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Spaces and Places of Lowcountry Georgia Plantations: a Case Study of Wattle and Tabby Daub Slave Cabins on Sapelo Island, Georgia

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Spaces and Places of Lowcountry Georgia Plantations: a Case Study of Wattle and Tabby Daub Slave Cabins on Sapelo Island, Georgia University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2019 SPACES AND PLACES OF LOWCOUNTRY GEORGIA PLANTATIONS: A CASE STUDY OF WATTLE AND TABBY DAUB SLAVE CABINS ON SAPELO ISLAND, GEORGIA Lindsey Elizabeth Cochran University of Tennessee, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Recommended Citation Cochran, Lindsey Elizabeth, "SPACES AND PLACES OF LOWCOUNTRY GEORGIA PLANTATIONS: A CASE STUDY OF WATTLE AND TABBY DAUB SLAVE CABINS ON SAPELO ISLAND, GEORGIA. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2019. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/5399 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Lindsey Elizabeth Cochran entitled "SPACES AND PLACES OF LOWCOUNTRY GEORGIA PLANTATIONS: A CASE STUDY OF WATTLE AND TABBY DAUB SLAVE CABINS ON SAPELO ISLAND, GEORGIA." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Anthropology. Barbara J. Heath, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: David G. Anderson, Luke Harlow, Nicholas Nagle, Nicholas Honerkamp Accepted for the Council: Dixie L. Thompson Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) SPACES AND PLACES OF LOWCOUNTRY GEORGIA PLANTATIONS: A CASE STUDY OF WATTLE AND TABBY DAUB SLAVE CABINS ON SAPELO ISLAND, GEORGIA A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Lindsey Elizabeth Cochran May 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have so very many people to thank for their support, guidance, and enthusiasm for my dissertation project. As I write these acknowledgements, I am overlooking a marsh on St. Simon’s Island on the Georgia coast, thinking of the hundreds of people that have supported and helped me come to explore, learn about, and research these marvelous places over the years. The more time I spend on these islands, the more passionate I become about public outreach, conservation, and education that are necessary to protect these areas for the next generation of scholars. I am honored to have had the opportunity to play a small part in finding another piece in the historical puzzle of the Georgia coast. I would first like to thank my advisor and dissertation committee chair, Dr. Barbara J. Heath. It has been an absolute privilege to work under her guidance during my graduate career at the University of Tennessee. I could not imagine a better advisor, mentor, or role model than her. Her constant support and enthusiasm created the perfect balance of criticism and care, working together to make me a better thinker, writer, and researcher. She introduced me to a whole other side of archaeology-one that combines the scientific and technical with intricate, answerable humanistic questions. Dr. Heath taught me to frame my research around the all-important “who cares” questions and to be an advocate for myself and others who feel that addressing what happened in the past can truly help us understand the problems of today. ii It’s not often that a graduate committee is comprised of academic (and sometimes literal) rock stars. The expertise of the four supporting members of my dissertation committee, Dr. David Anderson, Dr. Luke Harlow, Dr. Nicholas Nagle, and Dr. Nick Honerkamp, complement each other perfectly. Dr. Anderson’s knowledge of the ever-changing coastlines, Southeastern archaeological method and theory, public land management, and the importance of big data have helped me to think more holistically about sharing archaeological data. His Peopling of the Americas course helped me to rethink my own approach to predictive modeling and movements of past peoples. Dr. Harlow introduced me to the historical literature of the plantation era on the Eastern seaboard, which has helped me to better approach the “big picture” of enslavement on the Sea Islands. Over the course of a single meeting, Dr. Nagle answered questions about statistical modeling that I had been wrestling with for years. Dr. Nicholas Honerkamp is responsible for sparking my interest in plantation archaeology during my first field school, which took place on Sapelo Island in 2009. Since then, he has been a go-to source of advice about the world of academia, archaeology, and long distance running. He has guided me to adopt the “miles of trials, trials of miles” adage that so perfectly captures what I try to emulate about Dr. Honerkamp: his focused work ethic, discipline, and dedication to his students and research. I am honored to have him as an advocate, mentor, and friend. iii Although they are not on my dissertation committee, I find myself going to mentors Norma Harris and Myrna Crook constantly. Both have memorized the history of the coast and are walking encyclopedias of any historical and archaeological topic involving the Sea Islands. Norma Harris guided me through the University of West Florida, and I am lucky enough to continue learning under her constant care and guidance. She has sponsored numerous “Hird Island Writing Retreats,” where I had the chance during nearly every break at UTK to leave the mountains and head to the ocean to conduct small research projects during the day and at night to write many school papers, reports, articles, and dissertation chapters. Work was always interspersed with fishing, running, and listening to incredible stories about coastal and Floridian archaeologists. Myrna Crook has generously sponsored many research projects on Cannon’s Point Plantation and Sapelo Island. She has let me continue research begun by her husband, Ray Crook, and I thank Myrna for allowing me that privilege. Myrna was always ready to lend a helping hand, be it by sharing field notes from the original excavations or leaving her beloved St. Simon’s Island for a visit to Sapelo Island. Her kindness and care knows no bounds. Mother of five, grandmother to one, and adopted “archaeology mom” to innumerable young archaeologists, she has an open-door policy, even agreeing to host 12 archaeologists for three weeks on an hour’s notice. Myrna’s generosity and care for others sets a high standard. iv Research on Sapelo Island would not be possible without the on-island support from Georgia Department of Natural Resources island manager Fred Hay. Fred makes Sapelo Island a hospitable place to conduct research, providing housing, trucks, and help with barging trucks and other equipment to the island. Working on a remote island was a pleasure, and Fred helped to take away some (not all) of the mystery of the island that makes it such a special place. Stanley Walker and Blaine Tyler of Sapelo Island GDNR made research on Bush Camp Field possible during both field seasons by going out of their way to mow down the chest-high grasses or sponsor a controlled burn of the area, allowing us to run geophysics and conduct pedestrian surveys with good visibility. My alma matter, the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, helped to sponsor my dissertation research over the last three years. The support of department head Dr. Pamela Ashmore has made UTC a place where I always look forward to coming into work. Mrs. Marva McGhee has been a constant figure of support and encouragement since my undergraduate years in the department. UTC students have made this entire project possible–they have turned a ten-year dissertation (at least!) into a five-year dissertation. James Morgan (2014- 2018) student of everything, caring and kind supervisor, and someone I can always turn to, I thank you for your enthusiasm, support, and willingness to always come and hang out on the islands. I would like to thank Abbey Eggert (2017-2018), Molly McCarthy (2017-2018), and Caroline Marshall (2017-2018) their detail- v oriented vision in lab. The help from these four people is especially appreciated for they have each truly gone above and beyond all of my expectations. I would now like to thank those who have participated in field-based research projects. James Morgan, Kyle Elliott, and Jeramy Davis supervised the first field excavations (2016), with the help of students Abbey Van Der Sluis, Cassandra Davis, Jean Carmichael, and Sarah Ashley. UTK Master’s student Daniel H. Webb, Jr. generously shared his experience and expertise while volunteering on-site. In December 2016, groups from the University of Tennessee, the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, West Georgia University, the University of West Florida, and Florida Atlantic University bravely conducted transects in the surprisingly cold yet buggy woods of Behavior Settlement and conducted three times the amount of geophysical survey as I had anticipated. Experienced archaeologists took it upon themselves to mentor those with less experience, and the younger students’ energy and willingness to learn made this project a pleasure and a success. The help of graduate students Eric Schweickart (UTK), Greg Wehrman (UTK), Jennifer Green (UTK), Tasia Renee Scott (FAU), and Katherine Sims (UWF), undergraduates Shannon Kelley (UTK), Madelyn Knaub (UTK), and Kristin Higginbotham (UWG), and CRM professional Benjamin Stewart were invaluable to the success of this project. The 2017 UTC field school built upon the geophysics project. A small but mighty crew that never uttered a complaint excavated hundreds of shovel tests, learned expert machete vi skills, and helped to unearth the history of the Sapelo Plantation settlements.
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