodophyta Ulva *Codium tayloriiP.C.Silva, 1960 Chlorophyta cf. lactucaLinnaeus,1753(=U.fasciata)

(Johnston, 1842) lacunosa(Johnston, . Vacelet et al.,2007 Station (Raoucheh) 10.3.4 Raoucheh R-1 3 3 2 3 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 187 187 10. ANNEXES 188 188 10. ANNEXES Actinopterygii Pisces' *Symplegma brakenhielmi (Michaelsen, 1904) Pyura dura (Heller, 1877) Pseudodistoma Pérès, cyrnusense 1952 Pycnoclavella sp. Polysyncraton bilobatumLafargue,1968 *Phallusia nigra Savigny, 1816 *Herdmania momus(Savigny, 1816) Diplosoma sp. Didemnidae spp. Cystodytes dellechiajei(Della Valle,1877) Ascidiacea *Aquilonastra (Gray, burtoni 1840) Asteroidea Echinodermata Schizoretepora hassiHarmelin, Bitar, Zibrowius, 2007 Reptadeonella sp. Margaretta cereoides (Ellis &Solander, 1786) Bryozoa *Spondylus spinosusSchreibers, 1793 *Pinctada imbricata radiata (Leach,1814) Ostreidae sp. *Malleus regula Forsskål, 1775 *Dendostrea frons (Linnaeus,1758) *Chama pacificaBroderip, 1835 *Brachidontes pharaonis (P. Fischer, 1870) Bivalvia *Ergalatax junionaeHouart, 2008 *Conomurex persicus(Swainson, 1821) Gastropoda Mollusca Galatheidae sp. hellerii(A.Milne-Edwards,*Charybdis 1867) Decapoda Crustacea Spirorbidae sp. *Spirobranchus kraussii (Baird, 1865) Sabellidae sp. Hydroides sp. Hermodice (Pallas, carunculata 1766) Filograna sp. Polychaeta Telmatactis cricoides(Duchassaing, 1850)

Station (Raoucheh) R-1 2 3 2 1 2 3 3 2 3 3 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1

Margalef' index Margalef' Relative abundance Species richness Tripterygion Guichenot, melanurum 1850 *Torquigener flavimaculosusHardy &Randall,1983 Thalassoma pavo (Linnaeus,1758) Symphodus ocellatus Forsskål, 1775 Sparisoma cretense (Linnaeus,1758) *Siganus rivulatusForsskål, 1775 Scorpaena maderensis Valenciennes, 1833 (Forsskål,*Sargocentron rubrum 1775) *Pempheris vanicolensis Cuvier, 1831 Pagrus aurigaValenciennes, 1843 Oblada melanura (Linnaeus,1758) Mycteroperca rubra (Bloch, 1793) Diplodus vulgaris(Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Diplodus sargus(Linnaeus,1758) Coris julis(Linnaeus,1758) Chromis chromis (Linnaeus,1758) Atherinidae sp. Apogon imberbis(Linnaeus,1758) Station (Raoucheh) 15,42 179 R-1 81 1 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 1 189 189 10. ANNEXES 190 190 10. ANNEXES Hydrozoa Cnidaria Porifera Rhodophyta Ochrophyta Eudendrium spp. Eudendrium cf. Watson,merulum 1985 Chlorophyta Sarcotragus spinosulusSchmidt,1862 Fungi Cyanobacteria Phorbas topsentiVacelet &Perez, 2008 Ircinia sp. Ircinia variabilis (Schmidt,1862) Haliclona sp. Crambe crambe (Schmidt,1862) Chondrosia reniformis Nardo, 1847 Axinella polypoidesSchmidt,1862 Palisada perforata deSaint-Vincent) (Bory K.W.Nam, 2007 Lithophyllum papillosum(Zanardini exHauck) Foslie 1900 Lithophyllum Philippi, 1837 incrustans *Laurencia sp. Laurencia obtusa(Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux, 1813 Jania (Linnaeus)J.V.Lamouroux, rubens 1816 Jania longifurca Zanardini, 1843 Corallina elongataJ.Ellis &Solander, 1786 Amphiroa rigidaJ.V.Lamouroux, 1816 *Stypopodium schimperi(Buchinger exKützing) Verlaque &Boudouresque, 1991 Stypocaulon scoparium(Linnaeus)Kützing, 1843 (J.E.Areschoug) J.E.Areschoug, 1845 (J.E.Areschoug) verrucosa Ralfsia Padina pavonica (Linnaeus)Thivy, 1960 Lobophora variegata (J.V.Lamouroux) Womersley exE.C.Oliveira, 1977 Cystoseira foeniculacea(Linnaeus)Greville, 1830 Ulva intestinalisLinnaeus,1753 (Bory exAudouin) (Bory P.C.Silva,*Codium parvulum 2003 Cladophora sp. Chaetomorpha sp. Verrucaria amphibiaClemente,1814 Rivularia atra Roth exBornet&Flahault, 1886

Stations (Saida) 10.3.5 Saida S-1 1

2 2 2 3 2

1 2 2 2 3

1 2 3

------S-2 1

2 3 2

3 2 2 3 1 3

2 1 1 3

------S-3

2 2

3 2 3 2 3

3 3

------S-4

------S-5

------S-6

1 3

------S-7 1 1

1 1

2 1

2 1 3

------Total 12 1 1 2

4 3 2 1 7 4 1 2 2

3 5 2 8 2 3 6 1

1 3 8 1 3 3 2 3

3 3

Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linnaeus,1758)(shells) Bivalvia Phorcus turbinatus(Born,1778) Patella ulyssiponensisGmelin,1791 Patella Linnaeus, 1758 rustica Patella Linnaeus,1758 caerulea Ocinebrina sp. (shells) Melarhaphe neritoides(Linnaeus,1758) *Hypselodoris infucataRüppell 1831 &Leuckart, Hexaplex (Linnaeus,1758) trunculus Euthria (Linnaeus,1758)(shells) cornea Erosaria spurca (Linnaeus,1758)(shells) *Ergalatax junionaeHouart, 2008(= E.obscura) Echinolittorina punctata(Gmelin,1791) Diodora (G.B.Sowerby rueppellii I,1835) *Conomurex persicus(Swainson, 1821) *Cerithium scabridumPhilippi, 1848 * cf. Cellana rota (Gmelin,1791) Bittium spp. Gastropoda Mollusca Pachygrapsus marmoratus (Fabricius, 1787) *Charybdis hellerii(A.Milne-Edwards,*Charybdis 1867) Decapoda Perforatus perforatus (Bruguière, 1789) Euraphia depressa (Poli, 1791) Chthamalus stellatus(Poli, 1795) Chthmalus montaguiSouthward, 1976 Darwin, 1854 Balanus trigonusDarwin, Cirripedia Crustacea Phascolosoma stephensoni(Stephen, 1942) Sipuncula Serpulidae spp. Polychaeta *Rhopilema nomadicaGalil, 1990 Scyphozoa Sertularia marginata(Kirchenpauer, 1864) Pennaria disticha(Goldfuss, 1820) *Macrorhynchia philippinaKirchenpauer, 1872 Stations (Saida) S-1 1

1 1 2 3 3 3 3

3 2 2

------S-2 1 1 2 3 1 1 1

1 2 3 1 1 3 3

3 2 2

------S-3 3 3 3 3 1 3 1

1 3 1 1 1 3 3

------S-4

------S-5

------S-6

------S-7

1 2

------Total 4 5 3 3 1 6 2 2 1

3 2 3 1 5 6 1 4 1 1 6 1 3 3 6

6 2 4 6

6 1

191 191 10. ANNEXES 192 192 10. ANNEXES Gobius bucchichiSteindachner, 1870 *Fistularia commersonniiRüppell, 1835 Epinephelus costae(Steindachner, 1878) Diplodus vulgaris(Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Diplodus sargus(Linnaeus,1758) Coris julis(Linnaeus,1758) Chromis chromis (Linnaeus,1758) Actinopterygii Rhinobatos cemiculusGeoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817 Dasyatis pastinaca(Linnaeus,1758) Elasmobranchii Pisces Styelidae sp. *Phallusia nigra Savigny, 1816 *Herdmania momus(Savigny, 1816) Didemnidae spp. Botrylloides cf. leachii Botrylloides Ascidiacea Brissus unicolor (Leske,1778)(tests) Echinoidea Echinodermata Schizoporella errata (Waters, 1878) Rhynchozoon sp. Bryozoa Loligo vulgarisLamarck, 1798(eggs) Cephalopoda Venus Linnaeus,1758(shells) verrucosa Venerupis (Gmelin,1791)(shells) corrugata *Spondylus spinosus Schreibers, 1793 Polititapes aureus (Gmelin,1791) *Pinctada imbricataradiata (Leach,1814) Ostreidae sp. *Malleus regula Forsskål, 1775 Mactra (Linnaeus,1758)(shells) stultorum Glycymeris nummaria(Linnaeus,1758)(shells) *Gafrarium 1846)(shells) savignyi(Jomas, *Fulvia fragilis (Forsskal inNeihbur, 1775) Ctena decussata(O.G.Costa,1829)(shells) *Chama pacificaBroderip, 1835 *Brachidontes pharaonis (P. Fischer, 1870)

Stations (Saida) S-1 3 2 2 3 2 3 1 1

1 1

3 2 2 1

1 3

2 1 3 3 ------S-2 2 3 3 3 1 1

3 1 2 1

2 1 3 ------S-3

1 3 ------S-4 1

------S-5 1 2 1 1

------S-6 2 1 2 3

2 2 ------S-7 1 2 2 2

1 3 ------Total 10 11 1 1 2 4 1 1 5 8 1 2 1

1 3

9 1 2 1 3 2 1

1 3

4 1 8 9 8 Margalef' index Margalef' Relative abundance Species richness(S) Xyrichtys novacula (Linnaeus,1758) Thalassoma pavo (Linnaeus,1758) Symphodus tinca(Linnaeus,1758) *Stephanolepis diaspros Fraser-Brunner, 1940 Sparisoma cretense (Linnaeus,1758) *Siganus rivulatusForsskål, 1775 *Siganus luridus(Rüppell, 1829) Serranus scriba(Linnaeus,1758) Serranus hepatus(Linnaeus,1758) Serranus cabrilla(Linnaeus,1758) *Sargocentron rubrum (Forsskål,*Sargocentron rubrum 1775) *Plotosus lineatus(Thunberg,1787) Mycteroperca rubra (Bloch, 1793) Stations (Saida) 10,94 106 S-1 52 3 3 1 2 1 ------11,48 102 S-2 54 3 3 1 1 ------6,542 S-3 28 62 ------1,443 S-4 2 2 1 ------3,46 S-5 11 18 2 3 2 ------4,039 S-6 14 25 1 2 1 2 2 1 ------6,83 S-7 27 45 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - Total 107 359 10 5 8 1 1 3 2 3 2 3 7 2 1 - 193 193 10. ANNEXES 194 194 10. ANNEXES Cnidaria Hydrozoa Porifera Magnoliophyta Crustacea DecapodaCrustacea Ochrophyta Rhodophyta Chlorophyta Eudendrium Clarke, 1882 carneum Spongia officinalisLinnaeus,1759 Sarcotragus spinosulus Schmidt,1862 Phorbas topsentiVacelet &Perez, 2008 Petrosia (Poiret, ficiformis 1789) Ircinia sp. Crambe crambe (Schmidt,1862) Cliona viridis(Schmidt,1862) Ciocalypta carballoiVacelet et al,2007 Axinella sp. Axinella polypoidesSchmidt,1862 Cymodocea nodosa(Ucria) Ascherson,1870 Peyssonnelia spp. *Laurencia sp. Padina pavonica (Linnaeus)Thivy, 1960 Jania var. rubens (Linnaeus)Yendo, corniculata 1905 Lobophora variegata (J.V.Lamouroux) Womersley exE.C.Oliveira, 1977 Halymenial sp. Calcinus tubularis(Linnaeus,1767) Dictyota linearis(C.Agardh) Greville, 1830 Haliptylon &Johansen virgatumGarbary (1982) Dictyota fasciola(Roth) J.V.Lamouroux, 1809 *Galaxaura &Solander) J.V.Lamouroux, (J.Ellis rugosa 1816 Pennaria disticha(Goldfuss, 1820) Cystoseira foeniculacea(Linnaeus)Greville, 1830 Corallina elongataJ.Ellis &Solander, 1786 *Macrorhynchia philippinaKirchenpauer, 1872 Amphiroa rigidaJ.V.Lamouroux, 1816 Eudendrium spp. (Bory exAudouin) (Bory P.C.Silva,*Codium parvulum 2003 Eudendrium cf. *Stypopodium schimperi(Buchinger exKützing) Verlaque &Boudouresque, 1991 merulum Watson, merulum 1985 Stations (Tyre) 10.3.6 Tyre (Hydroplane)

T-3

------T-4 2 2 2 2 3 1 3

1 2 2 3 3 3 1

------T-7

------T-8 2

------T-9 2 1 2 1 3 1 3

3 3 3 2

------T-10 1 2 2 3 1 1 2

3 2 3 3 3 2

------T-13 2 3 2

------T-14 2

3 2

------T-15

2 3 1 3 3

------Total 12 14 12 1 5 2 4 5 1 3

3 2 2 5 2 3 3 3 1 8 3 3 4 7 3 2

3 2 3

3 4

Actinopterygii Elasmobranchii Pisces' Ascidiacea Holothuroidea Echinoidea Echinodermata Bryozoa Diplodus vulgaris(Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Bivalvia Diplodus sargus(Linnaeus,1758) Diplodus puntazzo (Walbaum, 1792) Coris julis(Linnaeus,1758) Gastropoda Chromis chromis (Linnaeus,1758) Mollusca Rhinobatos cemiculusGeoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817 Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus,1758) *Phallusia nigra Savigny, 1816 *Synaptula reciprocans (Forskal, 1775) Echinocardium mediterraneum (Forbes, 1844)(tests) Schizoporella errata (Waters, 1878) *Spondylus spinosusSchreibers, 1793 *Pinctada imbricataradiata (Leach,1814) Ostreidae sp. *Malleus regula Forsskål, 1775 Mactra (Linnaeus,1758(shells) stultorum *Gafrarium 1846)(shells) savignyi(Jomas, *Chama pacificaBroderip, 1835 *Brachidontes pharaonis (P. Fischer, 1870) Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linnaeus,1758)(shells) (Forsskål,*Sargocentron rubrum 1775) *Plotosus lineatus(Thunberg,1787) *Conomurex persicus(Swainson, 1821) *Pempheris vanicolensis Cuvier, 1831 *Cerithium scabridumPhilippi, 1848 *Lagocephalus scleratus (Gmelin,1789) Gobius bucchichiSteindachner, 1870 Epinephelus costae(Steindachner, 1878) Diogenes pugilator(Roux, 1829) Stations (Tyre) T-3

2 3

------T-4 3

------T-7 2 3 2

3 2

------T-8 2 2 1 1

------T-9 1 2 3 2

2 1

------T-10 2 3

------T-13

------T-14 2 2 3 1

1 3

------T-15 1 2

1 2 3 2

1 3

------Total 17 12 15 12 5 1 8 1 3 4 1

1 5 3 2

3 1

1 3 2 3 1 2 1 3 3

195 195 10. ANNEXES 196 196 10. ANNEXES Margalef's index Margalef's Relative abundance Species richness(S) Xyrichtys novacula (Linnaeus,1758) Tripterygion Guichenot, melanurum 1850 Trachurus sp. Thalassoma pavo (Linnaeus,1758) Symphodus tinca(Linnaeus,1758) Spicara smaris(Linnaeus,1758) Sparisoma cretense (Linnaeus,1758) *Siganus rivulatusForsskål, 1775 *Siganus luridus(Rüppell, 1829) Serranus scriba(Linnaeus,1758) Serranus cabrilla(Linnaeus,1758) Stations (Tyre) 1,92 T-3 8 5 ------5,45 T-4 47 22 1 2 1 2 ------3,56 T-7 29 13 2 2 2 2 2 ------3,94 T-8 27 14 3 1 2 3 2 ------5,63 T-9 49 23 2 ------T-10 5,25 45 21 1 1 ------T-13 1,95 13 6 ------T-14 4,58 33 17 1 1 3 1 2 2 - - - - - T-15 4,91 39 19 1 2 ------Total 290 72 3 3 2 2 1 2 7 3 8 9 4 - 10.3..7 Tyre (plot scuba and snorkeling dives)

Stations (Tyre) T-1 T-2 T-5 T-6 T-11 T-12 T-16 T-17 T-18 T-19 T-20 T-21 T-22 T-23 T-24 T-25 Total

Proteobacteria Beggiatoa spp. 3 3 Cyanobacteria Phormidium autumnale (C.Agardh) Trevisan ex Gomont, 1892 3 3 3 3 3 15 Oscillatoria sp. 1 1 Fungi

Verrucaria amphibia Clemente, 1814 3 3 6 Chlorophyta

Bryopsis plumosa C.Agardh, 1823 2 2 Cladophora sp. 3 3 *Codium parvulum (Bory ex Audouin) P.C.Silva, 2003 2 1 3 Palmophyllum crassum (Naccari) Rabenhorst, 1868 1 1 Ochrophyta Cystoseira compressa (Esper) Gerloff & Nizamuddin, 1975 2 2 3 7 Cystoseira foeniculacea (Linnaeus) Greville, 1830 2 3 3 3 3 14 Dictyota fasciola (Roth) J.V.Lamouroux, 1809 3 3 3 9 Lobophora variegata (J.V.Lamouroux) Womersley ex E.C.Oliveira, 1977 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 3 2 3 19 *Padina boergesenii Allender & Kraft, 1983 1 3 2 3 9 Padina pavonica (Linnaeus) Thivy, 1960 2 1 3 Ralfsia verrucosa (J.E.Areschoug) J.E.Areschoug, 1845 3 3 Sargassum vulgare C.Agardh, 1820 2 2 1 5 Stypocaulon scoparium (Linnaeus) Kützing, 1843 2 2 *Stypopodium schimperi (Buchinger ex Kützing) Verlaque & Boud., 1991 1 1 3 5 Rhodophyta

Amphiroa beauvoisii Lamouroux (1816) 2 3 5 197 197 10. ANNEXES 198 198 10. ANNEXES

Stations (Tyre) T-1 T-2 T-5 T-6 T-11 T-12 T-16 T-17 T-18 T-19 T-20 T-21 T-22 T-23 T-24 T-25 Total

Amphiroa cryptarthrodia Zanardini, 1843 3 3 Amphiroa rigida J.V.Lamouroux, 1816 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 20 Ceramiales sp. 3 3 Corallina elongata J.Ellis & Solander, 1786 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 22 *Galaxaura rugosa (J.Ellis & Solander) J.V.Lamouroux, 1816 3 1 2 3 3 3 1 3 19

*Ganonema farinosum (J.V.Lamouroux) K.C.Fan & Yung C.Wang, 1974 1 1 Gelidium bipectinatum Furnari, 1999 2 2 Hildenbrandia rubra (Sommerfelt) Meneghini, 1841 1 1 *Hypnea spinella (C.Agardh) Kützing, 1847 1 1 Jania rubens (Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux, 1816 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 27 Laurencia obtusa (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux, 1813 2 1 2 5 *Laurencia sp. 3 3 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 2 23 Lithophyllum incrustans Philippi, 1837 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 24 Lithophyllum papillosum (Zanardini ex Hauck) Foslie 1900 2 2 Lithophyllum stictaeforme (Areschoug) Hauck 1877 1+ 1 1 2 Lithothamnion corallioides P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan, 1867 3 3 Mesophyllum alternans (Foslie) Cabioch & Mendoza, 1998 3 2 2 2 2 11

Neogoniolithon brassica-florida(Harvey) Setchell & L.R.Mason, 1943 3 3 6 Neogoniolithon mamillosum (Hauck) Setchell & L.R.Mason, 1943 3 3 Palisada perforata (Bory de Saint-Vincent) K.W.Nam, 2007 1 2 3 3 9 Peyssonnelia coriacea Feldmann, 1941 2 2 Peyssonnelia rosa-marina Boudouresque & Denizot, 1973 3 2 3 2 3 13 Peyssonnelia rubra (Greville) J.Agardh, 1851 3 3 3 3 3 3 18 Peyssonnelia squamaria (Gmelin) Decaisne, 1841 3 3 Peyssonnelia spp. 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 25 Spongites fruticulosa Kützing, 1841 2 2 Stations (Tyre) T-1 T-2 T-5 T-6 T-11 T-12 T-16 T-17 T-18 T-19 T-20 T-21 T-22 T-23 T-24 T-25 Total

Tricleocarpa fragilis (Linnaeus) Huisman & R.A.Townsend, 1993 1 1 Porifera

Acanthella acuta Schmidt, 1862 1 1 Aplysina aerophoba Nardo, 1833 1 1 Axinella polypoides Schmidt, 1862 3 1 4 Axinella sp. 1 2 2 5 Chondrilla nucula Schmidt, 1862 3 2 2 1 8 Chondrosia reniformis Nardo, 1847 3 1 3 1 8 Cinachyrella levantinensis Vacelet et al, 2007 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 Ciocalypta carballoi Vacelet et al, 2007 1 1 1 2 2 2 9 Clathrina cf. coriacea (Montagu, 1818) 2 2 Cliona parenzani Corriero & Scalera-Liaci, 1997 2 3 3 3 11 Corticium candelabrum Schmidt, 1862 1 1 Crambe crambe (Schmidt, 1862) 3 3 3 3 2 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 37 Dictyonella sp. 2 2 Dysidea avara (Schmidt, 1862) 1 1 Dysidea tupha (Martens, 1824) 1 1 Haliclona fulva (Topsent, 1893) 2 1 3 Ircinia variabilis (Schmidt, 1862) 1 1 1 3 Ircinia sp. 2 2 1 2 2 2 11 Lyosina blastifera Vacelet, Bitar, Carteron, Zibrowius & Perez, 2007 1 1 Mycale sp. 1 1 Niphates toxifera Vacelet et al, 2007 1 2 2 1 2 8 Oscarella lobularis (Schmidt, 1862) 2 2 Petrosia ficiformis(Poiret, 1789) 2 2 1 1 1 7 Phorbas tenacior (Topsent, 1925) 1 1 2 199 199 10. ANNEXES 200 200 10. ANNEXES

Stations (Tyre) T-1 T-2 T-5 T-6 T-11 T-12 T-16 T-17 T-18 T-19 T-20 T-21 T-22 T-23 T-24 T-25 Total

Phorbas topsenti Vacelet & Perez, 2008 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 15 Sarcotragus cf. foetidus Schmidt, 1862 1 1 1 1 4 Sarcotragus spinosulus Schmidt, 1862 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 11 Spirastrella cunctatrix Schmidt, 1868 1 1 Spongia officinalisLinnaeus, 1759 1 1 Sycon sp. 2 1 3 Cnidaria Hydrozoa

Aglaophenia sp. 2 2 Eudendrium cf. merulum Watson, 1985 2 2 2 2 8 Eudendrium spp. 2 2 2 2 8 *Macrorhynchia philippina Kirchenpauer, 1872 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 17 Pennaria disticha (Goldfuss, 1820) 3 3 2 3 2 1 1 3 3 1 22 Hydrozoa spp. 3 3 Anthozoa

Aiptasia mutabilis (Gravenhorst, 1831) 2 2 Asterosmilia sp. (jumped tests) 1 1 Cladocora caespitosa (Linnaeus, 1767) 1 1 2 Madracis pharensis (Heller, 1868) 2 2 *Oculina patagonica de Angelis, 1908 2 2 1 2 2 2 11 Phyllangia americana mouchezii (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1897) 3 3 Telmatactis cricoides (Duchassaing, 1850) 1 1 2 Polychaeta

Filograna sp. 3 2 5 Hermodice carunculata (Pallas, 1766) 1 1 1 3 Sabellidae sp. 1 3 4 Stations (Tyre) T-1 T-2 T-5 T-6 T-11 T-12 T-16 T-17 T-18 T-19 T-20 T-21 T-22 T-23 T-24 T-25 Total

Serpulidae spp. 1 2 2 1 2 3 3 14 Sipuncula

Phascolosoma stephensoni (Stephen, 1942) 2 2 Sipunculus nudus Linnaeus, 1766 1 1 Crustacea Cirripedia

Balanus trigonus Darwin, 1854 3 2 2 7 Chthmalus montagui Southward, 1976 3 3 Chthamalus stellatus (Poli, 1795) 3 3 6 Euraphia depressa (Poli, 1791) 1 1 2 Perforatus perforatus (Bruguière, 1789) 3 3 2 3 2 13 Decapoda

*Alpheus audouini Coutière, 1905 1 1 *Atergatis roseus (Rüppell, 1830) 2 1 3 *Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896 (carapace) 1 1 *Charybdis hellerii (A. Milne-Edwards, 1867) 1 2 1 4 Clibanarius erythropus (Latreille, 1818) 3 3 3 3 12 Eriphia verrucosa (Forskål, 1775) 1 1 Pachygrapsus marmoratus (Fabricius, 1787) 1 1 Pagurus anachoretus Risso, 1827 1 1 Palaemon serratus (Pennant, 1777) 1 1 Upogebia pusilla (Petagna, 1792) (moult) 1 1 Mollusca Gastropoda

Bulla striata Bruguière, 1792 (shells) 1 1 *Cerithium scabridum Philippi, 1848 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 30 201 201 10. ANNEXES 202 202 10. ANNEXES

Stations (Tyre) T-1 T-2 T-5 T-6 T-11 T-12 T-16 T-17 T-18 T-19 T-20 T-21 T-22 T-23 T-24 T-25 Total

Cerithium vulgatum Bruguière, 1792 1 1 2 *Conomurex persicus (Swainson, 1821) 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 16 Echinolittorina punctata (Gmelin, 1791) 2 3 5 *Elysia grandifolia Kelaart, 1857 1 1 1 1 4 Elysia timida (Risso, 1818) 1 1 *Ergalatax junionae Houart, 2008 2 2 2 2 8 Erosaria spurca (Linnaeus, 1758) (shells) 1 1 2 Euthria cornea (Linnaeus, 1758) (shells) 1 1 *Goniobranchus annulatus (Eliot, 1904) 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 9 Hexaplex trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 1 2 *Hypselodoris infucata Rüppell & Leuckart, 1831 1 1 1 3 *Trochus erithreus (Brocchi, 1821) 1 1 2 Melarhaphe neritoides (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 3 6 Nassarius reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (shells) 1 1 Phorcus turbinatus (Born, 1778) 2 2 4 *Purpuradusta gracilis notata (Gill, 1858) (shells) 1 1 1 3 *Rhinoclavis kochi (Philippi, 1848) (shells) 1 1 Thylacodes arenarius(Linnaeus, 1758) (shells) 1 1 2 Tonna galea (shells) (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 1 Bivalvia

Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linnaeus, 1758) (shells) 2 2 Arca noae Linnaeus, 1758 (shells) 1 1 *Brachidontes pharaonis (P. Fischer, 1870) 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 23 *Chama pacificaBroderip, 1835 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 26 *Dendostrea frons (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 1 1 4 *Gafrarium savignyi (Jomas, 1846) (shells) 1 2 1 1 1 1 7 Stations (Tyre) T-1 T-2 T-5 T-6 T-11 T-12 T-16 T-17 T-18 T-19 T-20 T-21 T-22 T-23 T-24 T-25 Total

Glycymeris nummaria (Linnaeus, 1758) (shells) 1 1 1 3 Lima lima (Linnaeus, 1758) (shells) 1 1 2 Lioberus agglutinans (Cantraine, 1835) (shells) 1 1 2 Lioberus sp. 2 2 *Malleus regula Forsskål, 1775 3 2 3 2 2 2 1 3 3 21 Mimachlamys varia (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 1 *Pinctada imbricata radiata (Leach, 1814) 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 11 Pinna nobilis Linnaeus, 1758 (shell rests) 1 1 Polititapes aureus (Gmelin, 1791) 2 1 3 *Spondylus spinosus Schreibers, 1793 3 2 2 1 2 3 2 2 1 2 20 Venerupis corrugata (Gmelin, 1791) (shells) 1 1 2 Venus casina Linnaeus, 1758 (shells) 1 1 2 Venus verrucosa Linnaeus, 1758 (shells) 2 2 1 5 Bryozoa

Caberea sp. 1 1 Reptadeonella sp. 1 1 1 ------3 Schizoporella errata (Waters, 1878) 1 1 1 2 5 Echinodermata Echinoidea

Brissus unicolor (Leske, 1778) (tests) 1 1 Echinocyamus pusillus (O.F. Müller, 1776) (tests) 1 1 Holothuroidea

Holothuria impatiens (Forskål, 1775) 1 1 Holothuria tubulosa Gmelin, 1791 1 1 *Synaptula reciprocans (Forskal, 1775) 1 1 2 Ascidiacea 203 203 10. ANNEXES 204 204 10. ANNEXES

Stations (Tyre) T-1 T-2 T-5 T-6 T-11 T-12 T-16 T-17 T-18 T-19 T-20 T-21 T-22 T-23 T-24 T-25 Total

Botrylloides cf. leachii 2 2 Cystodytes dellechiajei (Della Valle, 1877) 3 3 Didemnum coriaceum (Drasche, 1883) Didemnidae spp. 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 15 *Herdmania momus (Savigny, 1816) 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 13 *Phallusia nigra Savigny, 1816 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 2 16 Polyclinidae spp. 1 1 *Rhodosoma turcicum (Savigny, 1816) 1 1 Styelidae sp. 2 2 4 Pisces' Elasmobranchii

Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 1 2 Actinopterygii

*Apogonichthyoides nigripinnis (Cuvier, 1828) 1 1 2 3 1 8 *Atherinomorus lacunosus (Forster, 1801) 3 3 3 9 Belone belone (Linnaeus, 1761) 3 3 Boops boops (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 2 2 3 9 Bothus podas (Delaroche, 1809) 1 1 Caranx crysos (Mitchill, 1815) 1 1 Chromis chromis (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 25 Coris julis (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 23 Coryphoblennius galerita (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 1 Diplodus cervinus (Lowe, 1838) 1 1 Diplodus sargus (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 2 2 2 3 1 12 Diplodus vulgaris (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) 2 2 1 2 3 3 13 Epinephelus costae (Steindachner, 1878) 1 2 2 5 Stations (Tyre) T-1 T-2 T-5 T-6 T-11 T-12 T-16 T-17 T-18 T-19 T-20 T-21 T-22 T-23 T-24 T-25 Total

Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834) 1 1 1 3 Gobius bucchichi Steindachner, 1870 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 18 Gobius vittatus Vinciguerra, 1883 2 2 *Lagocephalus scleratus (Gmelin, 1789) 2 2 Lipophrys trigloides (Valenciennes, 1836) 1 1 Mugilidae spp. 2 2 Mullus surmuletus Linnaeus, 1758 2 2 4 Mycteroperca rubra (Bloch, 1793) 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 18 Oblada melanura (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 2 2 7 Parablennius rouxi (Cocco, 1833) 1 1 Parablennius sanguinolentus (Pallas, 1814) 1 1 *Pempheris vanicolensis Cuvier, 1831 2 2 2 6 *Plotosus lineatus (Thunberg, 1787) 2 2 2 6 *Pteragogus pelycus Randall, 1981 2 2 *Sargocentron rubrum (Forsskål, 1775) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 19 Scorpaena maderensis Valenciennes, 1833 2 2 Serranus cabrilla (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 1 1 1 4 Serranus scriba (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 1 2 3 7 *Siganus luridus (Rüppell, 1829) 1 1 3 2 1 1 3 12 *Siganus rivulatus Forsskål, 1775 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 26 Sparisoma cretense (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 2 2 6 *Stephanolepis diaspros Fraser-Brunner, 1940 1 1 1 3 Symphodus roissali (Risso, 1810) 1 1 1 1 4 Symphodus tinca (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 8 Synodus saurus (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 1 Thalassoma pavo(Linnaeus, 1758) 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 22 205 205 10. ANNEXES 206 206 10. ANNEXES

Stations (Tyre) T-1 T-2 T-5 T-6 T-11 T-12 T-16 T-17 T-18 T-19 T-20 T-21 T-22 T-23 T-24 T-25 Total

*Torquigener flavimaculosusHardy & Randall, 1983 2 2 2 1 2 1 10 Tripterygion tripteronotus (Risso, 1810) 1 1 *Upeneus pori Ben-Tuvia & Golani, 1989 1 1 Xyrichtys novacula (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 1 2 Reptilia

Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 1 2 Species richness (S) 57 60 83 72 43 40 8 14 32 55 21 42 50 44 30 40 240 Relative abundance 113 117 168 151 79 69 8 29 65 101 45 80 98 79 55 76 1333 Marlafef' index 11,85 12,39 16,0 14,15 9,612 9,211 3,366 3,861 7,399 11,7 5,254 9,356 10,69 9,841 7,237 9,005 - 10.3.8 Nakoura

Stations (Nakoura) N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11 N-12 N-13 N-14 N-15 N-16 Total

Cyanobacteria Oscillatoria sp. - 3 ------3 - 6 Chlorophyta *Caulerpa scalpelliformis (R.Brown ex Turner) C.Agardh, 1817 ------2 - - 2 *Codium parvulum (Bory ex Audouin) P.C.Silva, 2003 - - - 2 - - - - 1 - 1 2 2 - - 2 10 Ochrophyta Cystoseira foeniculacea (Linnaeus) Greville, 1830 - 2 - 2 - - - - 2 ------6 Dictyota fasciola (Roth) J.V.Lamouroux, 1809 3 ------3 Lobophora variegata (J.V.Lamouroux) Womersley ex E.C.Oliveira, 1977 - 2 2 ------2 - - - - 2 2 10 Lobophora sp. ------3 - - 3 *Padina boergesenii Allender & Kraft, 1983 3 2 ------5 Padina pavonica (Linnaeus) Thivy, 1960 - - 1 2 - - - - 1 1 - - 2 - 2 1 10

*Stypopodium schimperi (Buchinger ex Kützing) Verlaque & Boud., 1991 - - - 2 ------1 - 2 2 - - 7 Rhodophyta Amphiroa beauvoisii Lamouroux (1816) ------2 3 3 - 3 3 14 Amphiroa cryptarthrodia Zanardini, 1843 ------3 - - - - - 3 Amphiroa rigida J.V.Lamouroux, 1816 - 3 ------2 - - - - 2 - 7 Corallina elongata J.Ellis & Solander, 1786 - 3 3 ------3 ------9 *Galaxaura rugosa (J.Ellis & Solander) J.V.Lamouroux, 1816 - 3 - 3 - - - - 3 3 1 3 3 - 3 3 25 Gelidium bipectinatum Furnari, 1999 - 2 ------2 - - 2 - - 6 Halymenia latifolia P.Crouan & H.Crouan ex Kützing 1866 ------2 - - - - - 2 Hildenbrandia rubra (Sommerfelt) Meneghini, 1841 - - 1 ------1 ------2 Jania adhaerens J.V. Lamaouroux, 1816 - 3 3 ------6 Jania longifurca Zanardini, 1843 ------3 - 2 - - - - 5 Jania rubens (Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux, 1816 - 3 3 ------3 ------9 207 207 10. ANNEXES 208 208 10. ANNEXES

Stations (Nakoura) N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11 N-12 N-13 N-14 N-15 N-16 Total

Laurencia obtusa (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux, 1813 - - 2 ------2 *Laurencia sp. - 3 2 - - - - - 3 3 - 3 2 - 3 2 21 Lithophyllum incrustans Philippi, 1837 3 3 3 ------3 - - - - 3 - 15 Lithophyllum stictaeforme (Areschoug) Hauck 1877 ------2 - 2 4 Lithothamnion corallioides P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan, 1867 ------2 - - 3 - - 5 Mesophyllum alternans (Foslie) Cabioch & Mendoza, 1998 ------2 2 - 3 - - 7 Mesophyllum sp. - - 2 ------2 Neogoniolithon mamillosum (Hauck) Setchell & L.R.Mason, 1943 - 3 ------3 2 8 Palisada perforata (Bory de Saint-Vincent) K.W.Nam, 2007 - - 1 ------1 Peyssonnelia rosa-marina Boudouresque & Denizot, 1973 - - 2 ------2 - 3 - - 7 Peyssonnelia rubra (Greville) J.Agardh, 1851 ------2 - - 2 Peyssonnelia spp. - 3 3 3 - - - - 3 2 3 - - - - 3 20 Plocamium cartilagineum (Linnaeus) P.S.Dixon, 1967 - - 2 ------2 Rodriguezella sp. ------1 - - 1 Scinaia furcellata (Turner) J.Agardh, 1851 ------1 - - 1 Spongites fruticulosa Kützing, 1841 ------3 - - - - - 3 Foraminifera

Amphistegina lobifera Larsen 1976 ------2 - 2 Porifera Agelas oroides (Schmidt, 1864) - - - - 1 ------1 Aplysina aerophoba Nardo, 1833 ------1 ------1 Aplysina sp. - - 3 ------3 ------6 Axinella polypoides Schmidt, 1862 - - - 3 3 3 - 3 - - 2 - - - - - 14 Axinella sp. - 2 - 3 - 3 3 - 2 - - 2 2 - 1 3 21 Calcarea spp. (Sycetusa, Vosmaeropsis) - - 3 ------3 Chondrilla nucula Schmidt, 1862 - - 2 ------2 - - - - 2 - 6 Stations (Nakoura) N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11 N-12 N-13 N-14 N-15 N-16 Total

Chondrosia reniformis Nardo, 1847 - 3 3 - - - - - 2 3 ------11 Cinachyrella levantinensis Vacelet et al, 2007 - 2 ------2 Ciocalypta carballoi Vacelet et al, 2007 - 2 - 1 - - - - 1 1 - 1 3 1 - 2 12 Cliona parenzani Corriero & Scalera-Liaci, 1997 - 2 ------2 - - - - 3 - 7 Corticium candelabrum Schmidt, 1862 ------1 - - 1 Crambe crambe (Schmidt, 1862) - 3 3 3 - - - - 3 3 3 3 - 3 3 3 30 Haliclona fulva (Topsent, 1893) - - 2 ------2 - - 2 - - 6 Ircinia variabilis (Schmidt, 1862) - 3 2 2 - - - - 1 2 1 - 2 2 - - 15 Ircinia sp. - 2 ------2 2 - 2 2 - - 2 12 Lyosina blastifera Vacelet, Bitar, Carteron, Zibrowius & Perez, 2007 - 1 ------1 2 - - - - 2 - 6 Mycale sp. ------2 - - - 1 - - 3 Myrmekioderma spelaeum (Pulitzer-Finali, 1983) - - 1 ------1 Niphates toxifera Vacelet et al, 2007 - - - 1 ------1 Petrosia ficiformis(Poiret, 1789) - 1 - 2 - - - - 1 1 - 1 2 - 2 1 11 Phorbas tenacior (Topsent, 1925) - 2 1 ------1 - - 2 - - 6 Phorbas topsenti Vacelet & Perez, 2008 - 2 ------2 2 2 2 - 1 3 - 14 Sarcotragus fasciculatus (Pallas, 1766) - - 1 - - - - - 1 1 ------3 Sarcotragus cf. foetidus Schmidt, 1862 ------1 ------1 Sarcotragus spinosulus Schmidt, 1862 - 2 2 1 - - - - 2 2 - 1 1 - - 1 12 Spirastrella cunctatrix Schmidt, 1868 - - 1 ------1 - - 2 Spongia officinalisLinnaeus, 1759 ------1 ------1 Sycon sp. - 2 ------2 1 - - 1 - 2 8 Cnidaria Hydrozoa

Aglaophenia elongata Menghini, 1845 - 2 - 3 ------5 Eudendrium carneum Clarke, 1882 - 3 ------2 - - 2 2 - - - 9 209 209 10. ANNEXES 210 210 10. ANNEXES

Stations (Nakoura) N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11 N-12 N-13 N-14 N-15 N-16 Total

Eudendrium glomeratum Picard, 1952 ------2 - - - - - 2 Eudendrium cf. merulum Watson, 1985 - - - 3 ------1 3 3 10 Eudendrium racemosum (Cavolini, 1785) - - - 3 - - - - 2 - - - - - 3 - 8 Eudendrium spp. - - - 3 - - - - 2 - - - - 2 3 3 13 *Macrorhynchia philippina Kirchenpauer, 1872 - 3 2 - - - - - 3 2 - - 3 - 3 1 17 Pennaria disticha (Goldfuss, 1820) - 3 3 - - - - - 2 3 - 1 3 - 3 2 20 Sertularia marginata (Kirchenpauer, 1864) ------1 - - - - 1 Hydrozoa spp. ------2 ------2 Anthozoa

Actinia schmidti Sole-Cava & Thorpe, 1997 - - 1 ------1 ------2 Cerianthidae spp. ------1 - - - 1 *Oculina patagonica de Angelis, 1908 - - 3 ------3 ------6 Polycyathus muellerae (Abel, 1959) - - 3 ------2 ------5 Scyphozoa

*Rhopilema nomadica Galil, 1990 - - - 1 ------1 Ctenophora

*Mnemiopsis leidyi A. Agassiz, 1865 - 1 ------1 Polychaeta

Filograna sp. - - 3 ------3 ------6 Sabellidae sp. - 2 ------1 - - 3 Serpulidae spp. - - 3 ------3 - - - - - 3 9 Crustacea Cirripedia

Balanus trigonus Darwin, 1854 - - 3 ------3 - - - - - 3 9 Chthmalus montagui Southward, 1976 3 ------3 Chthamalus stellatus (Poli, 1795) 2 ------2 Stations (Nakoura) N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11 N-12 N-13 N-14 N-15 N-16 Total

Perforatus perforatus (Bruguière, 1789) - 3 3 ------3 - - - - 2 3 14 Decapoda

Calcinus tubularis (Linnaeus, 1767) ------3 ------3 *Charybdis hellerii (A. Milne-Edwards, 1867) - 1 ------1 Clibanarius erythropus (Latreille, 1818) 3 ------2 ------5 Mollusca Gastropoda

*Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828 - - - 1 ------1 Bittium spp. ------3 - - 3 *Cerithium scabridum Philippi, 1848 3 3 3 - - - - - 2 3 - - - - 2 3 19 Cerithium vulgatum Bruguière, 1792 ------1 - 1 Columbella rustica (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 ------2 *Conomurex persicus (Swainson, 1821) 1 2 - 1 - - - - 2 1 - 1 2 - - - 10 Conus ventricosus Gmelin, 1791 - 1 ------1 ------2 Dendropoma petraeum (Monterosato, 1884) 2 1 ------3 Echinolittorina punctata (Gmelin, 1791) 3 ------3 *Ergalatax junionae Houart, 2008 - 2 ------1 - 3 Erosaria spurca (Linnaeus, 1758) (shells) ------1 - - - - 1 *Flabellina rubrolineata (O'Donoghue, 1929) ------2 2 *Goniobranchus annulatus (Eliot, 1904) - - 1 - - - - - 1 2 ------4 Hexaplex trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758) - 1 ------1 *Trochus erithreus (Brocchi, 1821) - - 1 ------1 ------2 Melarhaphe neritoides (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 ------2 Patella caerulea Linnaeus, 1758 1 - 1 ------1 ------3 Patella sp. ------2 ------2 *Purpuradusta gracilis notata (Gill, 1858) (shells) - 1 ------1 211 211 10. ANNEXES 212 212 10. ANNEXES

Stations (Nakoura) N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11 N-12 N-13 N-14 N-15 N-16 Total

Thylacodes arenarius (Linnaeus, 1758) (shells) - 3 ------3 Stramonita haemastoma (Linnaeus, 1767) (shells) ------1 ------1 Vermetus triquetrus Bivona-Bernardi, 1832 ------2 ------2 Bivalvia

Barbatia barbata (Linnaeus, 1758) (shells) ------2 ------2 *Brachidontes pharaonis (P. Fischer, 1870) 3 3 3 - - - - - 3 3 ------15 *Chama pacifica Broderip, 1835 - 2 2 3 - 3 - 2 3 3 1 3 3 - 3 3 31 *Dendostrea frons (Linnaeus, 1758) - 2 ------2 4 Glycymeris nummaria (Linnaeus, 1758) (shells) ------1 - - 1 Lioberus agglutinans (Cantraine, 1835) (shells) - 2 ------2 Lioberus sp. - 1 ------1 Lithophaga lithophaga (Linnaeus, 1758) ------2 - - - - - 1 - 3 *Malleus regula Forsskål, 1775 - 3 3 - - - - - 3 3 - - - - 2 3 17 Ostreidae sp. ------1 ------1 *Pinctada imbricata radiata (Leach, 1814) - 1 1 ------2 Pinna nobilis Linnaeus, 1758 (shells) ------1 ------1 *Spondylus spinosus Schreibers, 1793 - 3 - 2 - 3 - 1 1 1 - 3 1 - 2 1 18 Striarca lactea (Linnaeus, 1758) ------2 ------2 Venerupis corrugata (Gmelin, 1791) (shells) - 1 ------1 Venus verrucosa Linnaeus, 1758 (shells) - 1 ------2 ------3 Bryozoa

Adeonella pallasii (Heller, 1867) ------1 - - 1 Caberea sp. ------1 - - 1 Crisia sp. - - 3 ------3 Frondipora verrucosa (Lamouroux, 1821) ------1 - - 1 Margaretta cereoides (Ellis & Solander, 1786) - - 2 ------2 ------4 Stations (Nakoura) N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11 N-12 N-13 N-14 N-15 N-16 Total

Reptadeonella sp. - 1 ------1 - - - - 2 Reteporella sp. ------1 - - 1 Schizoporella errata (Waters, 1878) - - 2 ------3 - - - - - 2 7 Echinodermata Ophiuroidea

Ophiocoma scolopendrina (Lamarck, 1816) ------2 - 2 Echinoidea Arbacia lixula (Linnaeus, 1758) - - 1 ------2 - - - - 1 - 4 Brissus unicolor (Leske, 1778) (tests) ------1 - - 1 1 - - 1 4 Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) - - 1 ------2 ------3 Holothuroidea

*Synaptula reciprocans (Forskal, 1775) - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - 1 1 1 - - - 7 Ascidiacea

Botrylloides cf. leachii (yellow) ------1 ------1 2 Cystodytes dellechiajei (Della Valle, 1877) - - 1 ------3 - - 4 Didemnum coriaceum (Drasche, 1883) ------1 - - 1 Didemnidae spp. - 1 3 - - - - - 1 3 1 - - 3 1 - 13 Diplosoma sp. ------1 ------1 *Herdmania momus (Savigny, 1816) - 2 2 - - - - - 1 2 2 2 1 3 2 2 19 *Phallusia nigra Savigny, 1816 - 3 1 - - - - - 1 1 - - 1 - 1 1 9 Pisces' Elasmobranchii

Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) - - - - - 1 ------1 Taeniura grabata (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) ------1 - 1 Actinopterygii

Apogon imberbis (Linnaeus, 1758) ------1 - - - - 1 213 213 10. ANNEXES 214 214 10. ANNEXES

Stations (Nakoura) N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11 N-12 N-13 N-14 N-15 N-16 Total

Boops boops (Linnaeus, 1758) - - - - 3 3 ------6 *Cheilodipterus novemstriatus (Rüppell, 1838) ------1 2 - - 2 - 5 Chromis chromis (Linnaeus, 1758) - 3 - 3 - - 2 - 3 3 3 3 3 - 3 3 29 Coris julis (Linnaeus, 1758) - 2 - 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 27 Diplodus cervinus (Lowe, 1838) - - 1 ------2 ------3 Diplodus puntazzo (Walbaum, 1792) ------1 - - 1 2 Diplodus sargus (Linnaeus, 1758) ------2 - 1 2 1 1 - - 1 - 8 Diplodus vulgaris (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) ------3 - 3 - - - 3 - 2 1 12 Epinephelus costae (Steindachner, 1878) - - - - - 1 1 - - - 1 - 1 - 1 - 5 Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834) ------1 - - 1 ------2 Gobius bucchichi Steindachner, 1870 - 3 - 3 - - - - 3 3 - 3 3 - 3 2 23 Gobius geniporus Valenciennes, 1837 ------1 - 1 - - - 2 *Lagocephalus scleratus (Gmelin, 1789) ------1 1 Muraena helena Linnaeus, 1758 ------1 - 1 - - 1 3 Mycteroperca rubra (Bloch, 1793) - 1 1 - - - 1 - 2 2 - 1 1 - 1 - 10 Oblada melanura (Linnaeus, 1758) - - 3 ------3 ------6 Pagellus erythrinus (Linnaeus, 1758) ------1 - - - - - 1 Pagrus auriga Valenciennes, 1843 - 1 ------1 Parablennius zvonimiri (Kolombatovic, 1892) - - 1 ------1 - - - - 1 - 3 *Pempheris vanicolensis Cuvier, 1831 - 3 3 ------3 - - 2 - 3 3 17 *Plotosus lineatus (Thunberg, 1787) ------3 - 3 Pomadasys incisus (Bowdich, 1825) - 1 ------1 2 *Sargocentron rubrum (Forsskål, 1775) - 3 2 2 3 2 3 - 3 2 3 2 2 - 2 3 32 Scorpaena maderensis Valenciennes, 1833 ------1 - 1 Serranus cabrilla (Linnaeus, 1758) - - - 2 2 2 2 2 - - 1 1 2 1 - - 15 Serranus hepatus (Linnaeus, 1758) ------1 1 - - 2 Stations (Nakoura) N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11 N-12 N-13 N-14 N-15 N-16 Total

Serranus scriba (Linnaeus, 1758) - - - 1 - - - - 1 - 1 1 2 - - 1 7 *Siganus luridus (Rüppell, 1829) - 1 - 1 - - - - - 1 1 - 1 - 3 3 11 *Siganus rivulatus Forsskål, 1775 - 2 3 - - - 3 - - 2 - - 2 - 3 - 15 Sparisoma cretense (Linnaeus, 1758) - - - 2 - - - 2 - - 2 2 - - 1 - 9 Spicara smaris (Linnaeus, 1758) ------3 - - - - - 1 - - 4 Symphodus mediterraneus (Linnaeus, 1758) ------1 - 1 Symphodus ocellatus Forsskål, 1775 ------1 - - - - - 1 Symphodus tinca (Linnaeus, 1758) ------1 1 - 1 1 - - 1 5 Thalassoma pavo(Linnaeus, 1758) - 3 2 - - - 2 - 2 2 1 2 2 - 3 2 21 Tripterygion melanurum Guichenot, 1850 - - 1 ------1 ------2 Tripterygion tripteronotus (Risso, 1810) - - - 2 - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - 4 Species richness (S) 14 69 61 34 7 11 14 7 49 78 38 38 41 38 55 48 192 Relative abundance 34 148 126 70 15 24 27 15 92 161 62 69 76 66 116 95 1195 Margalef' index 3,687 13,61 12,41 7,767 2,216 3,147 3,944 2,216 10,62 15,15 8,965 8,739 9,236 8,831 11,36 10,27 - 215 215 10. ANNEXES Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas (RAC/SPA)

Boulevard du Leader Yasser Arafat B.P. 337 - 1080 Tunis Cedex - TUNISIA Tel. : +216 71 206 649 / 485 / 765 Fax : +216 71 206 490 e-mail : [email protected] www.rac-spa.org