TIGRIYNA DICTIONARY
1st edition
TIGRIYNA-ITALIAN-ENGLISH MODERN DICTIONARY 1
by EYOB GHEBREZIABHIER BEIN Tigriyna Dictionary, Tigriyna - Italian - English Modern Dictionary 1st Edition,edition, Switzerland,Switzerland, MayMay 20152015
Author/publishing house: Eyob Ghebreziabhier Bein, Mühlematt 6, CH-6020 Emmenbrücke, Switzerland, Tel. +41 41 543 00 39, www.gizie-lewti.com
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, transmitted or stored in an information retrievalretrieval system in any form or by any means, graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, taping ad recording, without prior written permission from the author.
Prepress/cover: MULTI REFLEX AG, Luzern
ISBN 978-3-9524462-0-1
>GKº(TT; ^Tigriyna syllabary Tavola di Tigrino sillabe
number 1st form 2nd form 3rd form 4th form 5th form 6th form 7th form of letters ùùùÃùÃÃÃ()ÊÊÊ ¢Ã`¢Ã`¢Ã` 686868 .`Ã.`Ã.`à 8 8 6á86á86á8 6Ã`6Ã`6Ã`
1st #he #ohu $Éhi $ha $zhie %h &ho 2nd 'ůe 'qůu 'vůi (ůa 'sůie )ů '§ůo 3rd *he *qhu *vhi +ha *shie ,h -ho 4th . me .o mu /É mi / ma /z mie 0m 1 mo 5th 6re 7ru 8ri 9ra :rie ;r <ro 6th >se >o su >v si ? sa >y sie @s A so 7th Bshe Bt shu BÉ shi C sha Bz shie Dsh Esho 8th Fqe Frqu Fwqi Gqa F| qie Hq Iqo 9th FKqhe FKrqhu FKw qhi GK qha FK|| qhie L qh Mqho 10th FKqhue FK~qhui FKqhua FKÍqhuie FK¨qhué 11th F que F~ qui F qua FÍquie F¨ qué 12th N be No bu Nv bi O ba Ny bie PNb Q bo 13th N\ ve N\q vu N\v vi O\ va N\y vie PN\v Q\ vo 14th Rte Rr tu Rw ti S ta R| tie T t U to 15th ]ne ]q nu ]É ni ^na ]x nie _n ` no 16th °e °qu °vi a °sie é o 17th ± ke ±q ku ±v ki Åka ±y kie «k ¡ ko 18th ±Kkhe ±Kq khu ±Kv khi ÅKkha ±Kykhie «Kkh ¡K kho 19th ±§kue ±~kui Å}kua ÅËkuie ±pkué 20th ¥we ¦ wu Jwwi Jwa J|wie ¥ow ¶wo 21st e qu £Éi £a £xie ¤é Âo 22nd Vze Vqzu Vvzi Æza Vyzie ¬z ¢zo 23rd LJe LJu ªLJi LJa ÇLJie LJ LJo 24th de q du vdi da die {d do 25th Î je t ju É ji ja à jie j jo 26th Ñ ge Ño gu Ñv gi Ò ga Ñx gie g go 27th ѧ gue Ñ~ gui gua ÑË guie Ѩ gué 28th ® te ®q tu ®v ti Ä ta ®y tie Ðt to 29th cce t ccu Ô cci Ó cca Õccie cc cco 30th ²pe ²q pu ²vpi a²pa ²s pie ²{ p b² po 31th ze q zu v zi a za s zie { z b zo 32th ³fe µ fu º fi · fa ¸ fie ¹ f È fo 33th e pe eu pu ew pi ½ pa e| pie »p ¼po
Note: All Tigriyna verbs, e.g.· ÜÜÜÜ˴ć3333˴ğ3333˴[0¾, end with Geez/ùùùÃùÃÃÃ()ÊÊÊ, but not all begin with Geez because there are some verbs that start with .`Ã.`Ã.`Ã, 6á86á86á8, etc. as , 66686 , ÷÷÷ćć÷ , =[ , ...
Introduction HHHH̚̚̚̚TTTT̛̛̛̛á (CáÜ)
In this small mirror of introduction we will try to shed light not only on history of Tigriyna tongue but also on Geez. Both these languages live with us but they are very far from our understanding. The mysterious languages never get tired of being unclimbed Abyssinian mountains for centuries and centuries. But things like this is not a breaking news because Abyssinia is full of unknown things.
As we know, Geez is the language of ancient Ethiopia. Carlo Conti Rossini says ’’These transmigrators in northern Ethiopia mainly belonged to the tribe of Habasciàt: I say mostly, because no doubt other tribe friends, we do not know the names, joined them in the trades and in founding colonies. Another name, Agazi, plural Agàziàn (hence the name of gheez given to their language ...), it means, in origin, emigrant, then free and even noble: graduation suggestive of signifiers’’ (1).
Geez, its sentence structure (or word-order) subject + verb + object (s+v+o), is considered dead. But it has still spiritual language power. In fact it is key identity learning area for Orthodox Tewahedo church. Its Christological terms are still very strong. So thanks to its literary language and works it has still more miles to go.
Here is a good example of Geez sentence structure: that is the s+v+o. pÛĜØpÛĜØpÛĜØ n[Ĥn[Ĥn[Ĥ ܹܹܹ [[[ ùÇ`0ùÇ`0ùÇ`0 (Ps. 67, 32) = Ethiopia shall soon stretch out her hands to God.
In this sentence, pÛĜØpÛĜØpÛĜØ is subject/ô^-; n[Ĥn[Ĥn[Ĥ verb/ù`-; ܹܹܹ [[[ ùÇ`0ùÇ`0ùÇ`0 object/R¥@?«KH{{).
The chains of philological studies agree that Geez is the mother of Tigriyna. In other words, Tigriyna dialect that we find it in Eritrea and modern Ethiopia ’’is the daughter of … Ge’ez, and is spoken in the centre of the ancient kingdom of Aksum’’ (2). But there is another notion that says ''It is possible that all the Semitic languages of Ethiopia derive from Geez. This is even quite probable, for example, Tigriyna, which is now spoken in roughly the same area as Geez was formerly. On the other hand one or more Semitic languages may have existed simultaneously with Geez already in early times. We have no documents written in any such languages, but this is hardly an argument against the possibility of their existence (3).
Notwithstanding this, word-order of Tigriyna is the opposite to Geez. Tigriyna writing is not aware of right or wrong sentence. It is unfamiliar with the terms subject, verb, object not to mention complement, phrase, main close, independent clause, spelling, etc. You just cultivate and harvest conversation of an uneducated person and non-intellectual talk. Owing to this it doesn't make a difference for it if the subject is before or after the verb in a sentence as: p¤¡ Úp8 smoke rises or Úp8p¤¡ rises smoke. But for convenience of our discussion let us assume that Tigriyna has (more or less) a sentence structure composed of subject + object + verb (s+o+v). This means Eritrean home teaches a child s+o+v, English school s+v+o, not to mention what teaches the church. We will talk about s+v+o later. But the new good news for now is that the three dictionaries, Tigriyna-Italian-English, Italian-Tigriyna-English and English-Tigriyna-Italian follow Geez sentence structure. This testifies that Tigriya is prepared for the development of the modern sciences and techniques. So, the work is game changer.
How can this happen? When we talk about the first work, it means that a collection of words of three languages, Tigriyna- Italian-English, in one dictionary listed according to Tigriyna alphabetical order, from to ĻĻĻ˷Ļ But, when we think about I-T-E and E-T-I dictionaries are simply arranged alphabetically like any English or Italian dictionary from A-Z. I believe that the work testifies reform. Correct spelling is one of the many testimonies. Thanks to this we will find Tigriyna words spelled correctly save words that read , instead of «˴°«owing to the computer or unhealthy Geez program that I bought. We used to write in Tigriyna without putting in the account spelling. But spelling matters a lot. For example English and Italian languages have their own set of double letters. In these two modern languages if a word is misspelled (e.g. to instead of too) it means the word has changed its meaning. This is also true with Tigriyna. For so many years, Tigriyna tongue was surfacing with two names, in the voice of natives (Tigray pù.Ú) and in Amharic (Tigrigna pù0). Of these two the first was highly defused. This can be verified by titles of different works (e.g. Vocabolario Tigray–Italiano, Grammatica della Lingua Tigrai/y, Canti popolari Tigrai, Dictionnaire De La Langue Tigrai, ..) published at the time the name Tigray was shining more than the other. But after the end of the Italian colony in Eritrea, the Amharic voice began to emerge as dominant. This made the voice of the native to lose its momentum.
But, as this dictionary testifies, there is no Tigriyna verb that has a letter or letters of ... In addition to this it doesn’t match with Tigriyna endings. This suggests that when we want to write Tigriyna in Tigriyna it is spelled like this: pù-Ú and in Amharic: pù0.
There are some particular Tigriyna nouns and adjectives that add ÚÚÚ yna to the main part. This similar ending in Amharic is gna. Here are some example endings for both tongues: some Tigriyna nouns ÚÚÚ endings some Amharic nouns endings ĉkÚ,ßÚ,ôáÜÚ ĉk,ß,ôáÜ
5 some Tigriyna n & adj ÚÚÚ endings some Amharic n & adj endings pù-Ú, -Ú,[Ü Ú,pÃù8kÚ,ô[Ú,ÁğÚ pù0, 0, [Ü , pÃù8k, ô[, Áğ
Here, work of P. Francesco Da Offeio sheds light on most Tigryna word roots. ‘‘The language Tigriyna, except some names and some verbs from Amharic language derives from the language Geez. He goes on to say, ‘’All names in language Tigriyna and adjectives also believed the same form of the language Geez. With the exception those names that have Geez language in the penultimate (the next to last) and the last letter in sades 6á86á86á8 Tigriyna softened language in the sades 6á86á86á8 in sales 686868.’’ And he gives us a wonderful example, Geez language: ¾ ááá ¼pppp [p0000 ¾Ú `0¤¤¤¤ ğ` ù0000 ·0 ¤`0pppp Tigriyna language: ¾ ÞÞÞ (or ÁÞÞÞÞ) ¼mmmm [p---- ¾Ú `0¡¡¡¡ ğ` ù---- ·0 ¤`0mmmm ’’(4).
Numbers derivation: Ý m ¤l 3 8l ¾30l Ã8. p Ü m ¤pk 3 8k Á830k Ã8. m Like Geez, Tigriyna also writes from left to right. Plus ’’the Tigrinya alphabet is derived from the Geez and it were subsequently added other letters expressing sounds missing in the ancient Geez ’’(5). ;;; OOO ««« ììì ďďď etc. are part of the added expressing sound letters (e.g. Geez 7/3Õ, +[, 3+, ÜEH, ¤; Tigriyna A/;·, +«[, 3«+, ÜET, °).
‘’The natives want the more pure Tigriyna you talk in Serae, where the language actually more elegant than that spoken in other parts.’’(6). This suggest that the people of Serae knows in speech correct letter (as,Ê]not Ê]˵ßÚnotß̛, and word pronunciation (as,3[+˹ 3`[+; [˹`[;ÅÅ˹ÊÅÅ; [0˹[00˵ô[+˹ô`[+). All these and other together made people of Seraye eloquent Tigriyna speaker without going to school. The irony ( Ĥğp) is Eritreans learned (language, law, history, ...) men and women are not well versed in Tigryna like the people of Seraye /3.Õ, people that hardly knows blackboard and chalk
According to the work of Conti Rossini, Tigriyna Tongue is more 700 years old. The author says ''Acts of feudal Cuda Abba Matta-a convent of Scimezana we cherish the most interesting documents known today about the end of the Middle Ages- Abyssinian offer us clues to the principles of the thirteenth century the Tigrinya language was already formed''. He goes on saying, '' By contrast, Tigrinya has a twisted construction (or building), complicated, as, moreover, is that of Amharic. […] Tigrinya has no written literature. The use of Ethiopic (Geez) in the books of the church and of the small peasant culture, the use of Amharic as the official language of the rulers precluded it the way to rise to the dignity of a literary language. Rarely used in correspondence, it is even more rarely in other documents: among them, the remarkable so far found is a short statute of Loggo Sarda. Instead, a considerable oral literature, stories, traditions, songs, that only a small part has been collected by Europeans’’ (7).
Also Budge notes that. Tigriyna ’’is another dialect of Geez … It seems to have come into being in the 15 century, and though used in letters and other documents is not properly speaking, a literary language’’ (8).
Between the two above testimonies, there is a gap of 200 years. But the testimony of Conti Rossini weighs more because it has an evidence to show. But all together testify that Tigriyna Tongue is not young. With its very limited uses and not pro progress nature, it has seen many centuries passing by. By now it's beyond reach nature made it complete enigma (H˹ H˹ kÚ) to the natives. Abyssinian school doesn't know the base form of a Tigriyna verb that we see in this dictionary. In consequence of this Tigiyna student doesn’t know how to construct a scientific sentence. For him the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences is yet to come. As result of this there is no area not affected. I am narrating beyond the literature. I hope that this dictionary serves as ground launching.
Offeio in the introduction of his book says ''This language, both for the uncertainty of the rules, and either for lack of writings, both because devoid of accents is very difficult to be reduced to perfect grammar’’ (9). And Mauro Da Leonessa adds, ‘’The question of the tenses and ways in Semitic languages in general, in the language of Tigray in particular, is very complex and would require a very deep study’’ (10). All this rings the incomprehensibility of Tigriyna that had not any chance to be state or church or scholar language.
Above we have learned the different sentence structures of Geez (s+v+o) and Tigriyna (s+o+v). What remains is an additional example of s+o+v. Here it is.
Geez s+v+o Tigriyna s+o+v or o+s+v. or other n ý p 0 3º4¼. n ý 3º4¼ p 0 :: The girl grammar studying is The girl is studying grammar. ·Ú p 0 3º4¼ n ý:: studying is grammar the girl. If the goal of writing is to convey a message, grammar is motor vehicle. Without grammar, writing would be an incoherent jumble of words, out of order, misspelled, with no rules governing how to decode and understand the message. This is a wakeup call for Tigriyna writing to be governed by the rule of grammar. ENOUGH is ENOUGH!
For me, reform is the oil of any language. The 700 years old twisted Tigriyna unlike her mother knows no reform. Here is an exemplar Geez major reform. ‘‘At an early period in their literary history the Abyssinians followed the examples of the Arabians, but they soon abandoned it and began to write from left to right, like the Babylonians and Assyrians. It has been 6 thought that in this particular they were influenced by the Greek mode of writing, with which of course, they were familiar from the time of the Ptolemy. At all events the inscriptions of Ezana ¾Å ·Ú ÂÈ (about A.D. 350) are written from left to right, and in manuscripts this is the direction always followed’’(11).
The strong example invites us to make a reform. Our primary focus is the journey from s-o-v to s-v-o. With this we can make the twisted or distorted tongue soft (· @). After that we will start to think and write in s-v-o as the authors of the English, Italian, etc books that are in our libraries, archives, school, etc.
In Tigriyna the infinitive or the basic form of a verb such as · Ü to give birth to˴ ć3 ƚŽ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ƉƌĞŐŶĂŶƚ˴ğ3to conceive˴[0¾ to abort, 3[+to break˴3kÕ to drink, 3Õ˷˷˷ is un known. What we know is the third person singular of the remote past tense (84 · Ü, ć3, ğ3, ...). In other words, we don't know that the third person singular of the remote past tense is also the infinitive or the basic form a Tigriyna verb. This today appears in this dictionary (as ğ3 to conceive; [¾to eat, etc.). In addition to this, as mentioned above˴almost all Tigriyna infinitive verbs and the third person singular of the remote past tense have only one termination: Geez. Of these and other the basic form a Tigriyna verb was kept hostage. It was hidden for centuries by Tigriyna’s twisted nature. Owing to this Tigriyna speaker or writer does not know how to use Tigriyna verbs properly. But today we are breaking the shell. Thanks to this Tigriyna's language and literature boat will not be local any more. It will learn to import and export knowledge. We will start to learn word-to-word translation: as, to be or not to be, that is the question [+[+[+ ·Ú Ú[+[+[+[+ Æ Ö m ^5 essere no essere, questo è il problema.
In order to understand well it is important to know something of how the key verbs of this dictionary are conjugated.
The auxiliary verb [+[+[+ essere to be ... the indicative present tense positive sentence Õ io sono I am 88®®/88 tu sei you are 84Ö/86Ø egli/lui, lei é he/she/it is noi siamo we are 88¬ ¬ /88° voi siete you are 86q Û /86kÕ loro sono they are negative sentence Ú¥ ̐ÚÕionon sono I am not 88®Ú¥¢̐Ú®˴88Ú¥¤̐Ú° tu non sei you are not 84Ú¥̐ÚÖ˴86Ú¥p̐ÚØlui, lei, Lei, eglinon è he͕ƐŚĞ͕ŝƚ is not Ú¥̐Únoi non siamo we are not 88®p Ú¥ ̐Ú¬ ˴88°Ú¥¤̐Úvoi non siete you are not 86q Ú¥̐ÚÛ ˴86kÚ¥̐ÚÕ˷˷˷essinon sono they are not
As an example, the conjugation of two, three, four and six letter verbs in present tense
Conjugation of a verb ÅÅthat has two letters in p. t. Conjugation of a verb [¾[¾[¾[¾ that has three letters in p. t. Êio tengo I hold [Ãio tengo I eat 86®pÊ/˹8pÇtu tieniyou hold 86®p[Ã/˹8p[Àtu mangiyou eat 84ÚÊ/˹6pÊegli/lui tiene he/she/it holds 84Ú[Ã/˹6p[Ãegli/lui tiene he/she/it eats Ênoi teniamowe hold [Ãnoi mangiamowe eat 88®p pÆ/˹p¤pÈ voi tenete you hold 88®p p[¿/˹p¤p[Á voi mangiate you eat 86q ÚÆ/˹kÚÈessi tengono they hold 86q Ú[¿/˹kÚ[Áessi mangianothey eat
Conjugation of a verb ¼·ć ¼·ć ¼·ć ¼·ćthat has four letters˷˷˷˷˷˷˷˷˷˷˷˷ p. t. Conjugation of a verb á `0[ á `0[ `0[ that has six letters in p. t. ·Čio cambioI change á `0`io sorprendo I surprise 86®p¼¼Č/˹8˹ĉtu cambiyou change 86®á˷p` /˹8˹ tu sorprendi you surprise 84Ú¼¼Č/˹6˹Č egli/lui cambiahe/she/it changes 84˹Ú`/˹6˹p` egli sorprende he/she/it surprises ¼¼Čnoi cambiamowe change ˹`noi sorprendiamo we surprise 88®p p¼¼Ĉ/˹p¤˹Ċvoi cambiate you change 88®p ˹p` /˹p¤˹p`voi sorprendete you surprise 86q Ú¼¼Ĉ/˹k˹Ċessi cambianothey change 86q ˹Ú` /˹k˹Ú`essi sorprendono they surprise
With Tigriyna tongue as means of communication, we have proved to be good peasants, herders, shepherds, soldiers, dancers and oral poetry composers. But we can't be philosophers, mathematicians, historians, chemists, lawyers, medicals, ... because Tigriyna has no terms of each mentioned subjects. Plus the mentioned subjects have s+v+o not s+o+v sentence structures like Tigriyna.
What is to be done? "If the mountain won't come to Muhammad then Muhammad must go to the mountain." This is exactly what this dictionary treys: a road of progress.
7
To come to conclusion, in this 21st century, Tigriyna has only one use: to alley us by marriage with modern languages: English and Italian. We must not worry about this because Tigriyna has more 20, 000 words that serve as dowry.
So the work, according to my strong belief, is recommended to change the mindset of Tigriyna speaking man step by step.. That is, people will choose to say not HEù[0˶`ôáÞÜ0reality do, in road spend the night, but N;Rw{PNNoL ¥o_,;)¤'vS. do good, and spend the night on the road for the advantage of the health of their knowledge.
References: (1) Conti Rossini, Carlo, ‘Schizzo etnico e storico delle popolazione eritree’, in Ferdinando Martini, -L’ERITREA ECONOMICA, Novara - Roma, 1913, p.68. (2) Black, George F., Ethiopica and Amharica, A List of Works in The New York Public Library, New York, The New York Library, 1928, p. 72. (3). A.J. Drewes, The Origin of the Semitic Languages of Ethiopia, in Ethiopia Observer, April 1958, Vol.II, No. 3, p. 115. (4) Offeio, Francesco da, Grammatica della lingua Tigrai, secondo edizione, Asmara, 1915, pp. 269-270. (5) Carbone, Adriano, Termini Più in uso nel Diritto Terriero dell’Eritrea, R. Governo dell’Eritrea, il Corriere Eritreo, il 27 Dicembre 1940 –XIX. (6) Jacques Faitlovitch (âq0ØÃI`ıÚp¹x), H [>˴ in Giornale della Società Asiatica Italiana, v. XXIII, 1910, Firenze, 1911, Versi Abissini, parte prima Testo Tigriyna, p.3. (7) Conti Rossini, C., INTRODUZIONE (La lingua Tigrai o Tigrina), in, P. Mauro Da Leonessa , Grammatica Analitica della Lingua Tigray, Roma, 1928. (8) E.A. Wallis Budge, ‘A History of Ethiopia’, Netherland, Vol. II, 1970, p. 578. (9) (Offeio, Francesco da, Grammatica della lingua Tigrai, secondo edizione, Asmara, 1915. (10) Mauro Da Leonessa, Grammatica Analitica della Lingua Tigray, Roma, 1928, p.201. (11) E.A. Wallis Budge, ‘A History of Ethiopia’, Netherland, Vol. II, 1970, pp.552-553.
ERRATA-CORRIGE read ®read® ØreadØ˵ÕreadÕ ˴+˴˴˷˷˷read« ˴«+˴««˴˷˷˷ ơɂȷɁȻȽɀȳȱȽɀɀȳȱɂȯȼȲɁȯȴȳɂɇɂȽɁȯɇķ` ¤·Úķ`` ¥ȾɃȰȺȷȱ̚ȷȼơɂȯȺȷȯȼȾɃȰȰȺȷȱȽ̛ɂȶȯȼɂȽɁȯɇÊ]̐Ê^¹˷ƫȽȯȼɇɂɀȯȼɁȺȯɂȷȽȼȻɃɁɂ ȰȳɀȳȯȲȼȽɂÊ]̐Ê^¹ȰɃɂķ` ¤·Úķ`` ¥˷0ùĤpȾɃȰȺȷȱɁȳȱɃɀȷɂɇ˴ķ˷ ¤¡ȾɃȰȺȷȱȱȯɀ˴ķ˷8 ȾɃȰȺȷȱɁȱȶȽȽȺ˴`mĻ˷ +ĢȷȼɂȶȳȾɃȰȺȷȱȷȼɂȳɀȳɁɂ˴˷˷˷
The word ''public'', in Italian ''pubblico'' is translated in Tigriyna as Ê]̐Ê^¹˷ But it is more correct and advantageous when the word becomes part of the borrowed words spelled as:ķ` ¤·Úķ`` ¥˷For example:ķ0ùĤppublic security˴ ķ˷ ¤¡public car,ķ˷8 public school, `mķ+Ģin the public interest, .... This is also true with all the words, clauses, and sentences that are in the dictionary that concern the word ''public or pubblico''.
I dedicate this book to my biological mother Abrhet Ghebreziabhier that i don‘t know her owing to her early death, to my stepmother Letebrhan Tewelde for her kindness and to my father Ghebreziabhier Bein that was my role model.
8 ABBREVIAZIONI = ABBREVIATIONS ,{6ST,{6ST,{6ST abbr. abbreviazione, abbreviato abbreviation, abbreviated ger. gerund acc. accusative GRAM grammatical = grammatical acu. accrescitivo Acu. acustica i. intransitive AER. aeronautica idiom. idiomatico = idiomatic affirm. affermativo imperat. imperative adj adjective imperf. imperfect AE American English IND industria AGR agricoltura ING ingegneria ALG algebra intera. interrogative Am. Amharic ITT ittiologia AMM amministrazione LAT latino amministrativo LETT letteratura ANAT anatomia, anatomico LETTERAL letterario Ar Arabic. LETERR letteralmente ARALD araldica heraldry LING linguistica ARCH architettura loc. avv. locuzione avverbiale ARCHEOL archeologia LOG logica ARIT aritmetica = arithmetical art. articolo m. maschile = male AST astronomia, astronomico MAR marina, marittimo AUT automobile, automobilismo MAT matematica adve adverb MEC meccanica MED medicina BIBIL biblico MIL militare BIO biologia, biologico MIN mineralogia, mineraria BOT botanica MUS musica, musicale card cardinal = cardinal n. nome cfr. confronta = confront NAUT nautico = nautical CHI chimica = chemistry neg. negative CHIR chirurgia, chirurgo NEOL neologismo CINE cinematografo, cinematografico = film num. numerale COMM commercio, commercial comp. comparativo = comparative ogg. oggetto, oggettivo comple. complemento = complement OPP = opposite condiz. condizionale = conditional ORN ornitologia contr. contrazione, contratto OTT ottica CUC cucina pass. tempo passato, passato, past DIAL dialettale, dialetto PATT patologia = pathology dim. diminutivo=diminutive p.e. per esempio DIR diritto PITT pittura distrib. distributive pl. plurale POES poesia ECCL ecclesiastico POET poetico ECCON economia POL politica EDIL edilizia POP popolare ELETT elettricità, elettrologia. pp participio passato = past participle ENT entomologia = entomology p pres participio presente = present participle. pred. predicato, predicative f. femminile femmina = female prep. preposizione = preposition FAM familiare = familiar pres. prsente FARM farmaceutica = pharmaceutical pron. pronome, pronominale FERR ferrovie .|| prov. proverbio FIG figurtato PISC psicologia, psicanalisi FIL filosofia FIN finanza ql.sa qualcosa FIS fisica qu.no qualcuno FISIO fisiologia FONET fonetica RAD radiofonia, radio FOTO fotografia REL religione relat. relativo G (or g). Gheez RET retorica gener. generalmente rif. riferimento, riferito GEO geografia GEOL geologia s, or s. sost sostantivo GEOM geometria = geometry sb somebody 9 SCHERZ scherzoso SCIENTE scientifico SCULT scultura sin. sinonimo =synonym sing. sinogolare = singular SL slang sogg. soggetto, soggettivo = subject ST storia = history sth something symb symbol SPREG spregiativo STRUM struemnto superl. superlativo SYN = synonym t. transitivo TEAT teatro TEC tecnico TEL telefonia, telegrafia TEOL teologia terme. termine TESS tessile TIP tipografia TOP topografia TV televisione v. verbo = verb VET veterinaria VET veterinaria VOLG volgare zoo. zoologico
***{*qu.no qualcuno someone *.*v_._Ñ{v la ferrovia railway .._Ñ{vST ..Î0.;SST 0°0_Rw°PN_]T p.e. per esempio for example >9>9,R ^ST G0G G) 0_RwG) parola per parola word for word ^^ = or means.|| ±qR¥o_±q)'qR6¹(= ecc., etc..) VvVv°PN*s; ¥T. ¥TR#${;9T ƚ= or means {F {,8FT8
10 ' HS & !S !M L+S L!=/ O?a'Fa? b s.m. L>=S W LS G3 e X,? A A A A . (L XM +HaL" nei banchetti at the ban- he hu hi ha hie h ho quets), >F ( >F "'I> , L XM +HaL" poesie, nei banchetti poems, at the banquets), +2 +2 +2 +2
(ibid), L.L.L. L. (! A '' di guerra of war), L$L$L$ the first letter of the Tigriyna syllabary, was once (or LH LH LH ) ( " canto sacro sacred song), ???- ?- - - ! ! designated hoi and today Helieta it is ( . " ! & ;2 lodi di un neonato praises aspired and in writing can be exchanged easily with of infant, new-born baby), &F&F&F (L XM +HaL" . But for those mother tongue speakers there is a nei banchetti at the banquets), &O&O&O(? < profano great difference between and begins profane), 7UO7UO7UO (! A '' di guerra of war) v.t. with (a) ‘’ while the term ‘ ends with (a) ‘’ cantare: 1 to sing. QQ + 88 cantare un’area to used to represent the first and a point of departure (an sing an aria. L$!M'&U M + !&@@> + idea, a theory or an event that is used to start a discus- 813? sing the baby to sleep. 2 ECCL to chant; cfr. sion, an activity, etc..):!'L & L&8 @&.F $ messa cantata high mass. 3 FIG (L a we must repeat the idea from FIG a > /'8&&F'celebrare) to sing, to celebrate. 4 ( , completely (or thoroughly or form ' ; dire chiaramente) to tell. &O '3; gliele QQ beginning to end)TEOL. for ! !" faith Words canterò chiare I’ll tell him in no uncertain terms.|| that start with a letter ###he $ & are under he or &3 cantare vittoria to exult.||v.i. cantare: 1 to sing. 2 &QLR L@ M>` all chants L " prov. (or ) ‘ ’, ‘ ’and ‘ ’ But it is not correct nor it is accept- start with heleye and all discourses start with a able. So this dictionary remains loyal to the correct parabola, or $ M> S > 3 the song approach. is good when there is hal-lelujah, the mead suits to
drink it in the carafe. SYN v.t. 1 A' [. 2S v.i. be open mouth, open door, window, etc.. GP MP S L3J/']/ ? b D! >` "E S; S L L L v.t. MO+MO+MO+ to open mouth, etc.. . 8P S L=8M8S ?8P. ? l FIG D! >3 , 1 , ,-. ,-. ,-. , / / / , C C C& C& C& C&& C&& C& affossarsi: to become A F E $$'L$$S +bS + S &&S hollow. 2 2 2 , / / / adj franabile: subject to land- / ' aOaS L U S /US M U S >3 , 32 " ;.U A &8" ! slides. 3232, " ", ;.U;.U s.f. frana: 1 ( OPPF . ' e? SYN v.i. 1 L3 J/']/ ? b FIG 9" caduta di terreno) landslide, landslip. 2 FIG D! XL ' >F! A F E L> /S 8&&FS (L X +a< =<> in a political sense) collapse, e LS '/VaS/L&S A&&FS L`3 S GL landslide? espressioni fig. S L3" OPP LA <&S L/A AS J@8S L;3 2,/@8A/@8A/@8A v.i. ragliare:1to bray.2 FIG (&O, L$ S ? 2F2F2F, &LF&LF&LF, &LV&LV&LV, &+L&+L&+L, 7USa7USa7USa s.m. GQ cantare male) to croak.SYN 1 D! L& E F&& cantante, cantore, corista: 1 ( !H!M L & @@< 2 FIG (! Gpersona)$H@H@ ? 323232, =- chi canta in un coro) choir-singer; (813? H /@J/@J/@J or@@<@@<@@< s.m. raglio: 1 braying. 2 FIG croaking. LH!M L G>"," ragazzo che canta in 222222, A&3A&3A&3 s.m. asino grasso e robusto da monta: fat chiesa) choir-boy. 2 (&,YG diapason) tuning-fork. ass and rugged mounts. SYN`L A &3. 3 3singer. ! ! !, H MH M, &o>&o>&o>, &oU &oU&oU&oU, 2UQ2UQ2UQ adj L& M + ;"/? cantato: sung. , &U&U &U&U &U&U , U U U U U U v.i. accorrere: 1 # # #, qS!"qS!"qS!", H3H3H3 s.f. clava: club. SYN . 32? ( C correre) a) 'b@ verso ql.sa: to run (up), 3 ,3 ,3 , s.m. alleluia: hallelujah. SYN \ DL to rush (up); b) L H ' qu.no: to run (to +',liturgia), M> ' .'A &.F '$? b rush) to help (A! to the help of) sb. 2 FIG (< ' FIG s! t uH viva! OPPL =+! ! =+!??? ? M++radunarsi) to gather.||>>aP QQ "3 L;Q 33 33 33 1 rise of flame, and just said to the noise it ;" LL you will hasten to reassure him. $ produces when the fire is very strong: U U U R" FM" LL many people floc- 33 33 33 2 v.i. divampare: to blaze (gener.), to flare ked to hear him. QQ H to rush to help up, to burst into flame. + A < QQ & the him of sth. SYN C S V33A S ? fire flared up again. + A < / 33!3 the G G GP G a aPP aP ,PP P P 2F2F2F adj sollecito:1(@J .'W-X'pronto) fire was blazing. + = "'Y>>(/ /L 33 prompt, speedy. 2 (?3L>='W[-G' premuroso) !2 passions were raging. QQ ! 8? to blaze solicitous. 3 (" '. +'diligente) diligent.|| s.m. with anger (or to flare up). SYN \(! H@S ! $ /&& & "''+ DA! & "''+E reminder. SYNadj \ D]M]EWIGM YXS`'F ) 33 JULS8 b D! LL'8? -G OPPLM L+SLO?aS LFa? b W -G' OPP . FIG ?3 L>G=S $2+'FMP !S " S . +S M +E /&&? l FIG D! a,u3 '! A '' M +E + &S + /O> M> R! S L/&&SL 8P.S>F S8"+X OPPSH @S Ga!S 'HS OPP 11 &LS& S e$. 33 33 33 s.m. rumore di una fiam- force, been extant. =' " H L3 RM QQ M + ma: noise of a flame. SYN o[ ! + /3H3? \~~ ?" laws that have existed for hundred years. 3 3 3 v.i. talking in your sleep+b+b+b. "LMM H + F!+ L 3 <"? do you 3 M3 M3 M,PP P P +x+x+x, ///, 8&8&8&, +J +J ++J + (JM+) believe fairies are existed?|| :3 A3 A3 A3 A 3 A 3 A adj v.i. ostinarsi: (us. L forma pron.) to persist. QQ esistente: 1 (L 13 l (M-S M + tamburo, ecc. drum, etc..), L&L&L& L& 4" A 16 polished; (8.'LUVX raffinato) refined, (>@ marry, (M> + =<>. MA x /x con il @3'L +elegante) elegant. – $H polished speech. senso quasi di liberarsene) to marry off. 7 (>" a & QQ>+ '@? a polished style. & QQ 3` a ! ;A ") to call. / ! 8`V he called me refined tongue. SYN1 (! / ''b@) MA B;S a scoundrel. 8 (M> ULF I C a< < 'Hu C con ;o!S @" ! OPP F =. 2 FIG (! La3S ! $H' valore fraseologico, " L> + compl. adj .>=S M +) L +S >@@3S 8P. Da L8 L>Wa/ esprime / ! 3; 8H(/ azione) – ! 8PES U;; MS U" S > 3S M LX? 8D81"8D81"8D81", MA ;"MA ;"MA ;" + +GP to water a plant. QQ 8 (L> denti teeth) s.f. forbitezza: neatness; FIG + > b stanza to air a room. QQ >M""'8 purity (or elegance) of language, of style. SYN1 >=3X ascolto ('b@). to listen to sb (or ; "S A 3A "S @@ "S S 3232 S sth). -- + &RM; to welcome sb QQ &R >W C& OPP >". 2 FIG D! ]3S ! [. "S M> " D + &R ?3+E to say good evening @3 "S L' HH "S M +E L bS >@3/"S (good morning). -- L` ! 'b@ to @8" Da L88PES >MF+Hb OPP .&/"S ? blame sb for sth -- ! + e4/ lucido 'b@ aP !/"S H /". 8PD8PPP PDPDPDPD, MB;MB;MB; (L>denti to polish sth QQ & 8 = to cast a glance teeth) adv forbitamente: elegantly, with (great) at sb. 9 (L"+/ emettere, MM 'secondo + refinement. G""@/contesto) – & <@ '<@ to let out a cry. QQ \ or g. A v.t. concedere: & >"S>/ sospiro to have a sigh to shed a tear. b or (ibid)v.t. dare: 10 (& L/esame) to take, or to sit for. 11 l or (ibid), LM+LM+LM+ (M+) v.t. donare: (8""a / attribuire/ + L) to say, to look. G&! \ v.t. concedere:\ (/ hebe/dare) to grant, to give. ? " Ma, how old would you say she is? 2 (O8P& permettere) to allow, (soltanto all’attivo) to MG< + `2` she looks about thirty. 12 ( let. >F / A ! M& he was allowed to L (//ragione, 8S ? ) a L (/ A! go, or they let him go. 3 (+LM/ ammettere) to !> / LaP @/ @ I think you are right. 13 ( Hu9/ admit. A H L, MM$ granting this to be true. varie, L>W>>(//espressione) QQ FM"'L+& A ' L!A dato ma non concesso let us /intendere to give sb to understand. QQ suppose. QQ + ;' to give a grace. SYN 1 ' 8"X/ atto ! 'b@ to acknowledge that sb .'dare, ' FS LU8&S LF3J/S e S =L! is (has, etc..) sth QQ , 'b@ to give rise to sth S OPP L S / S &S L S M3LS M QQ >"- /lustro 'b@ to add luster to sth -- L S +]PAS +]PAO? b DL + .>M >(// GL! D'L"E L M`= to let, to hire. QQ L discussion) +LM/S +8P S +`/ OPP/ SL . 3]P= to lend. QQ M + Q to give sb up as A A A S =e>=e>=e>G=e>GGG pp. and adj concesso: granted, lost. QQ + L& to lend sb a hand.|| v.i... allowed. SYN A /dato, 3' > U8P&S =L!S dare: 1 (A.") to hit. -- + M3GG"'8M e 3OPP / X' negatoSL 3S ! rifiutato FIG to hit the nail on the head. 2 ("8O) to stumble, A "A "A " s.f. cessione: transfer, assignment. QQ ! to trip. QQ L & IM to stumble/ strip over tree. QQ & G." 'X cessione di un credito assignment of L & `A 2 to bump into a table. 3 (rif a credit; ?32''a'>L= ! QQ atto di cessione ")R!S S>S , etc.. / battere) to be ( M> & adj) deed of assignment; QQ ! 'b@ " $ = QQ L $8 > b this room is very fare essione di ql.sa a qu.no to transfer (or to sur- sunny. 4 ( @ ) to burst. – GP ," to burst into render) sth to someone A "A "A "S =e>=e>=e>=e>>(/(/(/(/ s.f. tears. 5 (rif =a "'= CaS $M 'uG concessione: 1 (U9 ! + '=e& effetto del & a3 ) & 81;x3' u&' verde H !A concedere) concession. 2 (U]P&E permission. 3 L + F ,<) a bluish green. 6 (rif . G/' ( eb licenza M? L? ! M'SU ?`) license. 4 persone, $M ) to be some-what. ! L + (@/ ?"/rights ! =&a "/ deposits, M +? A 2=+F he is some-what pendantic. 7 (rif. M' + > X' stato /state) concession. + QQQQQQQQ ) to give. QQ + >X =' stomaco to give to make a concession. QQ M + x building (one) indigestion. 8. (rif . ?; S `M"+P ) to franchise. ? QQ by way of concession. open (to give) on to. >=" "'"GO" 3@ b v.t. dare:1 ("L>Oa'? "$ a3I" M? + ',.!' <.qX].,+ the window opens / L" L! +,3) to give. >>aP L3 Ca A (gives) on to the garden. ( M)P to over-look. 9. (Hu9 /L! ~~ @e G. ! \~~ you have given me L>W>>(// expressioni varie) QQ '&?'HH 500 dollar instead of 100. QQ + L& ! u/' to pounce upon sb -- XM /u' nervi to vernici to give a coat of paint. L3 R A /L get on (one’s) nerves. QQ L + ?!/ to be + 8H ! M- they gave him (or he has conspicuous.|| +A+A+A v. rifle darsi: 1 (+;M been given) a scholarship. QQ & MG Pa to + WO>>(/ preferssion, etc..) MM 'secondo a M q+ / "'&8P. M give sb advice. L>WL>>/? QQ 8"'art to become an artist. + "A >> I give you five minutes to make up your -- XM M- " to study. QQ A"? JA "& 'MO mind. 2 ( ) to give, to hand. 3 ( ) to =!A" to become a soldier. 2 (M) to begin. 3 G&! L3 Ca A M + + give, to pay. (/ '. U'@8 XM L2"S M +?) to G. F' how much did you pay for that dress? 4 ( take. -- >+ to take to drinking. ( .> &/rendere, O 'Uo" 'fruttare) to yield; ( LH(/' disperazione, & @HbH ! 'b@S L MMM?" QQ - + G3"+ Y+ L!"33GP L3 Ca &3 don’t insist you are wrong. in virtù di accordi esistenti tra le due parti by virtue of SYN '&& 3 S +M+S &GM S ;" OPP + MP S agreements existing between the two parties. 2 (rif. & 'e&S +";OS &O JUL. 32M32M32MPP P P , +xLa+xLa+xLa, XM 4=+ a documenti, @!( ! 8+ L/L/L/, 8L.8L.8L., L3<L3<L3< adj ostinato: 1 (;/ @'+@'+e' opera d’arte, > L"'"L .+ a = U traman- tenace, 33MP !'+22MP caparbio) stub-born, dati da passato) extant. QQ ^ ! + obstinate. 2 (;/ @'F>++' persistente) persistent. &. extant remains of the ancient wall. 3 existent, ? 33G33G33GPP P P s.f. caparbietà: obstinacy, stubbornness. HF vignette: in being (L /), living, (=,A S L 33M33M33M!!PP !P P adj caparbio: obstinate, stubborn. =!A"). M 3 QQ UJ all living creatures.|| QQ @ 3 G3 G3 GPP P P adv caparbiamente: obstinately, stubbornly aOtariffe notes in force < < <, 8 (8AE, n. f. 33G33G33G PP P P (or 333333GGGGPPP P ), =L/=L/=L/, 8&8&8& s.f. ostinazione, esistenza: 1 existence. + QQ ! O`a the existence ostinatezza: 1 stubbornness, obstinacy. 2 (;?") of God. 2 (=!A") existence, life: QQ X +a ! persistence. QQ L + L L /" persisten- & =H existence political life of a people, ]3F cy in denying the truth. SYN I>++HbS I>+H(/S M + QQ struggle for existence, + ;@+ ;?"'F>+bS =L/S=> b'costanza, OHb' QQ to lead a happy life, L8PMJ A&. + QQ fermezza OPP + aGP /"S 23/"S 3A "S to put an end to one’s existence (or life). SYN "=" L;?"S MA". 3 G3 G3 G,PP P P =o=o=o=o, 1 @8'8 S L>Fb' M /"'LGaA OPP @o&@o&@o& adv ostinatamente: 1 stubbornly, obstinately. L F QQ L X>F presenza: 1 presence. QQ ! &[GL>, the ! + A&Q. &3 he obstinately believed presence of democracy. 2 ( >M R2 scuola, L in the possibility of a final victory. >F QQ L ! L UVq('ufficio) attendance. e+VaX ! QQ certi- L+A He stubbornly refused to enter. 2 + S> ficato di presenza attendance certificate.|| L U QQ a + 8&.[" F?" ! + ' $@ QQ di bella presenza smart-looking. the wind blew persistently from the early morning. / ?$ -- to put in an appearance. $QQ OPP 3L MS = 3SM> F aS 3A ? 33M33M33M!!PP ! P !P gettone di presenza allo- $ QQ ! 83 (or +32M+32M+32MSSS PP P SP 32M32M32M32MPPP P ), +x+x+xQ+xQQQLaLaLaLa, 8L.8L.8L., L3<L3<L3< adj wance. in the presence of. ostinato: 1 obstinate, stubborn, mulish, (!/ rif. "a presence of mind. QQ + CV your pre- G'La3) pig-headed. QQ H=! obstinate (or sence at a meeting.\ SYN 3< OPP 8>Fb? b LQ stubborn) nature. QQ L+! obstinate sinner. QQ +uXinterventoS F T? l FIG DO>S '/E La3 obstinate (or stubborn or pig-headed) person. W-+Hb'>3=/"? D! >' La3E 3G@S V LS 8WYbS 8>"XS ;S A S A @]? + A&. QQ L + @ " that boy is obs- < < < =.H(/ Gq, tinate in his caprices. QQ MM & . as stubborn ( condizione sociale social /L "=&+'=.H(/ (or obstinate) as a mule. 2 (;/ @'F>+"') persis- condition) s.m. stato: 1 ( L & ; tent, obstinate, stubborn, stubborn silence. C/OX general condition) state, condition. . QQ A! + QQ F>+b he met with dog-ged (or stub- in buono stato in a good state (of repair), VFa<S WFGa<S O`< born) resistance. +2 M+2 M+2 MPP P P persist interchangeably, e.g. in good condition. 2 ( =.H(/ two opponents none of them wants to give up. condizione fisica, psichica, spirituale) state. QQ ! W->"LH(/ 3 A3 A3 A, L3 CL3 CL3 C (its negative form is 3 instead of stato di prostrazione state of / L L;'L+>`+ QQ L!L3 C) v.i. esistere: 1 (L3 C @8 avere rea- prostration; cfr. L=! ltà) to exist. L!LMM H $ , L /" !3 essere in stato interessante to be pregnant. 3 ( a< =.H(/ < 3A 'L3 CI don’t think this place really exists. 2 (8; , condizione economica, sociale) ! F + ! F QQ ; S / L < continuare ad esserci) to be in condition, position. miglio- existence. L!33A ' L!L3 C $!a ! rare il proprio stato to better one’s condition. 4 ( .!'F"