DOCSLIB.ORG

Islam in World Cultures

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Islam in World Cultures Islam in World Cultures Islam in World Cultures Comparative Perspectives Edited by R. MICHAEL FEENER Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado Oxford, England Copyright 2004 by R. Michael Feener All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Islam in world cultures : comparative perspectives / R. Michael Feener, editor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-57607-516-8 (hardback : alk. paper) ISBN 1-57607-519-2 (e-book) 1. Islam—21st century. 2. Islam and civil society. 3. Islam and state—Islamic countries. 4. Islamic countries—Civilization—21st century. I. Feener, R. Michael. BP161.3.I74 2004 297’.09—dc22 2004017397 08 07 06 05 04 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an e-book. Visit abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, Inc. 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Manufactured in the United States of America For Mom and Dad, with love and gratitude Contents C o n t r i b u t o r s ,ix Islam in World Cultures Comparative Perspectives Chapter One I s l a m : H i s t o r i c a l I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d O v e r v i e w R. Michael Feener, 1 Chapter Two Islam after Empire: Turkey and the Arab Middle East Gregory Starrett, 41 Chapter Three Shi’ite Islam in Contemporary Iran: F rom Islamic Revolution to Moderating Reform David Buchman, 75 Chapter Four D e b a t i n g O r t h o d ox y, C o n t e s t i n g Tr a d i t i o n : Islam in Contemporary South Asia Robert Rozehnal, 103 Chapter Five Islam in Contemporary Central Asia Adeeb Khalid, 133 Chapter Six I s l a m i n C h i n a : A c c o m m o d at i o n o r S e pa r a t i s m ? Dru C. Gladney, 161 v i i v i i i C o n t e n t s Chapter Seven Muslim Thought and Practice in Contemporary Indonesia Anna Gade and R. Michael Feener, 183 Chapter Eight Religion, Language, and Nationalism: Harari Muslims in Christian Ethiopia Tim Carmichael, 217 Chapter Nine R ace, Ideology, and Islam in Contemporary South Africa Abdulkader Tayob, 253 Chapter Ten Peril and Possibility: Muslim Life in the United Stat e s Edward E. Curtis IV, 283 Chapter Eleven Suggestions for Further Reading and Internet Resourc e s, 309 Chapter Twelve K e y Te r m s , 337 I n d e x , 361 Contributors David Buchman is a cultural anthropologist who has traveled throughout the Middle East pursuing the study of Arabic, Persian, Islam, and the status of contemporary Sufism. He is an assistant professor of anthropology and Middle East studies at Hanover College in Indiana, and his publications include a translation of Abu Hamid al-Ghazali’s (d. 1111) work Mishkat al- Anwar (Niche of the Lights, 1999). T i m C a r m i c h a e l teaches African History at the College of Charleston (South Carolina). He is online editor of H-Africa, associate editor of North- east African Studies, and coeditor of Personality and Political Culture in Modern A f r i c a (1998). His publications focus on Islam, politics, and culture in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Yemen. Edward E. Curtis IV is assistant professor of religious studies at the Univer- sity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and author of Islam in Black America (2002). He offers courses in both Islamic studies and African American re- ligions and is currently at work on a history of religious life in Elijah M u h a m m a d ’s Nation of Islam. He holds a doctorate in religious studies from the University of South Africa. R. Michael Feener teaches religious studies and Southeast Asian studies at the University of California, Riverside. His research covers aspects of Islam in Southeast Asia and the Middle East from the early modern to the con- t e m p o r a ry periods. He has published articles on topics ranging from Qur’anic exegesis to Sufi hagiography, and he is currently completing work on a monograph tracing the development of Muslim legal thought in twen- tieth-century Indonesia. Anna M. Gade is assistant professor of religion at Oberlin College. She spe- cializes in Islamic traditions and religious systems of Southeast Asia and is the author of P e rfection Makes Practice: Learning, Emotion, and the Recited Qur’an in Indonesia (2004). Dru C. Gladney is professor of Asian studies and anthropology at the Uni- versity of Hawai‘i at Manoa. His books include Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Na- tionalism in the People’s Republic (1991); Making Majorities: Composing the Na- tion in Japan, China, Korea, Malaysia, Fiji, Turkey, and the U.S. (1998); Ethnic i x x C o n t r i b u t o r s Identity in China: The Making of a Muslim Minority Nationality (1998); and Dis- locating China: Muslims, Minorities, and Other Sub-Altern Subjects (in press). Adeeb Khalid is associate professor of history at Carleton College. He is the author of The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia (1998) and is currently working on a book on the multifaceted transforma- tion of Central Asia in the early Soviet period. Robert Rozehnal is assistant professor in the Department of Religion Stud- ies at Lehigh University. He holds a Ph.D. in Islamic studies from Duke University and an M.A. in South Asian studies from the University of Wis- consin–Madison. In addition to the history and practice of Sufism in South Asia, his research interests include ritual studies, postcolonial theory, and religious nationalism. G re g o ry Starrett is associate professor of anthropology at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. A graduate of Stanford University, he has writ- ten about Islamic literature, ritual interpretation, public culture, and reli- gious commodities in Egypt and the United States. His book Putting Islam to Work: Education, Politics, and Religious Tr a n s f o rmati o n i n Egypt (1998) exam- ines the historical and contemporary use of religious education programs in public schools and their connection to Islamist political movements. Cur- rent research projects address religious violence, the cultural and symbolic elements of national security, and the globalized production and consump- tion of Islamic intellectual goods, focusing on African American Muslims. Abdulkader Tayob has worked on the history of Islam in the modern pe- riod in general and in South Africa in particular. He has published on the youth, religion, and politics during the apartheid and postapartheid eras. Presently, he is based at the International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World and is working on modern Islamic identity and public life in Africa. His major publications include Islamic Resurgence in South Africa (1995); Islam in South Africa: Mosques, Imams, and Sermons (1999); and Islam, a Short Introduction (1999). Chapter One Islam Historical Introduction and Overview R. MI C H A E L F E E N E R For many people in the United States, the dramatic and tragic events of and following September 11, 2001, seem to have exploded into the world from out of nowhere. Over the weeks and months that followed, a new awareness of the roles of Islam in countries ranging from Afghanistan to the Philippines began to emerge. However, in the process, phenomena that have only re- cently come into mainstream American public consciousness via mass media coverage are often presented there without the kind of background materials that are helpful in analyzing and understanding such developments. Popular media reportage can only go so far in providing contexts for understanding current events in different societies around the world. The chapters in this book attempt to provide a deeper grounding for discussions of contemporary Muslim societies. This short volume can provide only a critical selection of studies rather than comprehensive coverage of all Muslim societies. Thus we have been unable to include, for example, chapters on western Africa or eastern Europe. Neverthe- less, the in-depth explorations of the societies that are discussed here can serv e as introductions to the complexities of contemporary Islam as it is lived by Muslims in local as well as global contexts. In their discussions of race, lan- guage, politics, and piety in diverse Muslim societies, these chapters bring to light some of the most consequential issues affecting the interpretations of Is- lam and the experiences of Muslims in the modern world. In this introduction I will present an overview of Islam that highlights earlier historical develop- ments that have shaped the tradition for centuries and that continue to in- form debates and discussions in many Muslim societies today. 1 2 I s l a m i n Wo r l d C u l t u r e s Muhammad and the Rise of Islam Islam originated in the Mediterranean region in late antiquity (circa 250–700 C.E.).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49128-0 — Democracy and Nationalism in Southeast Asia Jacques Bertrand Index More Information
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49128-0 — Democracy and Nationalism in Southeast Asia Jacques Bertrand Index More Information Index 1995 Mining Law, 191 Authoritarianism, 4, 11–13, 47, 64, 230–31, 1996 Agreement (with MNLF), 21, 155–56, 232, 239–40, 245 157–59, 160, 162, 165–66 Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao, 142, 150, 153, 157, 158–61, 167–68 Abu Sayaff, 14, 163, 170 Autonomy, 4, 12, 25, 57, 240 Accelerated development unit for Papua and Aceh, 20, 72, 83, 95, 102–3, 107–9 West Papua provinces, 131 Cordillera, 21, 175, 182, 186, 197–98, 200 Accommodation. See Concessions federalism, 37 Aceh Peace Reintegration Agency, 99–100 fiscal resources, 37 Aceh Referendum Information Centre, 82, 84 fiscal resources, Aceh, 74, 85, 89, 95, 98, Aceh-Nias Rehabilitation and Reconstruction 101, 103, 105 Agency, 98 fiscal resources, Cordillera, 199 Act of Free Choice, 113, 117, 119–20, 137 fiscal resources, Mindanao, 150, 156, 160 Administrative Order Number 2 (Cordillera), fiscal resources, Papua, 111, 126, 128 189–90, See also Ancestral domain Indonesia, 88 Al Hamid, Thaha, 136 jurisdiction, 37 Al Qaeda, 14, 165, 171, 247 jurisdiction, Aceh, 101 Alua, Agus, 132, 134–36 jurisdiction, Cordillera, 186 Ancestral Domain, 166, 167–70, 182, 187, jurisdiction, Mindanao, 167, 169, 171 190, 201 jurisdiction, Papua, 126 Ancestral Land, 184–85, 189–94, 196 Malay-Muslims, 22, 203, 207, 219, 224 Aquino, Benigno Jr., 143, 162, 169, 172, Mindanao, 20, 146, 149, 151, 158, 166, 172 197, 199 Papua, 20, 122, 130 Aquino, Butz, 183 territorial, 27 Aquino, Corazon. See Aquino, Cory See also Self-determination Aquino, Cory, 17, 142–43, 148–51, 152, Azawad Popular Movement, Popular 180, 231 Liberation Front of Azawad (FPLA), 246 Armed Forces, 16–17, 49–50, 59, 67, 233, 236 Badan Reintegrasi Aceh.
    [Show full text]
  • Trends in Conflict and Stability in the Indo-Pacific
    Emerging Issues Report Trends in conflict and stability in the Indo-Pacific Iffat Idris GSDRC, University of Birmingham January 2021 About this report The K4D Emerging Issues report series highlights research and emerging evidence to policy-makers to help inform policies that are more resilient to the future. K4D staff researchers work with thematic experts and FCDO to identify where new or emerging research can inform and influence policy. This report is based on ten days of desk-based research carried out in December 2020. K4D services are provided by a consortium of leading organisations working in international development, led by the Institute of Development Studies (IDS), with the Education Development Trust, Itad, University of Leeds Nuffield Centre for International Health and Development, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), University of Birmingham International Development Department (IDD) and the University of Manchester Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute (HCRI). For any enquiries, please contact [email protected]. Suggested citation Idris, I. (2020). Trends in conflict and stability in the Indo-Pacific. K4D Emerging Issues Report 42. Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies. DOI: 10.19088/K4D.2021.009 Copyright This report was prepared for the UK Government’s Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) and its partners in support of pro-poor programmes. Except where otherwise stated, it is licensed for non- commercial purposes under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0. K4D cannot be held responsible for errors or any consequences arising from the use of information contained in this report. Any views and opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect those of FCDO, K4D or any other contributing organisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Territorial Autonomy and Self-Determination Conflicts: Opportunity and Willingness Cases from Bolivia, Niger, and Thailand
    ICIP WORKING PAPERS: 2010/01 GRAN VIA DE LES CORTS CATALANES 658, BAIX 08010 BARCELONA (SPAIN) Territorial Autonomy T. +34 93 554 42 70 | F. +34 93 554 42 80 [email protected] | WWW.ICIP.CAT and Self-Determination Conflicts: Opportunity and Willingness Cases from Bolivia, Niger, and Thailand Roger Suso Territorial Autonomy and Self-Determination Conflicts: Opportunity and Willingness Cases from Bolivia, Niger, and Thailand Roger Suso Institut Català Internacional per la Pau Barcelona, April 2010 Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, 658, baix. 08010 Barcelona (Spain) T. +34 93 554 42 70 | F. +34 93 554 42 80 [email protected] | http:// www.icip.cat Editors Javier Alcalde and Rafael Grasa Editorial Board Pablo Aguiar, Alfons Barceló, Catherine Charrett, Gema Collantes, Caterina Garcia, Abel Escribà, Vicenç Fisas, Tica Font, Antoni Pigrau, Xavier Pons, Alejandro Pozo, Mònica Sabata, Jaume Saura, Antoni Segura and Josep Maria Terricabras Graphic Design Fundació Tam-Tam ISSN 2013-5793 (online edition) 2013-5785 (paper edition) DL B-38.039-2009 © 2009 Institut Català Internacional per la Pau · All rights reserved T H E A U T HOR Roger Suso holds a B.A. in Political Science (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, UAB) and a M.A. in Peace and Conflict Studies (Uppsa- la University). He gained work and research experience in various or- ganizations like the UNDP-Lebanon in Beirut, the German Council on Foreign Relations (DGAP) in Berlin, the Committee for the Defence of Human Rights to the Maghreb Elcàlam in Barcelona, and as an assist- ant lecturer at the UAB. An earlier version of this Working Paper was previously submitted in May 20, 2009 as a Master’s Thesis in Peace and Conflict Studies in the Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University, Swe- den, under the supervisor of Thomas Ohlson.
    [Show full text]
  • Forging Plowshares in Eritrea Written by Louis Werner Photographed by Lorraine Chittock
    Forging Plowshares in Eritrea Written by Louis Werner Photographed by Lorraine Chittock North of the horn of Africa, between the regions known in Pharaonic times as Kush and punt-now northeastern Sudan and Somalia, respectively-one of the ancient world's oldest trading lands has become one of the modern world's youngest sovereign states. A funnel-shaped country as large as Pennsylvania, slightly smaller than England, Eritrea's narrow "spout" runs northwest to southeast between the Red Sea and Ethiopia. At its southern end, it borders diminutive Djibouti. In the north, the mouth of the funnel opens toward Sudan. Geography and history have given Eritrea its name, which comes from the Greek word erythros, "reddish," and the Greek name for the Red Sea, Erythra Thalassa. At the throat of the Eritrean funnel, a high central plateau, the site of Asmara, the capital, separates a sweltering coastal strip from game-rich lowlands in the northwest. In the south, the Danakil Depression lies 116 meters (380') below sea-level; the highlands of the north reach up to 2700 meters (8000'). This topographically and climatically diverse land was given its form by the same violent plate tectonics that began opening the Red Sea and ripping apart Africa's Rift Valley some 25 million years ago. Eritrea's physical diversity has its analogue in the nation's citizenry. When Italian ethnographer Conti Rossini called neighboring Ethiopia "a museum of peoples," he might well have included Eritrea in his assessment. The country's 3.8 million citizens are evenly divided between Muslims and Christians, and include nine major ethnic groups speaking nine different tongues classified in language groups from Nilo-Saharan to Kushitic and Semitic.
    [Show full text]
  • View / Download 7.3 Mb
    Between Shanghai and Mecca: Diaspora and Diplomacy of Chinese Muslims in the Twentieth Century by Janice Hyeju Jeong Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Engseng Ho, Advisor ___________________________ Prasenjit Duara, Advisor ___________________________ Nicole Barnes ___________________________ Adam Mestyan ___________________________ Cemil Aydin Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 ABSTRACT Between Shanghai and Mecca: Diaspora and Diplomacy of Chinese Muslims in the Twentieth Century by Janice Hyeju Jeong Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Engseng Ho, Advisor ___________________________ Prasenjit Duara, Advisor ___________________________ Nicole Barnes ___________________________ Adam Mestyan ___________________________ Cemil Aydin An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 Copyright by Janice Hyeju Jeong 2019 Abstract While China’s recent Belt and the Road Initiative and its expansion across Eurasia is garnering public and scholarly attention, this dissertation recasts the space of Eurasia as one connected through historic Islamic networks between Mecca and China. Specifically, I show that eruptions of
    [Show full text]
  • Sufism in the Western History : a Primary Outline
    Sufism in the Western History : A Primary Outline Andrew Rawlinson University of Lancaster Abstract The phenomenon of Western Sufi teachers is unique, not just because of the individuals themselves, though they are certainly fascinating, but because of what they represent: the flowering of the Western genius, which has discovered Eastern traditions, absorbed them and in the process changed them and been changed by them. This paper is a primary outline of the main contours of this phenomenon, trying to brief its history and attempt an explanation of what it means. Keywords: Sufism, Western Sufism, Mysticism, History of Sufism Introduction About a century ago there were no Western gurus - no Westerners who were Hindu swamis, Zen roshis or Sufi sheikhs. Now there are hundreds. From a standing start, the West has produced its own spiritual teachers in traditions that were originally quite foreign. And in the last 25 years, a number of independent teachers have appeared, who belong to no tradition but teach from themselves. These people are changing Western culture by making available a view of the human condition which is new in the West. This view is based on four principles: - human beings are best understood in terms of consciousness and its modifications, - consciousness can be transformed by spiritual practice, - there are gurus/masters/teachers who have done this, - and they can help others to do the same by some form of transmission. Hundreds of thousands of Westerners now accept this teaching. To begin with, it was propounded by Easterners: Buddhists, Hindus and Sufis. But gradually Westerners began to teach the Buddhist, Hindu and Sufi versions of it.
    [Show full text]
  • Ibn Arabî and His Interpreters Part II: Influences and Interpretations
    1 [‘Ibn Arabî and His Interpreters,’ Part II-A. In Journal of the American Oriental Society, pp. 733-756. Part II-B appeared in JAOS vol. 107 (1987), pp. 101-119.] Ibn Arabî and His Interpreters Part II: Influences and Interpretations James Winston Morris Institute of Ismaili Studies, Paris SUMMARY: Part II of this article, to he concluded in JAOS 107.1, surveys some representative lines of interpretation and influence of Ibn ‘Arabî's work among subsequent Islamic mystics and thinkers (and their critics) as they are revealed in recent translations. Their comparison with Ibn ‘Arabî's own writings brings out (1) the intellectual and institutional conditions underlying the creative aspects of the Shaykh's work and accounting for its phenomenal spread; (2) important aspects of his writing and teaching often neglected by his later interpreters; and (3) the remarkable diversity, selectivity, and autonomous development of subsequent Sufi traditions as they transformed and adapted his works in light of their own concerns. This half deals with a famous treatise (by Balyânî) representing the "monistic" Sufism of Ibn Sab‘în (and its many critics); an interesting apocryphal work (actually by a later Qâdiri writer); the influential Persian works of Nasafî; and the decisive role of the metaphysically oriented teachings of Ibn ‘Arabî's disciple and son-in-law S. Qûnawî and his successors. INTRODUCTION Paraphrasing Whitehead's famous remark about Plato—and with something of the same degree of exaggeration—one could say that the history of Islamic thought subsequent to Ibn ‘Arabî (at least down to the 18th century and the radically new encounter with the modern West) might largely be construed as a series of footnotes to his work.
    [Show full text]
  • Transnational Civil Society, Religion, and Power
    ABSTRACT Title of dissertation: GLOBAL ISLAM IN THE AGE OF CIVIL SOCIETY: TRANSNATIONAL CIVIL SOCIETY, RELIGION, AND POWER Zeynep Atalay, Doctor of Philosophy, 2012 Dissertation directed by: Roberto Patricio Korzeniewicz Department of Sociology This dissertation examines the instrumental benefits of civil society discourse for Muslim civil society organizations and their pursuit of conservative agendas. Since early 1990, informal religious communities in the Muslim world have been reestablishing themselves as formal NGOs at unprecedented rates. Additionally, they are joining forces and forming transnational coalitions. The constituents’ goals of religious support and solidarity remain unchanged in terms of their commitment to conservative and religious norms. By contrast, existing transnational civil society literature is dominated with assumptions of liberal and secular agendas. Yet, despite the seemingly inherent contradiction, the members of these faith-based organizations and coalitions persistently position themselves within the sphere of civil society. This dissertation problematizes this conflict and asks: Why are the previously informal Islamist networks adopting the discourse of civil society, transforming into formal NGOs, and establishing transnational coalitions? In this study, I examine one of the largest Muslim NGO coalitions to date - the Union of the NGOs of the Islamic World (UNIW). With its 193 member NGOs from 46 countries, the UNIW aims to consolidate faith-based Muslim NGOs and to coordinate member actions for the welfare of Muslim communities around the world. Based on fieldwork conducted in Turkey, Germany, the U.S., Malaysia and Cambodia, I employ qualitative and ethnographic methods and draw on diverse sources of data including in-depth interviews, participant observation and document analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Editor
    EDITORIAL STAFF From the Editor ELIZABETH SKINNER Editor Happy New Year, everyone. As I write this, we’re a few weeks into 2021 and there ELIZABETH ROBINSON Copy Editor are sparkles of hope here and there that this year may be an improvement over SALLY BAHO Copy Editor the seemingly endless disasters of the last one. Vaccines are finally being deployed against the coronavirus, although how fast and for whom remain big sticky questions. The United States seems to have survived a political crisis that brought EDITORIAL REVIEW BOARD its system of democratic government to the edge of chaos. The endless conflicts VICTOR ASAL in Syria, Libya, Yemen, Iraq, and Afghanistan aren’t over by any means, but they have evolved—devolved?—once again into chronic civil agony instead of multi- University of Albany, SUNY national warfare. CHRISTOPHER C. HARMON 2021 is also the tenth anniversary of the Arab Spring, a moment when the world Marine Corps University held its breath while citizens of countries across North Africa and the Arab Middle East rose up against corrupt authoritarian governments in a bid to end TROELS HENNINGSEN chronic poverty, oppression, and inequality. However, despite the initial burst of Royal Danish Defence College change and hope that swept so many countries, we still see entrenched strong-arm rule, calcified political structures, and stagnant stratified economies. PETER MCCABE And where have all the terrorists gone? Not far, that’s for sure, even if the pan- Joint Special Operations University demic has kept many of them off the streets lately. Closed borders and city-wide curfews may have helped limit the operational scope of ISIS, Lashkar-e-Taiba, IAN RICE al-Qaeda, and the like for the time being, but we know the teeming refugee camps US Army (Ret.) of Syria are busy producing the next generation of violent ideological extremists.
    [Show full text]
  • III. ULUSLARARASI SADREDDİN KONEVİ SEMPOZYUMU “Tasavvuf, Felsefe Ve Din”
    III. ULUSLARARASI SADREDDİN KONEVİ SEMPOZYUMU “Tasavvuf, Felsefe ve Din” III. INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SADRADDIN QUNAWI “Sufism, Philosophy and Religion” BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ KİTABI ABSTRACTS BOOK 19 – 20 EKİM 2018 19-20 OCTOBER 2018 KONYA III. Uluslararası Sadreddin Konevi Sempozyumu “Tasavvuf, Felsefe ve Din” III. International Symposium on Sadraddin Qunawi Sufism, Philosophy and Religion SEMPOZYUM ONURSAL BAŞKANLARI Prof. Dr. Muzaffer ŞEKER (Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Rektörü) Fatma TORU (Meram Belediyesi Başkanı) SEMPOZYUM BAŞKANLARI Prof. Dr. Erdal BAYKAN (Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi) Prof. Dr. Bilal KUŞPINAR (Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi) SEMPOZYUM DÜZENLEME KURULU Prof. Dr. Mahmut Hakkı AKIN (Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi) Doç. Dr. Bekir BİÇER (Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi) Doç. Dr. Mehmet BİREKUL (Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi) Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Faruk KARAASLAN (Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi) Dr. Fatih KALECİ (Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi) Arş. Gör. Ruhi Can ALKIN (Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi) Arş. Gör. Yakup KALIN (Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi) Haluk YILMAZ (Meram Belediyesi Başkan Yarımcısı) Hacı KOYUNCU (Meram Bel. Kültür ve Sosyal İşler Müd.) SEMPOZYUM BİLİM KURULU Prof. Dr. Bilal KUŞPINAR (Necmettin Erbakan University) Prof. Dr. James W. MORRIS Boston College (USA) Prof. Dr. Leonard LEWISOHN University of Exeter (UK) Prof. Dr. Lynda CLARK University of Concorida, (Canada) Prof. Dr. Masataka TAKESHITA University of Tokyo (Japan) Prof. Dr. Mohammad Nur WAN DAUD University of Technology, Malaysia Prof. Dr. Omid SAFI Duke University, (USA) Prof. Dr. William C. CHITTICK Stony Brook Universty (USA) Dr. Anthony F. SHAKER McGill University (Canada) Stephen HIRTENSTEIN University of Oxford SEMPOZYUM DANIŞMA KURULU Prof. Dr. Abdulkadir BULUŞ Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Prof. Dr. Ali DURUSOY Marmara Üniversitesi Prof. Dr. Bayram DALKILIÇ Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi III. Uluslararası Sadreddin Konevi Sempozyumu “Tasavvuf, Felsefe ve Din” Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Handling of Out-Of-Vocabulary Words in Japanese-English Machine
    International Journal of Asian Language Processing 27(2): 95-110 95 Morphological Segmentation for English-to-Tigrinya Statistical Machine Translation Yemane Tedla and Kazuhide Yamamoto Natural Language Processing Lab Nagaoka University of Technology Nagaoka city, Niigata 940-2188, Japan [email protected], [email protected] Abstract We investigate the effect of morphological segmentation schemes on the performance of English-to-Tigrinya statistical machine translation. Tigrinya is a highly inflected Semitic language spoken in Eritrea and Ethiopia. Translation involving morphologically complex and low-resource languages is challenged by a number of factors including data sparseness, word alignment and language model. We try addressing these problems through morphological segmentation of Tigrinya words. As a result of segmentation, out-of-vocabulary and perplexity of the language models were greatly reduced. We analyzed phrase-based translation with unsegmented, stemmed, and morphologically segmented corpus to examine their impact on translation quality. Our results from a relatively small parallel corpus show improvement of 1.4 BLEU or 2.4 METEOR points between the raw text model and the morphologically segmented models suggesting that segmentation affects performance of English-to-Tigrinya machine translation significantly. Keywords Tigrinya language; statistical machine translation; low-resource; morphological segmentation 1. Introduction Machine translation systems translate one natural language, the source language, to another, the target language, automatically. The accuracy of statistical machine translation (SMT) systems may not be consistently perfect but often produces a sufficient comprehension of 96 Yemane Tedla and Yamamoto Kazuhide the information in the source language. The research presented here investigates English-to-Tigrinya translation system, using the Christian Holy Bible (“the Bible” hereafter) as a parallel corpus.
    [Show full text]
  • Between Peace and Conflict in the East and the West
    Anja Mihr Editor Between Peace and Conflict in the East and the West Studies on Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region Between Peace and Conflict in the East and the West Anja Mihr Editor Between Peace and Conflict in the East and the West Studies on Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region Editor Anja Mihr OSCE Academy in Bishkek Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan ISBN 978-3-030-77488-2 ISBN 978-3-030-77489-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77489-9 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2021. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribu- tion and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
    [Show full text]