Protozous En Sistemes Avançats De Tractament D´Aigües Residuals: Caracterització De Les Poblacions I Cerca De Les Espècies Bioindicadores

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Protozous En Sistemes Avançats De Tractament D´Aigües Residuals: Caracterització De Les Poblacions I Cerca De Les Espècies Bioindicadores Protozous en sistemes avançats de tractament d´aigües residuals: caracterització de les poblacions i cerca de les espècies bioindicadores Oriol Canals Delgado Aquesta tesi doctoral està subjecta a la llicència Reconeixement- NoComercial – CompartirIgual 4.0. Espanya de Creative Commons. Esta tesis doctoral está sujeta a la licencia Reconocimiento - NoComercial – CompartirIgual 4.0. España de Creative Commons. This doctoral thesis is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 4.0. Spain License. Protozous en sistemes avançats de tractament d’aigües residuals: es residuals: residuals: es caracterització de les poblacions i cerca de les espècies bioindicadores pècies bioindicadores pècies Protozous en sistemes avançats de tractament d’aigü tractament de avançats sistemes en Protozous caracterització de les poblacions i cerca de les es les de cerca i poblacions les de caracterització ORIOL CANALS DELGADO ORIOL CANALS DELGADO CANALS ORIOL 2017 PROTOZOUS EN SISTEMES AVANÇATS DE TRACTAMENT D’AIGÜES RESIDUALS: CARACTERITZACIÓ DE LES POBLACIONS I CERCA DE LES ESPÈCIES BIOINDICADORES. ORIOL CANALS DELGADO Tesi Doctoral Barcelona 2017 Facultat de Biologia Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals Programa de doctorat en Biodiversitat PROTOZOUS EN SISTEMES AVANÇATS DE TRACTAMENT D’AIGÜES RESIDUALS: CARACTERITZACIÓ DE LES POBLACIONS I CERCA DE LES ESPÈCIES BIOINDICADORES. Memòria presentada per ORIOL CANALS DELGADO per optar al grau de Doctor per la Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona, Maig de 2017 Oriol Canals Delgado Director i tutor de la tesi Dr. Humbert Salvadó Cabré Universitat de Barcelona AGRAÏMENTS AGRAÏMENTS No entraré a valorar si hi ha moltes o poques coses que se’m donen bé en aquesta vida, però del que si que estic segur és que els protozous són una d’elles. La relació amb aquests éssers va començar mentre estudiava batxillerat, i s’ha anat consolidant fins a l’actualitat, en la que aquests organismes unicel·lulars eucariotes són els que em permeten cobrar un sou cada mes. Si, de debò, es pot treballar de biòleg. Confesso que quan vaig iniciar el camí que ha acabat en el dipòsit d’aquesta tesi doctoral no ho vaig fer amb l’objectiu de ser doctor. De fet, sempre he opinat que el doctorat no hauria de ser un objectiu sinó una conseqüència, un resultat de la feina realitzada. En aquest camí sense dubte li dec molt al meu director de tesi, Humbert Salvadó. Quan jo dubtava si havia d’embarcar-me en el doctorat o si potser em valia més dedicar-me a una altra cosa, va acabar essent ell qui es va arriscar i va aconseguir un projecte per poder oferir-me una beca. Durant tots aquests anys crec que mai he sentit falta de confiança per part seva. Ans al contrari, tanta confiança sovint acabava en excessiva feina delegada ;) Em fa especial il·lusió, i per això també li estic agraït a Humbert, haver pogut descriure una espècie nova de ciliat i dedicar-la al meu professor d’institut Jordi Camprubí. Al final, Jordi, aquesta tesi és també teva. La societat necessita més professors com tu, gent la vocació de la qual és ensenyar als nois i noies. I no només ensenyar conceptes, sinó ensenyar a pensar, a entendre, a viure i estimar allò que estàs aprenent. Si sóc biòleg és, en part, perquè vaig gaudir a les teves classes. L’últim agraïment, i el més important, va dedicat a la meva família. Collons, sense vatros no sóc. He tingut la sort immensa de néixer i créixer en un ambient d’estima, respecte, diàleg, reunions familiars per repartir tasques de la llar, de pensament crític i amb uns valors amb els que estic molt d’acord i m’encanten. Sempre heu estat i sou allà quan us he necessitat. En un món com el d’avui, on el capitalisme i el consumisme ha podrit fins i tot les relacions socials, sentir aquesta seguretat de la vostra estima no té preu. Si això és ser pares i ser germana... heu triomfat :) Roger, dóna’t per inclòs, tu ets part de la meva família, també :) Per acabar, m’agradaria donar les gràcies a tots aquells que d’una manera o una altra m’heu acompanyat al llarg d’aquests anys. Especialment a la meva segona família (família Secano; per cert, ara està de moda dir “la família que s’escull” xD), a tots els Icars, als companys de la universitat (aquí no se come o qué?), a Eukarya (:*), a Reign of Claws (quina gran època) i a Glaugharog-tor-Lee-Khan. I de debò, a tothom que estigui llegint això i senti que ha estat amb mi de qualsevol forma: gràcies :) Les birres queden pendents, me les demaneu i celebrem. No crec que pagui jo, per això... ÍNDEX DE CONTINGUTS 1. INTRODUCCIÓ 3 1.1. AIGÜES RESIDUALS I SISTEMES DE TRACTAMENT D’AIGÜES RESIDUALS 3 1.1.1. AIGÜES RESIDUALS 3 Característiques de les aigües residuals 4 Aigües residuals amb alta càrrega amoniacal 7 1.1.2. ESTACIONS DEPURADORES D’AIGÜES RESIDUALS 8 1.1.2.1. Biomassa en els sistemes de tractament 10 Sistemes de biomassa en suspensió. 10 Sistemes de biomassa adherida o biofilm. 12 Sistemes híbrids. 13 1.1.2.2. Processos biològics de depuració 13 Processos de depuració aerobis 13 Desnitrificació 14 Processos de depuració anaerobis 15 1.1.2.3. Sistemes d’eliminació biològica incrementada de nitrogen 15 Procés convencional d’eliminació de nitrogen (cBNR) 16 Shortcut Biological Nitrogen Removal (SBNR) 17 Partial Nitritation – Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation (PN-Anammox) 18 1.2. COMUNITATS MICROEUCARIOTES DELS SISTEMES DE TRACTAMENT D ’AIGÜES RESIDUALS 19 1.2.1. ORGANISMES MICROEUCARIOTES 19 1.2.1.1. Protists 19 1.2.1.1.1. Flagel·lats 21 1.2.1.1.2. Amebes 22 1.2.1.1.3. Ciliats (CiliophoraDoflein, 1901) 23 Identificació dels ciliats 26 Classificació dels ciliats 28 Classe Colpodea 32 Classe Oligohymenophorea 33 Subclasse Scuticociliatia 33 Subclasse Peritrichia 34 Ordre Sessilida 35 1.2.1.2. Micrometazous 36 1.2.2. IMPORTÀNCIA DE LA COMUNITATMICROEUCARIOTA EN ELSSISTEMES DE TRACTAMENT D ’AIGÜES RESIDUALS 37 1.2.3. LA COMUNITAT MICROEUCARIOTA COM A BIOINDICADORA DELS PROCESSOS DE TRACTAMENT D’AIGÜES RESIDUALS 39 2. OBJECTIUS 43 3. RESULTATS 47 3.1. INFORME DEL FACTOR D 'IMPACTE DE LES PUBLICACIONS 49 3.2. CAPÍTOL 1 - MICROFAUNA COMMUNITIES AS PERFORMANCE INDICATORS FOR AN A/O SHORTCUT BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL MOVING -BED BIOFILM REACTOR 51 3.3. CAPÍTOL 2 - DESCRIPTION OF EPISTYLIS CAMPRUBII N. SP ., A SPECIES HIGHLY TOLERANT TO AMMONIUM AND NITRITE 65 3.4. CAPÍTOL 3 - MICROEUKARYOTE COMMUNITY IN A PARTIAL NITRITATION REACTOR PRIOR TO ANAMMOX AND AN INSIGHT INTO THE POTENTIAL OF CILIATES AS PERFORMANCE BIOINDICATORS 81 4. DISCUSSIÓ GENERAL 979 5. CONCLUSIONS 1157 6. REFERÈNCIES 1213 7. ANNEX I. ALTRES PUBLICACIONS 139 LLISTAT DE TAULES I FIGURES LLISTAT DE TAULES I FIGURES 1. Introducció Taula 1.1. Composició habitual de les aigües residuals domèstiques dèbil, mitja i forta. ....... 5 Taula 1.2. Principals paràmetres fisicoquímics de l’aigua residual i llistat de la categoria en la que aquests es poden trobar. ........................................................................................... 6 Taula 1.3. Concentració de nitrogen amoniacal en diferents tipus d’aigua residual amb alta càrrega amoniacal. ............................................................................................................. 8 Figura 1.1. Esquema habitual d’una estació depuradora de tractament d’aigües residuals. .. 9 Figura 1.2. Principals rutes metabòliques dels processos d’eliminació biològica de nitrogen. .................................................................................................................................. 16 Figura 1.3. Classificació filogenètica dels eucariotes. ............................................................. 21 Figura 1.4. Imatges de flagel·lats de sistemes de tractament d’aigües residuals. .................. 22 Figura 1.5. Imatges de gimnamebes i d’amebes testàcies de sistemes de tractament d’aigües residuals. ................................................................................................................... 23 Figura 1.6. Representació de l’esquema del còrtex dels ciliats. ............................................. 24 Figura 1.7. Exemple d’un esquema del sistema infraciliar en ciliats. ..................................... 25 Figura 1.8. Imatges de ciliats tenyits amb impregnacions argèntiques. ................................. 27 Figura 1.9. Imatges d’alguns ciliats habituals de sistemes de tractament d’aigües residuals. ................................................................................................................................. 28 Figura 1.10. Evolució hipotètica dels ciliats, basada en dades morfològiques i moleculars, mostrant la relació i les posicions dels taxons a nivell d’ordre. .............................................. 30 Figura 1.11. Esquema de les cinètides somàtiques de diferents gèneres representant les diferents classes del fílum Ciliophora. ............................................................................... 31 Figura 1.12. Imatges de Colpoda aspera (Colpodea). ............................................................. 32 Figura 1.13. Imatges de scuticociliats presents en sistemes de tractament d’aigües residuals. ................................................................................................................................. 33 Figura 1.14. Imatges d’algunes espècies de sessílids habituals en sistemes de tractament d’aigües residuals. ................................................................................................................... 35 Figura 1.15. Imatges de metazous de sistemes de tractament
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