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Tigriyna Dictionary TIGRIYNA DICTIONARY 1st edition TIGRIYNA-ITALIAN-ENGLISH MODERN DICTIONARY 1 by EYOB GHEBREZIABHIER BEIN Tigriyna Dictionary, Tigriyna - Italian - English Modern Dictionary 1st Edition,edition, Switzerland,Switzerland, MayMay 20152015 Author/publishing house: Eyob Ghebreziabhier Bein, Mühlematt 6, CH-6020 Emmenbrücke, Switzerland, Tel. +41 41 543 00 39, www.gizie-lewti.com All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, transmitted or stored in an information retrievalretrieval system in any form or by any means, graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, taping ad recording, without prior written permission from the author. Prepress/cover: MULTI REFLEX AG, Luzern ISBN 978-3-9524462-0-1 >GKº(TT; ^Tigriyna syllabary Tavola di Tigrino sillabe number 1st form 2nd form 3rd form 4th form 5th form 6th form 7th form of letters ùùùÃùÃÃÃ()ÊÊÊ ¢Ã`¢Ã`¢Ã` 686868 .`Ã.`Ã.`à 8 8 6á86á86á8 6Ã`6Ã`6Ã` 1st #he #ohu $Éhi $ha $zhie %h &ho 2nd 'ůe 'qůu 'vůi (ůa 'sůie )ů '§ůo 3rd *he *qhu *vhi +ha *shie ,h -ho 4th . me .o mu /É mi / ma /z mie 0m 1 mo 5th 6re 7ru 8ri 9ra :rie ;r <ro 6th >se >o su >v si ? sa >y sie @s A so 7th Bshe Bt shu BÉ shi C sha Bz shie Dsh Esho 8th Fqe Frqu Fwqi Gqa F| qie Hq Iqo 9th FKqhe FKrqhu FKw qhi GK qha FK|| qhie L qh Mqho 10th FKqhue FK~qhui FKqhua FKÍqhuie FK¨qhué 11th F que F~ qui F qua FÍquie F¨ qué 12th N be No bu Nv bi O ba Ny bie PNb Q bo 13th N\ ve N\q vu N\v vi O\ va N\y vie PN\v Q\ vo 14th Rte Rr tu Rw ti S ta R| tie T t U to 15th ]ne ]q nu ]É ni ^na ]x nie _n ` no 16th °e °qu °vi a °sie é ­o 17th ± ke ±q ku ±v ki Åka ±y kie «k ¡ ko 18th ±Kkhe ±Kq khu ±Kv khi ÅKkha ±Kykhie «Kkh ¡K kho 19th ±§kue ±~kui Å}kua ÅËkuie ±pkué 20th ¥we ¦ wu Jwwi Jwa J|wie ¥ow ¶wo 21st e qu £Éi £a £xie ¤é Âo 22nd Vze Vqzu Vvzi Æza Vyzie ¬z ¢zo 23rd LJe LJu ªLJi LJa ÇLJie LJ LJo 24th de q du vdi da die {d do 25th Î je t ju É ji ja à jie j jo 26th Ñ ge Ño gu Ñv gi Ò ga Ñx gie g go 27th ѧ gue Ñ~ gui gua ÑË guie Ѩ gué 28th ® te ®q tu ®v ti Ä ta ®y tie Ðt to 29th cce t ccu Ô cci Ó cca Õccie cc cco 30th ²pe ²q pu ²vpi a²pa ²s pie ²{ p b² po 31th ze q zu v zi a za s zie { z b zo 32th ³fe µ fu º fi · fa ¸ fie ¹ f È fo 33th e pe eu pu ew pi ½ pa e| pie »p ¼po Note: All Tigriyna verbs, e.g.· ÜÜÜÜ˴ć3333˴ğ3333˴[0¾, end with Geez/ùùùÃùÃÃÃ()ÊÊÊ, but not all begin with Geez because there are some verbs that start with .`Ã.`Ã.`Ã, 6á86á86á8, etc. as , 66686 , ÷÷÷ćć÷ , =[ , ... Introduction HHHH̚̚̚̚TTTT̛̛̛̛á (CáÜ) In this small mirror of introduction we will try to shed light not only on history of Tigriyna tongue but also on Geez. Both these languages live with us but they are very far from our understanding. The mysterious languages never get tired of being unclimbed Abyssinian mountains for centuries and centuries. But things like this is not a breaking news because Abyssinia is full of unknown things. As we know, Geez is the language of ancient Ethiopia. Carlo Conti Rossini says ’’These transmigrators in northern Ethiopia mainly belonged to the tribe of Habasciàt: I say mostly, because no doubt other tribe friends, we do not know the names, joined them in the trades and in founding colonies. Another name, Agazi, plural Agàziàn (hence the name of gheez given to their language ...), it means, in origin, emigrant, then free and even noble: graduation suggestive of signifiers’’ (1). Geez, its sentence structure (or word-order) subject + verb + object (s+v+o), is considered dead. But it has still spiritual language power. In fact it is key identity learning area for Orthodox Tewahedo church. Its Christological terms are still very strong. So thanks to its literary language and works it has still more miles to go. Here is a good example of Geez sentence structure: that is the s+v+o. pÛĜØpÛĜØpÛĜØ n[Ĥn[Ĥn[Ĥ ܹܹܹ [[[ ùÇ`0ùÇ`0ùÇ`0 (Ps. 67, 32) = Ethiopia shall soon stretch out her hands to God. In this sentence, pÛĜØpÛĜØpÛĜØ is subject/ô^-; n[Ĥn[Ĥn[Ĥ verb/ù`-; ܹܹܹ [[[ ùÇ`0ùÇ`0ùÇ`0 object/R¥@?«KH{{). The chains of philological studies agree that Geez is the mother of Tigriyna. In other words, Tigriyna dialect that we find it in Eritrea and modern Ethiopia ’’is the daughter of … Ge’ez, and is spoken in the centre of the ancient kingdom of Aksum’’ (2). But there is another notion that says ''It is possible that all the Semitic languages of Ethiopia derive from Geez. This is even quite probable, for example, Tigriyna, which is now spoken in roughly the same area as Geez was formerly. On the other hand one or more Semitic languages may have existed simultaneously with Geez already in early times. We have no documents written in any such languages, but this is hardly an argument against the possibility of their existence (3). Notwithstanding this, word-order of Tigriyna is the opposite to Geez. Tigriyna writing is not aware of right or wrong sentence. It is unfamiliar with the terms subject, verb, object not to mention complement, phrase, main close, independent clause, spelling, etc. You just cultivate and harvest conversation of an uneducated person and non-intellectual talk. Owing to this it doesn't make a difference for it if the subject is before or after the verb in a sentence as: p¤¡ Úp8 smoke rises or Úp8p¤¡ rises smoke. But for convenience of our discussion let us assume that Tigriyna has (more or less) a sentence structure composed of subject + object + verb (s+o+v). This means Eritrean home teaches a child s+o+v, English school s+v+o, not to mention what teaches the church. We will talk about s+v+o later. But the new good news for now is that the three dictionaries, Tigriyna-Italian-English, Italian-Tigriyna-English and English-Tigriyna-Italian follow Geez sentence structure. This testifies that Tigriya is prepared for the development of the modern sciences and techniques. So, the work is game changer. How can this happen? When we talk about the first work, it means that a collection of words of three languages, Tigriyna- Italian-English, in one dictionary listed according to Tigriyna alphabetical order, from to ĻĻĻ˷Ļ But, when we think about I-T-E and E-T-I dictionaries are simply arranged alphabetically like any English or Italian dictionary from A-Z. I believe that the work testifies reform. Correct spelling is one of the many testimonies. Thanks to this we will find Tigriyna words spelled correctly save words that read , instead of «˴°«owing to the computer or unhealthy Geez program that I bought. We used to write in Tigriyna without putting in the account spelling. But spelling matters a lot. For example English and Italian languages have their own set of double letters. In these two modern languages if a word is misspelled (e.g. to instead of too) it means the word has changed its meaning. This is also true with Tigriyna. For so many years, Tigriyna tongue was surfacing with two names, in the voice of natives (Tigray pù.Ú) and in Amharic (Tigrigna pù0). Of these two the first was highly defused. This can be verified by titles of different works (e.g. Vocabolario Tigray–Italiano, Grammatica della Lingua Tigrai/y, Canti popolari Tigrai, Dictionnaire De La Langue Tigrai, ..) published at the time the name Tigray was shining more than the other. But after the end of the Italian colony in Eritrea, the Amharic voice began to emerge as dominant. This made the voice of the native to lose its momentum. But, as this dictionary testifies, there is no Tigriyna verb that has a letter or letters of ... In addition to this it doesn’t match with Tigriyna endings. This suggests that when we want to write Tigriyna in Tigriyna it is spelled like this: pù-Ú and in Amharic: pù0. There are some particular Tigriyna nouns and adjectives that add ÚÚÚ yna to the main part. This similar ending in Amharic is gna. Here are some example endings for both tongues: some Tigriyna nouns ÚÚÚ endings some Amharic nouns endings ĉkÚ,ßÚ,ôáÜÚ ĉk,ß,ôáÜ 5 some Tigriyna n & adj ÚÚÚ endings some Amharic n & adj endings pù-Ú, -Ú,[Ü Ú,pÃù8kÚ,ô[Ú,ÁğÚ pù0, 0, [Ü , pÃù8k, ô[, Áğ Here, work of P. Francesco Da Offeio sheds light on most Tigryna word roots. ‘‘The language Tigriyna, except some names and some verbs from Amharic language derives from the language Geez. He goes on to say, ‘’All names in language Tigriyna and adjectives also believed the same form of the language Geez. With the exception those names that have Geez language in the penultimate (the next to last) and the last letter in sades 6á86á86á8 Tigriyna softened language in the sades 6á86á86á8 in sales 686868.’’ And he gives us a wonderful example, Geez language: ¾ ááá ¼pppp [p0000 ¾Ú `0¤¤¤¤ ğ` ù0000 ·0 ¤`0pppp Tigriyna language: ¾ ÞÞÞ (or ÁÞÞÞÞ) ¼mmmm [p---- ¾Ú `0¡¡¡¡ ğ` ù---- ·0 ¤`0mmmm ’’(4).
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