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Sasha Paul Final Thesis PAKISTAN AGAINST ITSELF: THE RISE OF EXTREMISM By Sasha J Paul Bachelor of Arts, Dalhousie University, 1997 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts in the Graduate Academic Unit of History Supervisor: David Charters, PhD, Department of History Examining Board: Gary Waite, PhD, Acting Director of Graduate Studies, Chair J. Marc Milner, PhD, Department of History Lawrence Wisniewski, PhD, Department of Sociology This thesis is accepted by the Dean of Graduate Studies THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK April 2014 ©Sasha J Paul, 2014 ABSTRACT An analysis of Pakistan’s political, social, institutional and regional history reveals two principal problems facing the state: first, the enmity that developed between Pakistan and India following partition, has morphed into an overwhelming national obsession with India which has supported unbridled growth of Pakistan’s security institutions at the expense of Pakistan’s ability to govern its own people. Second, despite the lofty aims of Mohammad Ali Jinnah to build his country into a modern democratic and secular state, the confluence of certain key factors have prevented Pakistan from ever moving towards this ideal. This study will examine the complex web of factors that have spawned Pakistan’s current situation as a failing nuclear state such as: the outstanding grievances from the partition of colonial India and subsequent conflicts, support of the Mujahedeen in Afghanistan and the social, institutional, and economic domestic factors. Pakistan’s overt and tacit support of extremists is a double-edged sword that undermines at any semblance of stability for this country as it grapples with a growing number of suicide attacks, targeted killings, kidnappings, increased criminal activity and rising drug addiction, yet the status quo continues with little expectation of positive change. The Talibanization of Pakistan has already begun. ii DEDICATION To my wife Sheila, who helped me spiritually, morally through very difficult times throughout our lives together and by being the glue that maintains our family. The love of my daughter Emily, and my son Christopher, sustains my life and they always made me proud. To my family for their endless love, support and encouragement who have at one time or another been a widow or orphan to this project and my profession. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writing and completion of this thesis would not have been possible without assistance, support and encouragement of a few very special people in my life. I would like to show my gratitude to God, for giving me the strength and capability to complete this piece of work and my late beloved parents who taught me the value of an endless pursuit of knowledge at a very early age in my life. David Charters who pushed me beyond any limits I thought I ever had. Your insights, invaluable comments have made this possible. Lee Windsor and Lisa Todd who provided me encouragement to return to academic work. Thank you for reading through many, many papers on military history and always being prepared to listen to my uncrafted ideas and thoughts about the Armed Forces and future endeavors. The writing of this thesis would not have been possible without your unconditional belief in my academic abilities. Notwithstanding the extensive help from my advisors, I am responsible for any errors and omissions in this study. I own all the findings. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................. II DEDICATION .......................................................................................................................................... III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................................... IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................... V LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................. VI LIST OF IMAGES ................................................................................................................................. VIII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................. IX INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 1 THE RISE OF THE ISLAMIC STATE OF PAKISTAN AND THE ORIGINS OF EXTREMISM 16 PARTITION AND THE FAILURE OF PLURALISM ......................................................................................... 16 FROM ISLAM TO ISLAMISM ...................................................................................................................... 22 THE EXTREMISTS AND PAKISTAN’S INTERNAL SECURITY POLICIES ............................... 44 THE SCALE OF EXTREMISM ..................................................................................................................... 45 THE EXTREMIST LANDSCAPE .................................................................................................................. 50 Transnational ..................................................................................................................................... 50 Separatists .......................................................................................................................................... 53 Kashmir .............................................................................................................................................. 54 Religious ............................................................................................................................................. 57 PAKISTAN’S INTERNAL SECURITY POLICIES ............................................................................................ 61 REGIONAL DYNAMICS ......................................................................................................................... 69 AFGHANISTAN ......................................................................................................................................... 71 INDIA ....................................................................................................................................................... 84 CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................................................... 101 FIGURES .................................................................................................................................................. 107 IMAGES ................................................................................................................................................... 124 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................... 130 CURRICULUM VITAE v LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1 - PAKISTAN EXTREMISM PARADIGM ........................................................................................... 107 FIGURE 2 – NUMBER OF TERRORIST INCIDENTS AND RESULTING KILLED & WOUNDED – 1975-2005 ...... 108 FIGURE 3 - EXTREMIST GROUPS IN PAKISTAN OVER TIME ......................................................................... 109 FIGURE 4 - NUMBER OF TERRORIST INCIDENTS OVER TIME ....................................................................... 110 FIGURE 5 - FATALITY BY EXTREMIST VIOLENCE IN PAKISTAN 2003-2013 ................................................ 110 FIGURE 6 - GLOBAL TERRORISM INDEX (GTI) 2002-11 ............................................................................. 111 FIGURE 7 - PAKISTAN'S PUBLIC OPINION - GREATEST THREAT TO PAKISTAN ............................................ 112 FIGURE 8 - KASHMIR EXTREMIST INCIDENTS 2004-2012 ........................................................................... 112 FIGURE 9 - PAKISTAN'S 2012 PUBLIC OPINION - ATTITUDE TOWARD INDIA ............................................... 113 FIGURE 10 - COST OF 'WAR ON TERROR' TO PAKISTAN .............................................................................. 113 FIGURE 11 - GDP OF PAKISTAN (CURRENT US$) ....................................................................................... 114 FIGURE 12 - COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS COUNTERINSURGENCY ON DEMOCRACY AND THE RULE OF LAW . 114 FIGURE 13 – OPERATIONAL OUTCOMES 2003 – 2011 ................................................................................. 115 FIGURE 14 - PAKISTAN SECURITY ORGANIZATIONS ................................................................................... 115 FIGURE 15 - PAKISTAN'S PUBLIC OPINION - ATTITUDE TOWARDS EXTREMISM .......................................... 116 FIGURE 16 - PAKISTAN PUBLIC OPINION - SUPPORT FOR PAK ARMY OPERATIONS AGAINST EXTREMIST .. 116 FIGURE 17 – PAKISTAN UNEMPLOYMENT RATE 1981, 1998, 2012 ............................................................ 117 FIGURE 18 - PAKISTAN'S MILITARY EXPENDITURE (% OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE) 1990-2011 .......................................................................................................................................................... 117 FIGURE 19 - GOVERNMENT SOCIAL EXPENDITURE AS PERCENTAGE OF GDP
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