J. Phycol. 47, S1–S98 (2011) 2011 Phycological Society of America DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01050.x ABSTRACTS

SYMPOSIA TALKS studying marine picoeukaryotes and resulting insights on their evolution, diversity and physiology will be discussed.

THE EVOLUTION OF PROTISTS AND THEIR ORGANELLES: NEW INSIGHTS FROM THE FRONTIERS OF GENOMICS ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NITROGEN- Roger, Andrew FIXING CYANOBACTERIA ILLUMINATED BY Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary GENOMICS AND METAGENOMICS Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Zehr, J. P. Biology, Dalhousie University University of California, Santa Cruz, USA, [email protected] The availability of inexpensive genome and tran- Tripp, H. J. scriptome sequencing capacity has furnished insights University of California, Santa Cruz, USA, into the biology, biochemistry, evolutionary relation- [email protected] ships and dynamics of protistan genomes at an Hilton, J. unprecedented rate. From these data, large concate- University of California, Santa Cruz, USA, nated data sets of conserved protein genes have been [email protected] assembled and phylogenomic analyses are converging Moisander, P. H., University of Massachusetts, USA, to a stable picture of the inter-relationships of the [email protected] major eukaryotic super-groups. At the same time, Foster, R., Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, comparative assessments of gene contents of diverse Germany, [email protected] microbial eukaryote genomes are allowing us to tease apart the relative impact of primary and secondary Nitrogen is a key nutrient limiting the productivity endosymbiotic organelle-based gene transfer versus of the oceans. Nitrogen fixation is an important lateral gene transfer in shaping the biochemical prop- source of nitrogen to the surface waters of oligo- erties of these organisms and their subcellular com- trophic oceans and was believed to be primarily due partments. In this presentation I will provide an to the marine cyanobacterium trichodesmium, until the example of how newly acquired genomic and tran- discovery of nitrogenase genes associated with other scriptomic data from non-photosynthetic protists have bacteria and cyanobacteria. The application of geno- changed our understanding of: (1) the major super- mic and metagenomic approaches has unveiled groups of eukaryotes, (2) the true biochemical unusual aspects of the metabolism of free-living and spectrum of mitochondrial function in free-living and symbiotic cyanobacteria. Unicellular cyanobacteria parasitic protists and (3) the genome evolutionary lacking basic metabolic features such as photosystem mechanisms by which protists adapt to new environ- II and the TCA cycle suggest that yet more symbioses ments. are yet to be discovered, and these organisms appear to have a wider global distribution than other nitro- gen-fixing cyanobacteria. Filamentous cyanobacteria in symbiosis also have unusual metabolic deletions. INTEGRATED APPROACHES TO THE These findings, in concert with biogeographic distri- ECOLOGY OF WILD AND CULTURED bution information suggest that nitrogen-fixation in PICOEUKARYOTES the oceans by marine cyanobacteria is much more Worden, Alexandra Z. complex than previously believed. Monterey Bay Research Institute

Half of global primary production is performed by photosynthetic marine organisms, including a diverse array of algae. Among these, algae are tiny unicellular COMPARATIVE GENOMICS OF MARINE eukaryotes referred to as ‘‘picoeukaryotes’’. Although DIATOMS picoeukaryotic taxa such as the prasinophyte Micro- Armbrust, Virginia monas have been studied since the 1950’s, others are University of Washington, [email protected] still being discovered and many remain uncultured. Integrated genomic analyses that involve working with About one-fifth of the photosynthesis on Earth is both cultured isolates and ‘‘wild’’ uncultured popula- carried out by marine diatoms. Because of their tions are a powerful way to investigate these impor- important role in the global cycling of carbon, it is tant primary producers. Here, new approaches for critical to understand how these organisms will

S1 S2 ABSTRACTS respond to the changing conditions of the world’s oceans. I will describe ways that comparative genom- THE COMBINED EFFECTS OF OCEAN ics can be used to develop new insights into both the ACIDIFICATION, MIXING, AND RESPIRATION evolution and ecology of diatoms. At least four whole ON PH AND CARBONATE SATURATION IN AN genome sequences are currently (or soon will be) URBANIZED ESTUARY available for marine diatoms, with the number of Feely, R. A. available diatom EST sequences increasing rapidly. I Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, USA, will provide examples of new approaches to under- [email protected] standing genetic diversity and biogeography by com- Alin, S. paring whole genome sequences derived from six Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, USA, strains of the model centric diatom, Thalassiosira [email protected] pseudonana isolated from different oceans. I will also Sabine, C. L. describe use of transcriptional analysis of both labora- Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, USA, tory isolates and field populations to understand the [email protected] response of diatom communities to environmental Newton, J. change. University of Washington, USA, [email protected]

In order to study the combined effects of ocean acidification and other natural and anthropogenic processes on Puget Sound waters, we made inorganic carbon measurements in this estuary on two survey cruises in February and August of 2008. Observed pH and aragonite saturation state values in surface and subsurface waters were substantially lower in parts of THE CHONDRUS CRISPUS GENOME Puget Sound than would be expected from anthropo- Collen, Jonas genic carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake alone. We esti- Station Biologique de Roscoff mate that ocean acidification can account for 24–49% of the pH decrease in the deep waters of the Hood The red seaweeds represent the last large group Canal sub-basin of Puget Sound relative to estimated of advanced multicellular organisms without a pre-industrial values. The remaining change in pH sequenced genome and this lack of knowledge has between when seawater enters the sound and when it been a major obstacle in studies of red algal biology. reaches this deep basin results from remineralization We therefore decided to sequence the genome of of organic matter due to natural or anthropogenically the florideophyte Chondrus crispus (Irish moss), a stimulated respiration processes within Puget Sound. common seaweed with a long research history found Over time, however, the relative impact of ocean acid- on rocky shores on both sides of the Northern ification could increase significantly, accounting for Atlantic Ocean. The genome project is a collabora- 49–82% of the pH decrease in subsurface waters for a tion between an international consortium and the doubling of atmospheric CO2. These changes may French sequencing agency Genoscope. It is based on have profound impacts on the Puget Sound ecosys- a 14-fold sequence coverage and transcriptional data tem over the next several decades. of a gametophyte of Chondrus. A combination of automatic and expert annotation of the 105 Mbp genome has demonstrated approximately 9,500 pro- tein coding genes, of which a large proportion have ACIDIFICATION AND WARMING IN THE unknown functions. The genome is characterised by RESPONSE OF MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON TO gene-dense regions surrounded by repeat-rich blocks. ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE The genes are compact with only 0.2 introns per Raven, John gene of limited size and short flanking untranslated University of Dundee, [email protected] regions. The genome is characterised by a low redundancy and small gene families, for example Additional atmospheric carbon dioxide increases concerning ribosomal proteins and enzymes involved the carbon dioxide concentration in the ocean, with in floridean starch metabolism. Other notable fea- an increase in dissolved carbon dioxide and bicarbon- tures of the genome include a large number of ate and a decrease in carbonate and pH. These genes involved in halogen metabolism, including 35 changes frequently decrease the calcium carbonate peroxidases and several dehalogenases. We anticipate content of calcification of calcified phytoplankton, that the sequencing and analysis of this genome as and either have no effect on, or sometimes com- well as the creation of a large transcriptomic monly increase, the growth rate of phytoplankton resource will establish Chondrus crispus as a relevant under otherwise optimal conditions. Warming has model organism for red macroalgae. direct effects on phytoplankton growth, and also ABSTRACTS S3 causes shoaling of the thermocline with increased mean photosynthetically active radiation incident on WHO’S NEW IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD? cells and decreases phosphorus and combined nitro- CHANGING SEAWEED BIODIVERSITY AND gen inputs to the upper mixed layer from the deeper ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION ocean. Combined nitrogen input is also decreased by Williams, Susan L. deoxygenated zones forming below the thermocline University of California, Davis, Bodega Marine Laboratory, when there is a decrease in the downwelled oxygen [email protected] flux relative to the sinking organic particle flux, increasing denitrification. These changes in nutrient Seaweed biodiversity is changing in ecological time and light availability increase photoplankton produc- due to shifts in the distributions of native species and tivity at high latitudes but decrease productivity at introductions of non-native species. After reviewing lower latitudes, and decrease the effect of increasing some of the evidence for changes in seaweed biodi- carbon dioxide on increasing growth rate and versity and the ecological consequences, I will present repressing carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms. results from a collaborative study (with Matt Bracken, More multifactorial growth experiments, and investi- Northeastern U.) on how natural biodiversity patterns gations of genetic adaptation, are required. in an intertidal seaweed community influence ecosys- tem functions of primary productivity and nitrogen acquisition. For many years, scientists have supported biodiversity conservation with evidence for a generally positive relationship between biodiversity and ecosys- ASSESSING HUMAN ALTERATION OF tem function. Recently, ecosystem functions are being PHYTOPLANKTON AND WATER QUALITY converted to ecosystem services of value to humans, DYNAMICS IN A WORLD EXPERIENCING to strengthen conservation and management efforts. CLIMATIC CHANGE This conversion carries both promise and risk, the Paerl, H. W. balance between which depends strongly on the exact UNC-Chapel Hill, Instit. of Marine Sciences, USA, biodiversity-ecosystem function relationship and the [email protected] processes that influence biodiversity. Calandrino, E. S. UNC-Chapel Hill, Instit. of Marine Sciences, USA, [email protected] Joyner, A. R. UNC-Chapel Hill, Instit. of Marine Sciences, USA, [email protected]

Harmful cyanobacterial blooms (CyanoHABs) are proliferating globally due to accelerating human nutrient enrichment. Traditionally, phosphorus (P) input reductions have been prescribed to control blooms because P-limitation is widespread and some MANAGING HUMAN IMPACTS ON ALGAL CyanoHABs can fix nitrogen (N2) to satisfy their COMMUNITIES: PROSPECTS FOR THE nitrogen (N) requirements. However, anthropogenic FUTURE N loading is increasing rapidly world-wide, promoting Klinger, Terrie dominance by non N2 fixing CyanoHABs that are N University of Washington, [email protected] and P co-limited or N limited. Increasingly, N and P input constraints are needed for CyanoHAB control. Human activities cause changes in algal communi- Climatic changes, specifically warming, salinization, ties through direct and indirect means. In the U.S., and intensification of storms and droughts, play addi- policy instruments exist to address some direct tional, interactive roles in promoting CyanoHAB fre- impacts to algal communities, but many direct quency, intensity, distribution and duration. impacts and most indirect impacts are without spe- Therefore, in addition to reducing in N and P inputs, cific management or policy interventions. Employing water quality managers need tools to break the more general approaches such as ecosystem manage- synergy between nutrient loading and climatic hydro- ment and spatial planning could offer means of logic regimes made more favorable for CyanoHABs reducing negative or undesirable impacts to algal by climate change. These include (1) altering the communities, and linking ecological impacts to socio- hydrology to enhance vertical mixing and/or flushing economic impacts could bring renewed attention to and (2) decreasing nutrient fluxes from organic-rich such problems. As human activities and their impacts sediments. CyanoHAB management approaches must on marine and freshwater systems persist and grow, incorporate both N and P loading dynamics when new ways of addressing impacts to algae and their considering altered thermal and hydrologic regimes feedbacks to social-ecological systems will be associated with climate change. required. S4 ABSTRACTS

however, these systems do not capture many recrea- CIGUATOXINS AND BREVETOXINS tional exposures or any individual cases of HAB- Fleming, L.E. related illness. In response, the National Center for European Centre for Environment and Human Health, Environmental Health, in collaboration with partner Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, Truro, TR1 organizations, created a unique surveillance system, 3HD Cornwall UK; Oceans and Human Health Center, the Harmful Algal Bloom-related Illness Surveillance Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, System (HABISS), to capture human and animal University of Miami, Miami FL 33149 US. health data as well as physical characteristics of HABs. My discussion today will focus on freshwater blue- Harmful algal blooms (HABs) (also known as ‘‘red green algae, or cyanobacteria, including potential tides’’) occur in all aquatic environments and are exposure routes, possible health effects, and a sum- caused by algae which produce powerful natural mary of data from HABISS. toxins affecting humans and other animals. Ciguatera fish poisoning is caused by dinoflagellates of the genus Gambierdiscus which elaborate ciguatoxins; in coastal tropical areas throughout the world, persons consuming coral reef fish contaminated with cigua- toxins experience both severe acute and potentially chronic neurologic illness lasting weeks to months. SAXITOXINS AND DOMOIC ACID: IMPACTS Karenia brevis, the dinoflagellate associated with AND MANAGEMENT Florida red tides, elaborates brevetoxins; blooms of S. Hall K. brevis cause significant fish, bird and marine mam- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, MD, USA, mal mortalities. In humans, brevetoxins are associated [email protected] with neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), possibly neurotoxic fish poisoning, and respiratory irritation Seafood begins as sunlight, converted to biomass (especially in persons with underlying lung disease). by algae. Seafood is generally wholesome and an As with all the HAB-associated diseases, the human important source of nutrition. Unfortunately, some illnesses caused by ciguatoxin and brevetoxin expo- algae produce potent toxins that can accumulate in sure are under-diagnosed and under-reported, yet seafood and cause illness and death in consumers. may be increasing in incidence worldwide. Recent Paralytic shellfish poisoning is caused by the saxitox- research involving exposure assessment, animal test- ins, a family of more than 20 related compounds, dif- ing and human epidemiologic studies have increased fering in potency but based on the same core our understanding of the potential exposures, structure. Saxitoxins are found in both dinoflagellates the acute/chronic health effects of both these and cyanophytes. Once in animals, the saxitoxins act HAB diseases, and their potential mitigation and on several classes of voltage-activated sodium channel, prevention. binding reversibly at a receptor site that has no known function, blocking the transmission of impulses along nerve and muscle membranes. Block- age results in muscular and peripheral neural symp- CYANOTOXINS toms that vary with dose and resolve quickly as the saxitoxins wash out of the system. In severe cases, Backer, Lorraine C. paralysis of thoracic muscles can lead to suffocation National Center for Environmental Health, [email protected] and death. With rare exceptions, respiratory support will assure survival. In contrast, domoic acid, responsi- Algal toxins include some of the most potent natu- ble for amnesic shellfish poisoning in consumers, has ral chemicals known, and there is potential for several known isomers but appears to be the only human exposure in any community using surface compound in its family that has significant potency. water for drinking or recreation. Harmful algal Domoic acid is found in rhodophytes and in pennate blooms (HABs) occur when an overgrowth of algae diatoms. In mammals without excretory impairment threatens environmental, animal, or human health. domoic acid tends to cause gastrointestinal distress Possible routes of exposure to HAB toxins include but little more. However, if it is not rapidly excreted, immersion, inhalation, and swallowing water or eating it may pass through the blood-brain barrier and bind food containing the toxins. For marine HABs, there to glutamate receptors, particularly those associated are established diseases and known adverse effects, with the hippocampus, causing sustained stimulation including shellfish poisoning, ciguatera fish poison- and eventual cell death. Victims may suffer perma- ing, and respiratory effects from aerosolized brevetox- nent mental impairment, particularly of short-term ins associated with Florida red tide events. However, memory. In both cases, the primary strategy for avoid- we know much less about the health effects resulting ing human exposure is to monitor seafood stocks so from exposure to freshwater HAB toxins. CDC col- that the harvest or consumption of toxic product can lects data on food- and water-borne disease outbreaks; be avoided. ABSTRACTS S5

interactions that may account for some of this varia- ALGAEINTHEKITCHEN(THE2011PSA tion. Double blind placebo control studies are the PRESIDENT’S LECTURER) gold standard for this research stemming from solid Rhatigan, P. preclinical evidence. A variety of funding mechanisms Family Doctor and author of The Irish Seaweed Kitchen, are available to scientists for this research including County Sligo, Ireland, [email protected] fellowships, grants and contracts. This presentation will review how to set the stage for competitive pro- Ireland has a long history of seaweed use. This posals in this area. Relevant examples about the address will briefly look at some of the more tradi- potential role of algae as modifiers of cell prolifera- tional uses of seaweeds in Europe and move on to tion, inflammation and immunocompetence related explore the nutritional properties of individual sea to cancer risks will be briefly discussed. vegetables and current supporting evidence. The pre- ventative and therapeutic roles of sea vegetables will be presented and these health benefits and current research, including ongoing work in the Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, will be dis- ENTERING THE FOOD SUPPLY WITH A NEW cussed. How did land vegetables get so far ahead of HEALTH-PROMOTING PRODUCT: their counterparts in the sea? An overview of the REGULATORY AND NUTRITIONAL huge variety of uses of sea vegetables that can be CONCERNS enjoyed in everyday meals will hopefully encourage Finley, J. more researchers to focus on building the evidence USDA/Agricultural Research Service, USA and help with the challenge to get sea vegetables into mainstream use. Nutrition and health, especially in relation to chronic disease, is a major driver of food product selection for many consumers. Entering the food stream with a product based on health-promoting WORK OF THE PSA’S COMMITTEE ON properties requires successful negotiation of a num- NUTRITION AND FUNCTIONAL FOODS FROM ber of scientific, regulatory and marketing hurdles. ALGAE First the target market must be identified: either a Wells, M. L. dietary supplement, food additive or food. Next, the University of Maine, USA, [email protected] product must be thoroughly characterized (physical, chemical and toxicological profile) and a Good The Committee is currently reviewing published Manufacturing Practice protocol developed and vali- research on the nutritive value of algae as foods and dated. Ultimately regulatory approval must be experimental findings on potential functional bene- obtained. Human health benefits may initially be fits of consumption of algae as whole foods or as con- investigated with in vitro and animal studies, but centrates. A brief introduction to the goals of the proof of efficacy for health requires human evidence, Committee will be provided, including stimulation of especially if label claims are to be made. All processes the range of important pre-clinical and clinical stud- and procedures should be developed in conjunction ies needed to move this field forward. with an efficient marketing program to avoid the high failure rate of new products, and this should help guide the decision regarding potential regula- tory status. NUTRITION FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES Riscuta, G. Nutritional Science Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes MICRO-ALGAE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF of Health, [email protected] BIOFUELS AND BIO-PRODUCTS Mayfield, Steve A wealth of evidence points to the importance of Director, San Diego Center for Algae Biotechnology, diet in health promotion and disease prevention. University of California, San Diego, smayfi[email protected] Exciting funding opportunities exist at NIH, which currently provides ~ $1.5 billion annually to promote Fuel, food, and biological products are all different nutrition research across its institutes and centers. forms of chemical energy, and as such are closely Numerous inconsistencies appear in the literature interrelated. All of these products are ultimately about bioactive food components as modifiers of derived from photosynthesis, the process by which cancer risk and tumor behavior. NSRG has been par- sunlight energy is converted to chemical energy. Over ticularly interested in nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics, the last 100 years we have exploited fossil fuels to proteomics, metabolomics, and nutrient-nutrient drive unprecedented economic and agricultural S6 ABSTRACTS growth, but in so doing we have released sequestered to be harvested; biomass production is no longer a CO2 into the atmosphere, which is now beginning to goal. This approach offers harvesting and processing impact our climate. In addition, fossil fuel reserves advantages relative to a biomass-focused approach as are finite, and we are now starting to see the initial cell harvesting, processing and extraction are labori- signs of depletion of these reserves, including the ous and expensive. Instead, our approach focuses on rising cost of fuels and food. Together these factors excretion of the biofuel product from the photosyn- have provided the impetus behind the development thetic organism, so that just the product needs to be of new renewable energy sources that can supplant harvested. This also saves in nutrient inputs and opti- fossil fuels while greatly reducing carbon emissions mizes recycling of resources. To produce and excrete into the atmosphere. Eukaryotic algae offer tremen- the free fatty acid laurate, we equipped Synechocystis dous potential for the large scale production of biofu- sp. PCC 6803 with a suitable thioesterase and deleted els and bio-products as algae require only sunlight as an enzyme used for the reutilization of free fatty an energy source and sequester CO2 during the pro- acids. The resulting organism efficiently produces duction of biomass, and algae can be much more effi- and excretes laurate, which subsequently is harvested. cient then terrestrial plants in fixing CO2 and The harvested laurate is then converted to n-unde- TM producing biomass. We are developing the genetic cane by decarboxylation via the Centia process, and tools to enable algae as a bio-fuels and bio-products can be isomerized further to jet fuel, etc. Funded by platform, and have successfully introduced biosynthet- ARPA-E. ic enzymes to modify hydrocarbon biosynthesis, as well as a variety of genes that allow production of valuable protein co-products in micro-algae. The challenges, potential, and some early successes of FROM WATER OXIDATION TO STARCH, OILS algae as a source of biofuels and bioproducts will be OR HYDROGEN: PATHWAY ENGINEERING IN discussed. PHOTOTROPHIC MICROORGANISMS Posewitz, M. C. Colorado School of Mines, USA, [email protected] Meuser, J. E. CYANOBACTERIA AS SOLAR-POWERED Colorado School of Mines, USA BIOCATALYSTS FOR PRODUCTION OF Radakovits, R. J. BIOFUELS Colorado School of Mines, USA Vermaas, Wim Jinkerson, R. E. Arizona State University Colorado School of Mines, USA Cheney, S. Grossman, A. R. Diversified Energy Corp. Carnegie Institute, USA Krajmalnik-Brown, R. Arizona State University Photosynthetic microorganisms (PSMs) are able to Lamb, H. synthesize a diverse portfolio of renewable energy car- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC riers with the potential to alleviate the environmental Nielsen, D. and political concerns associated with fossil energy Arizona State University utilization. The reductant generated during photosyn- Rittmann, B. thesis is used to fix CO2 into energy-rich organic mol- Arizona State University ecules such as starches or lipids. Starch may be Roberson, R. fermented into a host of bioenergy molecules includ- Arizona State University ing ethanol, butanol, H2 and methane, and lipids Roberts, W. may be converted into diesel fuel surrogates. Microal- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC gae have high photosynthetic conversion efficiencies, Thompson, D. are able to grow in a number of diverse environ- Diversified Energy Corp. ments, including salt water and industrial waste streams, and contain the enzymatic machinery for A unique feature of photosynthetic organisms is CO2 fixation, anaerobic fermentation and H2 produc- that they can use CO2 and water as substrates, and tion. This represents a distinct advantage over the sunlight as the energy source, to produce organic majority of vascular plants, which do not possess this compounds that usually are applied for their own life metabolic diversity and require limited freshwater processes. However, with fairly simple genetic engi- resources for cultivation. Our research into directed neering approaches genetically tractable cyanobacte- enzyme evolution, metabolic engineering, and the ria such as Synechocystis spp. PCC 6803 can be dynamics of cellular transcript and protein accumula- programmed to produce and excrete compounds that tion is being used to develop a detailed understand- they cannot use themselves and that can be subse- ing of the partitioning of photosynthetic reductant quently processed to biofuel. In this way, the organ- into the distinct metabolic pathways required for bio- ism serves as a biocatalyst and just the product needs energy accumulation in PSMs. ABSTRACTS S7

bacteria and protozoa. These interactions have been INSIGHTS FROM DIFFERENT APPROACHES shown to alter plant physiology, gene expression, FROM DESCRIPTIVE FIELD STUDIES TO hormonal balances, the architecture of the root sys- MICROCOSM STUDIES tem, shoot development and plant biomass, and give Mitchell, E. A. evidence of the complexity of plant-microbe-proto- University of Neuchatel,^ Switzerland, zoan interactions. Protozoa also interact with other [email protected] plant symbionts, such as mycorrhizal fungi with pro- Lara, E. found effects on root growth and nutrient allocation. University of Neuchatel,^ Switzerland, Because the regulation of root architecture is a key [email protected] determinant of nutrient- and water-use efficiency in plants, our data show that microbial grazers signifi- The soil microbial loop concept is 30 years old. Yet cantly shape microbial interactions in the rhizosphere, our understanding of soil microbial food webs is still and cannot be ignored if we want to achieve a mecha- fragmentary. Four key research areas directly relevant nistic understanding of rhizosphere processes. to soil food webs are insufficiently taken into account: (1) Biodiversity: studied combining classical and molecular methods are revealing huge diversity both within known groups and novel unsuspected clades. ESTIMATING N AND C TRANSFORMATIONS (2) Biogeography: Not all free-living protists are FROM STABLE ISOTOPE TRACER STUDIES IN cosmopolitan; what about functions? (3) Feeding AN INTACT SOIL FOOD WEB habits and trophic position: What do all these species F. V. Crotty do for a living? How common are food-specialists? Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon, UK Can this information be integrated into models? (4) S. M Adl Spatial and temporal patterns: How can we account Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada for complex spatial and temporal patterns when dis- R. P. Blackshaw cussing soil microbial food web functioning? These University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, UK important topics are typically studied by independent P. J. Murray teams with different research backgrounds and Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon, UK scopes. New technological developments now allow assessing the full diversity of soil organisms and hope- Protozoa are one of the most abundant groups of fully soon the position of each one in the food web. bacterivores within the soil, however they are regularly We now need to bring concepts and methods overlooked when investigating the complete soil food together to improve both theory and to design more web. Little is known of their contribution to soil nutri- ecologically realistic experiments. ent transfers or of the identity of their consumers. Within the soil decomposer food web there is little niche specialisation creating an ‘‘enigma of soil animal diversity’’. There are few methods that can be used to HOW PROTOZOA STRUCTURE MICROBIAL determine feeding preferences of the soil fauna in COMMUNITIES IN THE RHIZOSPHERE OF situ, but a technique using stable isotopes has been PLANTS developed to track the feeding preferences as they Bonkowski, Michael occur. Here, for the first time indigenous flagellates Cologne Biocenter, Zoological Institute, Dept. Terrestrial and ciliates, were cultured to become highly enriched Ecology in 13C and 15N and were introduced to soil cores from Koller, Robert two different land managements. This enabled the Cologne Biocenter, Zoological Institute, Dept. Terrestrial flow of protozoan C and N to be traced through the Ecology soil food web. We identified nematodes, Collembola, Jousset, Alexandre, J. F. earthworms and insect larvae as dominant consumers Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg of protozoa. Our results show the importance of proto- August University of Gottingen,€ Gottingen,€ Germany zoa as a food source and that changes in management, affect the functioning of the soil food web. Protozoa are the primary consumers of bacteria in soil, but the consequences of protozoan predation for the composition and functioning of bacterial commu- nities are poorly understood. Strong feeding prefer- CONTRIBUTION OF PROTIST BACTERIVORY ences of protozoa paired with high consumption TO SOIL NUTRIENT CYCLING rates are rapidly shifting diversity, metabolism and Adl, Sina function of bacterial communities in the plant rhizo- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada sphere, which has a profound influence on bacteria- plant interactions. Recent investigations indicate Soil protists and nematodes are the main consum- a complex chemical warfare between rhizosphere ers of bacteria in the soil. In contrast to the S8 ABSTRACTS abundance of results on the ecology of the nema- Phaeophyceae, and 51 Chlorophyta) and four species todes, there was scant data available on the contribu- of seagrasses indicating a relatively high area of bio- tion of protist bacterivory to soil nutrient cycling. diversity of 134 species per degree latitude. Further Over the past 10 years we have broken enough analysis is needed to evaluate whether this area is a ground with new techniques and statistical biogeographic range barrier for macroalgae. approaches to begin a synthesis and analysis of the overall protist contribution. This symposium brings together a variety of approaches used to obtain infor- mation on the various contributions of protist bacteri- VARIATION IN MECHANICAL PROPERTIES vory, and to estimate the magnitude of this nutrient AFFECTS HYDRODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE cycling. Abundances of active cells vary with climate, OF FOLIOSE RED SEAWEEDS weather, soil organic matter content, soil types and Demes, K. W. structure. In addition, food web community structure, University of British Columbia, Canada, species composition and diversity, all vary with various [email protected] ecological parameters. Results of functional response Carrington, E. curves, prey preferences, and niche specifications Friday Harbor Laboratories, USA indicate that as much as the standing biomass of bac- Gosline, J. teria are consumed daily by protists in temperate University of British Columbia, USA grassland soils. These results are being evaluated with Martone, P. T. new data using radioactive and stable isotope tracer University of British Columbia, Canada studies. We are beginning to identify the main consumers of protists in the soil food web. This data Because hydrodynamic forces are likely the largest allows us to understand community structure changes source of mortality for seaweeds in high wave energy in soil food webs in response to succession (years) environments, tissues with material properties that and longer term changes (decades). behave favorably in these environments are likely to be selected for. In this study, anatomical and material properties of 16 species of foliose red macroalgae BOLD TALKS were determined and their effects on hydrodynamic performance were measured in laboratory experi- ments holding size and shape constant. We found that increased blade thickness (primarily caused by the addition of medullary tissue) results in higher A FLORISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE SPATIAL flexural stiffness which inhibits the seaweeds ability to VARIABILITYOFMARINEINTERTIDALALGAE reconfigure in flowing water, and thereby increases BETWEEN CAPE MENDOCINO, CALIFORNIA drag. However, this increase is concurrent with an AND CAPE BLANCO, OREGON increase in the force required to break tissue, possibly Augyte, S. offsetting any risk of failure. Additionally, while Humboldt State University, USA, [email protected] increased non-pigmented medullary cells may pose a Shaughnessy, F. J. higher metabolic cost to the seaweed, decreased Humboldt State University, USA, [email protected] reconfiguration causes thicker tissues to expose more photosynthetic surface area incident to ambient light Marine floristic information is critical to managers in flowing water, potentially ameliorating the meta- of coastal ecosystems and is useful in detecting bolic cost of producing these cells. Material proper- changes in community structure over time. The bioge- ties can result in differential performance of ographic area between Cape Mendocino and Cape morphologically similar species. Blanco spans 320 km and lacks a current macroalgal species list. Therefore, this study aimed to (1) com- pare patterns of intertidal macroalgal species composi- tion at four sites, and (2) compile a flora based on current and historical records. Collections were made LEVELS OF SELECTION AND ADAPTIVE during two field seasons and habitat attributes for HYPOTHESES FOR TOXIN PRODUCTION IN each species were recorded. Cluster dendrograms MICROALGAE based on a presence/absence matrix for each species Driscoll, W. W. assessed similarities in composition across sites. Com- University of Arizona, USA, [email protected] parisons were made with historical (Dawson and Doty) Hackett, J. D. lists. A total of 162 species of macroalgae (103 Rhodo- University of Arizona, USA, [email protected] phyta, 33 Heterokontophyta, Phaeophyceae, and 26 Chlorophyta) and two species of seagrasses were iden- Many microalgae invest in toxins that have pro- tified. The comprehensive list revealed a total of 322 found impacts on coexisting species or entire com- species (201 Rhodophyta, 70 Heterokontophyta, munities. The taxonomic and biochemical diversity of ABSTRACTS S9 algal toxins suggest a corresponding diversity of function in nature. Adaptive hypotheses range from EFFECTS OF MACROALGAL CHEMICAL non-adaptive byproducts, assistance in predation, EXTRACTS ON SPORE BEHAVIOR OF THE anti-competitor allelopathy, and grazer deterrence or ANTARCTIC EPIPHYTE ELACHISTA killing. These hypotheses differ in the levels at which ANTARCTICA the proposed benefits of toxin production are real- Bucolo, P. ized, from individual cells (e.g. a single cell benefits University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA, when a predator chooses nontoxic alternatives) to [email protected] entire populations (a population benefits when indis- Amsler, C. D. criminate grazers are impaired). Natural selection University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA, can act upon multiple levels, but the strength of [email protected] selection at these levels is largely determined by McClintock, J. B. physical, ecological, and social context. For example, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA, colony-forming lineages are generally more likely to [email protected] possess higher-level adaptations, whereas cell-level Baker, B. J. adaptations are more likely in populations of free- University of South Florida, USA swimming cells. Current hypotheses for the adaptive function of toxins in microalgae often assume some Most macroalgal species along the Western Antarc- degree of higher-level selection and should be evalu- tic Peninsula are defended against predation, many ated against relevant aspects of the focal species’ using chemical defenses. Also, the subtidal communi- behavioral and ecology. This evolutionary perspective ties are mostly devoid of free-living filamentous algae. suggests novel, testable predictions associated with However, one endo/epiphyte, Elachista antarctica,is each class of hypothesis. found growing exclusively out of the palatable rhodo- phyte Palmaria decipiens. In order to understand this unusual and exclusive epiphytization, we tested whether macroalgal secondary metabolites such as those responsible for deterring grazers also inhibit biofouling by the epiphyte. Swimming, settlement, and germination behaviors of the epiphyte’s motile PALATABILITY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TWO reproductive propagules were quantified in the pres- MORPHOLOGICALLY SIMILAR ence of hydrophilic and lipophilic extracts of host BLOOM-FORMING ULVA SPECIES P. decipiens and other sympatric rhodophytes. We Guidone, M. hypothesize that the reproductive propagules University of Rhode Island, USA, [email protected] responsible for E. antarctica dispersal cannot tolerate Thornber, C. secondary metabolites of other possible hosts, chemo- University of Rhode Island, USA, [email protected] tactically repelling spores away from the extracts as well as impairing their settlement and/or germina- In Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, annual macroal- tion. Extracts from the normal host P. decipiens gal blooms are dominated by two morphologically attracted E. antarctica spores. Chemoresponses to the similar species: Ulva pseudocurvata and U. rigida. Field different hydrophilic and lipophilic chemical extracts surveys conducted from 2009–2011 indicate that these of other sympatric rhodophytes varied across the species vary in abundance amongst months and sites, different algae tested, many of which did inhibit but neither species is consistently dominant within settlement, growth, or chemotactically repelled the blooms. To examine potential palatability differ- E. antarctica propagules. ences between these species, we used image analysis to assess blade surface area throughout the summer of 2009. We found that U. rigida thalli had signifi- cantly more holes, suggesting that U. rigida is more HYDROCOLEUM IS PRIMARILY RESPONSIBLE palatable than its congener. Further evidence for this FORNITROGENFIXATIONINTEXASGULF feeding preference was determined from in situ COAST MICROBIAL MATS herbivore exclusion experiments conducted during Yu, J. 2010. Via principal component analysis, we found University of Texas at Austin, USA, [email protected] that U. rigida was consumed in greater quantities Brand, J. J. when mud crabs were the most abundant herbivore University of Texas at Austin, USA, present. However, the underlying mechanism(s) for [email protected] this preference remains unknown, as we have deter- mined that U. pseudocurvata and U. rigida do not Microbial mats from sandy intertidal beaches of the differ in thallus strength or nutrient levels, and Texas Gulf coast demonstrated substantial levels of U. rigida has higher levels of DMSP, which is typically nitrogenase activity. Hydrocoleum and Microcoleus associated with herbivore avoidance. dominated the upper green layer of mature mats. S10 ABSTRACTS

Proto-mats (subsurface layers of cyanobacteria distinct turnover, cell cycle progression, lipid metabolism, from mature mats) contained almost exclusively and autophagic cell death, lending new insight into Microcoleus and demonstrated no nitrogenase activity. the diversity of processes involved in the execution of Hydrocoleum was isolated as unialgal cultures. The death in dinoflagellates. level and diel pattern of nitrogenase activity and nitrogenase reductase (Fe-protein) were similar in intact mats and in isolated Hydrocoleum cultures. Prim- ers and a probe specific for Hydrocoleum nifH along CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SPLICED with q-rtPCR measurements, demonstrated similar LEADER RNA AND ITS RESPONSE TO STRESS patterns of expression in intact mats and cultures of IN THE SYMBIOTIC DINOFLAGELLATE, isolated Hydrocoleum. Transcription and/or translation SYMBIODINIUM MICROADRIATICUM of nifH in Hydrocoleum may be controlled by circadian Feltman, P. regulation since increased levels of nifH transcripts College of Charleston, USA, [email protected] and Fe-protein appeared before the end of the light Van Dolah, F. period of a diel cycle. In contrast, nitrogenase activity NOAA Center for Coastal Environmental Health and was only observed after the start of a dark period. Biomolecular Research, USA, [email protected] Isolated cultures of Hydrocoleum formed mat-like struc- tures. Their comparison with proto-mats and mature Spliced leader (SL) mediated trans-splicing has mats suggest that Microcoleus first colonizes sandy recently been identified in dinoflagellates, including beaches, and then Hydrocoleum stabilizes mat struc- the coral symbiont Symbiodinium microadriaticum. Dur- ture, facilitating nitrogen fixation and mat structure. ing SL trans-splicing, first described in trypanosomes, all mRNAs acquire an identical sequence at their 5¢ end, donated from a snRNA, the SL. Under condi- tions of severe stress, trypanosomes shut off transcrip- PUTATIVE CASPASE ENZYMES, ACTIVITY, tion of the SL gene, a response termed spliced leader AND DOWNSTREAM DEATH SUBSTRATES silencing (SLS). SLS leads to a reduction of the avail- ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONOLOGICAL able SL for trans-splicing and therefore, decreased AGINGINTHEDINOFLAGELLATEKARENIA mRNA maturation. This study sought to characterize BREVIS the SL RNA in Symbiodinium and determine whether Johnson, J. G. SLS is part of its stress response. The full-length SL Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences Program, transcript was amplified from total RNA, cloned, and Medical University of South Carolina, USA, sequenced. The SL RNA is 58-nt long with 67% iden- [email protected] tity to published dinoflagellate SL sequences. Using Van Dolah, F. M. this sequence, a qPCR assay was developed to mea- NOAA Center for Coastal Environmental Health and sure SL RNA expression. In contrast to trypanosomes, Biomolecular Research, USA, [email protected] we found that SL RNA levels were not significantly different between control cultures and those exposed Several putative caspase enzymes, key regulators in to either sublethal or lethal heat shock or 4 mM potentiating death signals through the programmed DTT. This is the first investigation into the functional cell death (PCD) pathway, have been identified in role of the SL in dinoflagellates. Karenia brevis through EST library searches and their active sites characterized to predict their substrate specificity. Quantification of caspase 3, 6, 7, 8, and 9 activities, determined by the specific cleavage of fluor- ogenic canonical substrates, demonstrated a signifi- PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSES OF TOXIC cant increase during chronological aging, suggesting POLYKETIDE METABOLITES FROM that the induction of caspase activity prior to culture PRYMNESIUM PARVUM CARTER decline may represent the utilization of the PCD (HAPTOPHYTA) pathway in executing death. Concurrently, global Manning, S. R. gene expression analysis demonstrated an extensive The University of Texas at Austin, USA, remodeling of the transcriptome which was indicative [email protected] of a shift in the metabolic and signaling requirements during stationary phase. However, the expression Hemolytic effects of polyketide metabolites from level of transcripts for putative caspase enzymes did Prymnesium parvum were examined as a function of not change, agreeing with metazoan caspases which salinity and culture age. Polyketide prymnesins were are regulated by post-translational activation of the verified by metabolic fingerprint analysis (HPLC/ enzyme. Computational prediction of downstream MS). Total hemolytic activity (HA) of culture super- death substrates for the assayed caspase activities natants and cell extracts was measured. Variation in identified proteins involved in a wide range of biolog- supernatant HA was statistically significant relative to ical processes including regulation of protein both variables. Salinity was inversely related to HA; ABSTRACTS S11 whereas HA of supernatants was inversely related to culture age during the first 3 weeks, but positively RED-TIPPED LEPTOLYNGBYA related to it during the next 3 weeks. Interestingly, (CYANOBACTERIA) SPECIES OF DESERT no hemolysis was detected in prymnesin-enriched HABITATS IN THE AMERICAS fractions from supernatants, as the majority of hemol- Osorio-Santos, K. ysins remained in other fractions. The HA of cell John Carroll University, USA, [email protected] extracts had the exact opposite correlation pattern. Johansen, J. R. Salinity was directly related to HA from cell extracts, John Carroll University, USA particularly during the latter 3 weeks. These investiga- Pietrasiak, N. tions suggest that extracellular polyketide prymnesins John Carroll University, USA are present at much lower concentrations than Bohunicka, M. previously believed and they are not the major University of South Bohemia, Czech Republic compounds associated with hemolysis under these conditions. A group of Leptolyngbya species containing reddish granules (rhodopsin) in the tips of apical cells of tric- homes has been found in caves in Europe, and has been under study for over a decade. Recently, we isolated red-tipped Leptolyngbya strains from desert THEROLEOFREACTIVEOXYGENSPECIESIN habitats that belong to the same clade as the cave- ANTI-HERBIVORE DEFENSE ALONG THE dwelling forms. Three populations are represented WESTERN ANTARCTIC PENINSULA from: soil of the Atacama Desert, Chile, soil of the McDowell, R. E. Mojave Desert of California, and a seep wall in Utah. University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA, The strains of these three localities have been isolated [email protected] into culture and characterized in the light micro- Amsler, C. A. scope. Growth experiments with varying light levels University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA indicate growth in all three strains is better at lower McClintock, J. B. intensity, and that the rhodopsin is photodegraded at University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA high light. The two populations from desert soil are Baker, B. J. morphologically and genetically similar and distinct University of South Florida, USA from the Utah strain (which has a smaller diameter and different 16S–23S ITS). Phylogenetic analysis Cellular production of reactive oxygen species based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicates that (ROS) is involved in the innate immunity of algae, the red-tipped Leptolyngbya form a clade outside of but the idea that they may also be involved in direct Leptolyngbya sensu stricto, and therefore need to be defense against macroscopic predators is new. Macro- recognized as new species in a new genus. algae along the Western Antarctic Peninsula grow in the presence of large communities of mesograzers, particularly amphipods. Macroalgal species employ a range of defenses including secondary metabolite ESTABLISHING SPECIES LIMITS AND chemistry, physical toughness, and low nutritional PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS FOR content. However, these factors cannot always NORTHWEST ATLANTIC POLYSIPHONIA account for mesograzer deterrence. Interestingly, (RHODOPHYTA) USING AN INTEGRATED ROS have been implicated in the wounding response TAXONOMIC APPROACH for several temperate algal species. We hypothesize Savoie, A. that ROS produced during the Antarctic macroalgal Center for Environmental & Molecular Algal Research, wound response serve as a component of an activated Biology Department, University of New Brunswick, Canada, chemical defense against grazing. We found that ROS [email protected] production upon wounding varied widely among the Saunders, G. W. 13 macroalgal species studied. ROS release was sub- Center for Environmental & Molecular Algal Research, stantially higher in Palmaria decipiens than other spe- Biology Department, University of New Brunswick, Canada cies, and P. decipiens is the only species studied that is truly palatable to the sympatric amphipod Gondoge- DNA barcoding, using COI-5P, has an established neia antarctica, as it lacks secondary metabolites and track record for the rapid and accurate assignment of toughness and is nutritionally rich. G. antarctica red algal specimens to species groups. Used in combi- responded to micromolar concentrations of exoge- nation with careful morphological observations and nous hydrogen peroxide with a reduction in feeding additional molecular markers (e.g., rbcL), accurate rate. Our findings suggest that P. decipiens, unde- species delimitation and designation can be com- fended by secondary metabolic, physical, or nutri- pleted for taxonomically challenging genera. Polysi- tional factors, may use ROS to decrease amphipod phonia (Rhodomelaceae) is a large and widely grazing. distributed genus of red algae, which, despite S12 ABSTRACTS considerable taxonomic study, has a number of uncertainties with regards to species richness and ANEWBRASILONEMA (CYANOBACTERIA) respective biogeography in North America. In this SPECIES FROM THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS study species diversity for the genus Polysiphonia sensu WITH AN EMENDATION OF THE GENUS lato (including Neosiphonia and Vertebrata) in the Vaccarino, M. A. northwest Atlantic was investigated. Currently, there John Carroll University, USA, [email protected] are twelve species of Polysiphonia reported from this Baldarelli, L. M. region, however, we identified fourteen unique John Carroll University, USA genetic species groups through COI-5P and rbcL Johansen, J. R. sequence data. Based on current floristic guides mul- John Carroll University, USA tiple genetic groups key out to the same morphologi- cal species, and, despite extensive sampling, we have A new species of the genus Brasilonema was isolated not collected four of the twelve currently recognized from the island of Oahu, Hawaii. The taxon is distin- morpho-species. These results indicate that there is guished from the seven other species in the genus by hidden species diversity within the genus Polysiphonia attenuation of trichomes, and the intended name is in the northwest Atlantic and that substantial ‘‘Brasilonema angustata’’. It possesses the cytoplasmic taxonomic work remains. kerotimization and reddish-brown coloration of sev- eral species in the genus. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence shows ‘‘B. angustata’’ within a highly supported clade containing all sequenced Brasilonema species. We compared the secondary structure of the 16S-23S ITS regions for B. octagenarum and ‘‘B. angustata’’. The structurally conservative D1-D1’ and V3 helices show similar REMARKABLE GENETIC AND SILICA-SCALE motifs between the two taxa, but differ structurally DIVERSITY IN THE COLOURLESS and in sequence, providing additional justification for CHRYSOMONAD, PARAPHYSOMONAS: erection of the new species. The Box-B helix has TAXONOMIC AND EVOLUTIONARY identical secondary structure. The existence of taper- IMPLICATIONS ing in a Brasilonema species requires emendation of Scoble, J. M. the genus description of Brasilonema, which was University of Oxford, United Kingdom, described as unattenuated. Our phylogenetic evi- [email protected] dence supports the hypothesis that tapering has Cavalier-Smith, T. developed repeatedly in separate cyanobacterial lin- University of Oxford, United Kingdom eages and lacks the taxonomic significance once assumed by early workers. Silica scale morphology of protists has been an anchor-point in the description of new species since the electron microscope first allowed. Many descrip- tions of new species of Paraphysomonas, a colourless POLYPHYLY OF CHAETOPHORA AND ochrophyte (Chrysophyceae), come from electron STIGEOCLONIUM AND NEW INSIGHT INTO microscope environmental surveys of un-cloned cells. THE CBC-CLADE SPECIES CONCEPT WITHIN I have isolated and sequenced 52 new clonal isolates THE CHAETOPHORALES (CHLOROPHYCEAE, of Paraphysomonas; observed their silica-scales, cell VIRIDIPLANTAE) dimensions, and 18S rDNA phylogeny, to uncover Caisova´, L. diversity beyond scale morphology. I have observed University of Cologne, Germany, [email protected] that there is a common and widespread occurrence Marin, B. of spine scales within this genus that separates into University of Cologne, Germany distinct groups on the 18S trees. The genetic diversity Sausen, N. of all the spine scale isolates is notable. Numerous University of Cologne, Germany lineages share broadly similar scale morphologies and Melkonian, M. are genetically distinct. Subtle differences in spine- University of Cologne, Germany scale morphology map well onto phylogenetic trees for which evolutionary and taxonomic theory can be To enhance limited knowledge about phylogenetic made. relationships among families/genera/species within My data strongly indicate a far greater diversity within the Chaetophorales (Chlorophyceae, Viridiplantae), this group, arguably doubling the amount of known newly obtained SSU and ITS2 rDNA sequences have species. The commonness of some species is probably been investigated in detail. Phylogenetic analyses the result of excessive lumping of genetically distinct revealed (1) a basal phylogenetic position for the species that have similar scales thus indicating a need Schizomeridaceae and the weakly-supported Aphano- for further characterisation. chaetaceae, and (2) polyphyly of the species-rich ABSTRACTS S13 genera Chaetophora and Stigeoclonium. The demon- strated polyphyly of both genera has been further DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF VOLVOX supported by molecular unique synapomorphies SECT. VOLVOX FROM JAPAN BASED ON (NHS) in the SSU rRNA secondary structure within COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY AND the Viridiplantae. To gain insights into ITS2 evolu- MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY tion and the CBC-clade species concept, all substitu- Isaka, N. tions have been mapped upon the ITS2 phylogeny. The University of Tokyo, Japan, [email protected] Furthermore, high sequence and length conservation tokyo.ac.jp allowed the establishment of an ITS2 consensus Kawai-Toyooka, H. secondary structure, and application of a novel num- The University of Tokyo, Japan bering system of ITS2 nucleotides/base pairs. The Matsuzaki, R. comparative analyses of ITS2 (1) revealed surprisingly The University of Tokyo, Japan low number of Compensatory Base Changes (CBCs) Nakada, T. in Helix 2 and/or 3 within the Chaetophorales and Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Japan (2) demonstrated several discrepancies between ITS2 Noaki, H. evolution in the Chaetophorales and the generally The University of Tokyo, Japan accepted CBC-clade concept sensu Coleman. Volvox sect. Volvox (Volvocaceae, Chlorophyceae) has unique thick cytoplasmic bridges between cells in spheroids and spiny-walled zygotes. This section is taxonomically important because the genus Volvox is polyphyletic. However, taxonomic studies of species in Volvox sect. Volvox have not been carried out since Smith (1944). In Japan, only V. globator was recorded SPECIES DIVERSITY AND MOLECULAR in this section based on a very classic study by Ishikawa PHYLOGENY OF FOLIOSE GRACILARIA (1896, Prof. Zoo. Coll. Agri. Imp. Univ.). In order to (GRACILARIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA) IN THE elucidate the correct species diversity of this section, WESTERN PACIFIC OCEAN we recently commenced the comparative morphology Liu, L. C. and molecular phylogeny using cultured strains. Here Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean Univ., we show a new species of this section, V. ferrisii Isaka Taiwan ROC, [email protected] et al. sp. nov. This species can be distinguished from Lin, S. M. other monoecious species of Volvox sect. Volvox based Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean Univ., on the differences in numbers of zygotes (eggs) in the Taiwan ROC, [email protected] sexual spheroids, form of zygote wall and somatic cell Payri, C. shape. Sequences for ITS of nuclear rDNA resolved Institute de Recherche pour le De´veloppement, New that the new species has phylogenetic positions sepa- Caledonia, [email protected] rated from V. globator, V. barberi, V. capensis and V. kirki- orum within Volvox sect. Volvox. Foliose species of Gracilaria are common red algae found in the western Pacific Ocean. Previous studies have shown that foliose species with textorii-type sper- matangial conceptacles have two types of thallus mor- phology: blades with spiny margins (e.g. G. vieillardii, G. spinulosa, G. huangii) and blades with smooth mar- MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF gins (e.g. G. textorii, G. incurvata). Our preliminary RICKETTSIACEAN ENDOSYMBIONTS IN THE molecular analyses show that species diversity among VOLVOCALEANS, CARTERIA CERASIFORMIS foliose Gracilaria is much higher than previously AND PLEODORINA JAPONICA (CHLOROPHYTA) thought and there are several undescribed, cryptic Kawafune, K. species, which were previously regarded as either University of Tokyo, Japan, [email protected] G. vieillardii or G. textorii, present in the warm water tokyo.ac.jp regions. In this study, we will describe the diversity of Hongoh, Y. the foliose species found in the western Pacific Ocean Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan and infer their inter-specific relationships based on Hamaji, T. rbcL sequence analysis. The significance of morpho- Kyoto University, Japan logical characters for separating foliose species, such Nozaki, H. as thallus morphology, blade thickness, number and University of Tokyo, Japan distribution of tubular nutritive cells inside the cysto- carp cavity, and the formation of the spermatangial Endosymbiotic bacteria were observed by TEM in conceptacles and the carposporangia, will be dis- the cytoplasm from several strains of the freshwater cussed. S14 ABSTRACTS volvocalean greens (e.g. Kochert & Olson (1970); rogonium populations in the world and thus the Nozaki et al. (1989). However, phylogenetic positions groundwork for a better understanding of these gen- of these bacteria have remained unresolved. Here, we era worldwide. performed a molecular phylogenetic analysis of bacte- rial endosymbionts harbored in cells of unicellular Carteria cerasiformis NIES-425 and colonial Pleodorina japonica NIES-577. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF rRNA sequences demonstrated that endosymbionts THE CELL CYCLE IN THE RED TIDE from these two volvocaleans and marine ciliate Dioph- DINOFLAGELLATE, KARENIA BREVIS,ANDA rys appendiculata formed a small group that was placed POTENTIAL ROLE FOR CYCLIN-DEPENDENT within the family Rickettsiaceae, an obligate intracel- KINASE lular parasitic bacterial group. Such endosymbionts Brunelle, S. A. were not detected in 10 other strains of the closely MUSC/NOAA, USA, [email protected] related four Carteria species, based on DAPI-staining Van Dolah, F. M. and genomic PCR using Rickettsiaceae-specific prim- NOAA/MUSC, USA, [email protected] ers newly designed. These results suggest a possible horizontal transmission of the endosymbiont to Karenia brevis produces harmful algal blooms that C. cerasiformis NIES-425. This is the first report of cause marine animal mortalities and human illness. endosymbiotic bacteria from the family Rickettsiaceae Molecular mechanisms controlling cell cycle entry in inside eukaryotic algal cells. In situ hybridization K. brevis are important because bloom development demonstrated existence of bacteria from the family occurs through vegetative cell division. Studies have Rickettsiaceae in the volvocalean cells. Therefore, we demonstrated that, unlike typical eukaryotes, dinofla- will propose provisional names for these endo- gellate cell cycle genes are not regulated at the tran- symbionts. scriptional level. Post-transcriptional control of these genes is also suggested by the presence of a trans- spliced leader sequence on their transcripts. The abundance of replication fork proteins over the cell cycle was investigated to determine whether they are regulated at the translational or post-translational level. The replication fork proteins, PCNA, RFC, RPA SPIROGYRA AND SIROGONIUM and RnR2 change over the cell cycle with highest (ZYGNEMATACEAE, CHAROPHYTA) IN abundance at S-phase, suggesting translational con- HAWAI’I: MOLECULAR INSIGHTS INTO TWO trol. PCNA also appears to be modified post-transla- MORPHOLOGICALLY SIMILAR FRESHWATER tionally, either by ubiquitin or SUMO concurrent MACROALGAL GENERA with S-phase. PCNA is present in the nucleus Neumann, J. M. throughout the cell cycle in cells actively traversing Univeristy of Hawaii, USA, [email protected] the cell cycle. PCNA showed a pattern of nuclear Sherwood, A. R. location that changes between a chromatin bound University of Hawaii, USA, [email protected] form and a pool that is peripheral. Cell cycle inhibi- tion at G1/S with the CDK4 specific inhibitor, fasca- Spirogyra is a filamentous algal genus with >380 plysin or the pan-CDK inhibitor olomoucine species found in freshwater systems worldwide. specifically inhibited the expression of PCNA protein. Despite its prevalence, there is much taxonomic con- Here, we propose a novel mechanism of translational fusion between Spirogyra and the closely related and control of cell cycle entry as opposed to transcrip- morphologically similar genus, Sirogonium. DNA tional control which is seen in most eukaryotes. sequences of selected regions of cp23S rRNA (UPA), rbcL, and nu18S were obtained from 151 isolates of Spirogyra and putative relatives in the Hawaiian Islands. Individual and concatenated sequence data sets were analyzed using maximum parsimony, maxi- A MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETIC STUDY OF mum likelihood and Bayesian inference. Morphologi- THE TRIBE CORALLINEAE (CORALLINALES, cal characters were also measured and analyzed for RHODOPHYTA) WITH AN ASSESSMENT OF each collection, and compared to results based on GENUS-LEVEL TAXONOMIC FEATURES sequence data. Twelve species of Spirogyra/Sirogonium Hind, K. R. were identified in the rbcL trees, and as in previously University of New Brunswick, Canada, [email protected] published analyses, Spirogyra and Sirogonium are para- Saunders, G. W. phyletic. This first molecular phylogenetic study of University of New Brunswick, Canada, [email protected] relationships within Spirogyra and Sirogonium in the Hawaiian Islands contributes important data on A multi-gene phylogeny using CO1-5P (cytochrome variation among the most isolated of all Spirogyra/Si- oxidase subunit 1), psbA (photosystem 1) and EF2 ABSTRACTS S15

(nuclear elongation factor) sequence data for mem- Austral summer, 2010. Growth was measured in four bers of the tribe Corallineae (Corallinaceae, Coralli- ways: weight change, change in surface area, growth nales, Rhodophyta) was constructed to assess generic rate, and surface area corrected growth rate. Survival boundaries. We determined that traditional reliance was measured by loss of whole individuals. Increased on conceptacle position as an indicator of generic endophyte load significantly affected growth rate, affinities in the Corallineae is not supported and tax- weight change, and survival in Gymnogongrus turquetii, onomic changes are required. Notably, the genus as well as growth rate in Trematocarpus antarcticus. The Serraticardia was polyphyletic; we propose synonymy of presence of reproductive structures was observed to Serraticardia with Corallina, effecting transfer of the increase with endophyte presence in Myriogramme type species S. maxima to Corallina (C. maxima (Yen- mangini. do) comb. nov.). We propose the new genus Johanse- nia for S. macmillanii (J. macmillanii (Yendo) comb. nov.), which does not have affinities with Corallina. Our molecular data also indicate that the genus Marginisporum has evolutionary affinities among species of Corallina and these genera should be syn- onymized, Corallina having nomenclatural priority. Thus, we propose the new combinations Corallina MOTILITY DURING PELAGIC-BENTHIC aberrans (Yendo) comb. nov., Corallina crassissima LIFE-STAGE TRANSITIONS FOR THE (Yendo) comb. nov., and Corallina declinata (Yendo) HARMFUL ALGA, HETEROSIGMA AKASHIWO comb. nov. Corallina elongata was divergent from all AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR BLOOM other members of the Corallina clade and is also DYNAMICS transferred to a new genus, Ellisolandia. Tobin, E. D. University of Washington, School of Oceanography, [email protected] Gru¨nbaum, D. University of Washington, School of Oceanography, [email protected] Cattolico, R. A. THE IMPACT OF ENDOPHYTE PRESENCE ON University of Washington, Biology, [email protected] GROWTH AND SURVIVAL IN ANTARCTIC MACROALGAL HOSTS (RHODOPHYTA) In many harmful algal blooming (HAB) species, Schoenrock, K. M. transitions between a motile, pelagic vegetative stage University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA, and a non-motile, benthic resting stage strongly [email protected] impact HABs. Swimming during life-stage transitions Amsler, C. D. may be used to actively influence vertical fluxes, and University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA, hence, population-level distributions. However, these [email protected] transitional swimming behaviors are poorly under- McClintock, J. B. stood. We used video-based motion analysis to quan- University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA, tify swimming of the HAB-forming alga Heterosigma [email protected] akashiwo during pelagic-benthic transitions. Our video Baker, B. J. assay accurately assigned cells to one of three physio- University of South Florida, USA, [email protected] logical states observed during transition to the resting stage based on statistical characteristics of individual Filamentous algae along the Western Antarctic Pen- paths. Net vertical velocities of individuals in each insula are primarily restricted to an endophytic life- state showed no evidence of down-swimming, indicat- style within macroalgal hosts, apparently because of ing cells reach the sediments by sinking. Outputs heavy mesograzer pressure on free-living filamentous from our numerical water column model suggested algae. The presence of endophytes may have com- active down-swimming might be disadvantageous to pounding effects on host macrophytes due to compe- deposition in benthic habitats suitable for re-emer- tition for light and nutrients, or potential pathogenic gence relative to sinking. As many as 26% of labora- effects. This study focused on growth and survival of tory-formed resting cells regained the up-swimming individuals with varying levels of endophyte infection ability necessary for bloom formation within 24 h of within populations of three macrophytic red algae transitioning from resting cell induction (10 C; dark) around Palmer Station, Antarctica. Individuals were to growth-supporting(15 C;12 h light:12 h dark) collected from the field, weighed and photographed conditions. Our video-based methods are being in the lab, and out-planted back to their natural implemented as remote sensing for the prediction of environment for six or nine weeks at the end of the HABs. S16 ABSTRACTS

CONTRIBUTED TALKS plastid-containing lineages, reduction of the second- ary endosymbiont has gone to completion. In the cryptophytes, however, the endosymbiont nucleus, the nucleomorph, persists. Nucleomorphs are the A TYPICALLY UNUSUAL DINOFLAGELLATE smallest eukaryotic nuclear genomes known, having MITOCHONDRIALGENOMEANDAN undergone extensive genomic streamlining through UNUSUALLY TYPICAL DIATOM mechanisms such as gene loss and endosymbiotic MITOCHONDRIALGENOMECONSTITUTE gene transfer. Whether or not nucleomorphs have THE MITOCHONDRIAL GENOMES OF reached an endpoint or are still undergoing reductive ‘‘DINOTOMS’’ evolution is unknown. To address this question, we Imanian, B. completely sequenced the 685 Kbp nucleomorph UBC, Canada, [email protected] genome of the cryptophyte Chroomonas mesostigmatica Pombert, J. F. CCMP1168, the largest nucleomorph genome UBC, Canada, [email protected] sequenced to date. In stark contrast to other crypto- Dorrell, R. G. phyte nucleomorph genomes, the nucleomorph University of Cambridge, United Kingdom, genome of C. mesostigmatica contains more (and [email protected] larger) genes and spliceosomal introns, larger inter- Keeling, P. J. genic regions, multi-copy genes, and repetitive ele- UBC, Canada, [email protected] ments, all features that contribute to its larger genome size. The C. mesostigmatica nucleomorph gen- We have characterized the nearly complete coding ome, while similar in gene content to other crypto- sequences of the complex and evolutionarily dissimi- phyte nucleomorph genomes, is by far the most lar mitochondrial genomes in Durinskia baltica and ‘‘complex’’ nucleomorph genome studied to date, Kryptoperidinium foliaceum, two dinoflagellates with a exhibiting features more characteristic of its pre- diatom endosymbiont. The endosymbiont mitochon- sumed free-living red algal relatives. drial coding sequences of D. baltica (34242 bp) and K. foliaceum (34742 bp) have identical gene content (shared with other diatoms) and gene order. Events such as gene-splitting, gene-fusion, and in-frame POSITIVE SELECTION IS DETECTED WITHIN insertion have occurred in the endosymbiont’s mito- A DIATOM SPECIES AND AFFECTS chondrial genomes, also seen in the diatom Phaeo- REGULATORY GENES dactylum tricornutum. From D. baltica, we have Koester, J. A. sequenced several fragments of dinoflagellate University of Washington School of Oceanography, USA, lsurRNA, many fragmented forms and one complete [email protected] copy of the only three protein-encoding genes inter- Swanson, W. spersed within stretches of non-coding and repeated University of Washington Gemome Sciences, USA, elements. The complete cox1 copy is uninterrupted, [email protected] whereas cob and cox3 appear in two separate pieces Armbrust, E. V. necessitating trans-splicing. From K. foliaceum we have University of Washington School of Oceanography, USA, only found parts of all the three protein-encoding [email protected] transcripts. Overall, our results indicate that these two distinct mitochondrial genomes in each ‘‘dinotom’’ Natural selection acts on individuals affecting adap- have continued to follow their respective evolutionary tion to changing environmental conditions, and is paths (just like their counterparts in free-living dia- measured as positive selection at the genetic level toms and dinoflagellates) despite their long coexis- using the ratio of amino acid (dN) changing muta- tence side by side within a single cell. tions to silent mutations (dS). Genome and transcrip- tome-wide pair-wise comparisons of three diatom genera were made, testing the phylogenetic distance at which positive selection (dN:dS>1.0) can be detected. Detection of positive selection was weakest A SMALL GENOME THAT ‘‘THINKS BIG’’: THE among three species of Pseudo-nitzschia, but increased COMPLETE NUCLEOMORPH GENOME OF between cryptic sister-species of Ditylum brightwellii. THE CRYPTOPHYTE ALGA CHROOMONAS The greatest number of genes likely to be positively Moore, C. E. selected was detected for two strains of Thalassiosira Dalhousie University, Canada, [email protected] pseudonana. Further testing among seven globally dis- Archibald, J. M. tinct strains of T. pseudonana yielded between 809 Dalhousie University, Canada, [email protected] (Bonferroni corrected) and 1,784 (false discovery rate corrected) positively selected genes, representing 7 to The cryptophytes are a diverse lineage of second- 16%, respectively, of the known protein coding genes. ary plastid-containing algae. In most secondary Functional enrichment, associated with stress ABSTRACTS S17 tolerance and regulation of the cell cycle and tran- scription, was found for 146 of the 809 genes. Differ- ACTIVE RELEASE OF SEQUESTERED CARBON ential selection was not found among individual BY DIURNALLY SYNCHRONIZED lineages, suggesting that the selected genes act PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH OF broadly on the species, facilitating adaptation to MICROALGAE unpredictable estuarine and oceanic conditions. Orellana, M. V. Institute for Systems Biology, USA, [email protected] Pang, W. L. Institute for Systems Biology Whitehead, K. Institute for Systems Biology Baliga, N. Institute for Systems Biology

DIVERSE ORIGINS OF HETEROKONT Algal photosynthesis accounts for 50% of the total GENES – NEW INSIGHTS FROM A organic carbon (C) produced annually. We have dis- DICTYOCOPHYTE EST LIBRARY covered that photosynthetically sequestered C is Dittami, S. M. released by the eukaryotic unicellular chlorophyte University of Oslo, Biology Dept., Norway, Dunaliella salina through synchronized programmed [email protected] cell death (PCD) of 40–74% of its own population. In Riisberg, I. turn, we observed that the algal population recovers University of Oslo, Biology Dept., Norway at a remarkable rate, increasing in size with up to John, U. three doublings upon onset of daytime. We explored Alfred-Wegener-Institut the ecological relevance of these phenomena by track- Smestad Paulsen, B. ing the flow of C in co-cultures of D. salina and Halo- University of Oslo, School of Pharmacy, Norway archaea salinarum, a co-inhabitant in the natural Tonon, T. environment that, is able to independently induce Station Biologique de Roscoff, France PCD, decelerating algal population growth. This has Jakobsen, K. S. revealed an interesting mutualism in which the algal University of Oslo, CEES, Norway photosynthate complements nutritional needs of halo- Edvardsen, B. archaea, who remineralize the C and effect a net University of Oslo, Biology Dept., Norway, increase in algal productivity. Induction of specific [email protected] haloarchaeal transcriptional programs by the algal photosynthate suggests that several mechanisms have Diverse origins of genes and gene families in co-evolved to support the interplay between the two heterokonts have been much debated, and several organisms. This discovery brings to fore an important horizontal gene transfers/endosymbiosis events have role for active programmed release of cell constituents been proposed to explain them. Here we present the in driving nutrient cycles through the microbial loop. analysis of an EST library from the unicellular hetero- kont Pseudochattonella farcimen (Dictyochophyceae), revealing the presence of several haptophyte-like fatty acid desaturases in this organism. Together with PROFILING OF THE TRANSCRIPTOME OF recent analyses of photosynthesis-related genes, this PORPHYRA YEZOENSIS WITH SOLEXA finding supports the hypothesis of an origin of Pseu- SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGY dochattonella plastids from an endosymbiosis event Mao, Y. X. involving a haptophyte, or another horizontal gene Ocean University of China, China, [email protected] transfer between these lineages. Our analysis also Yang, H. shows P. farcimen to contain genes of the mannitol Ocean University of China, China cycle, which were proposed to have been acquired by Kong, F. N. brown algae from bacteria. Screening of published Ocean University of China, China genomes and EST libraries, and measurements of Yang, G. P. mannitol concentrations in a range of different het- Ocean University of China, China erokonts demonstrated that this transfer probably Wang, L. took place earlier than expected, in a common ances- Ocean University of China, China tor of brown algae and dichtyochophytes. Addition- Ma, F. ally, genes such as type I polyketide synthases may Ocean University of China, China also have been acquired simultaneously, but later lost in some classes. A minimal model required to plausi- With high-throughput Solexa sequencing technol- bly explain these observations is presented. ogy, we profiled Porphyra yezoensis transcriptomes from S18 ABSTRACTS eight different samples. More than 1,200 megabases blocks of functionally-related genes by horizontal from 13,333,334 quality paired-end reads were gener- gene transfer, some likely from host animal genomes. ated, which were assembled into 31,538 unigenes. Intra-species comparisons revel short-term changes in Blast analysis showed that 56.7% unigenes were novel, progress, including gene duplication and pseudogeni- which represented the specific genes of Porphyra and/ zation at high frequencies in specific regions of the or rhodophytes. Several hundreds of unigenes related genome, as well as patterns of single nucleotide poly- to stress tolerance were discovered, including desicca- morphisms that can indicate whether events such as tion- (211) and high light-tolerance (31), MAAs and sexual recombined have taken place between strains. flavonoid biosynthesis (10), reactive oxygen scaveng- ing (48) and others (208), which indicated there existed complex and diversity modes of stress-toler- ance in this species. A complete set of essential genes involved in C3- (57) and C4- (44) carbon fixation DEVELOPMENT OF MOLECULAR pathway (except pyruvate phosphate dikinase) were INDICATORS FOR THE IRON NUTRITIONAL discovered, which not only proved that they were STATUS OF DIATOMS actively transcribed but clearly outlined the panoptic Marchetti, A. view of carbon fixation in Porphyra. Moreover, by University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA, statistically analyzing the types, proportions and fre- [email protected] quencies of the interspersed repeats (TEs) and sim- Moreno, C. ple sequence repeats (SSRs), we discovered that the University of Washington, USA, top three types of TEs were all the retrotransposons [email protected] and the trinucleotide is the absolute predominant Oleinikov, I. type among SSRs, promoting our understanding of University of Washington, USA, structural characteristics of the transcriptome. This [email protected] study substantially improved the global view of the Durkin, C. A. Porphyra genome and provided a valuable resource University of Washington, USA, for future research. [email protected] Hubbard, K. A. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, USA, [email protected] Armbrust, E. V. POPULATION GENOMICS OF University of Washington, USA, MICROSPORIDIAN PARASITES [email protected] Keeling, P. J. University of British Columbia, Canada, We have developed molecular-based approaches to [email protected] assess the iron nutritional status of diatoms. Our Pombert, J. F. initial efforts focused on Pseudo-nitzschia, a pennate University of British Columbia, Canada diatom genus of which members often exhibit large Xu, J. growth responses to iron fertilization in iron-limited University of British Columbia, Canada regions. The expression patterns of two genes track Corradi, N. the iron status of Pseudo-nitzschia granii with high University of Ottawa, Canada fidelity. The first gene, FTN, encodes for the special- ized iron-storage protein ferritin and is highly Comparative genomics of microbial eukaryotes has expressed under iron-replete conditions. The second revealed some of the breadth of genome diversity gene, ISIP2A, encodes for an iron-starved induced and trends that underpin it. Comparisons between protein of unknown function and is highly complete genome sequences from closely related spe- expressed under iron-limiting conditions. The result- cies remain rare, however, so equally interesting ing ISIP2A:FTN transcript ratio is reflective of the shorter-term processes remain less clear. We have iron status of the cells. Growth of P. granii under taken advantage of the exceedingly small and com- different environmental conditions has verified that pact nature of nuclear genomes of obligate intracellu- the transcript ratio is primarily influenced by iron lar microsporidian parasites to examine these status. Using a combination of next-generation processes at one extreme of genome diversity. sequencing technologies, we also performed a com- Encephalitozoon genomes are typically only 2–3 Mbp. parative transcriptome of P. granii under varying The E. cuniculi genome (2.9 Mbp) was sequenced a iron conditions, obtaining over 2,400 differentially decade ago, and we recently sequenced the genomes expressed genes. In conjunction with the select gene of E. intestinalis (2.3 Mbp), two strains of E. hellem, approach we propose the use of comparative meta- and three strains of E. cuniculi to allow finer-scale transcriptomics as an effective means to deciphering comparisons. Inter-species comparisons reveal unex- the nutritional status of phytoplankton within natu- pected differences, including the acquisition of ral assemblages. ABSTRACTS S19

waters. It can reach maximum growth rates at lower EXTENSIVE GENE TRANSFER IN light intensities than competing species of diatoms BLASTOCYSTIS SP., NANDII STRAIN and is endowed with at least 60 genes encoding fuco- Gentekaki, E. xanthin Chl a/c proteins (FCPs). However, four of Dalhousie University, Canada, [email protected] these genes belong to the Lhcx sub-clade, known to Curtis, B. be involved in photoprotection rather than light-har- Dalhousie University, Canada vesting in other algae. We analyzed Aureococcus under Beiko, R. low (LL,20 mmol photons m-2s-1), medium (ML, 60 Dalhousie University, Canada or 90 mmol photons m-2s-1) and high (HL, Tsaousis, A. 200 mmol photons m-2s-1) light and during a 1 or Dalhousie University, Canada 6 h shift to higher light intensities. The increase in Archibald, J. both diadinoxanthin and diatoxanthin was correlated Dalhousie University, Canada with the appearance of three new FCPs (21, 24 and Roger, A. 34 kDa), suggesting they might be binding these Dalhousie University, Canada carotenoids. There was also a marked increase in the ratio of 19’-butanoyloxy-fucoxanthin (19BFx) to fuco- Lateral gene transfer (LGT), the transfer of genetic xanthin (Fx). We suggest 19BFx could make energy information between distantly related organisms, is transfer less efficient, thus contributing to photopro- now known to be a significant force in prokaryotic tection. It also suggests caution in using 19BFx as a genome evolution. The recent explosive growth of quantitative marker for pelagophytes in ocean sam- genomic data from diverse eukaryotic lineages pling. revealed that LGT also occurs in eukaryotes. Blastocystis spp. NandII strain is an anaerobic parasitic strameno- pile that infects humans preferentially. To study the genetic composition of this strain of Blastocystis,we performed transcriptomic surveys. Here we report our analyses of this dataset aimed at evaluating the impact of LGT on the Blastocystis spp. NandII prote- ome. Focusing on Blastocystis sp. homologs, we used a series of automated methods for alignment genera- tion, followed by maximum likelihood phylogenetic estimation. Out of 2,340 phylogenetic trees, approxi- mately 20% showed evidence of ‘‘lateral’’ origin in METAGENOMICS OF EUGLENA Blastocystis and included genes of archaeal, proteo- EHRENBERGII bacterial, algal and fungal affinities. The genes of Kwiatowski, J. apparent LGT origin were mainly of informational University of California/University of Warsaw, USA, nature. Amongst these, we identified genes that play [email protected] roles in key biosynthetic pathways, including the iron- Karnkowska-Ishikawa, A., University of Warsaw sulfur cluster pathway, sugar and purine biosynthesis Dunin-Horkawicz, S. as well as protein trafficking and ubiquination. Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology Ayala, F. J. University of California

Using Solexa/Illumina sequencing method and assembling by the Velvet program we have obtained the substantial portion of the chloroplast genome of Euglena ehrenbergii comprising entire sequences of THE HARMFUL ALGA AUREOCOCCUS LSU and SSU rDNA, 25 tRNA genes and 49 protein ANOPHAGEFFERENS USES TWO SEPARATE coding genes. Additionally, we have assembled almost XANTHOPHYLL STRATEGIES FOR entire genome of the bacteria Pirellula staleyi and PHOTOPROTECTION DURING HIGH LIGHT obtained contigs of several other bacterial genomes, ACCLIMATION some known and some not, apparently present in Alami, M. E. ehrenbergii culture. We also assembled about 95% of University of British Columbia, Canada cytoplasmic SSU and 85% of cytoplasmic LSU genes Green, B. from Euglena ehrenbergii. The sequences of four rRNA University of British Columbia, Canada, genes (cytoplasmic and chloroplast) were used to [email protected] establish the phylogenetic position of E. ehrenbergii within Euglenales and sequences of 16S rDNA were Aureococcus anophagefferens is a picoplanktonic used to obtain the phylogeny of E. ehrenbergii associ- microalga that causes devastating blooms in estuarine ated bacteria. S20 ABSTRACTS

variable light availability through differential expres- A GEMINI VIRUS-LIKE REPLICATION sion of different light harvesting complexes. An indi- PROTEIN WITHIN A XANTHOPHYTE vidual Macrocystis can reach heights of 10s of m and CHLOROPLAST GENOME can perform photosynthesis under a wide range of Cattolico, R. A. light levels. This may potentially be achieved through University of Washington, USA, [email protected] the differential expression of LHC. We used 454 Rocap, G. pyrosequencing technology from four depth-stratified University of Washington, USA, and seasonally-separated cDNA libraries to generate [email protected] gene models for Macrocystis, including those for LHC, McKay, C. and to quantitatively survey expression profiles. University of Washington, USA, BLAST searches of the transcriptome assembly identi- [email protected] fied nine putative LHC contigs (MpLHC). A phyloge- Jacobs, M. netic analysis of the MpLHC and the LHC genes University of Washington, USA, [email protected] from other heterokonts grouped the MpLHC into canonical LHC groups I, II/III, and IV and L1818. The chloroplast genomes of two Xanthophyte rep- The MpLHC displayed different expression patterns resentatives have been sequenced. Botrydium cystosum with depth and between seasons with the L1818 fam- (Botrydiales) is a large, globose organism often found ily showing the greatest transcriptional variation on a soil substrate whereas the fine filaments of Tribo- between the surface and depth, consistent with its nema aequale (Tribonematales) are aquatic. Unexpect- hypothesized role in non-photochemical quenching. edly, the chloroplast genomes of these two algae are The expression patterns of the MpLHC were further remarkably similar, having a highly conserved archi- examined using Q-PCR on finer resolution depth pro- tecture with limited rearrangements as well as a files. nearly identical gene composition. Several unique genes are encoded in the chloroplast genomes of these Xanthophytes. Most intriguing is the presence of a Gemini virus-like replication initiator protein CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ALEXANDRIUM that is encoded in the B. cystosum chloroplast gen- TRANSCRIPTOME REVEALS UNIQUE ome. Gemini viruses replicate via a rolling circle NUTRIENT UTILIZATION STRATEGIES IN mechanism and the replication initiator protein is THE DINOFLAGELLATE indispensable to this process. Important amino acid Wisecaver, J. H. motifs, characteristic of replication initiator proteins, University of Arizona, USA, [email protected] have been identified in the B. cytosum protein. These Brosnahan, M. L. functional domains are responsible for DNA-protein Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA interaction, metal binding, and catalysis. Like replica- Anderson, D. M. tion proteins in bacterial plasmids, the B. cystosum Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA protein lacks both Walker A and B domains, indicat- Bhattacharya, D. ing the absence of helicase activity. A similar replica- Rutgers University, USA tion protein has been reported in a plasmid that Erdner, D. L. infects Porphyra pulcara (Rhodophyceae). University of Texas, USA Hackett, J. D. University of Arizona, USA

EXPRESSION PROFILING OF LIGHT The bloom-forming dinoflagellate Alexandrium is HARVESTING COMPLEXES IN common in many near-shore marine ecosystems and ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES OF THE GIANT causes paralytic shellfish poisoning through the pro- KELP, MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA duction of saxitoxin. Genome sequencing of an Alex- Konotchick, T. andrium species would significantly aid researchers in Scripps Inst. of Oceanography, USA, their search for genes involved in toxin production, [email protected] bloom dynamics, and other critical metabolic path- Dupont, C. L. ways; however, giant genome sizes in the dinoflagel- J. Craig Venter Institute, USA, [email protected] lates (100 gb in Alexandrium) makes a genome Badger, J. H. sequence from this ecologically and economically J. Craig Venter Institute, USA, [email protected] important organism presently impractical. To avoid Allen, A. E. this bioinformatics hurdle, we sequenced 9.8 gb of J. Craig Venter Institute, USA, [email protected] transcriptomic cDNA from Alexandrium tamarense CCMP1598. The data assembled into 101,118 contigs, The Giant Kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, possesses sev- which rarefaction analysis suggests represent the vast eral antenna pigment complexes (LHC). Single majority of the species’ gene repertoire and the larg- celled algae can optimize light absorption under a est collection of dinoflagellate sequences currently ABSTRACTS S21 available. We compared the A. tamarense transcriptome to the genomes of representative microbial marine DYNAMICS OF GENE DUPLICATION IN THE eukaryotes and identified genes unique to the dinofla- GENOMES OF CHLOROPHYLL D-PRODUCING gellate including genes involved in nutrient utilization CYANOBACTERIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE such as nitrogen, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism. ECOLOGICAL NICHE Phylogenomic analysis reveals that many of these Miller, S. genes appear to be recently acquired from bacteria University of Montana, USA, [email protected] suggesting horizontal gene transfer is a significant Wood, A. M. driver of gene evolution in this dinoflagellate. NOAA & Univ. of Oregon, USA, [email protected] Blankenship, R. Washington University, USA, [email protected] Kim, M. J Craig Ventner Institute, [email protected] Ferriera, S. J Craig Ventner Institute, [email protected]

Gene duplication may be an important mechanism for the evolution of new functions or the adaptive modulation of gene expression via dosage effects. We EVOLUTION IS VARIED AMONG analyzed the fate of gene duplicates for two strains of MITOCHONDRIAL GENES IN THE a novel group of cyanobacteria (genus Acaryochloris) RAPHIDOPHYTE, HETEROSIGMA that produces chlorophyll d as its main photosynthetic Black, M. M. pigment. The genomes of both strains contain an University of Washington, USA, [email protected] unusually high number of gene duplicates for bacte- Deodato, C. ria. Most duplicated Acaryochloris genes are of compar- University of Washington, USA, [email protected] atively recent origin, are strain-specific and tend to be Jacobs, M. located on plasmids. Analyses of selection on dupli- University of Washington, USA, [email protected] cates of different divergence classes suggest that most Hardin, B. duplicate pairs are under strong purifying selection University of Washington, USA, [email protected] against amino acid change. The likelihood of dupli- Cattolico, R. A. cate retention varied among gene functional classes, University of Washington, USA, [email protected] and the pronounced differences between strains in the pool of retained recent duplicates likely reflects Unicellular algae are important primary producers differences in the nutrient status and other character- in aquatic systems, yet can be ecologically devastating istics of their respective environments. We conclude when blooms form. Many cells of the same species that most duplicates are quickly purged from Acaryochl- are indistinguishable morphologically; yet contain oris genomes and that those which are retained likely genetic variation that confers distinct physiological make important contributions to organism ecology by capacities that may impact bloom severity. The raphi- conferring fitness benefits via gene dosage effects. dophyte alga, Heterosigma, found worldwide, is an example of one such cryptic species complex. To analyze potential cryptic speciation in Heterosigma,50 cultured strains were genetically fingerprinted. INITIAL INSIGHTS FROM THE NAEGLERIA Sequences from five mitochondrial genes were used FOWLERI GENOME INITIATIVE to probe genetic diversity. Combinations of resulting Herman, E. K. unique mitochondrial gene sequences resulted in the University of Alberta, Canada, [email protected] identification of 23 mitotypes. Some mitotypes appear Greninger, A. ‘‘mixed’’, containing genes from two types – implying University of California, San Francisco, USA recombination through deep coalescence initiating Vishvesvara, G. from heteroplasmic organelles, or introgressive Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA hybridization. This observation casts a cautionary light Marciano-Cabral, F. on interpretation of data when only one mitochon- Virginia Commonwealth University, USA drial gene is used to infer evolutionary relatedness. Chiu, C. In our study, we show that little geographic fidelity University of California, San Francisco, USA occurred among mitotypes, and multiple mitotypes Dacks, J. B. coexist in the same local. The theoretical impact University of Alberta, Canada, [email protected] imposed on mitochondrial activity through amino acid changes was probed by modeling protein func- The ‘‘Brain-Eating Amoeba’’ Naegleria fowleri is the tion scores for each mitotype. causative agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, S22 ABSTRACTS a water-borne disease of the central nervous system. rolegnian oomycetes. Along with examining the close N. fowleri has a non-pathogenic, non-thermotolerant relationships within the Saprolegniaceae, there also relative, Naegleria gruberi, for which the genome exist completed obligate parasite genomes in the sequence has recently been determined. The N. gruberi more distantly related Pythiales and Peronosporales genome sequence forms the perfect background to that will be combined in comparative analyses. Using investigate the genetic basis of pathogenicity in N. fow- these data, we present a method to elucidate the evo- leri through comparative analysis. We have produced lution of gene families related to a parasitic lifestyle, a100X coverage of the N. fowleri nuclear genome using using evolutionary gene networks. EGNs are mathe- a combination of 454 pyro-sequencing and Illumina matically based graphs that can be used to visualize Hi-Seq technologies. We here report an initial meta- gene relationships that traditional phylogenetics comparison between the ~50 KB mitochondrial would fail to resolve. Using this method we have iden- genomes and a contig of nuclear genomic DNA of tified unique gene family expansions, contractions approximately equivalent size of the two Naegleria and combinations that are potentially key to the evo- species. These show widely different patterns of lution of parasitism within this group of organisms. conservation and degrees of synteny. Our initial meta- comparison lays the groundwork for a full-scale geno- mic comparison allowing eventual identification of molecular markers to be used for improved diagnosis, and putative genes involved in N. fowleri pathogenesis. Together these will greatly improve our understanding PERSISTENT AND WIDESPREAD of this globally distributed amoeba and how it kills. ASSOCIATIONS OF APICOMPLEXANS (CHROMALVEOLATA) WITH CARIBBEAN REEF CORALS Kirk, N. L. Auburn University, USA, [email protected] Thornhill, D. J. Defenders of Wildlife, USA, [email protected] Kemp, D. W. University of Georgia, USA, [email protected] Fitt, W. K. UTILIZING EVOLUTIONARY GENE University of Georgia, USA, fi[email protected] NETWORKS TO UNCOVER GENOMIC Santos, S. R. CONSEQUENCES OF ADOPTING A PARASITIC Auburn University, USA, [email protected] LIFESTYLE Misner, I. Apicomplexans are an important parasitic group, University of Rhode Island, USA, [email protected] but little is known about those associated with many Lopez, P. invertebrates, such as tropical reef-building scleractin- Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, France ian corals. Before resolving their potential influence Babteste, E. on coral health, it is first necessary to further describe Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, France this enigmatic group and determine their prevalence Bailey, J. C. among host species. To this end, three Caribbean University of North Carolina Wilmington, USA scleractinian species (Montastraea annularis, M. faveola- Lane, C. ta and Porites astreoides) were sampled seasonally over University of Rhode Island, USA 10 years (May 2000-present) from two reefs in the Florida Keys as well as over 6 years (May 2001–Nov Parasites are present throughout the tree of life 2005) for two Bahamian reefs. Utilizing PCR-based and evidence suggests they have arisen independently screening, these colonies exhibited chronic infection numerous times. Much is known about the functions over the sampling duration. Furthermore, small sub- of parasites due to their biomedical implications, unit (18S) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and internal tran- however, there is limited understanding on how scribed spacer region 1 (ITS1) sequences derived organisms become parasitic. Identifying the genes, from apicomplexans inhabiting other scleractinian and gene families, that are involved in parasitism and gorgonian colonies at these reefs indicate host requires information from both parasitic and free specificity. For example, apicomplexan sequences living organisms within the same lineage. Oomycetes, derived from M. annularis exhibited high similarity specifically members of the Saprolegniaceae, present within as well as between locations whereas substan- a unique opportunity for investigating the evolution tial divergence was found among those infecting of parasitism because this family contains members different coral genera on these reefs. Understanding that are both free living and parasitic. We have the nature of this potentially parasitic symbiosis may sequenced the genomes of Achlya hypogyna (facultative offer new insight into the biology of invertebrate- parasite) & Thraustotheca clavata (free living), two Sap- protistan relationships. ABSTRACTS S23

generally contain microsporidian spores concentrated SYNDINIAN SEX in ‘‘pockets’’ that appear to be distributed randomly Coats, D. W. within their hypodermal and muscular tissues. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, USA, Females appear to lack spores, while possessing pre- [email protected] dicted intracellular stages of the parasite restricted to Bachvaroff, T. R. their eggs. These results suggest that infection is Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, USA transmitted vertically and that the immune system of males and females responds differently to microspo- Syndinian dinoflagellates produce dinospores sug- ridian infection during development. The unique gested to be part of the sexual cycle. Reports of pair- host and microsporidian interactions described here, ing and apparent fusion of dinospores are open to the ability to maintain infection in the lab, and the interpretation, and the fate of presumptive zygotes close phylogenetic relationship of this microsporidian remains unknown. Species of Duboscquella parasitize to its human-infecting relatives, could provide a rare protists, with individual infections typically producing opportunity to establish a model for the study of either highly motile macrospores, or weakly motile microsporidiosis. microspores. Study of a previously undescribed Dub- oscquella species from the tintinnid Favella panamensis revealed the formation of three spore types: large, spherical spores (females); large, egg-shaped spores (neuters), and small, bi-flagellate spores (males). Short sporocyte chains gave rise to non-motile female and neuter spores that slowly dispersed from the host lorica. Male spores were highly motile and formed from long, beaded sporocyte strands that exhibited serpentine movement. Male spores copulated with female spores, but not with neuter spores. Gamete ULTRASTRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR fusion required 10–20 min and was accompanied by PHYLOGENY OF A MARINE ISOLATE OF flagellar resorption and nuclear fusion. Successive TRIMASTIX MARINA division of zygotes yielded four daughter cells that Zhang, Q. closely resembled neuter spores. Male spores were Ocean University of China & Dalhousie Univesity, short-lived (~1 day), while female spores, neuter Canada, [email protected] spores, and zygote daughter cells persisted for Simpson, A. 3–4 days. Infectivity of spore types is unknown. Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Canada, [email protected]

The isolated free-living flagellate genus Trimastix is the closest relative of the well-known anaerobic symbi- ont group oxymonads, and thus is important for understanding the evolution of anaerobic mitochon- drial organelles and the phylogeny of the supergroup NOVEL MICROSPORIDIAN SPECIES INFECTS Excavata. A marine isolate of Trimastix marina was THE FREE-LIVING MARINE NEMATODE studied for the first time combining light micro- ODONTOPHORA RECTANGULA scopic, electron-microscopic and molecular phyloge- Ardila-Garcia, A. M. netic methods. The new isolate shows features seen University of British Columbia, Canada, in a previously studied freshwater isolate of T. marina, [email protected] e.g. four flagella, thickened anterior flagellum, small, Fast, N. M. double-membrane bounded organelles without cris- University of British Columbia, Canada, tae. However, it also shows features distinct from [email protected] freshwater T. marina, for example, the anterior basal body possesses cartwheels, the anterior microtubular This is the first report of a free-living marine nema- root is small. Strikingly our molecular phylogenetic tode (Odontophora rectangula) infected with a micro- analyses never place marine T. marina with freshwater sporidian parasite. The 16S sequence of the new T. marina, or even specifically with other Trimastix microsporidian indicates that it is closely related to species. Multigene (small subunit ribosomal RNA, the Encephalitozoon group, which includes human beta-tubulin protein and heat shock protein 90) phy- parasites. In O. rectangula, microsporidian infection logenetic analyses place marine T. marina as the sister prevalence appears high while virulence is low. Host group of a clade composed by other Trimastix species examinations with fluorescent in situ hybridization and oxymonads. These results indicate a paraphyly of (FISH) suggest that modes of infection differ remark- Trimastix as currently understood, and likely require a ably between males and females. Infected males revision of the genus. S24 ABSTRACTS

Lin, J. H. ULTRASTRUCTURE, DIVERSITY, AND Smith College, USA PHYLOGENY OF COLPODELLIDS AND Katz, L. A. COLPONEMIDS, AND THE EVOLUTION OF Smith College, USA, [email protected] ALVEOLATES Tikhonenkov, D. V. Evolutionary relationships within Amoebozoa have University of British Columbia, Canada, been controversial for two main reasons: (1) paucity [email protected] of morphological characters in traditional surveys and Janousˇkovec, J. (2) haphazard taxonomic sampling in modern molec- University of British Columbia, Canada, ular reconstructions. Here we provide a comprehen- [email protected] sive phylogenetic reconstruction based on 139 taxa Mylnikov, A. P. using molecular information from both SSU-rDNA Institute for Biology of Inland Waters RAS, Russian and actin genes. We provide novel molecular data for Federation, [email protected] 13 of these taxa, 12 of which had not been previously Keeling, P. characterized. Our analyses show that many of the University of British Columbia, Canada, morphologically established lower-level relationships [email protected] (defined here as relationships equivalent to Order level or below) are congruent with molecular data. Alveolates comprise a major eukaryotic phylum Further, six new groups are hypothesized based on including a great diversity of ecologically, economi- these analyses. However, most proposed higher-level cally, and medically important species. Understanding relationships are not recovered, though there is insuf- alveolate evolution is important for addressing many ficient power in these analyses to reject most hypothe- intriguing questions, such as origins of parasitism in ses. Contrary to expectations from previous studies, apicomplexans, evolutionary history of plastids and the inclusion of environmental sequences does not endosymbiosis and the unique organization of significantly improve the Amoebozoa reconstruction. apicomplexan and dinoflagellate mitochondrial Finally, in an effort to facilitate future sampling of genomes. The biology, morphology, and ultrastruc- key amoebozoan taxa, we provide a novel methodol- ture of Colpodella pseudoedax (Mylnikov 2007), ogy for genome amplification and cDNA extraction C. unguis (Patterson and Simpson 1996), Colponema from single or a few cells; this method is culture-inde- aff. loxodes (Stein 1878), C. edaphicum (Mylnikov and pendent and allows both photodocumentation and Tikhonenkov 2007), and C. marisrubri (Mylnikov and extraction of multiple genes from natural samples. Tikhonenkov 2009) were investigated. We obtained sequences of 18S ribosomal RNA genes of species and assess their evolutionary position based on com- bined evidence from ultrastructural, morphological and molecular data. To extend this data pool we are currently obtaining information from several other molecular markers and have launched transcripto- MARINE GREGARINES mics projects on two colpodellid species. This data Wakeman, K. C. will be important in reconstructing alveolate phylog- University of British Columbia, Canada, eny based on concatenated datasets of multiple [email protected] genes, and providing insights into the evolution of Leander, B. S. unique cellular and genomic innovations, such as University of British Columbia, Canada, myzocytosis, the apical complex, the dinokaryon, [email protected] splice leaders etc. Marine gregarines are a poorly understood group of obligate endoparasitic single-celled eukaryotes (protists) that infect marine invertebrates, and are a sister group to some of the most notorious pathogens COMPREHENSIVE PHYLOGENETIC of humans and other vertebrates (i.e. Plasmodium and RECONSTRUCTION OF AMOEBOZOA BASED Cryptosporidium). This study aims to sample the vast ON CONCATENATED ANALYSIS OF SSU-RDNA diversity of gregarines in the marine environment AND ACTIN GENES using light microscopy, scanning and transmission Lahr, D. electron microscopy and molecular data (i.e. small- University of Massachusetts, USA, subunit rDNA) in order to make inferences about [email protected] evolution within gregarines and, at a larger scale, the Grant, J. Apicomplexa. Using 18s SSU rDNA and high-resolu- Smith College, USA tion scanning electron micrographs, we examined 10 Nguyen, T. B. novel species of marine gregarines representing two Smith College, USA lineages: Archigregarines and Eugregarines. ABSTRACTS S25

hypothesized to chelate Cu and reduce Cu toxicity to POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF the cells. To better characterize the effect of Cu on NITROGEN ASSIMILATION IN MARINE Pseudo-nitzschia, a toxic strain (P. multiseries) and a DIATOMS non-toxic strain (P. delicatissima) were exposed to Robertson, D.L. Cu(II) for 96 h (50 lg/L for P. delicatissima, 50, 100 Clark University, Worcester, MA, and 150 lg/L for P. multiseries). Each day, physiologi- [email protected] cal measurements were performed on Pseudo-nitzschia Goodrich, G. cells to determine the concentration of cells, lipid Clark University, Worcester, MA content, chlorophyll, domoic acid (DA) content, Perera, M. enzymatic activity, photosynthetic efficiency, O2 con- Clark University, Worcester, MA sumption of cells, and the percentage of dead algal Ghoshroy, S. cells. After 48 h of Cu exposure, P. delicatissima mor- Clark University, Worcester, MA tality increased drastically whereas P. multiseries sur- Kapur, P. vival was unchanged in comparison to unexposed Clark University, Worcester, MA cells. Cellular enzymatic activity, chlorophyll content and lipid concentration significantly increased upon The regulation of gene expression is a multifaceted Cu exposure in comparison to unexposed cells (24 h and dynamic process. While coordinated patterns of for P. delicatissima, up to 96 h for P. multiseries). gene transcription are well known, there is increasing DA concentrations in P. multiseries were not modified evidence of coordinated post-transcriptional processes by Cu exposure. Results suggested that cells of regulating gene expression in both prokaryotes and P. delicatissima are much more sensitive to Cu than eukaryotes. Previous studies of marine diatoms dem- P. multiseries. onstrated that transcripts encoding nitrogen trans- porters and assimilatory enzymes are sequestered in cells under N-starvation, regulated at the translational level, and destabilized in the presence of ammonium. These results suggest that post-transcriptional pro- cesses are important in the coordination and regula- tion of N-assimilation in marine diatoms. RNA- binding proteins (RBPs) play an important role in COMPARATIVE GENOMICS OF PROTISTS the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. REVEALS EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY OF Members of several RBP families are represented in THE ARF GAP PROTEIN FAMILY the genomes of marine diatoms and the structure of Schlacht, A. these RBP families will be discussed. Electrophoretic University of Alberta, Canada, [email protected] mobility shift assays demonstrated that proteins bind Dacks, J. B. to the 3’untranslated regions of Skeletonema costatum University of Alberta, Canada, [email protected] nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase mRNA. RNA-protein binding profiles are currently being The majority of models concerning the mecha- examined under various growth conditions, and in nism of membrane-trafficking have been developed other diatom species, to further test the hypothesis primarily through studies of animals and yeast. that post-transcriptional processes are important in Although these are well-characterized model systems, the regulation of N-assimilation in diatoms. they are not necessarily representative of the full diversity of eukaryotes, especially with respect to pro- THE EFFECTS OF COPPER TOXICITY ON tists. Comparative genomic analyses with representa- PSEUDO-NITZSCHIA SPP. PHYSIOLOGY AND tives from major eukaryotic lineages have revealed DOMOIC ACID PRODUCTION an ancient origin for many membrane-trafficking Lelong, A. families. Herein we describe a comparative genomic LEMAR (UMR6539) - IUEM, France, analysis of the Arf GAP family of proteins; key regu- [email protected] lators of membrane-trafficking. We searched 34 ge- Jolley, D. F. nomes for the ten Arf GAP sub-families, as defined School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Australia in humans, and found that seven are conserved He´garet, H. across the diversity of eukaryotes and were present LEMAR (UMR6539) - IUEM, France in the eukaryotic ancestor. The other three are Kraffe, E. exclusive to holozoa. Phylogenetic analysis of individ- Laboratoire des Lipides Marins (UMR6521) - UBO, France ual sub-families revealed two patterns of evolution Soudant, P. specific to the Holozoa. Analysis of domain conserva- LEMAR (UMR6539) - IUEM, France tion revealed only a small number of domains pres- ent in the ancestral form of these proteins and in Some species of the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia protists, in contrast to the many domains identified produce domoic acid, a phycotoxin that has been for the holozoa. S26 ABSTRACTS

evoked peak Na+ current by 33% with a positive shift FROM SPEARS TO ARMOR: EVIDENCE THAT in the reversal potential. No change in activation kinet- STREPTOPHYTE WALL CELLULOSE ics was observed, although a 4 mV positive shift in volt- ORIGINATED FROM PROTISTAN age-dependent inactivation suggests a slight change in EXTRUSOMES kinetics from the open to close protein conformation. Graham, L. E. Results indicate that brevetoxins significantly affect University of Wisconsin, USA, [email protected] permeation of the VGSCs while exhibiting limited Kim, E. impacts on channel kinetics. This unique interaction Dalhousie University, Canada, [email protected] with diatom VGSCs is unlike those documented in ani- mal systems but suggests that cellular signaling in Cellulose is an essential component of the cell walls some non-toxic phytoplankton could be affected by of land plants and diverse algae, conferring protec- the presence of HAB secondary metabolites. tion and structural support, and having diverse tech- nological applications. In walled streptophytes, cellulose microfibrils having distinctive physical char- acteristics are spun out from rosette protein com- THE EFFECTS OF NITROGEN SOURCE ON plexes. How streptophyte rosettes originated is THE PHYSIOLOGY AND PRIMARY unknown, because the cellulose synthesizing com- PRODUCTIVITY OF THE plexes of bacteria and other algal lineages are linear COCCOLITHOPHORID EMILIANIA HUXLEYI to rectangular in shape. Noting that: (1) similar Finch, S. J. rosettes occur within extrusome envelopes of crypto- University of Essex, United Kingdom, sjfi[email protected] monads, identified by our molecular phylogenetic A calcifying strain of Emiliania huxleyi (CCMP1516) analyses as streptophyte relatives; (2) extrusomes simi- 3- 4+ lar to those of cryptomonads occur in related hetero- was cultured under NO and NH as the major nitrogen sources at a light intensity of 300 lmol pho- trophic protists and wall-less prasinophytes; and (3) 2 extrusomes display glycosyl residues, we hypothesized ton/m /s and temperature of 17 C on a 18:6 light:- that the cellulosic component of streptophyte cell dark cycle, in order to assess the effects of N source walls may be derived from extrusomes ancestrally on photosynthetic physiology. Growth rate, cell vol- present prior to endosymbiotic acquisition of the ume and cellular chlorophyll a, were unaffected by N streptophyte plastid. Our hypothesis is supported by source, but significant differences were observed in observations of bifrefringence and calcofluor staining the photosynthesis-light relationship, and in light- typical for beta-glucans and consistent with extrusome dependent O2 consumption. Fast repetition rate fluo- distributions in diverse protists related to the strepto- rescence measurements were used to assess changes phyte lineage. Genetic changes leading to functional in photosystem II (PSII) operating efficiency. Both light-saturated and light-limited oxygen production modification of glycosyltransferases and their deploy- 4+ ment into the plasmalemma likely occurred prior to were significantly reduced (~60%) in NH , while O2 the divergence of cellulose-walled streptophytes. uptake was increased resulting in significantly lower net production. Photosynthetic electron transfer rates ) showed inhibition at high irradiances in NO3 , not observed for NH4+ cultures. There were no substan- BREVETOXIN INTERACTION WITH tial changes in non-photochemical quenching, or VOLTAGE-ACTIVATED IONIC CURRENTS OF energy utilization and efficiency of PSII between the A MARINE DIATOM two treatments. These results indicate that nitrogen Kitchen, S. A. source does not substantially affect PSII, but consider- University of North Carolina, Wilmington, USA, ably reduces gross and net oxygen. [email protected] Taylor, A. R., University of North Carolina Wilmington, USA A NOVEL MECHANISM TO EXPLAIN The HAB species, Karenia brevis, produces brevetox- CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION IN THE ins (PbTx) which bind to voltage-gated sodium chan- CILIATED PROTIST, VORTICELLA nels (VGSCs) in nerve cells altering gating kinetics CONVALLARIA and causing membrane hyperexcitability. Recently dis- Konior, K. covered animal-like VGSCs in marine diatoms and University of Illinois at Chicago, USA, [email protected] other chromalveolates could be an ecologically rele- Buhse, H. E. vant target for interaction. The effects of PbTX-3 were University of Illinois at Chicago, USA, [email protected] therefore examined on the VGSCs of the diatom Odon- McCutcheon, S. M. tella sinensis using single electrode current and voltage University of Illinois at Chicago, USA, [email protected] clamp. Current clamp experiments showed that 1 lM PbTx-3 had no effect on membrane potential. Never- In, Vorticella convallaria, a mechanical stimulation theless under voltage clamp, PbTx-3 inhibited the results in a calcium-induced rapid contraction of the ABSTRACTS S27 spasmoneme. Ultrastructural studies revealed two dis- sequences among them. However, TEM studies sup- tinguishable regions within this organelle: a ‘‘fibrillar port permanent plastid hypothesis, based on ultra- mass’’ composed of longitudinally oriented 2–5 nm structure (e.g. plastid surrounded by two membranes, fibers and ‘‘membrane-bounded tubules’’ that are terminal position of the pyrenoid, stellate compound evenly distributed throughout the fibrillar mass. The structure, and the lack of nucleomorph) different membrane-bounded tubules contain calcium suggest- from those in prey. Why is so different between ing a calcium storage/release function. Interestingly, the two and how can we explain this difference? these tubules are also filled with 2–5 nm fibers whose We addressed this issue here using the established function is yet undetermined. We have developed a D. caudata culture as a model organism, single-cell model that explains both the role of tubules as a cal- TEM technique, and time-lapse video microscopy. cium storage/release compartment and the role of The results will be discussed in the context of the centrin fibers within these compartments. Upon status of Dinophysis plastids. receipt of a signal, the tubules release calcium to the fibrillar mass and this change in calcium concentra- tion causes disassociation of self-assembled centrin. Within the fibrillar mass, calcium binds to centrin/ spasmin molecules that are tightly associated with SFI1p (a centrin-binding protein). This leads to coil- ing and shortening of the stalk. During stalk re-exten- A PROTON CONDUCTANCE IN sion, calcium, released from centrin/SFI1p COCCOLITHOPHORES IS AN INTEGRAL complexes, is pumped back into the tubules allowing COMPONENT OF PH HOMEOSTASIS DURING self-assembly of centrin and restoring rigidity of tubu- CALCIFICATION lar compartments which assists in the extension of Taylor, A. R. the spasmoneme. University of North Carolina Wilmington, USA, [email protected] Chrachri, A. Marine Biological Association, United Kingdom Wheeler, G. Plymouth Marine Laboratory, United Kingdom Goddard, H. THE MARINE DINOFLAGELLATE GENUS Marine Biological Association, United Kingdom DINOPHYSIS IS ON THE WAY TO GAINING Brownlee, C. PLASTIDS Marine Biological Association, United Kingdom Kim, M. Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea, In most marine calcifiers, precipitation of calcite [email protected] occurs extracellularly. However, in the unicellular het- Nam. S. W. erococcolith bearing coccolithophores, calcification Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea occurs in a specialized intracellular Golgi-derived Shin, W. coccolith vacuole (CV). The completed coccoliths are Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea rapidly secreted onto the cell surface forming the Coats, D. W. outer coccosphere. At rates of up to one coccolith Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, USA per hour, intracellular calcification requires rapid ion Park, M. G. transport to the CV as well as intracellular homeosta- Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea sis of calcium and protons. Significantly, 1 mol of protons are generated for every 1 mol calcite precipi- The marine dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis is an tated, presenting a large potential for intracellular intriguing organism for investigating plastid evolu- metabolic acidosis. Effective regulation of intracellu- tion. To survive, the photosynthetic Dinophysis spp. lar pH is therefore essential. Biophysical analysis of must feed on the plastidic ciliate Mesodinium rubrum Coccolithus pelagicus shows they exhibit a novel voltage (= Myrionecta rubra), itself a consumer of cryptophytes. activated proton conductance and also possess genes While photosynthetic Dinophysis species are well encoding voltage activated proton channels. The known to contain plastids of cryptophyte origin, functional properties of the native and heterologously whether the plastids are permanent or periodically expressed proton channels bear a striking resem- derived kleptoplastids (stolen plastids) has not been blance to proton conductances previously only confirmed yet. There has been an obvious contradic- described in animal cells that undergo metabolic aci- tion between molecular and ultrastructural data for dosis. We propose that the coccolithophore proton the status of the plastid. Phylogenetic studies compar- conductance is an integral component of the pH ing plastid gene sequences of the three organisms homeostatic mechanism during calcification. More- support the kleptoplastid hypothesis, mostly based on over, our data suggest an early evolution of this the result of genetically identical plastid gene eukaryote pH regulatory mechanism. S28 ABSTRACTS

derived from a green algal endosymbiont, which is DIVERSITY IN IRON-LIMITED DIATOMS HAS located in the periplastidal compartment (PPC). The VARIED EFFECTS ON SILICON CYCLING nucleomorph genome of a chlorarachniophyte, Bige- Durkin, C. A. lowiella natans, encodes several plastid-targeted pro- University of Washington, USA, teins and hundreds of housekeeping proteins, but it [email protected] lacks many fundamental genes to maintain itself. Marchetti, A. Here, we present the first two host nucleus-encoded University of North Carolina, USA, [email protected] genes for proteins targeted into the nucleomorph, Bender, S. J. histone H2A and H2B. These two histones were pre- University of Washington, USA, [email protected] dicted to be derived from the symbiont based on phy- Truong, T. logenetic analyses, and both genes encode N-terminal University of Washington, USA, [email protected] extensions resembling PPC targeting signals. Using Morales, R. GFP fusion proteins expressed in transformed cells, University of Washington, USA, we demonstrated that the putative symbiont H2A and [email protected] H2B were targeted into the nucleomorph. Further- Armbrust, E. V. more, we have developed a method to temporarily University of Washington, USA, synchronize B. natans cells, and confirmed that the [email protected] expression of these histone genes is controlled during the cell cycle. Our findings provide the first evidence Iron limitation is known to affect diatom chemical of how the nucleomorph may be regulated by host- composition and morphology. Minor changes in the encoded gene products. resulting elemental stoichiometry affect biogeochemi- cal cycles, but predicting the impact of these changes is confounded by the diversity of diatom species. Using a combination of molecular and microscopy DATA MINING AND LOCUS DISCOVERY techniques, we analyzed lab isolates and field popula- METHODS IN THE BROWN ALGAE tions experiencing iron-limitation to determine the (PHAEOPHYCEAE) potential ways different species influence biogeo- Dankwa, M. chemical cycles. Of the four cell wall related genes Arcadia University, USA, [email protected] assessed, several are part of multi-copy gene families Han, G. that have diverged within species and are regulated Arcadia University, USA, [email protected] differently among species. One of the genes identi- Andersen, L. fied was a silicon transporter in Pseudo-nitzschia that is Arcadia University, [email protected] regulated by iron limitation. Homologous silicon Niko, L. transporters were detected in an iron-limited commu- Arcadia University, USA, [email protected] nity in the NE subarctic Pacific and appear to be reg- Phillips, N. ulated similarly to lab isolates, as shown by a Arcadia University, USA, [email protected] metatranscriptomics. Quantification of new silica pre- Braun, E. L. cipitation also indicates that Pseudo-nitzschia popula- University of Florida, ebraun68@ufl.edu tions dominated silicon cycling, even when it was not the most abundant species. A combination of molecu- Worldwide, the brown algae are one of the most lar and microscopy techniques suggests that abun- species rich and ecologically critical groups of marine dance, size, and growth rate may all affect primary producers. However, despite their impor- biogeochemical cycles differently. tance, understanding their evolution or phylogenetics remains elusive. One of the hindrances to advancing our understanding is the lack of adequate genes to resolve the brown algal tree. The goal of our project NUCLEUS- AND NUCLEOMORPH-TARGETED is use a bioinformatic data mining approach to HISTONE PROTEINS IN A develop nuclear markers for a comprehensive multi- CHLORARACHNIOPHYTE ALGA gene brown algal phylogeny with extensive taxon sam- Hirakawa, Y. pling. To accomplish this goal, we created a genetic Univ. of British Columbia, Canada, database that included all sequence data (published [email protected] and novel transcriptome data we generated) for Burki, F. brown algae and related outgroups. We clustered Univ. of British Columbia, Canada homologous sequences and found all loci that were Keeling, P. J. shared among most members of these lineages. Univ. of British Columbia, Canada Resulting gene alignments and trees were evaluated and candidate loci were identified. Primers for posi- The plastid of chlorarachniophyte algae possesses a tive loci were constructed and screened against seven relict nucleus, referred to as the nucleomorph, brown algal orders spanning the breadth of the class ABSTRACTS S29 and sequenced to further evaluate their utility. To fits the morphological description of Scytonematopsis date, 70 loci have been screened and 12 positive loci in that it possesses isopolar filaments with double (> half of our target of 20) have been identified. false-branching and tapering trichomes. Isopolar taxa with double false branching are placed in the Scyto- nemataceae, while heteropolar taxa with single false branching are placed in the Microchaetaceae. A MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION Unbranched tapering filaments are in the Rivularia- AND MULTIGENE ANALYSIS OF DRACONELLA ceae. Our taxon would be a new species if circum- HESITOSOLIS NOV. GEN. NOV. SP. scribed within Scytonematopsis. However, phylogenetic Gant, A. L. analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence data Katz Laboratory, USA, [email protected] shows this strain to be in Calothrix, even though it Parfrey, L. W. does not fit either the circumscription of Calothrix or Knight Laboratory, USA, [email protected] the Rivulariaceae. Secondary structure of the 16S–23S Grant, J. ITS region of the new taxon is highly similar to the Katz Laboratory, USA, [email protected] secondary structure of other Calothrix species, but very Katz, L. A. different from the secondary structure of the 16S–23S Smith College, USA, [email protected] ITS region of Scytonematopsis contorta, the only species Lahr, D. of Scytonematopsis that has been sequenced. This spe- Katz Laboratory, USA, [email protected] cies challenges our conception of these genera and families, and cannot be placed in any existing genus In this investigation, morphological and multigene unless either morphology or sequence data are analyses are used to identify and confirm the phyloge- ignored. netic placement of the novel vampyrellid amoebae, Draconella hesitosolis nov. gen. nov. spp. Detailed obser- vations of a key life cycle form among other physical traits and behaviors observed using scanning electron, DIVERSITY OF THE SYNDINIAN GENUS light, and fluorescence microscopy distinguish this DUBOSCQUELLA isolate as a new genus and species of vampyrellid Bachvaroff, T. R. organism. While Draconella hesitosolis nov. gen. nov. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, USA, spp. exhibits many similarities to other vampyrellid [email protected] organisms, particularly to Leptophyrs, which is also Kim, S. densely vacuolated, has distinct endo- and ectoplas- Kongju National University, Republic of Korea, mic regions, and engulfs food rather than punctures [email protected] the cell walls of its prey like members of the genera Delwiche, C. F. Vampyrella, Gobiella, and Lateromyxa; it is distinguished University of Maryland, USA, [email protected] from existing vampyrellid genera based on a combi- Coats, D. W. nation of features including: a floating form, multiple Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, USA, nuclei, anastomozing pseudopodia, and low numbers [email protected] of offspring. In addition, analyses of four concate- nated genes (SSU-rDNA, actin, hsp70, and hsp90) Syndinian dinoflagellates are marine endoparasites within a comprehensive dataset place the isolate with hosts ranging from crustaceans to radiolarians within the major eukaryotic group ‘‘Rhizaria’’, sister and even other dinoflagellates. Ribosomal sequences to the available vampyrellid sequences. Support for attributed to syndinians fall into two unequal groups: this assessment comes from single-gene SSU-rDNA tens of sequences from described genera versus thou- geneologies, as well as the presence of an amino acid sands of sequences from environmental clone insertion in the ubiquitin gene, which is shared by libraries. The syndinian genus Duboscquella was first another well supported group of organisms known as described from tintinnid ciliate hosts and contains Formaninifera also within ‘‘Rhizaria’’. eight described species, five from tintinnids. In the current study Duboscquella was found in eight different tintinnids, and infected hosts from field samples were CALOTHRIX OR SCYTONEMATOPSIS?ANEW used for single cell PCR. Naı¨ve host sequences were SPECIES OF CYANOBACTERIA THAT DEFIES also determined using hosts from the same samples. GENERIC PLACEMENT Ribosomal host and parasite phylogenies did not indi- Johansen, J. R. cate strong patterns of coevolution. The sequence John Carroll University, USA, [email protected] variation within and between individual infections was Vaccarino, M. A. also assessed using replicate single cell PCR in all John Carroll University, USA, [email protected] cases, combined with cloning for three of the para- sites. Overall there was little overlap between the envi- We recently isolated a novel cyanobacterial strain ronmental clone library dataset and the emerging from a damp fallen log in Oahu, Hawaii. The species clade of sequences attributed to Duboscquella. S30 ABSTRACTS

T. nidifica) in two sections, Rothia and Tolypella, THE CONFUSING STATE OF CORALLINE respectively. It was further suggested that Tolypella (CORALLINALES, RHODOPHYTA) might be a derived group within Nitella. Currently, TAXONOMY IN THE NORTHEAST PACIFIC: there are no comprehensive molecular phylogenetic LOCAL AND GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS studies of Tolypella. Instead, phylogenetic studies of Gabrielson, P. W. Characeae and closely related taxa have sampled University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA, between one and three of the 16 described Tolypella [email protected] species to serve as placeholders or outgroup taxa. In our ongoing investigation of species diversity in Toly- Molecular sequencing of northeast Pacific field-col- pella, plastid sequence data were assembled from lected corallines has revealed more species than avail- field-collected and herbarium specimens. Phyloge- able names. But what is the correct specific epithet netic analyses of plastid sequence data supported for each species, and to what genus does each species monophyly of Tolypella and of sections Rothia belong? Because of the morphological simplicity and Tolypella. Also, several clades were identified and/or plasticity of both articulated and crustose which suggests greater species diversity than currently corallines, and because we don’t know which mor- recognized. phological/anatomical characters are phylogenetically informative, we have had difficulty answering these fundamental questions. I will show that only by sequencing type specimens can the first question be THE LOCALIZATION AND PHYLOGENY OF answered, and only by including generitype species in ROACH-INFECTING ENTAMOEBA phylogenetic analyses can the second question be Fakhri, M. H. resolved. Examples of both methods will be shown to Univ. of Arkansas, USA, [email protected] resolve northeast Pacific species in the genera Meso- Silberman, J. D. phyllum and Bossiella, whereas problems remain with Univ. of Arkansas, USA, [email protected] northeast Pacific species of Pseudolithophyllum. Molecu- lar sequence data are resolving coralline species into While E. histolytica has been well-studied for its role genera more reliably than currently used morphologi- in human pathogenesis, the biodiversity of other cal/anatomical characters. The application of species Entamoeba remains poorly understood. Preliminary names far removed from their type localities, particu- data of small subunit (ssu) rRNA gene sequences larly for crustose corallines, needs to be tested with from insect guts revealed a novel clade of insect- methods that do not rely on characters of morphol- infecting Entamoeba, with a diversity rivaling that of all ogy/anatomy. other Entamoeba combined. In the current study we aimed to flesh out this diversity by collecting Entamoeba ssu rRNA gene sequences from different organs of the cockroaches Periplaneta americana, Blatta A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF TOLYPELLA A. germanica and Blaberus giganteus. Most of the detected BR. (CHARALES, CHAROPHYTA): RECENT variants fell within the insect-infecting clade. The few ANALYSES BASED ON PLASTID SEQUENCE that did not were variants of E. moshkovskii, a potential DATA. human pathogen, suggesting a role for cockroaches Pe´rez, W. as disease vectors. Our hypothesis that Entamoeba The New York Botanical Garden and The City University of invades non-gut tissues in insects as it does in verte- New York, USA, [email protected] brates was supported by the detection of Entamoeba in McCourt, R. M. these regions in addition to being found throughout Academy of Natural Sciences, USA, [email protected] the alimentary canal. Patterns of host specificity and Casanova, M. T. differential localization of variants were not apparent, Royal Botanic Gardens, Australia, though the sampling of more host specimens in the [email protected] future will help resolve this. Karol, K. G. The New York Botanical Garden, USA, [email protected]

The Characeae contain two tribes with six genera: MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS OF tribe Chareae, which includes Chara, Lamprothamnium, COMPSOPOGON (RHODOPHYTA, Lychnothamnus and Nitellopsis; and tribe Nitelleae, COMPSOGONALES) IN BRAZIL which includes Tolypella and Nitella. The Characeae Necchi Jr, O. exhibit a broad range of morphological diversity and Sa˜o Paulo State University, Brazil, in the most comprehensive taxonomic treatment over [email protected] 400 species were consolidated into 81 broadly defined species. Within this treatment, 16 Tolypella species Species level taxonomy and phylogenetic relation- were subsumed under two species (T. intricata and ship among 10 populations of Compsopogon in Brazil ABSTRACTS S31 were investigated using two molecular markers - rbcL gene and cox1 barcode region. Analyses based on PHYLOGENY OF THE EUSTIGMATOPHYCEAE rbcL sequences revealed a tree with one large clade Fawley, K. P. with high support (100% bootstrap, 1.00 posterior University of Arkansas at Monticello, USA, probability), representing the family Compsopogona- [email protected] ceae and the single genus Compsopogon. All Brazilian Fawley, M. W. sequences and nine from other regions of the world University of Arkansas at Monticello, USA, (six from Genbank and three unpublished [email protected] sequences) were included in this clade. Sequence Elia´sˇ, M. divergence among Compsopogon was relatively low: Charles University, Czech Republic, [email protected] 0–8 bp, 0–0.8%. Analyses based on cox1 sequences Nemjova´, K. also revealed a low sequence divergence among all Charles University, Czech Republic, [email protected] Brazilian samples: 0–7 bp, 0–1.1%. The two previously Probst, N. K. recognized species for Brazil on a morphological University of Arkansas at Monticello, USA, basis, C. coeruleus (cortex with regular polygonal cells) [email protected] and C. leptoclados (cortex with rhizoidal cortical cells), were not supported by the molecular data. Results The Eustigmatophyceae as currently defined com- indicate that all sequences represent a single species prise only a few genera and species, primarily from – C. coeruleus (the type species of the genus), and the soil and marine environments. However, recent work family Compsopogonaceae is monotypic. An ongoing with freshwater isolates has revealed a wealth of diver- investigation with a more representative world sam- sity in the class. Some of this new diversity may be pling will evaluate this taxonomic scheme. organisms that were previously referred to the related class Xanthophyceae, but many isolates that may rep- resent new genera and species are ‘‘little green balls’’ with few distinguishing features apparent by light microscopy. Results of phylogenetic analyses of plastid rbcL and nuclear 18S rDNA sequences from these isolates and authentic strains of named Eustigmato- MOLECULAR TOOLS EXPOSE MISIDENTIFIED phyceae indicate a need to revise and expand the tax- AND NOVEL TAXA AMONG BERMUDIAN onomy of the class. We have detected several new RHODOPHYTA lineages among the freshwater isolates, including pos- Popolizio, T. R. sible new genera, families and orders. On the other University of Rhode Island, USA, [email protected] hand, our results suggest that the currently accepted Lane, C. E. genera Vischeria, Eustigmatos and possibly Chloridella University of Rhode Island, USA, [email protected] should be merged into a single genus. We are pres- Schneider, C. W. ently expanding the characterization of these isolates Trinity College, USA, [email protected] with the goal of finding features of the life histories or zoospore characteristics that will provide additional The use of molecular-assisted alpha taxonomy insights on the relationships among the Eustigmato- (MAAT) has become increasingly widespread for red phyceae isolates. algae (Rhodophyta), whose variable morphology has historically made species-level identification challeng- ing. We applied these methods to the marine flora of Bermuda, an isolated archipelago located at the inter- EVOLUTION OF THE HETEROKONT ALGAE face of tropical and warm temperate zones. Based on AS SEEN FROM ORGANELLAR GENOMES work done over the last decade, it is clear that a sig- Rocap, G. nificant number of Bermuda’s algal species have been University of Washington, USA, misidentified, and the level of endemism in these [email protected] islands may be underestimated. Using multi-gene Jacobs, M. J. molecular analysis, we have uncovered 46 species cur- University of Washington, U.S. Virgin Isles, rently classified as 19 biological entities, at least 24 of [email protected] which may be novel taxa. A single taxon, Centroceras McKay, C. clavulatum, is currently recognized for Bermuda, yet University of Washington, USA, five were revealed by MAAT analysis (two potentially [email protected] novel species). The Laurencia obtusa complex is under Cattolico, R. A. investigation because it forms three distinct species in University of Washington, USA, [email protected] phylogenetic analysis, none of which include the type locality. Additionally, the genus Peyssonnelia is The heterokonts (or stramenopiles) encompass resolved into a minimum of six clades in our analyses, diverse and ecologically successful lineages of chlorophyll four of which are likely novel. c-containing algae, including diatoms, pelagophytes, and S32 ABSTRACTS chrysophytes. Like haptophytes, photosynthetic hetero- Heterolobosea (sensu lato) clade, and that Heterol- konts are secondary endosymbionts of the red lineage. obosea is the appropriate name for this group. However, despite their morphological diversity and ecological importance, evolutionary relationships among the various classes remain largely unresolved. We have combined a fosmid cloning approach with the EVOLUTION OF PHENOTYPIC DIVERSITY IN illumina short-read sequencing platform to target the PICOCYANOBACTERIA FROM THE GULF OF organellar genomes. Here we use both plastid and MEXICO mitochondrial genome sequences from 21 taxa repre- Everroad, R. C. senting 10 major classes to reconstruct the phylogeny RIKEN, Japan, [email protected] of the heterokonts. The organellar genome sequences Wood, A. M. provide insight into plastid to nuclear gene transfer in University of Oregon, USA, [email protected] secondary endosymbionts and offer additional loci for diversity studies in the field. A more accurate phylo- Within marine Synechococcus, phycoerythrin (PE) geny of the heterokont lineage has implications for spectral phenotype is an ecologically important char- timescales of evolution of the major classes and sug- acter associated with distinct optical regimes. Evi- gests priorities for future candidates for whole genome dence has revealed the adaptive evolution of this sequencing. phenotype independent of the core genome. How- ever, PE is found throughout the picocyanobacterial radiation, and the ecological and evolutionary pro- cesses underlying PE variation in this broader context THE DEEPER-LEVEL PHYLOGENY AND remain unclear. Here we report on the occurrence of EVOLUTION OF HETEROLOBOSEA: A MAJOR a wide range of spectral phenotypes within a single GROUP OF PROTISTS sample from the Gulf of Mexico and evaluate the evo- Park, J. S. lutionary history of the genes that underlie this diver- Kyungpook National University, Republic of Korea, sity. Combinations of molecular evolutionary and [email protected] physiological approaches indicate PE genes associated Grimm, K. with distinct phenotypes form strongly supported Dalhousie University, Canada monophyletic clades with directional evolution gener- Zhang, Q. Q. ally adapting towards bluer water. However some Present address: Dalhousie University, Canada, evidence also suggests that PE best suited to greener Harding, T. water evolved via gene loss in marine Synechococcus, Dalhousie University, Canada with the presence of this phenotype in marine Cyano- Brown, M. bium best explained by horizontal gene transfer. Our Dalhousie University, Canada field data show that picocyanobacterial communities Simpson, A. G. maintain genetic and phenotypic diversity sufficient Dalhousie University, Canada, [email protected] for both physiological adaptation and natural selec- tion to function as mechanisms for observed commu- Heterolobosea (Page and Blanton 1985) is a major nity-level changes in spectral phenotype. group of protozoa that has increased substantially in known diversity since its proposal. In particular, the amoebae and amoeboflagellates that were originally included are now affiliated to a range of ‘flagellates’ as well. The major phylogenetic relationships within IDENTIFYING LATIN AMERICAN CHARA Heterolobosea (sensu lato) are not well understood, (CHARALES: CHAROPHYTA) USING DNA and the evolutionary history and deep-level systemat- SEQUENCES ics of the group is debated. We have examined the Peavey, T. M. molecular phylogeny of Heterolobosea, with two foci Fordham College a Lincoln Center, USA, – firstly, multiple lineages of the genetically diverse [email protected] flagellate ‘species’ Percolomonas cosmopolitus, which is Hall, J. D. related to the multiflagellated Stephanopogon and, sec- Academy of Natural Sciences, USA, [email protected] ondly, some newly cultured deep-branching lineages. Karol, K. G. We find that P. cosmopolitus is actually monophyletic: The New York Botanical Garden, USA, [email protected] Earlier results suggesting that P. cosmopolitus is the paraphyletic stem for Stephanopogon seem to have The New York Botanical Garden Herbarium (NY) been analysis artifacts. Whereas an origin of amoebae houses more than 500 specimens of Chara collected within Heterolobosea (sensu lato) has been suggested from Latin America. These specimens were cata- recently, we find that the deepest branches within logued and their collection information and taxo- this group include amoebae. It is probable, therefore, nomic annotations were made available online that amoebae were an ancestral feature of the entire (sciweb.nybg.org/science2/hcol/chara/index.asp). ABSTRACTS S33

DNA was extracted from 339 specimens and attempts were made to amplify and sequence the plastid genes HIGH-FREQUENCY WATER QUALITY atpB and rbcL. Resulting sequences were incorporated MONITORING IN THE CENTRAL INDIAN into a larger data set that included numerous Chara RIVER LAGOON, FLORIDA species from around the world. Thirty-four percent Hanisak, M. D. (116) of the specimens were successfully sequenced Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute at Florida Atlantic to some extent. Sixty-six percent (76) of those speci- University, USA, [email protected] mens were analyzed phylogentically. Of those speci- Davis, K. S. mens, the molecular data were consistent with the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute at Florida Atlantic original determination for ~49% (37), and inconsis- University, USA, [email protected] tent for ~43% (33). Six previously unidentified speci- mens were identified to species with these data. Due Water quality in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL) to incomplete sequence data, we were unable to iden- has changed significantly over the past eight decades tify ~36% (42) of the specimens to species using phy- due to watershed alteration and land drainage pat- logenetic methods. However, we were able to place terns. High-frequency water quality monitoring, along these individuals into a broader phylogenetic context a perceived water quality and seagrass gradient, has (e.g. sections). These data contribute to our under- been underway since May 2005 in the IRL between standing of the occurrence and biogeographic northern Vero Beach and Fort Pierce. Temperature, patterns of Chara in Latin America. salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, and chloro- phyll a are being continuously monitored with data- sonde multiprobes; color, suspended solids, nutrients, and light attenuation coefficients (K) are measured weekly. Overall, from north to south, salinity increases, while turbidity, color, suspended solids, and chlorophyll a (all attenuators of light) decrease, as do nutrients and K. The magnitude of most of HOST-SPECIALIST LINEAGES DOMINATE THE these patterns varies considerably from year to year ADAPTIVE RADIATIONS OF ENDOSYMBIOTIC due to interannual variability in precipitation and DINOFLAGELLATES (SYMBIODINIUM) freshwater discharge into the lagoon. Results to date Thornhill, D. J. demonstrate the tremendous climate-related interan- Defenders of Wildlife, USA, [email protected] nual variability in water quality in the IRL and can be LaJeunesse, T. C. used in models of expected positive improvements in The Pennsylvania State University, USA, [email protected] estuarine health following the reduction of freshwater inputs, which are recognized as the most significant Adaptive radiations have occurred throughout the human impacts on this estuary. history of life. Many of these bursts of diversification occur when populations differentiate from a common ancestor through ecological specialization. Clade C Symbiodinium is the most diverse and ecologically dominant group of endosymbionts (zooxanthellae) found in corals. In the Caribbean, phylogenetic reconstructions based on rapidly-evolving non-coding SEPARATION OF EUKARYOTIC sequence data from plastid psbA mini-circle, and sup- BACTERIVORE DNA FROM ENVIRONMENTAL ported by nuclear ribosomal DNA spacer regions, SAMPLES identified numerous independent monophyletic lin- Fay, S. A. eages, each comprising haplotypes associated with Temple University, USA, [email protected] specific host taxa. Portions of these lineages are fur- DeVaul, S. B. ther differentiated by geographic region. The level of Temple University, USA, [email protected] genetic divergence between Symbiodinium clade C lin- Halliday, E. eages is indicative of high species diversity according Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA, to ecological and phylogenetic species concepts. [email protected] When compared to counterparts from the Indo-Paci- Gast, R. J. fic, this clade appears to have undergone a major Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA, diversification from a common ancestor beginning in [email protected] the late Miocene-early Pliocene as the planet grew Sanders, R. W. cooler and CO2 levels reached their lowest levels in Temple University, USA, [email protected] 300 MY. These lineages and the specificity they dis- play therefore appear long-lived and most are proba- We present a novel method to isolate the DNA of bly incapable of associating with different hosts in bacterivores from environmental samples. Live bacte- response to climate warming. ria took up a thymidine analog, bromodeoxyuridine S34 ABSTRACTS

(BrdU), and incorporated it into their DNA, verified by dot-blotting. These labeled bacteria were then HOW MANY KINDS OF CILIATES IN A incubated with natural water samples from marine COASTAL PLANKTON SAMPLE? COMPARISON and lake environments. After incubation, whole DNA OF CLONE LIBRARY AND PYROSEQUENCING was extracted. Labeled DNA from these extracts was ESTIMATES isolated using immunoprecipition (IP) with anti-BrdU McManus, G. B. antibodies. Selectivity of the IP was verified by qPCR University of Connecticut, USA, of labeled and unlabeled template DNA. Eukaryotes [email protected] from the environmental samples were successfully Katz, L. A. labeled with BrdU. This method separates DNA from Smith College, USA environmental samples by functional category. Like Tamura, M. DNA stable isotope probing (DNA-SIP), it allows for Okinawa Institution of Science and Technology, Japan downstream genetic analyses (such as T-RFLP, DGGE, Grant, J. cloning, and next-gen sequencing) that answer ques- Smith College, USA tions beyond whole community characterization. By isolating DNA from bacterivorous microbial We designed primers for the dominant clade of eukaryotes, this method will help expand our under- coastal planktonic ciliates (oligotrichs plus choreo- standing of trophic interactions in the microbial bio- trichs from the class Spirotrichea) and used them to sphere and of the relationship between biodiversity construct SSU clone libraries from samples collected and ecosystem function. in Long Island Sound, an estuary in the Northwest Atlantic. Stations were selected to provide a range in environmental variability, including the Connecticut River and its outflow plume, the stratified open DNA BARCODING OF PROTISTS IN SOILS: A Sound, and shallow nearshore waters. Clone libraries CASE STUDY USING ARCELLINID TESTATE produced the familiar pattern of a few dominant oper- AMOEBAE (AMOEBOZOA) ational taxonomic units (OTUs) and many rare ones, Heger, T. J. without evidence of saturation. Even so, the total num- University of British Columbia, Canada, ber of observed OTUs was equal to or greater than the [email protected] number of previously observed morphospecies, based Kosakyan, A. on microscope counts. Pyrosequencing (454 technol- University of Neuchatel,^ Switzerland ogy) produced > 30,000 sequences from the same sam- Lara, E. ples. When contigs were assembled at 97% similarity University of Neuchatel^ and single-sequence contigs were eliminated, results Mitchell, E. A. were broadly concordant with the clone libraries, University of Neuchatel^ except that about twice as many OTUs were observed, Leander, B. and the 454 data was dominated by choreotrichs. In University of British Columbia both sequence collections, only a few OTUs could be identified by BLAST on GenBank, indicating that most Species identification in protists is traditionally species are yet to be sequenced. based on morphological features. However, the taxo- nomic validity of characters used to recognize mor- phospecies remains unclear, which is problematic for addressing fundamental questions in protist soil ecol- PSEUDOPOD: PROTISTS REACH OUT ogy, biogeography and evolutionary history. In order Eglit, Y. to evaluate the utility of the Cytochrome Oxidase University of British Columbia, Canada, Subunit 1 (COI) marker for more accurately identify- [email protected] ing species of protists, we focused on arcellinid tes- Logsdon, J. tate amoebae as a case study. Arcellinid testate University of Iowa, USA amoebae are key players in soil microbial food webs Habura, A. and important contributors to nutrient cycling. We Wadsworth Center, NYSDOH, and University at Albany, obtained 100 COI sequences belonging to 25 mor- USA, [email protected] phospecies isolated from soil litter and moss habitats. This approach allowed us to discriminate all of the With research centers, funding agencies and tax- morphospecies and revealed several potential cryptic payers placing increasing emphasis on the communi- species. The study showed that COI is a good candi- cation of science to the public, how can scientific date for DNA barcoding species of arcellinid testate communication be expanded beyond traditional amoebae. However, in order to more broadly use this publication in peer-reviewed literature? Most marker in soil molecular ecology, suitable primers researchers agree that a public dialog is important, need to be developed for other groups of arcellinid but insufficient knowledge of outreach-friendly com- testate amoebae. ABSTRACTS S35 munication methods and lack of time may hamper individual efforts. We will discuss how seemingly DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF NANO- unrelated resources (blogging platforms, media con- AND PICOEUKARYOTES IN THE SOUTHERN tacts, biological databases and computer graphics) OCEAN AS REVEALED BY ENVIRONMENTAL can be used to present a cross-platform, readily acces- SEQUENCING AND MICROSCOPY sible window into modern protist research. These Edvardsen, B. tools not only improve communication with the pub- University of Oslo, Department of Biology, Norway, lic, but can also improve scientific productivity and [email protected] enhance collaboration. Emphasis will be placed on Nersveen, L. tools that are within the reach of single research University of Oslo, Department of Biology, Norway, groups or very small consortia. [email protected] Torgrimsby, T. L. University of Oslo, Department of Biology, Norway, [email protected] CRYPTIC SPECIATION WITHIN Engesmo, A. BATRACHOSPERMUM SECTION University of Oslo, Department of Biology, Norway, HELMINTHOIDEA (BATRACHOSPERMALES, [email protected] RHODOPHYTA) REVEALED BY MULTIGENE Egge, E. MOLECULAR ANALYSIS University of Oslo, Department of Biology, Norway, Salomaki, E. D. [email protected] Ohio University, USA, [email protected] Eikrem, W. Kwandrans, J. University of Oslo, Department of Biology, Norway, Institute of Nature Conservation, Poland [email protected] Eloranta, P. Andersen, T. Finland University of Oslo, Department of Biology, Norway, Kostkeviciene, J. [email protected] Lithuania Vis, M.L. In this study we explored the diversity and distribu- Ohio University, USA tion of planktonic nano- and picoeukaryotes in Ant- arctic waters by combining 454-pyrosequencing, clone Previous research, using the rbcL gene and to a les- libraries and electron microscopy. Water samples ser extent SSU sequence data, has placed the freshwa- were collected and physico-chemical parameters mea- ter red alga, Batrachospermum boryanum Sirodot, in a sured during summer 2008 with the Norwegian R/V well-supported clade with B. confusum, B. confusum G.O. Sars in the Atlantic sector of the Southern forma anatinum, B. heterocorticum, and B. involutum. Ocean, at stations along a transect (15E) between Furthermore, all of these taxa share the morphologi- 45–67S. Ribosomal DNA of plankton in the size cal synapomorphy of heterocortication. More than range 0.8–35lm was amplified with universal eukary- 165 specimens have been collected from a total of 51 otic and haptophyte specific primers followed by locations; 33 in the USA, 4 in Great Britain, nine in pyro- and Sanger sequencing. Most rDNA sequences Poland, two in Lithuania, and three in Finland. Using could not be assigned to a cultured and sequenced rbcL and cox1 sequence data, the relationships species (at ‡ 99.3% identity level) indicating that a among these specimens were analyzed. Results of large fraction of the plankton community remains to maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses showed be genetically characterized. Electron microscopy B. boryanum to be paraphyletic within the clade of revealed some of this diversity, but more cultured heterocorticated taxa. From these preliminary data, strains are needed as reference for a precise identifi- there appear to be seven genetically distinct hetero- cation. The taxonomic groups represented with high- corticated species, but more may be delineated with est number of clones/reads were dinoflagellates, the addition of new specimens. The clades from the stramenopiles and haptophytes. The species composi- molecular data are not geographically structured tion was significantly different at the northernmost and many of these taxa appear to overlap in their station compared to further south, suggesting that ranges. Future research will focus on type specimens nano- and picoeukaryotes species composition and of these species and linking them to these genetic distribution may serve as indicators of climate change data. in polar waters. S36 ABSTRACTS

thin, shallow layer of intense nitrification. The BACTERIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN regions of high primary production were associated PORPHYRA UMBILICALIS FROM THE MAINE with this unusual source of nitrogen and various SHORE IN AUTUMN AND WINTER ASSESSED features of the Leeuwin Current. Several unusually THROUGH 16S RDNA SEQUENCING productive oceanic stations had this shallow and thin Miranda, L. M. layer of high nitrate below the mixed layer but within University of Maine, USA, [email protected] the euphotic zone. Oceanic stations were dominated Grossman, A. by the picoplanktors, Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus The Carnegie Institution, USA, [email protected] but areas of greater primary production were more Brawley, S. H. diverse; a community with more diatoms, chloro- University of Maine, USA, brawley.maine.edu phytes, prasinophytes and cryptophytes. Large mean- ders formed warm-core eddies that also had a shift in Seasonal variations in the bacterial community of the phytoplankton community towards diatoms. Pho- Porphyra umbilicalis from the coast of Maine were tosynthetic dinoflagellates were negligible but hetero- assessed by performing 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) trophic and kleptochloroplastic taxa were common. sequence analysis. Five blades per season were col- Coccolithophorids and pelagophytes were also com- lected randomly along a transect at Schoodic Point in mon but seemed to contribute little to the geo- both fall 2010 and winter 2011. The effect of antibi- graphic variation in primary production. otic treatment on bacterial community was investi- gated by comparing laboratory cultured Porphyra treated with penicillin and streptomycin, with wild Porphyra from the field. PCR products encompassing the V5 to V9 regions were partially sequenced and analyzed using the Ribosomal Database Project and BLAST. Sequences were assigned to seven taxonomic classes of the domain Bacteria: Sphingobacteria, CHANGES IN DISTRIBUTION AND Planctomycetacia, Gammaproteobacteria, Flavobacte- ABUNDANCE OF THE KELP SPECIES ria, Alphaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria. Preli- MACROCYSTIS AND NEREOCYSTIS IN minary results indicate that seasonal conditions WASHINGTON STATE impact the microbiota associated with the Porphyra Mumford, T. F. blade, and that, not surprisingly, antibiotic treatment WA Department of Natural Resources, USA, strongly biases the population. High-throughput [email protected] sequencing is currently in progress to profile the Berry, H. D. complex microbial communities associated with these WA Department of Natural Resources, USA, Porphyra blades with the goal to understand how the [email protected] various members of the bacterial community impact the growth and development of Porphyra umbilicalis. Two kelp species, Nereocystis luetkeana and Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) form extensive beds in the nearshore waters of Puget Sound, Wash- ington. Because the pneumatocyst-bearing sporophyte phases form conspicuous surface canopies, they are easily mapped. We have mapped these species annu- ally since 1989 along the Strait of Juan de Fuca and PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOMS ON THE outer coast. Additionally, historical maps date from CONTINENTAL SHELF OF WESTERN the late 1800’s on the ‘‘first t-sheets’’ a comprehen- AUSTRALIA sive survey in 1912–15, and other subsequent surveys. Thompson, P. A. These surveys show that while the fidelity of the loca- CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Australia, tion of ‘‘beds’’ has been remarkably consistent, inter- [email protected] annual variation and long-term changes have been Lourey, M. substantial. Abundance of both species has increased CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric, Australia, along the outer coast and Strait of Juan de Fuca since [email protected] 1989. As elsewhere, high inter-annual variability appears to be linked to ENSO events. In the last cen- The continental shelf of Western Australia supports tury, there has been localized losses of Nereocystis in a winter phytoplankton bloom that is more intense the San Juan Archipelago, and significant losses in during La Nin˜a years. The coastal station at ~32S has central and southern Puget Sound. Changes may be a ~60 year record showing warmer winter conditions due to grazing pressure, water quality changes, and and greater nitrate concentrations. On this downwel- community shifts following disturbances. Kelp losses ling coast the source of dissolved nitrogen to support have implications for the recovery of ESA-listed spe- the phytoplankton bloom was recently shown to be a cies of salmon and rockfish. ABSTRACTS S37

Kim, J. M. ACCLIMATED PHYSIOLOGY OF THE DIATOM Pohang University of Science and Technology, Republic of THALASSIOSIRA PSEUDONANA UNDER Korea, [email protected] PRE-INDUSTRIAL AND FUTURE LEVELS OF Park, K. CO2: IMPLICATIONS FOR CARBON Pohang University of Science and Technology, Republic of SEQUESTRATION Korea, [email protected] Hennon, G. M. Lee, K. University of Washington, USA, [email protected] Pohang University of Science and Technology, Republic of Armbrust, E. V. Korea, [email protected] University of Washington, USA, [email protected] Shin, K. Ashworth, J. Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute/South Sea Institute for Systems Biology, USA, Institute, Republic of Korea [email protected] Lee, A. A mesocosm experiment was conducted to evaluate Institute for Systems Biology, USA, the effects of future climate conditions on photosyn- [email protected] thesis and production of phytoplankton community. Orellana, M. V. Natural phytoplankton assemblages were incubated Institute for Systems Biology, USA, with nine mesocosms under the present conditions [email protected] (ca. 400 ppmv CO2 and ambient temperature), and Baliga, N. S. two conditions of the future climates (acidification: Institute for Systems Biology, USA, ca. 900 ppmv CO2 and ambient temperature; green- [email protected] house: ca .900 ppmv CO2 and ~3 C warmer than ambient). Light utilization efficiency (a, LC) and Diatoms are responsible for 20% of global primary maximum relative electron transport rate (rETRm, productivity; some of this carbon sinks and is buried LC) significantly reduced at the acidification condi- by sediments resulting in carbon sequestration. Stud- tion during the bloom of phytoplankton, but photo- ies have suggested that diatoms may fix more carbon synthesis and primary production were not affected under future levels of high CO2, increasing the Red- by the manipulated future conditions. The future field ratio (C:N) of sinking material and increasing climate conditions repressed the biomass growth via the amount of carbon sequestered. To investigate this enhancing the grazing activity during the bloom per- hypothesis we conducted chemostat experiments with iod. If these results are in expressive future climate T. pseudonana to acclimate the cells to pre-industrial responses, the ability of light utilization could be levels of CO (Media 600 ppm, Chemostat 300 ppm), 2 declined at increased CO2 conditions without down- and future levels of CO2 (Media 1150 ppm, Chemo- regulation of photosynthesis. Also we propose that stat 500 ppm). T. pseudonana was limited by 10 lM grazing pressure could be a key factor for regulation nitrate with dilution rate controlling growth rate to of phytoplankton bloom in future oceans. 1.5 per day. We collected particulate and dissolved organic carbon, carbonate chemistry and flow cytome- try measurements. The Redfield ratio did not change significantly between CO2 treatments, but the relative EFFECT OF SALINITY ON GROWTH AND uptake of CO2 increased under the high CO2 treat- SURVIVAL OF EIGHT SPECIES OF ment. Flow cytometry showed a decrease in cell vol- GAMBIERDISCUS ume at high CO2. These results suggest a change in Kibler, S. R. carbon uptake from bicarbonate to CO2, however the National Ocean Service, NOAA, USA, Redfield ratio of diatoms acclimated to high CO2 will [email protected] not change and therefore carbon sequestration will Holland, W. C. not increase. National Ocean Service, NOAA, USA, [email protected] Litaker, R. W. National Ocean Service, NOAA, USA, CHANGES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND [email protected] PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF Vandersea, M. W. PHYTOPLANKTON UNDER FUTURE CLIMATE National Ocean Service, NOAA, USA, CONDITIONS: A MESOCOSM STUDY [email protected] Kim, J. H. Tester, P. A. Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea, National Ocean Service, NOAA, USA, [email protected] [email protected] Kim, K. Y. Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea, The genus Gambierdiscus, which includes >10 spe- [email protected] cies of benthic/epiphytic dinoflagellates, has been S38 ABSTRACTS recognized as the source of toxins causing ciguatera more diverse than fast- growing bloom populations. fish poisoning (CFP). The spatial and temporal We assume that sexuality in bloom populations might unpredictability of CFP outbreaks has been ascribed play a more important role than previously thought to blooms of different Gambierdiscus species with dif- in maintaining the genetic diversity of the popula- ferent toxicities and habitat requirements. Recent tion. progress in molecular identification of Gambierdiscus species has made it possible to determine the effects of environmental variables, such as salinity, on growth and distribution of Gambierdiscus species. However, FRESHWATER HABS IN WASHINGTON STATE the salinity vs. growth relationship for each species needs to be defined before this factor’s effect on spe- Hardy, F. J. cies distribution can be understood. Here we report Washington State Department of Health, USA, the results of laboratory experiments testing the [email protected] effect of salinity on growth of eight species of Gambi- erdiscus. Maximum growth rates of each species were Toxic blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) are an measured across a range of salinities between 15 and emerging public health concern in Washington’s rec- 41 and growth rates were used to define optimum reational waters causing illnesses to humans, pets, salinity (Smax) for each species as well as upper and wildlife. Washington Department of Health (SHi) and lower (SLo) tolerance limits for survival. (DOH) developed provisional guidance values for We also used sudden decreases in salinity to simulate microcystins (6 ug/L) and anatoxin-a (1 ug/L) for the effect of freshwater input on growth and survival. incorporation into a protocol for lake managers. DOH and Washington Department of Ecology work with local health partners to track toxic blooms and related animal and human health incidents through- GENETIC STRUCTURE OF THE TOXIC out the state. Microcystins were observed above the DINOFLAGELLATE ALEXANDRIUM guidance value in 18 lakes in 2008, 19 lakes in 2009, OSTENFELDII IN THE BALTIC SEA and 14 lakes in 2010 (maximum = 18,700 ug/L). Tahvanainen-Ma¨enpa¨a¨,P. Anatoxin-a was observed above the guidance value in Marine Centre, Finnish Environment Center, Finland, eight lakes in 2008, 4 lakes in 2009, and 5 lakes in pia.tahvanainen@helsinki.fi 2010 (maximum = 172,640 ug/L). Cylindrospermop- Figueroa, R. I. sin (maximum = 0.106 ug/L) and saxitoxin (maxi- University of Lund, Sweden, [email protected] mum = 193 ug/L) have each been observed in two Nagai, S. Washington lakes. Partners are beginning a third sea- Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland son of monitoring thirty Puget Sound lowland lakes Sea, Japan, [email protected] for the four cyanotoxins as part of a cooperative Kremp, A. agreement with Centers for Disease Control and Pre- Marine Centre, Finnish Environment Center, Finland, vention entitled ‘‘Harmful Algae Bloom-related anke.kremp@ymparisto.fi Illness and Surveillance System’’ (HABISS).

The toxic dinoflagellate, (Alexandrium ostenfeldii), (Paulsen) Balech & Tangen has recently started to form dense localized blooms also in the central and SEASONALITY OF SELECTED NUTRITIONAL northern parts of the Baltic Sea. To better under- CONSTITUENTS OF EDIBLE DELMARVA stand the present expansion of the species in the SEAWEEDS Baltic Sea, we analyzed the genetic structure and Madden, M. L. gene flow among different spatially and temporally University of Maryland Eastern Shore, USA, separated populations using 1177 polymorphic AFLP- [email protected] markers. Fragment analyses revealed high genetic Mitra, M. variability within all examined populations. Spatial University of Maryland Eastern Shore, USA, populations were significantly differentiated from [email protected] each other with the highest level of differentiation Schwarz, J. G. measured between the Southern and Northern popu- University of Maryland Eastern Shore, USA, lations. Such clear geographic structure suggests [email protected] some degree of local adaptation despite the relatively Ruby, D. E. low level of genetic difference and apparent gene University of Maryland Eastern Shore, USA, flow among the populations. Cyst and bloom popula- [email protected] tions from the same location displayed nearly equal genetic structures. The high genetic diversity of the Selected proximate constituents of three edible bloom population was unexpected since cyst popula- seaweed species (Ulva lactuca, Fucus vesiculosus, and tions are usually considered genetic reservoirs and Gracilaria tikvahiae) were compared for possible ABSTRACTS S39 development as a food crop on the Delmarva Penin- sula region. Sampling was conducted bimonthly in UNRAVELING THE TAXONOMIC KNOT OF Virginia and Delaware from 2005–2008. Moisture, BRACTEACOCCUS, DICTYOCOCCUS, ash, dietary fiber, proteins and fat were measured sea- PSEUDOMURIELLA,ANDCHROMOCHLORIS sonally and calorific value calculated once. Statistically (CHLOROPHYCEAE, CHLOROPHYTA): A CASE significant variations in the selected proximate con- OF CRYPTIC GENERA stituents were found among seasons, species, and Fucikova, K. between and within sites. The brown seaweeds (Fucus) University of Connecticut, USA, at both sites had higher fiber, fat, and ash (mineral) [email protected] content than green (Ulva) or red (Gracilaria). The Lewis, L. A. red and green seaweeds had higher protein content University of Connecticut, USA, [email protected] than brown seaweeds. Positive correlations between seaweed fat and protein content indicate increases in Bracteacoccus, a common soil alga, is taxonomically the synthesis of both components under optimal interwoven with the morphologically similar Dictyococ- growth conditions. Differences in species physiology cus, Muriella and Pseudomuriella. This has raised ques- and water quality at the two sites produced the differ- tions about the validity of these genera and the ences in proximate constituents. This study contrib- proper taxonomic disposition for their species. Phylo- uted new information about the nutritional content genetic relationships for a number of these taxa can of Atlantic coast seaweeds in the wild and may pro- be addressed using molecular sequence data obtained mote the use of seaweed as a regional crop. from type strains. Using analyses of 18S and rbcL, we determined that monophyly of Bracteacoccus is achieved only by excluding four unrelated lineages that historically have been included under this name. Firstly, B. engadinensis belongs in Pseudomuriella, along with Dictyococcus schumacherensis. Secondly, B. cinna- barinus and B. minutus group with Muriella zofingiensis in a lineage distinct from Muriella (Trebouxiophy- ceae). We assign them to the resurrected genus Chromochloris (Chlorophyceae). Thirdly, our results A NEW GENUS OF ENDOSYMBIOTIC corroborate the transfer of B. irregularis into Myrmecia. DINOZOANS FROM LARGER FORAMINIFERA Three other strains deposited in the UTEX collection Lee, J. J. as Bracteacoccus also belong to Myrmecia. Lastly, Dictyo- City College of CUNY, USA, jjlee @sci.ccny.cuny.edu coccus is an unrelated lineage that can be reliably Cevasco, M. H. distinguished from Bracteacoccus based on chloroplast American Museum of Natural History, USA, morphology. Our results indicate that Pseudomuriella, [email protected] Chromochloris and Bracteacoccus are cryptic genera, rep- Morales, J. resenting closely related yet divergent lineages. City College of CUNY, USA, [email protected] Billick, M. City College of CUNY, USA, [email protected]

Fine structural and molecular data suggest that the endosymbiotic dinoflagellates of soritine foraminifera A MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY AND belong to two separate, but related genera. The new REEVALUATION OF THE POST- genus is described in hospite from its host Margino- FERTILIZATION STAGES OF THE GENUS pora spp. In addition to having petal-like plastids, it CALLOPHYLLIS (KALLYMENIACEAE, has a nucleomorph in its plastid, a nucleolus, and RHODOPHYTA) membranous bodies, structures not previous identi- Lin, S. fied in members of the genus Symbiodinium. Although National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan ROC, not yet characterized, enzymatic studies suggest chem- [email protected] ical differences between the amphiesma of Symbiodini- D’Archino, R. um and the new genus. Preliminary data from The National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research searches to find criteria that may be useful in assign- Ltd., New Zealand ing specific epithets to other soritid symbionts are dis- Hommersand, M. cussed. Overall size was a potential character, as were University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA life cycle behavior, settling pattern of zoospores, char- acteristics of the cell surface, chromosome numbers, Previous studies indicated that Callophyllis has a nuclear to cell volume ratio, plastid architecture, procarpic type of the cystocarp development, in presence or absence of membranous bodies, nucleoli, which the supporting cell functions as the auxiliary or a nucleomorph, and phylotypes. cell after fertilization and the gonimoblast initials are S40 ABSTRACTS produced directly from the fusion cell. In this study, we have examined Callophyllis variegata and C. pinnata SYSTEMATIC INVESTIGATION OF THE from Chile and ‘Pugetia’ delicatissima from FRESHWATER RED ALGAL GENUS THOREA New Zealand and reevaluated their post-fertilization (THOREALES, RHODOPHYTA) stages. In the Callophyllis species, the subsidiary cells Johnston, E. T. enlarge and become highly lobed after fertilization. Ohio University, USA, [email protected] One of the lobed subsidiary cells cuts off two or more Lam, D. W. small connecting cells. Each connecting cell passes a Ohio University, USA diploid nucleus to a neighboring subcortical cell. Dip- Vis, M. L. loidized subcortical cells in turn cut off connecting Ohio University, USA, [email protected] cells that fuse with other gametophytic cells and pass on diploid nuclei. At the same time they produce In the past two decades, the genus Thorea has been gonimoblast initials. The cells of the supporting cell revised several times and the number of recognized system eventually unite into a fusion cell and the gon- species has ranged from as few as four to as many as imoblast initials form filaments that ramify through 14. However, there has been limited exploration of the medulla and bear carposporangia in clusters at molecular species circumscription to date. The rbcL maturity. We will briefly compare the post-fertilization and LSU genes were sequenced for Thorea samples stages in Callophyllis and Pugetia and discuss their from Europe, North America, and the South Pacific. molecular phylogeny. This data set was combined with published sequence data from South America, Asia, and Australia. All data were analyzed using Maximum Parsimony, Bayesian Inference, and Maximum Likelihood. Analysis of spe- cies examined to date shows two major evolutionary lineages within Thorea, each lineage with previously described species and potential new taxa. Addition- ally, specimens assigned to T. violacea are paraphyletic and represent both previously described, synonymized PHYLOGENY OF THE PEDINOPHYCEAE taxa and at least two additional taxa from the Domin- (CHLOROPHYTA) ican Republic and New York. Molecular data supports Fawley, M. W. a greater amount of diversity then previously under- University of Arkansas at Monticello, USA, stood in the genus Thorea. Additional data, including [email protected] the cox1 marker, and future research will be dis- Buchheim, M. A. cussed. The University of Tulsa, USA, [email protected] Zechman, F. W. California State University, Fresno, USA, [email protected] PHYLOGENETIC AFFINITIES AND The Pedinophyceae Moestrup is an assemblage of BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE HAWAIIAN tiny green flagellates with a single long flagellum and FRESHWATER RHODOPHYTA a second flagellum represented by only a basal body. Carlile, A. L. This class comprises the genera Pedinomonas, Resultor, University of Hawaii, USA, [email protected] and Marsupiomonas as the only known representatives. Sherwood, A. R. Ultrastructural features of these organisms led to the University of Hawaii, USA, [email protected] conclusion that the class is one of the ‘‘primitive’’ lin- eages of green algae. In this study, we examined the As the most isolated island archipelago in the phylogeny of the Pedinophyceae using 18S rDNA and world, the Hawaiian Islands provide a unique system rbcL sequence data. Results of our analyses provide for studying evolution and biogeography. Organisms evidence that the Pedinophyceae are monophyletic arrived to the Hawaiian Islands through dispersal and are related to the Chlorophyceae, Ulvophyceae events from the large continental landmasses of the and Trebouxiophyceae. However, results are incon- Americas and Austral-Asia. Since these dispersal clusive concerning the relationship of the Pedinophy- events are putatively rare, many groups in the islands ceae to the other core chlorophyte classes. Our exhibit high levels of endemism. While much is results indicate that these genera are neither ‘‘primi- known about the distributions and origins of land tive’’ nor basal in the green algae, but rather are plant and animal systems, relatively little is known highly reduced and specialized forms. We propose a about the freshwater algae flora. Here, we present new family, Marsupiomonaceae, and new order, data on the phylogenetic affinities of the most com- Marsupiomonales, to include those members of the mon macroalgal freshwater rhodophytes in Hawaii, class that possess a flagellar pit and theca. Compsopogon caeruleus and Chantransia, the sporophyte ABSTRACTS S41 stage of species in the Thoreales and Batrachosper- males. We document four types of Chantransia: two NEW, RESURRECTED AND REDEFINED previously reported from Hawaii and two new to this SPECIES OF MASTOCARPUS study. Molecular data reveal contrasting phylogeo- (PHYLLOPHORACEAE, RHODOPHYTA) FROM graphic patterns in these rhodophytes within the THE NORTHEAST PACIFIC Hawaiian Islands and through comparisons to previ- Lindstrom, S. C. ously published data, we are able to make inferences University of British Columbia, Canada, on the origins and distributions of these species [email protected] beyond the central Pacific. Hughey, J. R. Hartnell College, USA, [email protected] Martone, P. T. University of British Columbia, Canada, [email protected]

THE SURPRISINGLY DIVERSE WORLD OF Recent molecular phylogenetic investigations of the ANAEROBIC HETEROLOBOSEA (EXCAVATA) red algal genus Mastocarpus Ku¨tzing from the north- Panek, T. east Pacific resolved numerous cryptic species. Charles University, Czech Republic, Although species were clearly defined through [email protected] genetic analyses, the correct names to apply to the Hampl, V. species remained unclear due to morphological vari- Charles University, Czech Republic, [email protected] ability exhibited by algal thalli. To determine the Ptackova, E. appropriate name for each entity, we analyzed DNA Charles university, Czech Republic, from type material of taxa previously ascribed to [email protected] Mastocarpus. Matching partial ITS sequences of type Silberman, J. D. specimens to modern collections, we are able to apply University of Arkansas, USA, [email protected] the currently used names Mastocarpus papillatus, Yubuki, N. M. pacificus and M. jardinii to the appropriate species. University of British Columbia, Canada, We resurrect the following names and propose new [email protected] combinations in Mastocarpus for Gigartina cristata, Leander, B. S. G. latissima, and G. agardhii and create new names for University of British Columbia, Canada, species for which we were unable to verify an existing [email protected] name. The name M. jardinii applies to a species thus Cepicka, I. far collected only from Moss Beach, San Mateo Co. Charles university, Czech Republic, and the Monterey Peninsula, California. Specimens [email protected] previously assigned to M. jardinii are now separated into three species: two new to science and one previ- Heterolobosea is ecologically extremely diverse ously described. An updated phylogeny using a broad group of protists. Some heteroloboseans flourish in range of geographical and morphological collections hypersaline or extremely acidic habitats, while others is presented that includes data from three genomes: are obligate or facultative anaerobes. To study the nuclear ribosomal ITS, chloroplast rbcL and mito- diversity of anaerobic Heterolobosea, we have culti- chondrial COI. Morphological and anatomical diagno- vated 55 strains of free-living heteroloboseans from ses, along with vertical distributions and geographic sediments around the world. The phylogenetic analy- ranges, are provided for each species. sis of the SSU rRNA gene showed that all but one strains belong to the main anaerobic clade of Het- erolobosea (Psalteriomonadidae). We identified three new genera and four new species. We showed that ECOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF Percolomonas descissus is not related to P. cosmopolitus, CRYPTIC SPECIES IN GREEN MICROALGAE but belongs to Psalteriomonadidae as well. The real Skaloud, P. diversity of Psalteriomonadidae is thus at least twice Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic, as wide as previously assumed. At least one lineage of [email protected] P. descissus is restricted to the ‘‘circumequatorial Peksa, O. belt’’. The remaining isolate of anaerobic Heterol- Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic, obosea, PC4AM, is rather interesting. Its cell structure [email protected] and life cycle is unique and it is impossible to classify Rindi, F. this organism into any eukaryotic group solely on the Universita` Politecnica delle Marche, Italy, basis of morphology. Concatenation of three genes [email protected] showed that PC4AM is a heterolobosean, possibly closely related to Stephanopogon. It represents a The green microalgae are one of the most diverse novel anaerobic lineage of Heterolobosea. groups of protists. However, our understanding of S42 ABSTRACTS their real diversity is still very incomplete. We used tive cells lacked both a connection to the nuclear two cosmopolitan, widely distributed genera of micro- envelope and a girdle lamella. Pigments of T. minutus scopic green algae – Asterochloris (Chlorophyta) and included violaxanthin and vaucheriaxanthin (ester) Klebsormidium (Streptophyta) – to study the cryptic as the major carotenoids; we detected no chlorophyll diversity in morphologically uniform taxa. Phyloge- c. An 18S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic analysis netic analyses of a large number of isolated strains placed T. minutus in a clade with species of the genus revealed extensive genetic diversity in both studied Pseudostaurastrum and with Goniochloris sculpta, which genera. Even that the strains were morphologically formed a sister branch to initially studied Eustigmato- highly similar, some phenotypic characters appear to phyceae. Our results show that T. minutus is not a be suitable for delimitation of particular lineages. xanthophycean and place it into a novel deep lineage Further, the cryptic lineages exhibited strong ecologi- of the Eustigmatophyceae. cal preferences to specified environmental factors. In Klebsormidium, the strains were clustered according to the preferred habitat types. In Asterochloris, particular lineages were distinguished according to their sub- strate and climatic preferences. Our data thus clearly WHAT IS OOPHILA AND ARE GREEN ALGAE indicate that the morphologically defined species of ASSOCIATED WITH SALAMANDER EGGS green algae could in fact consist of a large number of MONOPHYLETIC? cryptic species, exhibiting clear ecological preferences Lewis, L. A. for various environmental factors. The lack of suitable University of Connecticut, USA, [email protected] morphological characters then masks the real species Landberg, T. diversity, which is manifested by the substantial Boston University, USA genetic diversity in molecular markers. Associations of diverse green algae with ciliates, invertebrates, and several salamander species have been known for over 100 years. Oophila was described ULTRASTRUCTURE, ZOOSPOROGENESIS, in 1909 for algae that colonize salamander eggs. This PIGMENT COMPOSITION AND appears to be a mutualism where the algae play a role PHYLOGENETIC POSITION OF in salamander development by increasing the oxygen TRACHYDISCUS MINUTUS available to embryos while the algae use the embryos (EUSTIGMATOPHYCEAE, as a nitrogen source. Recently, an even more intimate HETEROKONTOPHYTA) association of green algae and salamanders was Pribyl, P. described, one in which the algae occur inside tissues Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech and even cells of the developing salamander. Our Republic, Czech Republic, [email protected] phylogenetic analyses using 18S rDNA data from Elias, M. green algae isolated from salamander eggs growing in Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Czech New York, Connecticut, Kentucky, and Louisiana indi- Republic, [email protected] cate that all of the sampled algae are members of Cepak, V. Chlorophyceae. However, this algal assemblage does Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech not form a monophyletic group but is instead phylo- Republic, Czech Republic genetically and phenotypically diverse. In light of the Lukavsky, J. evidence that vertical transmission of algae from par- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech ent salamanders to embryos may be occurring, our Republic, Czech Republic results raise intriguing questions regarding the speci- Kastanek, P. ficity and evolution of the algal-salamander symbiosis. EcoFuel Laboratories Ltd., Czech Republic

The traditional order Mischococcales (Xanthophy- ceae) is polyphyletic with some original members now classified in a separate class Eustigmatophyceae. It is probable that many additional mischococcalean IDENTIFYING LATIN AMERICAN CHARA species may prove to be misplaced upon closer inves- (CHARALES: CHAROPHYTA) USING DNA tigation. We established an algal culture determined SEQUENCES as one such species, Trachydiscus minutus (Bourr.) Peavey, T. M. H.Ettl, and studied it in detail. We discovered a Fordham College a Lincoln Center, USA, zoosporic part of the life cycle of this alga, which was [email protected] induced by darkness, suppressed by light and was temperature dependent. The zoospores possessed The New York Botanical Garden Herbarium (NY) one flagellum with mastigonemes and a putative basal houses more than 500 specimens of Chara col- swelling, but a stigma was missing. Plastids in vegeta- lected from Latin America. These specimens were ABSTRACTS S43 catalogued and their collection information and taxo- nomic annotations were made available online NEW TAXONOMIC CONCEPTS IN THE (sciweb.nybg.org/science2/hcol/chara/index.asp). DNA GENERA OF THE PEYSSONNELIACEAE was extracted from 339 specimens and attempts were (PEYSSONNELIALES, RHODOPHYTA) WITH made to amplify and sequence the plastid genes atpB FOCUS ON TAXA FROM THE GULF OF and rbcL. Resulting sequences were incorporated into MEXICO AND PANAMA a larger data set that included numerous Chara Fredericq, S. species from around the world. Thirty-four percent University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA, (116) of the specimens were successfully sequenced [email protected] to some extent. Sixty-six percent (76) of those Krayesky, D. specimens were analyzed phylogentically. Of those Slippery Rock University, USA, [email protected] specimens, the molecular data were consistent with Gabriel, D. the original determination for ~49% (37), and incon- Universidade dos Ac¸ores, Portugal, sistent for ~43% (33). Six previously unidentified [email protected] specimens were identified to species with these data. Norris, J. N. Due to incomplete sequence data, we were unable to NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, USA, [email protected] identify ~36% (42) of the specimens to species using Schmidt, W. e. phylogenetic methods. However, we were able to University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA, place these individuals into a broader phylogenetic [email protected] context (e.g. sections). These data contribute to our understanding of the occurrence and biogeographic Post-oil spill impacts of the anthropogenic April patterns of Chara in Latin America. 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon crude oil spill resulted in a dramatic decrease of seaweed diversity offshore Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama in the northwest- ern Gulf of Mexico. The few taxa that were dredged in these areas in December 2010 and April 2011 were GENETIC DIVERSITY OF CILIATE crust-forming members of the Peyssonneliaceae, i.e. MORPHOSPECIES Peyssonnelia inamoena and Riquetophycus spp. The gen- Palaguachi, G. eric concepts of these taxa will be critically assessed Smith College, USA, [email protected] in a worldwide phylogeny of the family on the basis Hernandez, C. of comparative chloroplast-encoded rbcL and nuclear Smith College, USA, [email protected] LSU rDNA sequence analysis. Diagnostic vegetative Hall, M. and reproductive morphological characters of other Smith College, USA, [email protected] new taxa of Peyssonneliaceae from the Gulf of Bellec, L. Mexico and Panama will be highlighted as well. Smith College, USA, [email protected] Katz, L. Smith College, USA, [email protected] MIXOTROPHIC PROTISTS IN HIGH ARCTIC The relationship between morphospecies and LAKES genetic diversity remains unexplored for most eukary- Charvet, S. otic microbes, including many ciliates. Ciliates are Institut de Biologie Inte´grative et des Syste`mes (IBIS) microbial eukaryotes that are characterized by the Universite´ Laval, Canada, [email protected] presence of cilia in at least one of their life stages Vincent, W. F. and by their nuclear dimorphism (i.e. they have a Centre d’E´tudes Nordiques (CEN) Universite´ Laval, somatic macronucleus and a germline micronucleus). Canada, [email protected] Although our knowledge about ciliate diversity has Lovejoy, C. increased with the application of molecular tools, fur- Institut de Biologie Inte´grative et des Syste`mes (IBIS) ther analyses are needed to understand their phylog- Universite´ Laval, Canada, eny and phylogeography. For this study, we are using [email protected] multiple markers to investigate the genetic diversity underlying ciliate morphospecies, using as a model Light limitation is an important constraint on pho- the species Chilodonella uncinata. Because of their tosynthetic protists in Arctic lakes for much of the amplified macronuclear genome, we can reliably year, due to ice cover and polar darkness. Limited characterize multiple genes from single cells. Hence, primary production should lead to a simple aquatic we are sequencing both the nuclear and mitochon- microbial food chain. However, mixotrophic chryso- drial SSU-rDNA genes from cells isolated across time phytes dominate these ecosystems, hinting at a more and space. Preliminary results reveal many genetic complex food web. Either the strong seasonal light forms with complex phylogeography within morpho- variability or the low nutrient levels could favor the species. persistence of mixotrophs. A dilution experiment was S44 ABSTRACTS conducted comparing communities placed in the dark compared with those left at ambient summer EUGLYPHID DIVERSITY: BUSINESS AS USUAL light levels. Communities were followed via both OR TERRA INCOGNITA? pyrosequencing of 18S rRNA and microscopy. The Lara, E. response of both small photosynthetic plankton and University of Neuchatel,^ Switzerland, bacteria to the dilutions was consistent with grazing [email protected] pressure on the two functional groups. Growth rates Heger, T. J. were greater for heterotrophic protists in dark-bottles University of British Columbia, Canada while mixotrophs increased in the light bottles. We Roussel-Delif, L. concluded that mixotrophic protists were more com- University of Neuchatel,^ Switzerland petitive grazers under favorable light conditions. The Fournier, B. absence of light, however, favored heterotrophs. We University of Neuchatel,^ Switzerland suggest that the ubiquity of mixotrophs in these arc- Mitchell, E. A. tic lakes in summer may be better explained by their University of Neuchatel,^ Switzerland use of grazing to supplement photosynthesis limited by nutrient supply. Euglyphids are a group of cercozoan testate amoe- bae that secrete an ornamented shell whose shape is diagnostic for species identification. Together with Arcellinid testate amoebae, euglyphids are commonly used as bioindicators for environmental conditions (e.g. soil moisture, pH, P) and pollution (e.g. heavy metals) in present day- and palaeo-ecology. However, the proper use of organisms as bioindicators relies DIVERSITY AND ECOLOGY OF APUSOZOA both on a sound taxonomy and on a clear idea of (PROTOZOA), A MYSTERIOUS PHYLUM OF their geographical distribution. Our results prove that FREE-LIVING ZOOFLAGELLATES neither of these two conditions is met, and that the Glu¨cksman, E. accepted estimation of 800 euglyphid species is way Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, United below the reality. Here, I will present a newly emerg- Kingdom, [email protected] ing picture of the diversity and biogeography of eug- Bass, D. lyphid testate amoebae based on SEM microscopy Natural History Museum of London, United Kingdom, and molecular data. [email protected] Cavalier-Smith, T. Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom, [email protected] SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE PHTYOPLANKTON FROM AN OLIGOHALINE, Apusozoa is a recently established protozoan phy- LAGOONAL, SUBTROPICAL ESTUARY lum primarily comprising biciliate gliding zooflagel- Wee, J. L. lates classified within three orders: Apusomonadida, Department of Biological Sciences, Loyola University New Planomonadida, and Mantamonadida. Using sequen- Orleans, USA, [email protected] ces of known strains, we designed PCR primers spe- cific to each order and obtained clone libraries from The Lake Pontchartrain basin estuary is a shallow, a range of natural environments. We found evidence subtropical system located on the northern border of of many new apusomonad and planomonad lineages, New Orleans, Louisiana. Rivers, bayous, swamps, and as well as novel mantamonad ITS1 ribotypes, from marshes feed two lentic water-bodies connected by an marine, freshwater, and soil environments. We show 11-km pass that drain to the Gulf of Mexico via a that Apusozoa is more diverse and cosmopolitan than canal and two natural passes. This presentation sum- revealed by culturing alone and that some lineages marizes several studies emphasizing the estuary’s low may be more ecologically sensitive than others. Our salinity and lagoonal geomorphology. The silica- results suggest that Mantamonas plastica, the only scaled chrysophyte flora is particularly diverse in the described mantamonad species, thought to be exclu- freshwater environments feeding and surrounding sively marine, also exists in freshwater and soil. We the estuary. Algal viruses encoding the psbA gene also mined the 454 sequencing dataset produced by appear to be common. In the fall, in central Lake the European consortium BioMarKs for apuosozoan Pontchartrain, diatoms contributed about three times V4 sequence tags from European coastal waters. more to total chl a biomass than all other algal These results reveal much higher apusozoan diversity groups combined, while all algal groups contributed than our apusozoan-specific clone libraries, and allow about equally in winter samples across the estuary. us to compare lineages recovered from DNA vs cDNA Diatom-dominated phytoplankton blooms occurred libraries, planktonic vs. benthos, oxic vs anoxic, and in central Lake Pontchartrain around the pumping- different physio-chemical conditions. station outfall during the dewatering of New Orleans ABSTRACTS S45 following hurricane Katrina, but chl a biomass and and scanning electron microscopy. Plastic samples diversity indicators declined to moderate levels in showed considerable species richness and included about 40 days. One enigmatic diatom, Chaetoceros representatives from many protist groups including subtilis var. abnormis, occurs frequently in the estuary fungi. Sequences recovered were dominated by and may be characteristic of subtropical, oligohaline heterotrophs including an unidentified sequence environments. related to colonial radiolaria and suctorian ciliates, but many photosynthetic groups including dinoflagel- lates, diatoms, and green, brown, and red algae were also present. SEM images revealed a complex land- THERE’S MORE THAN CHLOROPHYLL IN A scape of microbes on the surface of the plastic; SUBSURFACE CHLOROPHYLL MAXIMUM diatoms and stalked suctorians covered with what LAYER appeared to be bacteria were among the sequenced Lovejoy, C. protists recognized. We have proposed the term Laval University, Canada, [email protected] ‘‘Plastisphere’’ to describe the community of organ- isms attached to plastic debris in aquatic systems. A subsurface chlorophyll maximum layer is com- mon in many pelagic regions and is ubiquitous in the salinity stratified Arctic Ocean. In the Beaufort Sea (Western Canada), the maximum peak tends to occur ANALYSIS OF A NUISANCE GREEN ALGAL below the nutrient poor upper mixed layer within BLOOM ON THE ORLAND RIVER, MAINE Bering Sea Pacific Winter Water, which is high in (USA) nitrate and silicate. Most studies have focused on pig- Johnson, M. M. ment signatures of chlorophyll containing organisms University of Maine, USA, in this layer and little is known of the taxonomic [email protected] composition of the community. Molecular gene sur- Manning, J. C. veys have highlighted the importance of heterotro- University of Maine, USA, phic protists throughout the water column, but have [email protected] tended to focus on surface or deep samples. Here we Hunt, K. explored the diversity of protists in Arctic chlorophyll University of Maine, USA, maxima using tag pyrosequencing to determine com- [email protected] munity structure in the upper, mid and lower reaches Lawlor, B. of the layer. The non-photosynthetic protists repre- University of Maine, USA, [email protected] sent multiple trophic levels and suggest diverse com- Messerman, N. plex microbial food webs within chlorophyll maxima, University of Maine, USA, with implications for carbon fluxes, nutrient cycling [email protected] and food availability for higher trophic levels. Silvia, M. University of Maine, USA, [email protected] Al-Humaidhi, A. University of Maine, USA, [email protected] THE ‘‘PLASTISPHERE’’: A NEW AND Dubois, A. M. EXPANDING HABITAT FOR MARINE Maine Department of Environmental Protection, USA, PROTISTS [email protected] Zettler, E. R. Brawley, S. H. Sea Education Association, USA, [email protected] University of Maine, USA, [email protected] Mincer, T. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA, Green algae grew to nuisance levels in summer [email protected] 2010 over 6 km of the Orland River estuary (10–22 Proskurowski, G. PSU) at the head of Penobscot Bay (Maine). Fresh University of Washington, USA, [email protected] algal samples were dried, and DNA extracted with a Amaral-Zettler, L. A. Qiagen DNeasy Plant Mini Kit. Sequences for the uni- Marine Biological Laboratory, USA, [email protected] versal plastid amplicon (UPA) and rbcL gene were obtained following PCR of diluted DNA by standard Plastic marine debris is a growing problem in techniques. BLAST analysis indicated that the the ocean. The ‘Phycosphere’ consists of microbes sequence recovered for the UPA was a diatom similar attached to algae and has been studied for many years, to Nitzschia spp. (EF426584.1; E = 0.0), whereas the but plastic is an anthropogenic substrate that has only rbcL sequence was an Ulva spp., as expected from recently become available to colonizing protists. We tubular fragments in the sample. The Ulva spp. with documented the protist community on open ocean highest similarity (EF110277.1, 99% similarity, plastic debris samples using 454 tag pyrosequencing E = 0.0) to the Orland sample was from New Zealand S46 ABSTRACTS

(a possible U. ralfsii [type locality: Wales]), suggesting taxa. Centric planktonic diatoms are primarily ooga- a potential non-native history. Studies of nutrient lev- mous, whereby a motile male gamete must find a els and water circulation patterns between the Orland female gamete in a dilute environment. When spread and Penobscot Rivers are required to determine con- homogeneously throughout the water column, these tributors to the bloom. cells may be widely dispersed, with gametes failing to find each other. However, if the population is con- centrated into a specific region of the water column, the chances of successful fertilization are likely to BIOGEOGRAPHY OF PROTOSTELOID increase. Thin layers are highly concentrated patches AMOEBAE: AN ECOLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW of plankton a few centimeters to meters thick, which Aguilar, M. may stretch horizontally for many kilometers and per- Real Jardı´n Bota´nico, CSIC, Spain, [email protected] sist in both space and time. During an interdisciplin- Lado, C. ary oceanographic project in Monterey Bay, Real Jardı´n Bota´nico, CSIC, Spain, [email protected] California, we observed a thin layer dominated by Chaetoceros concavicornis. Nearly the entire population Habitat availability and environmental preferences of this diatom was located within an approximately of species are the major factors determining the suc- 2 m thick region of the water column. Male gamete cess of dispersal processes and the distribution of pro- formation, auxospores, and post-auxospore colonies tists. We explored the differences in fundamental were observed. The formation of thin layers may be niches and potential distributions of an ecological critical to successful sexual reproduction in these guild of slime molds – protosteloid amoebae – in the organisms. Iberian Peninsula. A large set of samples collected in a northeast-southwest transect along the peninsula was used to test the hypothesis that, together with the existence of suitable microhabitats, climate conditions CULTIVATED AND CULTIVATION- may determine the probability of survival of a species INDEPENDENT DIVERSITY OF FUNGUS-LIKE at a medium-large scale. Although protosteloid MARINE PROTISTS, THE amoeba share similar morphologies and lifestyles, LABYRINTHULOMYCETES canonical correspondence analyses showed that they Collier, J. L. have varied niche preferences. Species colonizing Stony Brook University, USA, various microhabitats can have different climatic [email protected] optima in each of them, increasing their ability to Radway, J. C. tolerate larger climatic and geographic ranges, and Stony Brook University, USA, suggesting a buffering effect on the influence of [email protected] external climatic factors. Maxent environmental niche Liu, Y. models provided predictions of the probability of Stony Brook University, USA, [email protected] presence of the species in areas that have not been Liu, N. sampled yet, and they were used to generate maps of Stony Brook University, USA, [email protected] potential distribution that were also compared. Labyrinthulomycetes are ubiquitous, abundant and diverse fungus-like osmoheterotrophic protists (het- erokonts) that likely play an important role in the remineralization of particulate organic matter in the THE ROLE OF THIN LAYER FORMATION IN oceans. They also produce large amounts of essential THE SEXUAL REPRODUCTION OF THE polyunsaturated fatty acids (up to 25% of total cell bio- PLANKTONIC DIATOM CHAETOCEROS mass) de novo. We are using both molecular genetic CONCAVICORNIS IN MONTEREY BAY, methods and artificial media to investigate the diver- CALIFORNIA sity and abundance of labyrinthulomycetes in estua- Rines, J. rine waters and sediments around Long Island, NY. University of Rhode Island, USA, [email protected] Nearly full-length 18S rDNA sequences amplified with McFarland, M. N. the labyrinthulomycete-specific primer LABY-Y University of Rhode Island, USA, [email protected] revealed the presence of at least 10 novel types of laby- Donaghay, P. L. rinthulomycetes, in addition to sequences closely University of Rhode Island, USA, [email protected] related to previously cultivated aplanochytrids and Sullivan, J. M. oblongichytrids. Surprisingly few thraustochytrid WET Labs, USA, [email protected] sequences were recovered, which could reflect a bias of LABY-Y. However, a suite of complementary primers Sexual reproduction is an inherent part of the life has revealed that the lack of thraustochytrid sequences cycle of many diatoms. However, it is rarely observed accurately reflected a low abundance of these organ- in situ, and has not been documented for numerous isms. Our cultivation-dependent studies have shown ABSTRACTS S47 that different types of labyrinthulomycetes have strong in 1977–78. They changed dramatically seasonally. preferences for different growth substrates (e.g. algal- They were higher from late winter through mid-sum- vs crustacean-based media), which may underlie differ- mer, peaking in May/June, but were lower from late ences in the ecology of these organisms. summer through mid-winter. Eualaria fistulosa, the largest but shortest-lived of the three species, grew fastest. Agarum clathratum, the smallest, grew slowest. Both A. clathratum (maximum total length [MTL] G1.2 m) and S. groenlandica THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND (MTL G2.6 m) are perennials; E. fistulosa (MTL CHEMICAL STRESSORS ON OXIDANT >25 m) is effectively an annual. Thus, growth rates RELEASE BY TWO ULVOID ALGAE SPECIES IN appear to correlate positively with relative size, but WASHINGTON STATE inversely with longevity. Temporal growth patterns van Hees, D. H. corresponded closely with those reported for species Western Washington University, USA, of Laminariales in the Arctic, Atlantic and Mediterra- [email protected] nean. Patterns in stipe growth varied by species and Van Alstyne, K. season. For A. clathratum, they suggest that most Western Washington University, USA, occurs when plants are young; stipes of most mea- [email protected] sured plants grew little. In contrast, stipe length of many S. groenlandica and E. fistulosa plants doubled or Current global conditions are leading to increased tripled during the spring/summer growth period, but numbers of harmful macroalgal blooms, which have became shorter during the winter. detrimental effects on the ecosystems in which they occur. Macroalgae produce harmful chemicals such as oxidants, DMSP, and dopamine. These chemicals may be produced in high quantities in response to AEROTERRESTRIAL COLEOCHAETE MODELS environmental stress. This project investigated the EARLY PLANT ADAPTATION TO LAND impacts of environmental (emersion, water tempera- Graham, L. E. ture, hypoxia) and chemical (dopamine) stressors on University of Wisconsin, USA, [email protected] oxidant production in two bloom forming macroal- Arancibia-Avila, P. gae (Ulvaria obscura and Ulva lactuca). Oxidant con- University del Bio-Bio, Chile centrations decreased in U. obscura after emersion Taylor, W. A. stress. Emersed algae produced oxidants at a rate that University of Wisconsin, USA, [email protected] was one order of magnitude less than unemersed Strother, P. K. algae. Increased water temperature and dopamine Weston Observatory of Boston College, USA, concentration decreased oxidant production in [email protected] U. lactuca. Algae exposed to 10 seawater produced Cook, M. E. more oxidants than algae in 15 and 20 seawater. Illinois State University, USA, [email protected] Decreased oxidant concentrations of U. lactuca may have been caused by an increase in oxidant scaveng- The streptophyte water-to-land transition was a piv- ing mechanisms while the decrease in U. obscura was otal event in Earth history though poorly understood. possibly due to a decrease in cellular activity. As these While some early-diverging modern streptophyte two algae species occupy different tidal regions, their algae are aeroterrestrial (capable of living in subaerial ability to handle stress should differ as well. habitats), the complex streptophyte alga Coleochaete, identified by some as sister to the embryophytes, is generally regarded as obligately aquatic. We tested the ability of two Coleochaete species to grow and GROWTH RATES FOR THE KELPS AGARUM reproduce asexually in non-aquatic subaerial condi- CLATHRATUM, SACCHARINA GROENLANDICA, tions and resist chemical degradation–a trait indica- AND EUALARIA FISTULOSA IN KACHEMAK BAY, tive of fossilization potential. When grown on ALASKA – DIFFERENCES IN LIFE HISTORY agarized mineral media or on quartz sand, Coleochaete STRATEGIES occurred as distinctive hairless multistratose hemi- Lees, D. C. spherical bodies having unistratose lobes or irregular Littoral Ecological & Environmental Services, USA, clusters of cells with thick, layered chemically resistant [email protected] walls. When exposed to liquid water, aeroterrestrial Driskell, W. B. Coleochaete produced typical biflagellate zoospores. USA, [email protected] Cells that had been air-dried for periods up to several months maintained integrity and retained green pig- Growth rates of the kelps Agarum clathratum, Saccha- mentation. The ultrastructure of acetolyzed aeroter- rina groenlandica, and Eualaria fistulosa in Kachemak restrial Coleochaete resembled that of certain enigmatic Bay, Cook Inlet, Alaska, were measured for 18 month Cambrian spore-like structures. Structural and S48 ABSTRACTS reproductive features of modern aeroterrestrial Coleo- and sequester plastids from the haptophyte alga Phae- chaete suggest that ancient complex streptophyte algae ocystis antarctica. We followed populations of RSD in could have grown and reproduced in moist terrestrial long-term co-culture with P. antarctica in separate habitats, persisted through periods of desiccation, batch culture experiments with either a polar hapto- and left distinctive fossilizable remains. phyte Chrysochromulina spp., or with the cryptomonad Geminigera cryophila (the plastid source for an Antarc- tic Mesodinium rubrum). Over a period of 16 days, RSD selectively fed on P. antarctica, substantially reducing its abundance, but no ingestion of Chrysoch- romulina spp. or G. cryophila by RSD was detected. THE BLACK QUEEN HYPOTHESIS AND THE Additionally, a population of RSD cells isolated from EVOLUTION OF ALGAL/BACTERIAL P. antarctica using flow cytometry grew slowly during MUTUALISMS 9 months with a marked reduction in mean numbers Morris, J. J. of chloroplasts/cell and an increased frequency of Michigan State University, USA, [email protected] cells lacking chloroplasts. Together, these results sug- Zinser, E. R. gest a feeding specificity and a longevity of the associ- University of Tennessee Knoxville, USA, [email protected] ation that are consistent with the proposal that RSD represents a model for an early stage of plastid Mutualistic interactions between algae and hetero- evolution. trophic bacteria often occur, despite theoretical pre- dictions that such relationships should be unstable. We present a testable theory of co-evolution, the Black Queen Hypothesis (BQH), which can produce mutualisms between unrelated organisms through DISTRIBUTION OF MACROALGAE AND classical natural selection. Some essential biological SEDIMENT CHLOROPHYLL A ALONG functions are difficult to perform selfishly; i.e., some SALINITY AND ELEVATION GRADIENTS IN of their products are available to other nearby organ- OREGON TIDAL MARSHES isms. Organisms may increase their fitness by not per- Janousek, C. N. forming such a function so long as some members of US Environmental Protection Agency, USA, the community continue. BQH predicts that mem- [email protected] bers of a community will evolve function loss until Folger, C. the benefits of loss are balanced by the costs, result- US Environmental Protection Agency, ing in communities comprised of fast-evolving ‘‘bene- [email protected] ficiaries’’ dependent on less mutable ‘‘helpers’’. When the beneficiary is an autotroph, such as an Algae contribute to trophic and biogeochemical alga, and the helper is a heterotroph dependent on processes in tidal wetlands. We investigated patterns algal photosynthesis, the evolved relationship may of sediment pigment content and macroalgal abun- appear mutualistic: decreased resource demands for dance and diversity in marshes in four Oregon estuar- the alga improve primary production, potentially ies representing a variety of vegetation types, salinity increasing the carrying capacity of the community as regimes, and tidal elevation. Common macroalgae a whole. Importantly however, BQH evolution is included Ulva, Rhizoclonium, Vaucheria, Fucus, and driven by classical natural selection on individual Porphya. Macroalgal abundance and diversity was organisms; interspecies interactions emerge purely as strongly linked to tidal elevation, with lower marshes by-products. containing more macroalgal species and greater algal cover. Vascular plant diversity, in contrast, increased with tidal elevation. Soil salinity measurements were coupled with elevation data to determine envelopes of environmental tolerance for common macroalgal taxa. As with macroalgal abundance, sediment chloro- phyll a concentrations were much higher in lower SELECTIVE FEEDING AND FOREIGN PLASTID tidal marshes. Qualitative observation of sediments RETENTION IN AN ANTARCTIC suggested a diversity of diatoms and cyanobacteria DINOFLAGELLATE were present which contributed to chlorophyll a con- Sellers, C. G. tent. Estimates of pheopigment concentrations usu- Temple University, USA, [email protected] ally exceeded chlorophyll a concentrations, probably Sanders, R. W. because of substantial plant detritus in sediments. Temple University, USA, [email protected] Understanding the spatial distribution of micro- and macroalgae in marshes will aid in quantification of A dinoflagellate strain (RSD) isolated from the ecosystem processes and prediction of marsh function Ross Sea, Antarctica was previously shown to feed on with future sea level rise. ABSTRACTS S49

giant SwmB protein, constitutively expressed in STABILITY AND EFFICIENCY OF MIXED Synechococcus WH8102, defends by interfering with ALGAL CULTURES attachment of dinoflagellate prey capture organelles. Wulfers, T. A. Strategies for resisting predation may contribute to Oklahoma State Univ, USA, [email protected] the competitive success of different Synechococcus Henley, W. J. groups, and to the diversity of natural picophyto- Oklahoma State Univ, USA, [email protected] plankton assemblages. The literature suggests that stable mixtures mixed cultures of algae are possible under certain circum- stances. We seek to achieve this for the purpose of biofuels production, one approach suggested in the THE EFFECT OF OCEAN ACIDITY ON THE National Algal Biofuels Technology Roadmap. We will ATTACHMENT OF CORALLINE ALGAL discuss the rationale, experimental design, and preli- SPORES minary results for bench-scale mixtures of (initially) Miklasz, K. A., Hopkins Marine Station, USA, two species from different classes, and the prospects [email protected] for eventual scale-up and process control to maintain Denny, M. W., Hopkins Marine Station, USA long-term stability of productivity and species balance under variable natural conditions. Our approach is to With rising levels of CO2, the oceans are expected directly monitor and control species balance, photo- to drop 0.3–0.4 units of pH over the next 100 years. synthetic efficiency, and feedstock content (e.g. lip- Additionally, pH can vary daily by up to 0.6 units ids) by manipulating selected conditions with locally in Monterey Bay due to upwelling and other minimal energy input. ocean processes. Several community level studies have found abundance of coralline algae to be reduced compared to non-calcifying algae in acidic conditions. In this study, we test the hypothesis that coralline CONSTITUTIVE DEFENSE IN THE MICROBIAL spore attachment is inhibited by low pH, a possible PLANKTON: A GIANT CELL SURFACE cause for the reduced abundance of corallines in PROTEIN IN SYNECHOCOCCUS WH8102 acidic conditions. Very little is known about the phys- INHIBITS FEEDING BY A MODEL ics of algal spore attachment, so we will present some DINOFLAGELLATE PREDATOR observations on the attachment process of Corallina Strom, S. L. vancouveriensis, a common intertidal coralline algae. Shannon Point Marine Center, USA, Next we will test spores across a range of pH and [email protected] settlement times using a newly designed shear flume. Brahamsha, B. In this way, we will determine the effect that acidity Scripps Institution of Oceanography, USA has on both the maximum spore adhesion strength Fredrickson, K. A. and the time it takes to reach this maximum Shannon Point Marine Center, USA strength. Apple, J. Shannon Point Marine Center, USA Gutierrez-Rodriguez, A. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, USA MICROALGAL DIVERSITY FOR NATURAL We used mutants of Sargasso Sea Synechococcus WASTEWATER TREATMENT strain WH8102 (clade III), a picocyanobacterium, to Aneja, R. K. test the hypothesis that cell surface proteins play a Thapar University, India, [email protected] role in defense against predation by protists. Preda- Goyal, D. tion rates by the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis Thapar University, India marina on mutants lacking the giant SwmB protein were always higher (by 1.6 to 3.9x) than those on Present work highlights the scope and application wild-type WH8102 cells, and equaled predation rates of microalgal diversity of wastewater stabilization on a clade I strain (CC9311). In contrast, absence of ponds with its potential for treating wastewater in the S-layer SwmA protein had no effect on predation terms of removal of organic and inorganic pollutants by O. marina. Similarly, Synechococcus culture filtrates, and heavy metal remediation. Chlorella sp. was present known to contain dissolved SwmA and SwmB pro- as one of the most dominating species in wastewater teins, did not alter predation on WH8102, indicating stabilization pond during whole 10 months on-site that the deterrence mechanism involves cell-associ- study at village Sanghol, Distt. Fatehgarh Sahib, ated rather than dissolved substances. Measured Punjab, India. The order of microalgal dominance differences in hydrophobicity did not account for was Chlorella spp. > Chlamydomonas > Lyngbya > Dia- SwmB’s protective effect. We hypothesize that the toms, whereas Chlorococcum spp. and Closteriopsis spp. S50 ABSTRACTS during were also seen in the month of August and September besides cyanobacteria like Gloeocapsa and GRATELOUPIA TAIWANENSIS IN ALABAMA: A Myxosarcina. A marked reduction of 15 to 83% in NON-NATIVE SEAWEED IN THE GULF OF BOD5 and 52 to 93% in COD from inlet wastewater MEXICO after treatment represented effective treatment poten- DePriest, M. S. tial of wastewater stabilization ponds during complete The University of Alabama, USA, sampling period. Metal removal studies carried out [email protected] with pure culture of Chlorella sp. (R1) developed from Lin, S. M. pond wastewater demonstrated maximum removal National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan ROC, potential for Zn2+ >Pb2+ > Cr (total). Metal uptake [email protected] capacity (qmax) of 34.36, 41.75, and 60.7 mg/g for Lopez-Bautista, J. M. Pb2+,Zn2+ and total Cr for Chlorella spp. (R1) demon- The University of Alabama, USA, [email protected] strated good metal uptake potential. Chlorella sp. (R1) was analyzed for its effective role in removal of Cr Recent collections of seaweeds from the north cen- from electroplating industrial wastewater using tral Gulf of Mexico have resulted in abundant individ- immobilized alga in packed bed column showed its uals of red seaweeds found to be morphologically strong potential for development of commercial similar to Grateloupia. The specific identity of this alga bioresin. has been investigated using a molecular approach using the chloroplast-encoded large subunit RuBisCO gene. Based on rbcL sequences and molecular phylo- genetic analyses, these Alabamian specimens corre- sponded to Grateloupia taiwanensis, a species recently characterized from Taiwan. EVOLUTIONARY REVERSALS: ARTICULATED CORALLINES CHIHARAEA AND YAMADAIA (CORALLINALES, RHODOPHYTA) REPRESENT A LOSS OF ARTICULATIONS AND MIXOTROPHY AND MORPHOSTASIS IN REDUCTION OF STATURE EUGLENIDS: ULTRASTRUCTURE AND Martone, P. T. MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF A NOVEL University of British Columbia, Canada, MARINE ISOLATE THAT IS BOTH [email protected] PHOTOSYNTHETIC AND EUKARYOVOROUS Gabrielson, P. W. Yamaguchi, A. Herbarium, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, USA, University of British Columbia, Canada, [email protected] [email protected] Yubuki, N. The evolution of calcifying coralline algae has long University of British Columbia, Canada, interested biologists and geologists. Fossil and molec- [email protected] ular analyses suggest that representatives of modern Leander, B. S. day crustose coralline algae (Corallinales and Sporo- University of British Columbia, Canada, lithales, Rhodophyta) evolved more than 100 million [email protected] years ago and that these crustose corallines ultimately gave rise to upright, articulated coralline algae. Early Photosynthetic euglenids form a monophyletic studies by Johansen and Cabioch hypothesized that group that evolved from phagotrophic ancestors via the articulated genera Chiharaea and Yamadaia, which secondary endosymbiosis with green algal prey. Phago- produce extensive crusts and few diminutive fronds, trophic euglenids are equipped with a robust feeding may represent intermediates along the evolutionary apparatus consisting of rods and vanes. We established continuum from crustose to articulated corallines. We a culture of a novel marine euglenid using Tetraselmis test this ‘intermediate frond hypothesis’ for the first spp. as a food source. This euglenid had an eyespot, time by comparing rbcL gene sequences from generi- chloroplasts, euglenoid movement, two flagella of type species Chiharaea bodegensis and Yamadaia melobe- unequal length, and the ability to feed by phagocyto- sioides to sequences from other articulated and sis and myzocytosis. TEM demonstrated a reduced crustose corallines. We show that Yamadaia melobesio- feeding apparatus consisting of a distinct rod of ides belongs in a clade with Corallina and is unlikely microtubules. When starved, most cells retained at to be a distinct genus. We show that Arthrocardia silvae least one chloroplast; however, cells could not live and Yamadaia americana belong in a clade with Chiha- without Tetraselmis for more than 1 month. TEM of raea bodegensis, likely representing three distinct Chiha- euglenoid cells demonstrated that two types of chlo- raea species. We reject the ‘intermediate frond roplasts exist: one was from the consumed Tetraselmis hypothesis’, and conclude that Chiharaea and Yama- cells and one contained internal pyrenoids penetrated daia evolved from articulated ancestors and exhibit a by thylakoid membranes. Molecular phylogenetic anal- reduced stature due to loss of articulations. yses demonstrated that this euglenid branches as the ABSTRACTS S51 nearest sister lineage to the clade consisting of all species that lacked cytoplasmic bridges between adult photosynthetic euglenids. This phylogenetic context cells in the section Merrillosphaera. Here we describe a combined with the ultrastructural features conforms new member of this section from Texas: V. ovalis M.A. to the expected transitional stage that occurred dur- Pocock ex H. Nozaki et A.W. Coleman sp. nov. Asex- ing the early evolution of photosynthetic euglenids ual spheroids of V. ovalis are ovoid or elliptical, with a from phagotrophic (eukaryovorous) ancestors. monolayer of 1000–2000 somatic cells that are not linked by cytoplasmic bridges, and 8 to 12 gonidia in the posterior region. Visibly asymmetric cleavage divi- sions do not occur in V. ovalis embryos as they do V. carteri, V. obversus and V. africanus, so the gonidia of PHYLOGENOMICS OF HACROBIANS, WITH the next generation are not yet recognizable in V. ova- FOCUS ON CRYPTOPHYTES AND lis embryos prior to inversion. Molecular phylogenetic KATABLEPHARIDS analyses of the five chloroplast genes and the internal Burki, F. transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA University of British Columbia, Canada, indicated that V. ovalis is closely related to V. spermato- [email protected] sphaera and/or V. tertius; however, V. ovalis can be dis- Okamoto, N. tinguished from V. spermatosphaera by its larger University of British Columbia, Canada, gonidia, and from V. tertius by visible differences in [email protected] gonidial chloroplast morphology. Keeling, P. University of British Columbia, Canada, [email protected]

Resolving the global tree of eukaryotes has been one of the most important challenges of evolutionary biology. Over the past few years, phylogenetic analy- AMPHIPODS EXCLUDE FILAMENTOUS ALGAE ses of very large datasets (phylogenomics) have led to FROM THE WESTERN ANTARCTIC the proposals of unexpected relationships between PENINSULA BENTHOS: EXPERIMENTAL the supergroups of eukaryotes. Some of these new EVIDENCE relationships, such as the grouping of stramenopiles, Amsler, C. D. alveolates and rhizarians appear to be very robust Univ. of Alabama at Birmingham, USA, [email protected] (the SAR group). Others, on the other hand, are McClintock, J. B. highly debated hypotheses that are in urgent need Univ. of Alabama at Birmingham, USA, for new supporting evidence. Here, I will discuss the [email protected] strengths and weaknesses of one of these new contro- Baker, J. B. versial large groupings, Hacrobia. This putative Univ. of South Florida, USA, [email protected] assemblage has been recently proposed to comprise the secondarily photosynthetic haptophytes and cryp- Hard bottom, subtidal communities along the tophytes, but also the non-photosynthetic lineages western Antarctic Peninsula are dominated by forests telonemids, centrohelids and katablepharids. In order of large, chemically defended macroalgae which to tackle this question, we constructed a new species- support a very dense assemblage of amphipods. Free- rich phylogenomic dataset of over 250 nucleus- living filamentous algae are rare in the subtidal, but encoded proteins which, most importantly, includes filamentous algal endophytes are common in many of the information from the first completely sequenced the larger macroalgae, both likely as the result of cryptophytes nuclear genome (Guillardia theta) and a amphipod grazing pressure. Filamentous algae are large EST dataset for the katablepharid species Room- common in the intertidal, but primarily in the upper bia truncata. intertidal and on high-energy shores where amphi- pods are likely to be excluded much of the time. We tested the hypothesis that free-living, filamentous algae would be rapidly consumed if transplanted VOLVOX (SECT. MERRILLOSPHAERA) OVALIS from the intertidal to subtidal. The filamentous, SP. NOV. (VOLVOCACEAE, intertidal green alga Cladophora repens was trans- CHLOROPHYCEAE) FROM TEXAS planted to the benthos in six different macroalgal Nozaki, H. habitats. Control algae were transplanted in 3 m University of Tokyo, Japan, [email protected] deeper waters nearby (approximately 12 m or less Coleman, A. W. laterally), but suspended 3 m off the bottom where Brown University, USA, [email protected] amphipods are absent or rare. Overall consumption over approximately 6 h on the bottom ranged from Smith (1944, Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc.) divided the 22 to 98% of the initial biomass while significantly familiar genus Volvox into four sections, placing seven less biomass loss occurred in the water column. S52 ABSTRACTS

stressors and explore putative survival strategies, phys- INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF SHORE LEVEL iological experiments were conducted on two species AND EXPERIMENTAL WARMING ON ADULT of coralline algae found in the Pacific Northwest, Cor- AND JUVENILE INTERTIDAL KELP allina vancouveriensis (Yendo) and Calliarthron tubercu- Jorve, J. P. losum (Postel and Ruprecht) E.Y. Dawson. University of British Columbia, Canada, Photosynthesis was measured in submerged and [email protected] emerged conditions, mimicking the course of a tidal Harley, C. D. cycle. Recovery after the application of intertidal University of British Columbia, Canada, stressors was also determined, mimicking the return [email protected] of a tide. Corallina was found to be temperature toler- Martone, P. T. ant when submerged in warm tidepools and capable University of British Columbia, Canada, of photosynthetic recovery after a low tide event. Cal- [email protected] liarthron was sensitive to temperature increases, and not capable of recovering photosynthetically after a Predicted increases in temperature associated with low tide event. Results from this study aid in under- global warming could have deleterious effects on standing the physiological tolerances of these wide- intertidal organisms, the severity of which could spread coralline species to abiotic stressors. depend on their vertical intertidal location. Saccharina sessilis is a dominant, intertidal, brown alga forming a consistent canopy in the low to mid intertidal zone. Forty permanent plots were manipulated to achieve levels of high (five adult plants) and low (single adult plant) canopy densities. Half of the canopy manipula- LONG TERM STUDIES OF AN ARCTIC KELP tions were also experimentally warmed during one COMMUNITY IN THE BEAUFORT SEA, ALASKA low tide per month to raise ambient temperatures Dunton, K. H. roughly 10 C. Results for both juvenile recruitment UT Marine Science Institute, USA, and adult canopy cover indicated a weak positive [email protected],edu effect of increasing intertidal height in the low zone, Aumack, C. F. and a strong negative effect of increasing intertidal Columbia University, USA, [email protected] height in the high zone (P < 0.001, P = 0.036). Addi- Iken, K. tionally, there was a significant Canopy Cover x Heat University of Alaska, USA, [email protected] x Zonation interaction (P = 0.019) on juveniles, indi- Schonberg, S. V. cating that heating negatively affected recruitment in UT Marine Science, USA, the high zone but only in low canopy cover plots. In [email protected] this case, the effects of global warming were contex- tual, dependent upon both environmental (i.e. inter- We examined benthic community structure and tidal height) and biological (i.e. canopy cover) annual variations in kelp production in relation to constraints. physicochemical parameters, as well as biodiversity patterns, in the Boulder Patch, an isolated kelp bed community on the Alaskan Beaufort Sea coast. Long- term variations in kelp growth in coincidence with recent measurements of underwater photosyntheti- cally active radiation, light attenuation coefficients, IT’S NOT EASY BEING PINK: THE EFFECT OF chlorophyll and total suspended solids, were mea- INTERTIDAL STRESSORS ON CORALLINE sured to determine the impact of sediment resuspen- ALGAL PHYSIOLOGY sion on kelp productivity. Examination of a 30-year Guenther, R. J. record of annual growth at two sites reveals other University of British Columbia, Canada, periods of low annual growth that are likely related [email protected] to exceptional strong periods of storm activity. The Martone, P. T. exceptionally low growth of kelp in some years indi- University of British Columbia, Canada, cates that these plants are living near their physiologi- [email protected] cal light limits, but represent excellent indicators of inter-annual changes in water transparency that result Coralline algae are central components of inter- from variations in local climatology. Main algal bio- tidal ecosystems, providing key ecological functions. mass contributors were two species of red algae At low tide, intertidal corallines experience a range (Phycodrys and Phyllophora) and the brown alga Lami- of physiological stresses, such as light, temperature naria solidungula, and 141 invertebrate taxa, mainly and desiccation stress, and differences in physiologi- sponges, bryozoans and hydrozoans. Many of these cal tolerances likely play a role in habitat delineation. species may be good indicators for environmental To quantify photosynthetic responses to abiotic conditions, and subsequently environmental change. ABSTRACTS S53

in the mussel Mytilus californianus. We collected cili- POPULATION GROWTH AND PLASTID TYPE ates from five mussel hosts at Pigeon Point and Pillar OF MYRIONECTA RUBRA DEPEND ON THE Point, CA, and Depoe Bay, OR, preserved them in KINDS OF AVAILABLE CRYPTOMONAD PREY 80% ethanol or Chelex, and sequenced for the rRNA Yih, W. gene region and cox-1 barcode following Strueder– Kunsan National University, Republic of Korea, Kypke and Lynn (2010). All sequences were identical [email protected] for the rRNA gene region. Phylogenetic analyses of Myung, G. SSU rRNA placed M. pacificae, a representative of the Kunsan National University, Republic of Korea, family Peniculistomatidae, unambiguously in a cluster [email protected] with species from the pleuronematid families Ha, N. Histiobalantidiidae and Pleuronematidae. Ciliates Kunsan National University, Republic of Korea, collected from two mussels at Pigeon Point and from goldfi[email protected] one mussel at Pillar Point, ~30 km apart, had identi- Park, M. G. cal cox-1 barcode sequences. Ciliates from two mus- Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea, sels at Depoe Bay were 0.14% divergent from each [email protected] other and 1.02% and 1.17% divergent in the barcode Shin, W. region from those at the two California localities, Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea, which are ~800 km from Depoe Bay. These very preli- [email protected] minary results suggest that there is genetic separation with distance. Supported by NSERC Canada. Myrionecta rubra, a cosmopolitan red tide ciliate, is not only a predator on cryptomonads, but also is a main prey for harmful Dinophysis species. M. rubra seems to have plastid preference, which has been rarely studied using genetic analysis combined with growth rates. Population growth of ‘2-month starved’ M. rubra strain MR-MAL01 was 0.09 per day when supplied with cryptomonad prey strain CR-MAL03, in sharp contrast to 0.48 per day with prey strain CR-MAL01. Both types AN EXAMPLE OF ALGAL CULTURE of PCR product, ‘CR-MAL03 type’ and ‘CR-MAL01 CONTAMINATION AND COLLAPSE IN AN type’ were continuously detected during 2 weeks of the OPEN POND second starvation in M. rubra cultures that had been Li, Y. T. grown with cryptomonad prey strain CR-MAL01 fol- Arizona State University Polytechnic campus, USA, lowed by the first starvation for 3 weeks before re-feed- [email protected] ing with prey strain CR-MAL03 for 2 days. The M. rubra Han, D. X. strain MR-MAL01 thus can ingest both prey strains, Arizona State University Polytechnic campus, USA CR-MAL01 and CR-MAL03, and retain plastids of strain Yoon, K. S. CR-MAL03 as well as CR-MAL01 for an extended per- Arizona State University Polytechnic campus, USA iod of time. TEM images of well-fed M. rubra were also Sommerfeld, M. analyzed to trace the ultra-structural dynamics of cell Arizona State University Polytechnic campus, USA organelles inside the newly ingested preys. M. rubra Hu, Q. may sometimes retain ‘less-fit’ plastids in spite of a Arizona State University Polytechnic campus, USA resultant lower growth rate. Multiple laboratory and outdoor cultivation efforts with microalgae have shown that daily algal biomass 2 A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON GENETIC productivity of 50 to 100 g dry weight/m /day is DIVERSITY OF THE MYTILID achievable, resulting in estimated annual production ENDOCOMMENSAL SCUTICOCILIATE rates of 50 to 100 metric tons of dry algal biomass MYTILOPHILUS PACIFICAE, INHABITING THE per acre. However, production from longer term (e.g. MUSSEL MYTILUS CALIFORNIANUS annual) efforts have achieved only 10% to 20% of Strueder-Kypke, M. S. that obtained over short-term intervals. Contamina- University of Guelph, Canada, [email protected] tion is one factor that may be responsible for reduced Antipa, G. A. yield and culture collapse. Information regarding cul- San Francisco State University, USA, [email protected] prit organisms and biotic and abiotic factors that Lynn, D. H. affect population dynamics is limited. Population University of British Columbia, Canada, dynamics of the cultivated alga, Scenedesmus spp. and [email protected] multiple contaminating species of zooplankton, including rotifers, ciliates, and amoebae were moni- Antipa and Dolan (1985) described Mytilophilus tored. The occurrence, diversity and density of pacificae as a new genus and species, endocommensal contaminating organisms increased with rising S54 ABSTRACTS temperatures from winter (5~15 C) to summer constant assimilation). We evaluate these issues using (15~38 C). From initial detection of grazing organ- the model dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina consuming isms to complete collapse of the Scenedesmus culture the flagellate Dunaliella primolecta. Strain variation occurred within days. An assessment of grazing capac- occurred across 10 O. marina isolates; maximum ity of the major contaminating species revealed that growth was determined at 10, 20, 26, 30 C, with vari- rotifers were the greatest threat to Scenedesmus ation revealed by ANOVA. Functional and numerical cultures, followed by Vorticella and amoebae. responses for two strains at 20 and 26 C revealed functional response alone cannot identify strain dif- ferences; i.e. numerical responses differed when functional responses did not. To explore intraspe- TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL POPULATION cific differences over a climate-shift scenario (6 C), GENETIC STRUCTURE OF THE responses were used to parameterise a predator-prey RAPHIDOPHYTE GONYOSTOMUM SEMEN model. We conclude: (1) protozoan strain-differ- Lebret, K. ences must be appreciated when evaluating popula- Lund University, Sweden, [email protected] tion dynamics; and (2) the standard method of Kritzberg, E. modeling population dynamics can produce less Lund University, Sweden accurate conclusions than those that include inde- Figueroa, R. pendently derived functional and numerical Lund University, Sweden responses. Rengefors, K. Lund University, Sweden

The bloom-forming raphidophyte Gonyostomum semen (Raphidophyte) has spread and become more PREY DEPENDENT MORTALITY RATES IN abundant in Scandinavian lakes during the last MICROBIAL POPULATION MODELS 30 years and is now considered a noxious and inva- Minter, E. J. sive species. We investigated the population structure University of Liverpool, United Kingdom, [email protected] and genetic diversity over both temporal (one lake Fenton, A. C. during 2 years, two blooms with samples collected University of Liverpool, United Kingdom, [email protected] every 3 weeks) and spatial (15 lakes in Scandinavia) Cooper, J. scale of G. semen using Amplified Fragment Length University of Liverpool, United Kingdom, Polymorphism (AFLP). On the temporal scale, [email protected] increase of genetic diversity during a bloom and sig- Montagnes, D. J. nificant genetic differentiation between the two University of Liverpool, United Kingdom, blooms were observed. The differentiation between [email protected] the 2 years was likely due to genetic recombination during sexual reproduction at the end of the bloom Protozoa are key components of a wide range of resulting in resting cyst formation. The cysts provide ecosystems, but ecological models that incorporate new genotypes that germinate the subsequent year. these microbes often suffer from poor parameterisa- Also, an increase of genetic diversity with time was tion, specifically of top-level predator loss rates. We observed within the bloom. In a second study we are (1) suggest that top-level predator mortality is prey- investigating gene flow among lakes at small (a few dependent; (2) provide a novel approach to assess km) and large scale (1000 km) and to identify the this response; and (3) illustrate the ecological rele- potential invasion pattern of G. semen. vance of these findings. Ciliates, Paramecium caudatum (prey) and Didinium nasutum (predator), were used to evaluate predator mortality at varying prey levels. Data were used to determine non-linear mortality and growth responses over a range of prey abundances. STRAIN-SPECIFIC FUNCTIONAL AND The responses, plus literature data were then used to NUMERICAL RESPONSES ARE BOTH NEEDED parameterise a predator–prey model, based on the TO EVALUATE PREDATOR-PREY DYNAMICS: A Rosenzweig–MacArthur structure. Our method to CASE STUDY USING MODEL PROTOZOA determine variable mortality rate revealed a strong Montagnes, D. J. concave decline in mortality with increasing prey Univ. Liverpool, United Kingdom, [email protected] abundance. The model indicated average mortality rate superficially produced dynamics similar to the We address two, inexorably linked, issues: (1) variable rate, but there were differences in the period appreciating temperature-induced strain variation of predator–prey cycles, and the lowest abundance of enhances model robustness; (2) incorporating both prey and predators (by ~2 orders of magnitude). The ingestion and growth functions alters predator-prey differences between incorporating variable and con- dynamics (cf. Lotka-Volterra approaches that assume stant mortality rate indicate that including a variable ABSTRACTS S55 rate could substantially improve microbial-based eco- generic concepts of these taxa will be critically logical models. assessed in a worldwide phylogeny of the family on the basis of comparative chloroplast-encoded rbcL and nuclear LSU rDNA sequence analysis. Diagnostic vegetative and reproductive morphological characters MULTIGENE PHYLOGENY OF THE of other new taxa of Peyssonneliaceae from the Gulf BATRACHOSPERMALES (RHODOPHYTA) of Mexico and Panama will be highlighted as well. Lam, D. W. Ohio University, USA, [email protected] Saunders, G. W. University of New Brunswick, Canada, [email protected] COMPARATIVE PHYLOGENY OF THE Vis, M. L. MIXOTROPHIC TESTATE AMOEBA Ohio University, USA, [email protected] HYALOSPHENIA PAPILIO LEIDY AND ITS ‘‘ZOOCHLORELLA’’ ENDOSYMBIONT A phylogenetic inference of the strictly freshwater (TREBOUXIOPHYCEAE) order Batrachospermales was reconstructed via multi- Gomaa, F. gene Bayesian analysis. This tree was based on two University of Neuchatel,^ Switzerland, plastid encoded DNA markers rbcL, 1282 bps and [email protected] UPA, 370 bps) and a mitochondrial marker (COI, Mitchell, E. A. 1232 bps). The Batrachospermales were monophy- University of Neuchatel,^ Switzerland, letic with strong statistical support. Our tree topology [email protected] was similar to previously published single gene Lara, E. phylogenies. However, in our multigene tree most University of Neuchatel,^ Switzerland, nodes were well supported, a result that was not pre- [email protected] viously achieved. Therefore, recent taxonomic changes within the order were substantiated. Ende- Arcellinid testate amoebae are free-living unicellu- mic species of the ‘‘Australasian Group’’, formed a lar eukaryotes that play important roles in terrestrial well-supported clade and it was clear that the cosmo- and aquatic ecosystems. They are increasingly used as politan section Setacea is within this clade. Past analy- bioindicators to monitor a wide range of environmen- ses showed the morphologically similar subsections tal changes, from global warming to pollution. Also Macrospora and Aristata as separate clades, and our they are commonly used as palaeoenvironmental indi- results confirm them as distant lineages. Although cators. However, the taxonomy and phylogenetic rela- sections Aristata, Acarposporophytum, and Turfosum were tionships among these organisms are still poorly hypothesized to be a clade in previous research, the known. Hyalosphenia papilio Leidy is a common mixo- current data provide statistical support to this hypoth- trophic testate amoeba in sphagnum peatlands. The esis. Overall, our phylogeny inferred a similar tree nature and specificity of the relationship between the topology to previously published analyses, but pro- host (Hyalosphenia papilio) and their endosymbiont is vides statistically supported insights into the relation- still unclear. Our work identified these symbionts as ships among sections for future taxonomic changes. green algae relate to family Coccomyxaceae, which also comprises sea anemone and lichen symbionts. We also reveal the degree of integration and co-evolu- tion between the testate amoeba and the endosymbi- otic algae. NEW TAXONOMIC CONCEPTS IN THE GENERA OF THE PEYSSONNELIACEAE (PEYSSONNELIALES, RHODOPHYTA) WITH FOCUS ON TAXA FROM THE GULF OF MEXICO AND PANAMA POLYMER APPLICATIONS FOR IMPROVED Fredericq, S. ALGAE BIOFUEL PRODUCTION University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA, Jones, J. N. [email protected] The University of Texas at Austin, USA, [email protected] Post-oil spill impacts of the anthropogenic April Beach, J. 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon crude oil spill resulted The University of Texas at Austin, USA in a dramatic decrease of seaweed diversity offshore Poenie, M. Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama in the northwest- The University of Texas at Austin, USA ern Gulf of Mexico. The few taxa that were dredged in these areas in December 2010 and April 2011 were Algae biofuel has the potential to sustain global crust-forming members of the Peyssonneliaceae, i.e. fuel demand beyond the capability of crop-based bio- Peyssonnelia inamoena and Riquetophycus spp. The ethanol, while maintaining environmental integrity. S56 ABSTRACTS

Unfortunately, widespread adoption is hampered by composition and investigation of alternative hydrocar- cost-prohibitive areas of production, mainly due to bon products. the energy demands of water transport. This project is motivated by the need for improved algae biofuel economics, with aims targeted at optimizing algae harvest and oil extraction. Towards these aims, low- LIPID PRODUCTION AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC cost polymers have been designed and tested for con- PERFORMANCE AS KEY CHARACTERISTICS centrating and dehydrating algae, direct synthesis of TO ANALYZE NITROGEN STRESS-RELATED biodiesel, and for direct extraction of oil from algae CHANGES IN TWO MARINE MICROALGAE without contaminating the residual biomass with sol- Jiang, Y. vents. Algae can be harvested out of dilute suspension Texas A&M University at Galveston, USA, by ionic polymers that bind algae in a pH-dependent [email protected] manner. Resin-bound algae can be easily dehydrated Yoshida, T. for efficient biodiesel synthesis. Hydrophobic resins McGill University, Canada, [email protected] can selectively accumulate neutral lipids out of lysed Quigg, A. algae suspension, allowing for separation from resid- Texas A&M University at Galveston, USA ual biomass. In support of resin development, we have also developed rapid and accurate quantitative The interest in the production of microalgae as methods to assay algae biomass weight and lipid con- biofuel is increasing due to their high oil content tent from growth through extraction that are suitable and rapid biomass production. Photosynthetic perfor- for obtaining mass balances. mance, lipid production and metabolic changes of two marine microalgae, Dunaliella tertiolecta and Thalassiosira pseudonana, in responses to different nitrogen (N) availability were monitored in this study. CHARACTERIZATION OF GENETICALLY D. tertiolecta and T. pseudonana were incubated in ENGINEERED SYNECHOCOCCUS ELONGATUS N-replete medium till the stationary phase achieved PCC 7942 FOR BIOFUEL PRODUCTION and were transferred to N-depleted medium during Ruffing, A. M. 15 and 11 days periods, respectively. Responding to N Sandia National Laboratories, USA, aruffi[email protected] depletion, growth rates of D. tertiolecta and T. pseudo- Raymer, M. nana declined from initial values of 0.58 ± 0.11/d Sandia National Laboratories, USA and 0.82 ± 0.04/d, respectively, to nearly zero on Day Garcia, O. F. 2 or Day 3. From the spectrum results of Fourier Sandia National Laboratories, USA transform infrared micro-spectroscopy (FTIR), the Jones, H. D. relative proteins and lipids contents varied in parallel Sandia National Laboratories, USA with nitrogen limitation, but carbohydrates levels did not be affected. Fv/Fm and rPSII values measured by In this work, a model cyanobacterium, Synechococcus FIRe were also affected by N availability in both elongatus PCC 7942, was genetically engineered for species. The combination results of photosynthetic the production of free fatty acids (FFA), a precursor per formance indices and biomass composition moni- of biodiesel. While up to 57 mg/L of FFA was toring showed evidence that the metabolic strategies secreted from the engineered strains, growth was of microalgae to acclimate N limitation stress are found to be impaired. Further characterization species-specific. revealed additional changes including decreased chlo- rophyll a content, increased levels of phycobilipro- teins, reduced photosynthetic yields, and lower rates of oxygen evolution. Hyperspectral fluorescence con- NATURAL FRESHWATER PERIPHYTIC ALGAL focal microscopy revealed changes in the spatial COMMUNITIES FOR COMBINED ordering of the photosynthetic pigments, namely WASTEWATER REMEDIATION AND aggregation of pigments at the cell poles. This sug- CELLULOSIC BIOFUEL FEEDSTOCK gests either a physical change in the structure of the PRODUCTION thylakoid membrane or reduced binding affinity of Graham, J. M. phycobilisomes to the thylakoid membrane. The University of Wisconsin, USA, [email protected] underlying cause of these physiological effects was Graham, L. E. investigated by adding exogenous FFA to the cyano- University of Wisconsin, USA, [email protected] bacterial cultures and measuring the level of lipid Zulkifly, S. peroxidation during FFA biosynthesis. The physiologi- University of Wisconsin, USA, zulkifl[email protected] cal effects analyzed in this study will ultimately limit Pfleger, B. F. FFA production and prevent continuous cultivation University of Wisconsin, USA, pfl[email protected] for large-scale processing. Hence, future work will Hoover, S. W. focus on the use of novel enzymes to control FFA University of Wisconsin, USA ABSTRACTS S57

Marner, W. D. genetically modified (GM) algae at the commodity University of Wisconsin, USA scale by mimicking some of the characteristics of Brownson, A. K. ecosystem disruptive algal blooms (EDAB), that is, University of Wisconsin, USA persistent monoculture of one organism. In addition Lennen, R. M. to the obvious benefits, algal GM monoculture has University of Wisconsin, USA, [email protected] the same types of potential environmental concerns Wittkopp, T. M. as GM agricultural crops. What is the potential for University of Wisconsin, USA survival, outbreeding and horizontal gene transfer of mass cultured GM algae should they escape into The anthropomorphic introduction of wastewater natural ecosystems? Most importantly, what is the effluents rich in P and other mineral nutrients into incremental risk compared to mass culture of wild natural aquatic communities is responsible for growth type algae, and what are the most appropriate assess- of harmful algal blooms and their impacts, which ment endpoints and biocontainment options? include coastal dead zones and animal poisonings. We evaluated the potential for natural periphyton communities collected from Lake Mendota, Dane Co., WI, to remediate wastewater by removing phos- phorus. We also determined the cellulosic content of EFFECT OF LIGHT QUALITY ON THE dry periphyton biomass harvested weekly through two GROWTH AND LIPID CONTENT OF growing seasons, June through November. We hydro- CHLORELLA VULGARIS BEIJ. (CV1) lyzed extracted algal cellulose for use in cultivating (CHLOROPHYTA) bacteria that had been genetically modified to pro- Lee, C. G. duce fatty acids suitable for biofuel production. Our Department of Biotechnology, INHA University, 253 results show that natural periphyton effectively Yonhyun-Dong, Nam-Gu, Republic of Korea, removes wastewater P to below 0.005 mg per liter; [email protected] that the readily-harvested, allomorph 1a-rich cellu- Kim, H. J. losic crop reaches as much as 40% of community dry Department of Biotechnology, INHA University, 253 weight; and that cellulose extracted from such com- Yonghyun-Dong, Nam-Gu, Republic of Korea, munities is a potential carbon source for the produc- [email protected] tion of biofuels or other microbially synthesized Martinez-Goss, M. R. compounds. We propose that periphyton communi- Institute of Biological Sciences, CAS, University of the ties cultivated in municipal wastewaters could readily Philippines Los Banos, Philippines, be harvested for cellulose extraction for diverse appli- [email protected] cations, including biofuel feedstocks. Jao, N. L. Institute of Biological Sciences, CAS, University of the Philippines Los Banos, Philippines, [email protected] Torreta, N. K. ECOLOGICAL RISKS OF GENETICALLY Institute of Biological Sciences, CAS, University of the MODIFIED ALGAE IN COMMODITY-SCALE Philippines Los Banos, Philippines, CULTIVATION [email protected] Henley, W. J. Nacorda, J. O. Oklahoma State Univ, USA, [email protected] Institute of Biological Sciences, CAS, University of the Duke, C. S. Philippines Los Banos, Philippines, [email protected] Ecological Society of America, USA Litaker, W. R. The Philippine isolate of a freshwater green alga, NOAA Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Chlorella vulgaris Beij. (CV1), was cultured under USA three different light quality: blue, red and white, Quemada, H. using light emitting diodes (LED) and cellophane Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, USA papers. LED experiment was conducted indoors with Sayre, R. T. 2% CO2 in air and under an average photon flux Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, USA density (pfd) of 80 lmol/m2/s for 156 h (6.5/day), Shore, S. and 12:12 h, Light: Dark cycles. While the cellophane Shore Biotechnology, USA experiment was done outdoors under an average pfd of 2056 lmol/m2/s, bubbled with air for 312 h Algae are being investigated as a potentially major (13day), and 8:16 h Light: Dark cycle. The alga contributor feedstock for renewable biofuels. Much showed the same trend in growth for the LED and of the research on algal biofuels involves genetic cellophane experiments, i.e. cultures under blue light engineering of numerous genes involving various had the highest growth, followed in decreasing order aspects of metabolism. In effect, the goal is to grow by red and white lights. Both experiments showed S58 ABSTRACTS that of the 36 fatty acids, the only abundant saturated fatty acid is palmitic acid, which is a good source of PHOTOSYNTHETIC ALVEOLATES AND THE biodiesel. However, the amount of palmitic acid was EVOLUTION OF APICOMLEXAN PARASITES about 2· greater in the cellophane experiment than Jan Janouskovec in the LED experiment, regardless of colors. It seems University of BC, Canada, [email protected] that pfd, photoperiod and duration of growth played Patrick J. Keeling a greater role in the fatty acid composition of the University of BC, Canada alga over the different colors. The origins of plastids in apicomplexans and dino- flagellates have constituted a central problem to our understanding of plastid endosymbiosis in eukaryotes. The major obstacle with these plastids have been their greatly reduced and divergent genomes, render- ing comparison to other plastids and each other extremely difficult. This led to several mutually A NOVEL, RAPID, SUB-MICROSCALE IN-SITU incompatible theories on their ancestry from green FATTY ACID ASSAY AND APPLICATIONS TO algal, red algal, or secondary red plastids. Recently, AQUATIC MICROORGANISMS we presented data from two novel alveolate lineages, Bigelow, N. Chromera velia, and a mysterious Alveolate CCMP3155, University of Washington, USA, which provide multiple lines of sequential and non- [email protected] sequential evidence that the extant apicomplexan Hardin, B. and dinoflagellate plastids share a common evolution- University of Washington, USA, [email protected] ary origin, and are related to the plastid of Barker, J. heterokont algae. By investigating nucleus-encoded University of Washington, USA, [email protected] plastid-targeted genes, we extend this evidence and Deodato, C. argue for multiple losses of photosynthesis and University of Washington, USA, several possible losses of plastids in alveolates. To [email protected] further support this, we report a new environmental Ryken, S. plastid-bearing lineage branching between Chromera University of Washington, USA, [email protected] and apicomplexans that is closely associated with reef MacRae, A. corals. We provide data on distribution of Chromera, University of Washington, USA, [email protected] CCMP3155, as well as the diversity of colpodellids, Cattolico, R. A. and discuss the evolutionary path of parasitism acqui- University of Washington, USA, [email protected] sition in apicomplexans.

The study of microalgal lipids has exploded in recent years driven by the increased interest in algal biofuel and nutraceutical production. A key limita- THE FUTURE OF MICROALGAL TAXONOMY tion in traditional chemical techniques for GC/MS fatty acid analysis is the need for large amounts of Thessen, A. E. algal biomass. To circumvent this problem, we devel- Marine Biological Laboratory, USA, [email protected] oped a rapid, sub-microscale, in-situ, technique Patterson, D. J. (SMIS) for acid-catalyzed transesterification. Using Marine Biological Laboratory, USA, [email protected] this method, quantitative lipid GC/MS analysis can be performed on minute samples (250 lg dry cell The urgent need to understand complex, global biomass), with approximately 5% variation. The phenomena and the emergence of improved data method uses 5 to 25 times less solvent and reagent management technologies are driving a transforma- than the AOAC or AOCS recommended protocols. tion in biology that will enhance data-driven discov- To demonstrate the broad application of the SMIS ery. While taxonomy remains a parochial discipline technique for assessing algal lipid profiles, we assayed with individual taxonomists working in isolation of over 60 algal species representing a broad range of each other and publishing their work in sometimes taxa (e.g. Haptophytes, Crysophytes, Raphidophytes). hard-to-obtain, printed journals, taxonomy can play a The application of this technique to growth studies key role in this transformation and benefit from it. was achieved by measuring lipid profiles in Chrysoch- Taxonomic intelligence and a Global Names Architec- romulina spp., when the organism was exposed to ture that use names, classifications and phylogenies varying physiological conditions (including light, pH, to index data is emerging as a powerful device to temperature, waste water), over time, using small vol- organize information for all organisms. Natural Lan- ume cultures. Fatty acids of Daphnia magnus, Drosoph- guage Processing tools will extract information from ila melanogaster, and Brachionus calyciflorus were also the literature, and additional ontological frameworks measured. will add to existing ones to model our knowledge. ABSTRACTS S59

We need interfaces through which scientists can improve the data pool, changes in work flows to PHOSPHOLIPID:DIACYLGLYCEROL utilize new technologies, tools to mobilize standards- ACYLTRANSFERASE IS INVOLVED IN LIPID compliant data at the point of origin, and incentives SYNTHESIS AND DEGRADATION IN to promote participation in this process. Priorities for CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII alpha taxonomy in phycology include the digitization Yoon, K. of the phycological literature, annotation of taxo- Arizona State University, USA, [email protected] nomic treatments and a further investment in and Han, D. integration of existing algal resources. Arizona State University, USA Li, Y. Arizona State University, USA Sommerfeld, M. Arizona State University, USA Hu, Q. Arizona State University, USA

Many microalgae, under stress, store carbon and energy in the form of triacylglycerols (TAG). The molecular and cellular mechanisms for TAG synthesis A TYPE-2 ACYL-COA:DIACYLGLYCEROL and storage are poorly understood. We obtained a ACYLTRANSFERASE GENE IS ESSENTIAL FOR full-length cDNA encoding a putative phospho- ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM-BASED lipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase homolog (PDAT) TRIACYLGLYCEROL SYNTHESIS IN that catalyzes conversion of phospholipids and diacyl- CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII glycerol (DAG) into TAG. In silico analysis revealed Li, Y. that the PDAT gene has homology with mammalian Arizona State University, USA, [email protected] lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferases (LCAT), which Zhang, X. also has a typical lipase motif (G/AXSXG), a charac- Arizona State University, USA teristic of hydrolytic enzymes. Transcriptional analysis Hu, Q. of PDAT and glycerolipid profiling of Chlamydo- Arizona State University, USA monas cells indicated that PDAT is a housekeeping Sommerfeld, M. pathway responsible for phospholipid turnover while Arizona State University, USA, maintaining a basal level of TAG under normal growth [email protected] conditions. The PDAT pathway is up-regulated and thus contributes to the overall accumulation of TAG Triacylglycerol (TAG) produced by microalgae is a production under stress. In vitro and in vivo enzyme promising feedstock for biofuels, but is low in natu- assays showed that PDAT contributes to TAG synthesis rally occurring stains. Over production of TAG through two pathways: (1) transacylation of DAG with through genetic and metabolic engineering of micro- acyl groups from various species of phospholipids; and algae has resulted in limited improvement due to (2) DAG:DAG transacylation to form TAG and monoa- inadequate understanding of the molecular and cellu- cylglycerol. Lipolytic acyl hydrolase activities of PDAT lar mechanisms underlying TAG formation. The were demonstrated with TAG, phospholipids, galactol- genes involved in TAG synthesis in a wild type and a ipids, and cholesterylesters as substrates. TAG hyper-accumulation mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were studied by a genetics, transcriptomics, proteomics and lipidmics approach. Of multiple A TALE OF TWO SEAS: THE ATLANTIC- genes investigated, DGAT2, which encodes diacylglyc- MEDITERRANEAN TRANSITION IMPOSES A erol acyltransferase (DGAT) was most sensitive to STRONG GENETIC BREAK IN THE PROTIST environmental stimuli inducing TAG synthesis. Appli- OXYRRHIS MARINA cation of transcriptional and translational inhibitors Lowe, C. D. showed that the DGAT2 gene was regulated at the University of Liverpool, Institute of Integrative Biology, transcriptional level. Artificial microRNA mediated Liverpool, UK silencing of DGAT2 resulted in reduction in several Montagnes, D. J. S. endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived TAG species, University of Liverpool, Institute of Integrative Biology, confirming that DGAT2 is essential for ER-based TAG Liverpool, UK synthesis. Accumulation of plastid-derived TAG spe- Watts, P. C. cies was observed in the DGAT2 mutant relative to University of Liverpool, Institute of Integrative Biology, the wild type, suggesting that the TAG synthesis path- Liverpool, UK way in the chloroplast can compensate for the reduc- tion in TAG synthesis in ER, thereby maintaining Biogeography remains fundamental to evolutionary lipid and energy homeostasis in stressed cells. biology as understanding spatiotemporal distributions, S60 ABSTRACTS dispersal, and geneflow offers insight into speciation indicators for the USGS NAWQA project, and also and extinction processes. Arguably, our understanding other ecological information in the literature. of the biogeography of free-living unicellular organ- isms remains relatively poor, and only recently has research moved beyond over-generalisations about MICROBIOTIC SOIL CRUST ABUNDANCE AND biogeographic patterns to characterising demography COMMUNITY DIVERSITY VARIES and assessing the role of landscape in shaping distribu- ACCORDING TO MESOSCALE LANDFORM tions. Here we examine the distribution and diversity PATTERN IN THE MOJAVE DESERT of the marine flagellate Oxyrrhis marina, a re-emerging Pietrasiak, N. ecological and genetic model organism, across the University of California, Riverside, USA, North East Atlantic (NEA) and Mediterranean Sea [email protected] (MED). Based on analysis of three genes for >200 iso- Johansen, J. R. lates we demonstrate a conspicuous phylogeographic John Carroll University, USA, [email protected] break in the O. marina distribution corresponding to Graham, R. C. the NEA/MED transition. Different clades occupied University of California, Riverside, USA, NEA and MED coastlines and haplotype diversity was [email protected] conspicuously higher within the MED. Genetic diver- sity patterns and molecular dating estimates suggest a Abundance, distribution, and coarse resolution bio- northward expansion, and subsequent divergence, of diversity of microbiotic crust were investigated on a O. marina from a historical Mediterranean population, piedmont landscape in the Clark Mountain Wilderness likely in the late Pliocene/early Pleistocene. The area, Mojave Desert. In our study area we character- intriguing question of how such historical signals are ized seven mesoscale landform units as: bar, swale, flat- maintained in highly dispersive organisms in a high tened bar, flattened swale, bioturbated unit, desert connectively marine environment remain to be pavement, and shrub zone. We predicted that the addressed. seven landform units would have distinct microbiotic crust community characteristics. On each landform unit, microbiotic crust distribution was inventoried using cover and frequency quadrats, coarse resolution POSTERS biodiversity was assessed on composite soil surface sam- ples using the moisten soil method, and biomass was measured using chlorophyll-a extraction. Our results indicated that landform pattern had a major effect on microbiotic crust characteristics. Out of the seven A STUDY OF SOFT-ALGAE ASSEMBLAGES AND landform units, the bar had the greatest crust cover, THEIR CORRESPONDENCE WITH DIATOM morphological/functional group richness, highest INDICATOR SPECIES WITHIN U.S. RIVERS amount and diversity of dominant algae, and biomass. AND STREAMS – PRELIMINARY FINDINGS This unit is characterized by highest microtopography, Rinkel, B. E. which may enhance water infiltration, trapping of fine Academy of Natural Sciences, USA, [email protected] particles, and microclimatic conditions. Overall, our data indicate that microbiotic crusts are not randomly Diatoms have been widely used as environmental distributed and that some landform types are more indicators to assess water quality. In contrast other suitable habitats for crust development. algae present, sometimes referred to as soft-algae, are used relatively little. This study uses data from the EPA’’s recent National Rivers and Streams Assessment to compare the soft-algae assemblages of samples con- DISTRIBUTIONS OF DIATOMS IN THE taining selected diatom species to evaluate the use of COASTAL WETLANDS OF LOUISIANA AND soft-algae in water quality assessment, and to try and THEIR POTENTIAL USE AS SEA-LEVEL identify reliable indicator species. Data for comparison INDICATORS were identified using over 30 diatom indicators associ- Smith, K. ated with five different environmental conditions. U.S. Geological Survey, USA, [email protected] Initial findings have revealed particular soft-algae gen- Flocks, J. G. era that may prove useful for assessment. However, U.S. Geological Survey, USA specific species have yet to be identified. Difficulties in Steyer, G. D. species level identification for soft-algae are consid- U.S. Geological Survey, USA ered a major contributing factor to these difficulties. Piazza, S. C. Additionally, comparison of the two count methods U.S. Geological Survey, USA used in the project suggests standard count methods be revised. Results show some congruence with a Sea level is an important driving force behind previous evaluation of soft-algae as water-quality coastal wetland change, and predictions of future ABSTRACTS S61 rising sea-level rates have amplified concerns over wetland sustainability. To better understand the A MODIFIED METHOD FOR QUANTIFYING impact of future sea-level scenarios, recent past sea- STREAM-INHABITING, NON-DIATOM level trends and the influence of sea level on marsh- BENTHIC ALGAE building processes must be considered. Microfossils Stancheva, R. of diatom algae can be a powerful tool for sea-level California State University San Marcos, USA, reconstructions because diatoms are sensitive to envi- [email protected] ronmental conditions such as marsh elevation, Fetscher, A. E. respond rapidly to environmental change, and have a Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, USA, silica frustule that preserves well within most sedi- [email protected] ments. We examined diatom species composition Sheath, R. G. from surface sediment samples and their distribution California State University San Marcos, USA, in relation to environmental parameters, and deter- [email protected] mined the value of diatom transfer functions for reconstructing late Holocene sea-level changes in A modified quantitative method for non-diatom coastal wetlands of Louisiana. benthic algae was applied in two large stream bio- monitoring projects in California. Algal species identi- fication and biovolume estimation were improved by separate processing of macroalgal and microalgal fractions. We analyzed data from 104 streams, classi- fied into three categories according to the degree of human influence. A total of 260 non-diatom benthic algal taxa were recorded and mean algal biomass per site was 70.2 mm3/cm2 (range: 0.00003 – 836 mm3/ cm2). Algal biomass obtained by the quantitative ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY method was strongly positively correlated with field COMPOSITION OF EPILITHIC ALGAL-BASED filamentous macroalgal cover and chl a concentra- BIOFILMS ON LIMESTONE BUILDING tions. Analysis of similarity performed on each of MATERIALS three data sets: species biomass, species presence- Hancock, T. absence, and proportions of taxonomic groups consis- University of Texas, USA, [email protected] tently showed benthic algal community composition Brand, J. J. was significantly different between high- and low- University of Texas, USA, [email protected] influenced sites. Of environmental variables tested, conductivity, dissolved organic carbon, sulfate, TDN, Epilithic microbial biofilms contribute to vital eco- and TDP were the water-chemistry constituents exhib- system processes such as nutrient cycling, biodiversity iting the strongest relationships with algal community and primary productivity but also cause biodegrada- composition based on nonmetric multidimensional tion, posing a threat to building structures and his- scaling ordination. Nostoc verrucosum was an indicator toric monuments. This study is an analysis of of low TDN, while Cladophora glomerata and Rhizocloni- community composition and structure of biofilms col- um hieroglyphicum were indicators of high TDN. onizing limestone building materials recently quar- ried in Central Texas. Polished block sectioning techniques and scanning electron microscopy with backscatter detection (SEM-BSD) reveal biofilms SEASONAL CHANGE IN THE COMPOSITION range in thickness from 2 lmto30lm and inherent OF MICROALGAE IN ABUKUMA RIVER, organisms are not uniformly distributed. Biofilms FUKUSHIMA generally accumulate on amorphous substrates overly- Kishinami, T. ing limestone and in limestone cavities. This selective Graduate School of Fukushima University, Japan, biofilm growth may be due to niche spaces created s1070017 FukushimaDaigaku within limestone that retain water and adsorb limiting [email protected] nutrients. Community composition was analyzed Nanba, K. using molecular and morphological identification Fukushima University, Japan, [email protected] techniques; the major taxa of algae include represen- u.ac.jp tatives from Chlorophyceae, Trebouxiaphyceae, Bacil- lariophyceae, Oscilatoriales, and Pseudanabaenales. Several cities are located along Abukuma River in Diatoms occupy the upper-most layer of thick bio- Fukushima, causing high BOD and turbidity com- films whereas cyanobacteria and green algae are ubiq- pared to other major rivers in Tohoku region. Nutri- uitous inhabitants of lower layers. Future assessment ent and chlorophyll a concentration, turbidity, cell of initiation and succession within the biofilm com- count using net (41, 20, 10, 5 lm opening) or munity will identify keystone micro-organisms. filtered (GF/F, 0.7 lm) sample for flowing water were S62 ABSTRACTS conducted weekly at Kuroiwa in Fukushima city from report on the diatom portion of that flora. Most of October 2008. Inorganic nutrients were high from the soil samples collected contained no recoverable fall through winter. This seems to correspond to chlo- chlorophyte or cyanobacterial taxa. Thirty-two of the rophyll a concentration. Highest chl. a concentration samples had at least one green algal or cyanobacterial was found in spring. Benthic diatoms were abundant isolate; these samples were examined for diatom frus- from autumn through spring and cyanobacteria tules. A total of 49 different diatom taxa were recov- increased in summer. The particles sized 0.7 – 5 lm ered from the soils. Of these, the clear soil inhabitants contributed more than 50% of the total turbidity. were Hantschia amphioxys, Luticola cohnii, L. goeppertini- Bimonthly – seasonal sampling at several points ana, L. mutica, L. nivalis, L. ventricosa, Pinnularia bore- through the river suggested inflow of nutrients and alis, and Pinnularia subcapitata. There were several of chl. a from tributaries in Koriyama city. Decrease in other taxa reported from desert soils previously, benthic algae, increase in planktonic algae, decrease including Epithemia adnata, Denticula valida, and Nitzs- in dissolved nutrients were found in one of the two chia valdecostata. Planothidium lanceolatum, a generally reservoirs in the main river between Koriyama and aquatic taxon, was also fairly common. A number of Fukushima. Benthic diatoms dominated in the flow- other aquatic taxa were present in very rare numbers, ing water sample in downriver from the dam. and we suspect wind-blown transport for these species.

AN INVENTORY OF THE ALGAE OF DOCUMENTING THE DIVERSITY OF HARRIMAN AND BEAR MOUNTAIN STATE AMOEBAE PARKS, NEW YORK Kubik, G. K. Hall, J. D. Smith College, USA, [email protected] Academy of Natural Sciences, USA, [email protected] Katz, L. A. Karol, K. G. Smith College, USA, [email protected] The New York Botanical Garden, USA, [email protected] Lahr, D. J. Smith College, USA, [email protected] Harriman and Bear Mountain State Parks are just 30 miles from New York City. Nonetheless the parks Although modern molecular methods have success- contain a rich algal flora. During studies over three fully started to uncover relationships between the main consecutive years (2008–2010), we encountered 371 lineages of amoeboid organisms, the morphological species of freshwater algae (excluding diatoms and a diversity, geographic distribution and natural history cyanobacteria). Most of these were new records for of amoebae remain poorly known. This phenomenon Harriman State Park and many are new records for is caused in part because limited morphological char- the State of New York. Using these samples we investi- acters and concise monographs with good illustrations gated the relative contribution of different collection are not available for analyses. We are using both mor- strategies to our knowledge of the regional algal phological and molecular tools to characterize both flora. Because many of the species encountered in testate and naked amoebae from two local freshwater the park are considered rare or infrequent, we investi- sites: the Smith College Greenhouse and a freshwater gated the occurrence and distribution of many spe- bog. At these sites, we see a wide range of amoebae, cies to determine why they might appear to be rare. some of which we have been able to culture. We are We conclude that many of the species are present in now documenting this diversity first using light micros- low abundance. Additional sampling will be needed copy and SEM and then, for a more limited number of to completely document the algal flora. cultures, by PCR. These studies will contribute to the growing body of knowledge on the phylogeny and bio- geography of free-living amoebae. THE DIATOM FLORA OF THE SOILS OF THE ATACAMA DESERT, CHILE Vaccarino, C. L. SUMMER PHYTOPLANKTON DIVERSITY IN 45 John Carroll Unviersity, USA, [email protected] LAKES IN THE PUGET SOUND REGION OF Baldarelli, L. M. NORTHWEST WASHINGTON John Carroll Unviersity, USA Gravon, R. D. Johansen, J. R. Western Washington University, USA, John Carroll University, USA, [email protected] [email protected] Matthews, R. The Atacama Desert in coastal Chile is the driest Western Washington University, USA, hot desert in the world. We collected a total of 88 soils [email protected] samples from a 1000 km long region of the Atacama (La Serena to Iquique) as part of a study of the algal We sampled forty-five lakes in the Puget Sound flora of the soils of the Atacama Desert, and here region of Northwest Washington to investigate the ABSTRACTS S63 relationship between water quality, site characteristics, should be taken into account when interpreting 454- and algal population structure. Water samples were sequence data quantitatively. collected each summer from 2006–2010 to measure nutrients (total phosphorus, soluble orthophosphate, total nitrogen, ammonium, and nitrate/nitrite), alka- linity, chlorophyll a, dissolved oxygen, specific con- THE EFFECTS OF SEASON AND SYMBIONT ON ductance, and temperature. Watershed characteristics LIPID CONTENT OF THE INTERTIDAL were recorded to assess shoreline composition and ANEMONE ANTHOPLEURA ELEGANTISSIMA dominant land use. Phytoplankton samples were col- Ponce-McDermott, M. R. lected, preserved, and concentrated in settling cham- Western Washington University, USA, bers to determine taxonomic composition and algal [email protected] biovolume. Unpreserved phytoplankton samples were Salyan, M. also collected and used to generate a species list for Shannon Point Marine Center, USA, each lake. The data were examined using correlation [email protected] analysis, clustering, and principal components ordination to evaluate relationships between water Anthopleura elegantissima, a common Pacific sea quality parameters and phytoplankton assemblages. anemone, can host at least two endosymbionts: zoo- As expected, there was a strong correlation between xanthellae (Symbiodinium muscatinei) and zoochlo- total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a, and the lakes rellae (Elliptochloris marina). The symbionts of could be clustered based on similarity in water quality A. elegantissima provide photosynthetic carbon to sup- parameters. The phytoplankton communities were plement the host’s heterotrophic feeding. Zooxan- quite diverse, and many species were collected that thellae potentially translocate five times more carbon are described as uncommon in the taxonomic litera- to the host than do zoochlorellae. Exploring lipid lev- ture. Lakes with low chlorophyll concentrations els of anemones in different symbiotic states can clar- generally had a very diverse algal community. ify whether more translocated carbon equates to more energy available for growth and reproduction. After extracting the lipids from the anemones, the lipids are separated into classes with thin layer chro- matography (TLC). The lipid separation allows us to QUANTIFICATION OF HAPTOPHYTE SPECIES determine how the lipids differ based on season, sym- BY PYROSEQUENCING: IS READ ABUNDANCE biont, and reproductive condition of the A. elegantiss- PROPORTIONAL TO CELL NUMBERS? ima. By measuring the lipids in green, brown, and Egge, E. S. asymbiotic anemones in summer and winter we can University of Oslo, Department of Biology, Norway, relate lipid levels to cycles of gametogenesis and [email protected] reproduction, which will allow us to draw conclusions Edvardsen, B. about the contribution of the symbionts to the fitness University of Oslo, Department of Biology, Norway, of the host anemone. [email protected]

Amplicon-sequencing of ribosomal RNA genes has become a standard for assessing microbial diversity in environmental samples. Abundance is of interest in CARBONATE-BORING ALGAE: MORPHOLOGY addition to presence/absence of species to assess IN CULTURE OF CELLS AND CASTS FROM their ecological importance, but the proportion of TROPICAL AND TEMPERATE WATERS reads from a particular species may not reflect the O’Kelly, C. J. proportion of the species in a sample in terms of cell Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, number. We investigated the relationship between USA, [email protected] cell number and the number of reads appearing in a Mottet, G. sequence library constructed from an artificial com- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, munity of haptophytes, and we tested whether there USA, [email protected] was a correlation between read abundance and cell size. One million cells from each of 11 haptophyte As the role of carbonate-boring algae in tropical reef species were pooled, nucleic acids extracted, and the ecosystems becomes both better understood and of V4 region of the small ribosomal subunit gene was greater concern in the contexts of anthropogenic glo- amplified. The amplicons were sequenced by 454- bal warming and ocean acidification, it becomes more pyrosequencing. Our results show that the proportion important to understand the biodiversity of the algae of reads from the different species in the library was and the contributions made by individual species to significantly different from the proportions of cells in reef productivity and reef dissolution rates. Here, we the pool. There was a positive correlation between report research based on a library of cultured carbon- cell volume and read abundance, and thus cell size ate-boring algal strains isolated predominantly from S64 ABSTRACTS the tropical waters of Hawaii and the cold-temperate waters of Washington and Massachusetts. Strains of HAPLO-DIPLOIDY IN THE several taxa of cyanobacteria (Hyella, Mastigocoleus, COCCOLITHOPHORE EMILIANIA HUXLEYI ‘‘Plectonema’’), chlorophytes (Eugomontia, Gomontia, (PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE): A DEFENSE AGAINST Ostreobium, Phaeophila, Ruthnielsenia), and rhodophytes THEMARINECILIATEPREDATOR (Porphyra) that are well represented in calcareous sub- STROMBIDINOPSIS ACUMINATUM? strata are in the collection. We assessed strains for Kolb, A. L. their ability to bore into calcareous substrata and Shannon Point Marine Center, Western Washington for their temperature tolerance, and prepared casts University, USA, [email protected] for direct comparison of boreholes with ichnotaxa Strom, S. L. from the literature. From morphological, physiologi- Shannon Point Marine Center, Western Washington cal, and molecular data, we infer that the biodiversity University, USA, [email protected] is significantly greater than previously recognized, for all taxa but especially for green algae previ- Emiliania huxleyi possesses a haplo-diploid life cycle ously assigned to Ostreobium quekettii and Phaeophila with a calcifying diploid phase and a flagellated, non- dendroides. calcifying haploid phase, with both able to reproduce asexually and sexually. We are investigating a preda- tor defense function for the E. huxleyi life cycle. Preli- minary 24 h prey disappearance feeding experiments showed that calculated ciliate ingestion rates on hap- loid cells were lower in bottles with higher ciliate den- sities, suggesting that either (1) haploid growth rates were stimulated by some nutrient(s) present in the ciliate culture or (2) haploid cells have an inducible defense system against the ciliate that is activated at higher ciliate densities. Ingestion rates on diploid cells were not significantly different across ciliate den- THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND sities. Separate experiments indicated that both GROWTH RATE ON TEP PRODUCTION BY phases were significantly stimulated by 1.0 l ciliate THALASSIOSIRA WEISSFLOGII culture filtrate, suggesting use of organic compounds Chen, J. (osmotrophy) or bacteria (phagotrophy) for growth. Texas A&M University, USA, [email protected] However, growth rate stimulation was not high Thornton, D. C. enough to explain apparent decreased ciliate feeding Texas A&M University, USA, rates on haploids at high ciliate densities. Analysis of [email protected] an experiment investigating induction of an E. huxleyi defense system by the ciliate is underway. Global surface ocean temperatures are increasing. Thalassiosira weissflogii was grown in semi-continuous culture in a sequence of temperature and dilution rate changes to test the hypothesis that temperature THE TOXICITY OF POLYUNSATURATED increase and growth rate change affect the release of ALDEHYDE-CONTAINING SKELETONEMA SPP. transparent exopolymeric particle (TEP) by diatoms. DIATOMS TO TWO CILIATE PREDATORS It was found that the temperature and growth rate all Bright, K. J. influence TEP formation. The size of TEP increased Shannon Point Marine Center, Western Washington with temperature or growth rate increase. However, University, USA, [email protected] TEP concentration decreased with increased size of Strom, S. L. TEP. Therefore, the areas of TEP showed in the Shannon Point Marine Center, Western Washington sequence temperature or growth rate were closed. Car- University, USA, [email protected] bohydrate concentration per cell increased linearly Sparrow, M. A. with rising temperature and part of positive correlated Oregon State University, USA, with growth rate. The aggregations of T. weissflogii were [email protected] measured through monitoring the particle size distri- Prahl, F. G. bution of cultures by a laser in situ scattering and trans- Oregon State University, USA, missometry (LISST-100X) instrument. The results [email protected] indicated that the aggregation of T. weissflogii increased with increasing temperature or increasing growth rate. Polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) produced by And size of cell was bigger in the high growth rate diatoms have been shown to affect copepods nega- than those in the low growth rate. These influences tively, possibly constituting a defense against these have a profound impact on biogeochemical cycling of grazers. However, microzooplankton sometimes con- carbon. sume more diatom production than copepods, so our ABSTRACTS S65 goal was to test whether a PUA-based defense mecha- calculated grazing coefficients, 3% of E. gymnastica nism is effective against microzooplankton grazers. populations were removed by the population of each Species and strains of Skeletonema spp. were tested for of these heterotrophic protistan grazers in 1 day. The PUA composition and content: PUA composition was results of the present study suggest that P. bipes, small similar across Skeletonema strains, while total PUA:C heterotrophic Gyrodinium spp., and naked ciliates ratios ranged widely, from a low of 86 ppm to a (< 50 mm in cell length) sometimes have consider- high of 1401 ppm. Grazing experiments were able potential grazing impact on the populations of conducted, and both Strombidinopsis acuminatum and E. gymnastica. Favellaehrenbergii ingested Skeletonema at rates that were low compared with non-diatom prey. S. acuminatum ingested significantly less of the high-PUA Skeletonema sp. than the other two Skeletonema spp. tested. An UPTAKE OF CADMIUM BY CHARA AUSTRALIS: experiment testing the effects of filtrate from Skeleto- PROSPECTS FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION OF nema and the phytoflagellate Isochrysis galbana on CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS S. acuminatum proved that the filtrate from diatoms Clabeaux, B. L. was detrimental to ciliates. Review of our past experi- University at Buffalo, USA, [email protected] ments indicated that negative effects of Skeletonema on Bisson, M. A. ciliates could be due to dissolved substances released University at Buffalo, USA, [email protected] by the diatoms. Cd contamination is a serious environmental prob- lem globally. Phytoremediation, the use of plants to remove contamination, has been extensively tested GRAZING IMPACT OF HETEROTROPHIC using terrestrial plants to extract Cd from soils. The DINOFLAGELLATES AND CILIATES ON use of aquatic plants to extract Cd from waters has COMMON RED-TIDE EUGLENOPHYTE also been investigated, but little work has been done EUTREPTIELLA GYMNASTICA IN MASAN BAY, using macrophytes to remediate Cd-containing aqua- KOREA tic sediments. We investigated the potential useful- Jaeyeon, Park ness of Chara for phytoremediation, using C. australis Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Republic of (R. Br.) as a representative Charophyte. C. australis Korea, [email protected] survives up to 30 ppm Cd in the sediment. Histo- Eun, Young Yoon chemical staining showed that C. australis accumulates Seoul National University, Republic of Korea Cd in rhizoids, nodal cells, and intermodal cells in Hae, Jin Jeong the walls and in the cytoplasm. Cd accumulation Seoul National University, Republic of Korea increases with soil concentration. At 8 ppm Cd, Chara Kyeong, Ah Seong shoots and rhizoids accumulated 14 ± 2.9 lg Cd/g Saemankeum Environmental Research Center, Kunsan dry weight DW and 15 ± 1.3 lg Cd/g DW, respec- National University, Republic of Korea tively. Shoots of plants exposed to 8 ppm Cd had Yeong, Du Yoo significantly lower concentrations of glutathione Seoul National University, Republic of Korea (GSH) (194 ± 21 nmoles/g shoot DW) than control plants (380 ± 17 nmoles/g shoot DW, P < 0.05). To investigate the grazing impact of heterotrophic protists on E. gymnastica, we measured daily the abun- dances of E. gymnastica and co-occurring potential heterotrophic protistan grazers in Masan Bay, Korea, EFFECTS OF NITROGEN ON RATES OF in August 2004. We tested whether the several com- PHOTOACCLIMATION BY INVASIVE AND mon heterotrophic dinoflagellates and the naked NATIVE SPECIES OF GRACILARIA ciliates were able to feed on E. gymnastica. We also (RHODOPHYTA) measured their growth and ingestion rates on E. gym- Hamel, K. M. nastica as a function of prey concentration. Finally, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, USA, we calculated the grazing coefficients by combining [email protected] field data on the abundance of the heterotrophic Smith, C. M. dinoflagellate and ciliate grazers and co-occurring University of Hawai’i at Manoa, USA E. gymnastica. The maximum growth rate of G. domin- ans on E. gymnastica was higher than that of O. marina Invasive marine algae are a major threat to coral or P. bipes. However, E. gymnastica did not support reef ecosystems in Hawai’i. Identifying characteristics positive growth of P. kofoidii, Strobilidium sp., and of algae that facilitate their invasiveness can contrib- Strombidinopsis sp. The maximum ingestion rates of ute to preventing future introductions as well as aid G. dominans, P. kofoidii, P. bipes, O. marina, and Strobili- in early identification of potential invaders. One char- dium sp. on E. gymnastica were similar, but they were acteristic that may be instrumental in invasiveness is a much lower than that of Strombidinopsis sp. As high relative rate of photoacclimation, the adjustment S66 ABSTRACTS of the photosynthetic apparatus in response to chan- ged irradiance. Rapid photoacclimation may increase SURFACE AND SETTLEMENT CUES OF the competitiveness of an organism. Prior studies find VAUCHERIA LITOREA AND THE significant disparities between photoacclimation rates ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ELYSIA-VAUCHERIA for invasive and native tropical macroalgae, but have SYMBIOSIS not considered the contribution of nutrification, a Pelletreau, K. N. common problem in nearshore ecosystems that pro- University of Maine, USA, vides essential macronutrients for photoacclimation. [email protected] This project aims to elucidate the extent to which the Davis, G. A. speed of photoacclimation of invasive algae is influ- University of Maine, USA, enced by elevated levels of nutrients. Gracilaria salicor- [email protected] nia, an invasive, and G. coronopifolia, a native, will be Duncanson, A. cultured and acclimated to different irradiance Maine Maritime Acadamy, USA regimes and exposed to ecologically relevant nitrogen Muhlin, J. F. concentrations. Preliminary results suggest that Maine Maritime Acadamy, USA, elevated nitrogen elicits photosynthetic responses sim- [email protected] ilar to shade acclimation, with increased phycobilin Rumpho, M. E. concentrations. University of Maine, USA, [email protected]

NITROGENASE GENE EXPRESSION IN THE The mollusk Elysia chlorotica has an obligate symbi- BENTHIC ALGAL COMMUNITIES FROM otic relationship with marine species of Vaucheria CALIFORNIAN STREAMS (Xanthophyceae). E. chlorotica requires Vaucheria for McArthur, K. D. metamorphosis of veliger larvae and for the acquisition California State University San Marcos, USA, of its chloroplasts (kleptoplasty). Specificity of algae [email protected] for feeding and metamorphosis were investigated using Stancheva, R. bio- and settlement assays, while surface composition California State University San Marcos, USA, (glycans) of algae was investigated using confocal [email protected] microscopy. Adult animals and veliger larvae showed Read, B. A. clear preferences in these assays, and the surface com- California State University San Marcos, USA, position of Vaucheria proved unique when compared to [email protected] other morphologically similar algae. Culturing of Sheath, R. G. E. chlorotica in our laboratory enabled investigation of California State University San Marcos, USA, the initial phases of kleptoplasty. Vaucheria chloroplasts [email protected] were ingested within hours of settlement on Vaucheria, but were not permanently integrated into the animal Nine Californian streams were sampled for benthic until 5–7 days of continued feeding. Removal of the algae in the fall 2010 and RNA extractions were done algal food prior to this window resulted in cessation of shortly after collection from representative algal sam- morphogenesis and animal death, while removal of ples. The diatoms Epithemia and Rhopalodia containing algae after 7+ days of feeding resulted in chloroplast endosymbiotic cyanobacteria, and free-living hetero- retention and continued development. This ‘‘revers- cystous cyanobacteria Nostoc verrucosum and Calothrix ibility window’’ is now our focus for differential spp. were recorded in five of the streams at nitrate patterns of gene regulation, host immune response, and concentrations below 0.01 mg/L and expression of understanding of kleptoplast function in the animal. nitrogenase was detected by real-time PCR. In higher nutrient streams (0.15–11.2 mg/L nitrate) nitroge- nase expression was not detected. In a related study, ALGAL TURF PRODUCTION ON THE GREAT we tested whether nitrogenase expression in N. ver- WICOMICO RIVER, VA, USA: DIVERSITY AND rucosum was correlated to heterocyst frequency and BIOCHEMISTRY OF AN ALGAL TURF ambient nutrient availability. Nitrogenase expression SCRUBBER (ATS) of N. verrucosum was quantified by real-time PCR rela- Laughinghouse IV, H. D. tive to 16S rRNA activity using the 2-DDct method. Botany, NMNH, Smithsonian Inst. & MEES Program, The frequency of heterocysts ranged from 1.8 to CMNS, Univ. of Maryland, USA, [email protected] 5.9% of the cells for colonies of different physiologi- Adey, W. H. cal stages. The nitrogenase expression correlated pos- Botany, NMNH, Smithsonian Inst, USA itively with heterocyst frequency in largest colonies Miller, J. only. Both nitrogenase expression and heterocyst fre- Chemistry, Western Michigan Univ., USA quency in largest colonies correlated negatively with ambient nitrate and orthophosphate concentrations, Algal Turf Scrubbers (ATS) are mini-ecosystems although not significantly. dominated by periphyton (algal turfs). Ranging from ABSTRACTS S67

0.1 to 3 hectares, ATS systems have operated for dec- with G. cryophila more specialized in phototrophic ades providing multiple benefits to aquatic environ- activity than in heterotrophic energy gain. Mixotro- ments, removing nutrients, injecting oxygen, and phy may provide a range of competitive advantages producing biomass for biofuels and co-products. Two for microbial organisms in the Southern Ocean. experimental systems were implemented on Chesa- peake Bay’s Great Wicomico River to assess periphytic diversity, nutrient uptake/removal, and biochemical by-products. Additional experiments were conducted RESPONSE OF THE EPIPHYTIC ALGAL on one of these systems, with the injection of CO2 COMMUNITY TO EXPERIMENTALLY and oxamate triggers to verify effects on community ELEVATED NUTRIENT LEVELS IN THE structure and biochemical output. Algal production GUANA TOLOMATO MATANZAS NATIONAL on an annual cycle produced monthly means between ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVE 10–70 g (35 g avg.) dry weight/m2/day. Diatoms Verhulst, S. A. (Bacillariophyta) dominated the systems: Berkeleya University of North Florida, USA, [email protected] rutilans, Melosira nummuloides, and M. moniliformis Omran, A. P. common during warmer months and species of Gram- University of North Florida, USA, [email protected] matophora during colder months. The chlorophyte Eastman, S. F. Ulva intestinalis was abundant in spring and early Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Marine Estuarine summer. Cyanobacteria, Rhodophyceae, and Chryso- Research Reserve, USA, [email protected].fl.us phyceae were also present. In one experiment with Stocks, H. S. CO2, having a significant drop in pH, cyanobacterial University of North Florida, USA, [email protected] biomass (Lyngbya cf. salina) dominated the system. Casamatta, D. A. Omega-3 fatty acid increases during colder months; University of North Florida, USA, [email protected] carbohydrates ranged from 20–25% of dry weight, with an ash content of 55–60%. As anthropogenic impacts continue to escalate in waterways, nutrient additions may have profound impacts on the epiphytic algal community in coastal habitats. These increased nutrient loads may lead to COMPETITIVE ASSAYS OF TWO MIXOTROPHS drastic changes in the algal community present, with AND TWO DIATOMS FROM THE ROSS SEA, subsequent impacts on trophic level interactions with ANTARCTICA macrophytes and invertebrates. The purpose of this McKie-Krisberg, Z. M. project is to assess the impacts of elevated levels of Temple University, USA, [email protected] nitrogen and phosphorus on the epiphytes of Spartina Fay, S. A. alterniflora, a common macrophyte found in northeast Temple University, USA, [email protected] Florida estuaries. Clay pots containing four separate Sanders, R. W. nutrient treatments (0.5 M nitrogen, 0.5 M phospho- Temple University, [email protected] rus, 0.5 M N + P, and control) with eight replicates infused with agar were placed at the base of S. alter- Mixotrophy, a combination of autotrophic and het- niflora stands in a coastal estuary located within erotrophic modes of nutrition, has potential to affect Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine competitive interactions with strictly autotrophic Research Reserve (GTMNERR) in Ponte Vedra organisms. For example, non-phagotrophic photosyn- Beach, Florida. Epiphytic samples were collected on a thetic algae may to out-compete mixotrophic flagel- monthly basis to examine changes in the epiphytic lates in low DOC environments, where autotrophy is community caused by nutrient addition (chlorophyll the dominant C assimilation pathway. To test whether a, ash-free dry mass and community composition as mixotrophs are competitively inferior to strict auto- evidenced by microscopic investigation). Preliminary trophs under such conditions, we conducted competi- data indicate that chlorophyll a and AFDM levels are tion experiments between four Antarctic algae: two not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by the location diatoms – Fragilariopsis sp. and Fragilaria sp.; and two within the estuary. mixotrophic flagellates – Geminigera cryophila and Chrysolepidomonas dendrolipdata. Experiments were con- ducted in f/2 media made with artificial seawater (34 psu) with no added dissolved carbon. Contrary to THE MARINE DINOFLAGELLATE GENUS expectation, the competitive outcomes were species DINOPHYSIS RETAINS PLASTIDS OF SEVERAL dependent, with no overall advantage for mixotrophic ALGAL ORIGINS flagellates or diatoms as a group. G. cryophila Kim, M. appeared to be the dominant competitor to the other Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea, three species under these conditions. These results [email protected] may reflect differences in the relative reliance on Kim, S. phototrophy among the mixotrophic Antarctic algae, Kongju National University, Republic of Korea S68 ABSTRACTS

Yih, W. there was insufficient phylogenetic signal in the data- Kunsan National University, Republic of Korea set and more taxa and/or genes may be needed to Park, M. G. resolve the relationships among these taxa. Alterna- Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea tively, the results may indicate that the genes selected may not be under strong selection pressure and may The photosynthetic Dinophysis species are well be evolving at differing rates in the various lineages. known to have plastids of a cryptophyte origin, more specifically Teleaulax amphioxeia. Nonetheless, recent some molecular studies carried out with wild samples EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES IN THE and laboratory culture strain reported that in addition EUGLENOID CHLOROPLAST to the plastids of T. amphioxeia origin, Dinophysis could Wiegert, K. E. also temporarily retain the other types of plastids. To Michigan State University, USA, [email protected] investigate plastid diversity, we isolated a total of 66 Triemer, R. E. phototrophic Dinophysis spp. cells between 2008 and Michigan State University, USA, [email protected] 2009 from 8 sites along western and southern coasts of Republic of Korea and amplified psbA gene as a tracer The chloroplast sequences of four photosynthetic from individually isolated cells and then digested the euglenoids including Colacium vesiculosum, Euglenaria PCR products with a restriction enzyme, SfaNI. During anabaena, Eutreptia viridis, and Strombomonas acuminata this study, we often encountered ‘‘green’’ D. acuminata are near completion. This has been achieved with cells, which contained varying degree of red autofluo- Roche 454 sequencing and the manual assembly of rescencing green plastids within the cell, in addition contigs. These chloroplast genomes offer a snapshot to typical orange autofluorescencing plastids. The into the evolution of this highly variable group of RFLP patterns revealed that a total of 66 Dinophysis organisms, which acquired their chloroplasts through cells analysed in this study all contained T. amphioxeia- secondary endosymbiosis. Through the use of synteny type plastid. Further, we found that approximately mapping, large gene rearrangements have been two-thirds (~66%) of the analysed Dinophysis cells con- observed ranging from single gene movements to the tained another cryptophyte plastid (i.e. T. acuta-type) flip-flopping of large blocks of genes. Comparisons at the same time in addition to T. amphioxeia-type plas- between taxa have confirmed the presence of key tid in a single cell. Interestingly, SfaNI digestion of the chloroplast genes suggesting a high level of gene con- products amplified on psbA gene from 10 Dinophysis servation within the lineage. Few genes have been cells produced a different RFLP pattern: in addition identified as absent, but bring to light the need to to T. amphioxeia-type and sometimes T. acuta-type plas- identify methods of gene loss and/or transfer within tid, undigested fragments occurred. the euglenoids. Further comparisons with the chloro- plast genome of Euglena gracilis and close green algal taxa have provided insight into euglenoid chloroplast evolution, and in doing so has indentified the puta- PHYLOGENY OF EUGLENOID AND GREEN tive green algal chloroplast donor as Pyramimonas ALGAL CHLOROPLASTS USING SSU RDNA parkeae. The sequencing of additional chloroplast AND TRNA’S genomes will undoubtedly refine the evolutionary his- Padgett, L. J. tory of the euglenoid chloroplast lineage. Michigan State University, USA, [email protected] Triemer, R. E. Michigan State University, USA, [email protected] A COMPARISON OF RIBOSOMAL AND The SSU rDNA and tRNA genes from euglenoid PROTEIN BAYESIAN PHYLOGENIES WITHIN and green algal chloroplasts were used to create a phy- THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC EUGLENOIDS logeny which was used to infer the endosymbiotic Watza, D. G. origin of the euglenoid chloroplast. A 12 gene dataset Michigan State University, USA, [email protected] was aligned and a phylogeny was inferred using Bayes- Karnkowska-Ishikawa, A. ian methods. The tree placed Pyramimonas parkeae at University of Warsaw, Poland, [email protected] the base of the euglenoid lineage suggesting that Pyra- Wiegert, K. E. mimonas was most closely related to an ancestral chlo- Michigan State University, USA, [email protected] roplast donor. While the basal position of Pyramimonas Bennett, M. S. was well supported, relationships among several eugle- Michigan State University, USA, noid species were not resolved. Euglena viridis was not [email protected] included in the same clade as the other two Euglena Triemer, R. E. species, causing the genus to be polyphyletic. The posi- Michigan State University, USA, [email protected] tion of Strombomonas acuminata, Euglenaria anabaena, and Euglena viridis differs from previous trees based on The purpose of this study was to incorporate pro- nuclear encoded genes. These results may suggest that tein coding genes into euglenoid phylogenies and ABSTRACTS S69 compare the results with those of ribosomal genes. in some cases more distant from species in their own The psbO gene, a nuclear encoded plastid targeting genus than they were to those in Helicostomella or gene involved in oxygen evolution, and the HSP90 other genera previously sequenced, regardless of the gene, a nuclear encoded heat shock gene that codes presence of an agglomerated or hyaline lorica. These for a molecular chaperone, were sequenced for 69 results are expected to contribute to accurate system- photosynthetic euglenoid taxa. Nuclear SSU, LSU, atic and phylogenetic schemes for tintinnids. and chloroplast 16S ribosomal sequences were also obtained for the euglenoid taxa from previous ribo- somal studies (Triemer et al. 2006). The phylogenies PROROCENTRUM MEXICANUM VS. inferred from the ribosomal genes resolved most rela- PROROCENTRUM RHATHYMUM: tionships among the genera within the euglenoids as COMPARATIVE TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND evidenced by very high Bayesian posterior probabili- TOXICOLOGY ties. In contrast, the phylogenies inferred from psbO Litaker, R. W. and HSP90 resulted in trees that resolved very few NOAA, USA, [email protected] clades but resolved many deep relationships between Holland, W. C. species within the same genera. These results suggest NOAA, USA that ribosomal analyses provide very robust phyloge- Kibler, S. R. nies at the generic level whereas protein analyses were NOAA, USA more useful at the species level. Furthermore, when Vandersea, M. W. the ribosomal and protein sequences were combined NOAA, USA into a single phylogeny, the results suggested that a Faust, M. A. combined analysis is preferred over either alone. Smithsonian Institution, USA Tester, P. A. NOAA, USA

MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL Considerable confusion exists in the literature con- CHARACTERIZATION OF TINTINNID cerning the ecology and potential toxicity of the CILIATES important Prorocentrum species P. mexicanum and Santoferrara, L. P. rhathymum. Prorocentrum mexicanum was first Universidad de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Argentina, described by Osorio-Tafall in 1942 and P. rhathymum [email protected] by Loeblich et al. in 1979. Because of the similarities Tomaras, J. between the original line drawings of P. mexicanum University of Connecticut, USA and those of P. rhathymum, both species were deemed Zhang, H. to be synonymous in 1982. In 2003, Corte´s-Altamir- University of Connecticut, USA ano and Sierra-Beltra´n presented convincing evi- Alder, V. dence, based on the original written description of Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET - Instituto P. mexicanum, that the two species were distinct. Thus, Anta´rtico Argentino, Argentina over 20 years of literature concerning these species is McManus, G. confused. To address this confusion, we first estab- University of Connecticut, USA lished single cell isolates of each species which allowed a more comprehensive morphological and Despite recent growth in genetic and genomic molecular characterization than previously available. approaches to understanding the diversity of protists, The resulting detailed SEMs and rDNA phylogenies the relationship between DNA sequences and the clas- highlighting the differences between these two spe- sical criteria for species identification remains contro- cies will be presented. In addition, an extensive litera- versial. In this context, tintinnid ciliates represent a ture survey listing those studies where unambiguous challenging case, as taxonomy is based mainly on the species identification was possible will be provided morphology of the lorica, a structure with question- along with a more accurate summary of the ecology, able diagnostic value due to its plasticity. The aim of distribution, and toxicology of each species. this study is to compare the molecular and morpho- logical variability within and between tintinnid species from coastal waters of the North and South Atlantic. Individual organisms were photographed to docu- ment morphology and subjected to sequencing of the LIMU FROM THE LOI: MACROALGAE nuclear small subunit rDNA. Species in the genera ASSOCIATED WITH TARO FIELDS IN THE Tintinnopsis, Tintinnidium, Helicostomella, Eutintinnus HAWAIIAN ISLANDS and Favella were analyzed. We found species showing Sherwood, A. R. morphological overlap but divergent sequences as well University of Hawaii, USA, [email protected] as species with different morphology but identical Carlile, A. L. sequences. Species within the genus Tintinnopsis were University of Hawaii, USA, [email protected] S70 ABSTRACTS

Neumann, J. M. University of Hawaii, USA, [email protected] ARRANGEMENT OF THE PERICENTRAL CELLS IN TRIBES OF THE RHODOMELACEAE Taro (Colocasia esculenta) is a culturally significant (CERAMIALES, RHODOPHYTA) THAT food crop in Hawaii. Freshwater macroalgae (limu) EXHIBIT PRIMARY DORSIVENTRALITY have been a recognized component of taro cultivation Hommersand, M. H. systems in the Hawaiian Islands for hundreds of years, University of North Carolina, USA, and several Hawaiian names are known to describe [email protected] these taxa. Taro fields, or lo’i, often contain both Freshwater, D. W. fishes and macroalgae as part of the nutrient cycling University of North Carolina, USA system of the fields. We collected macroalgae from taro fields on the five largest Main Hawaiian Islands as Earlier, Hommersand distinguished between pri- part of our ongoing Freshwater Algae Biodiversity Sur- mary dorsiventrality in the Rhodomelaceae in which vey of Hawaii because these fields represent a unique symmetry is established at the apex at the time the freshwater habitat in the Hawaiian Archipelago. pericentral cells are initiated and secondary dorsiven- Ninety-six collections were made, resulting in 170 trality that results from the displacement of side macroalgal identifications spanning 34 genera; these branches out of the plane of radial or bilateral sym- identifications were compared to historical literature metry. Pericentral cells are cut off in an alternating records dating back to 1901. DNA sequence compari- sequence in Rhodomelaceae with the 2nd next to the sons of multiple markers (UPA, rbcL, 18S, COI, tufA) 1st, the 3rd next 1st on the other side, the 4th next were used to identify genotypes associated with taro to the 2nd, etc. Primary dorsiventrality is established fields versus other freshwater habitats. Some taxa were in the tribes Bostrycheae, Herposiphoneae, Poly- found to be associated with multiple habitats (e.g. zonieae and Pleurostichideae with a shift in the direc- Compsopogon caeruleus, Cloniophora spicata), while others tion of pericentral cell formation taking place every were exclusively collected from taro fields (e.g. Hydro- time a polysiphononous exogenous branch is formed. dictyon reticulatum, some Spirogyra spp.). In the Amansieae dorsiventrality is consistently related to the pattern of trichoblast (monosiphonous hair) formation on the dorsal side with the tricho- blasts situated between the 1st and the 2nd pericen- tral cells, and polysiphonous branches are formed endogenously from the ventral side. Branching is dor- THE BENTHIC MARINE ALGAE OF THE siventral in the usual way in the tribe Streblocladieae; TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL WESTERN however, this group falls within the radially branched ATLANTIC: CHANGES IN OUR tribe Polysiphoneae in molecular analyses. UNDERSTANDING IN THE LAST HALF CENTURY Wynne, M. J. University of Michigan, USA, [email protected] GRATOL – ASSEMBLING THE GREEN ALGAL TREE OF LIFE The volume ‘‘Marine algae of the eastern tropical Lewis, L. A. and subtropical coasts of the Americas’’ produced University of Connecticut, USA, [email protected] by W. R. Taylor in 1960 was a comprehensive treat- Karol, K. G. ment of the benthic seaweeds of this region and New York Botanical Garden, USA, [email protected] remains a useful compendium for the breadth of Lopez-Bautista, J. M. its coverage, its detailed descriptions, and excellent University of Alabama, USA, [email protected] artwork. But in the 50 years since that floristic treat- McCourt, R. ment, numerous regional treatments have appeared, Academy of Natural Sciences, USA, many new taxa described, and many new records [email protected] have been published. Wynne has produced several Hall, J. D. checklists over the years (1968, 1998, 2005) in Academy of Natural Sciences, USA, [email protected]; efforts to gather the pertinent literature from this Delwiche, C. F. broad region from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, University of Maryland, USA, [email protected] in the north to southern Brazil in the south. The Lewis, P. O. recently published third revision (Wynne 2011) University of Connecticut, USA, [email protected] gives us the opportunity to see the dramatic changes in the schemes of classification and in the Green algae are an understudied, yet diverse group treatment of genera of green, brown, and red algae of eukaryotes with critical ecological roles in terres- from the new information provided by the flood of trial and aquatic habitats, with diverse life styles phylogenetic data. These changes will be presented ranging from autotrophic to symbiotic (including with some general and specific examples. parasitic), and of particular prominence because ABSTRACTS S71 embryophytes inherited their basic genetic toolkit from green algal ancestors. The overall goal of GrA- POPULATION STRUCTURE AND ToL is a new classification for all major branches of COLONIZATION HISTORY OF A green algae. The project includes over 25 scientists COSMOPOLITAN BROWN ALGA, COLPOMENIA and trainees contributing taxonomic expertise and PEREGRINA extensive knowledge of data collection and analysis. Lee, K. We are using a hybrid approach of PCR-based multi- Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea, gene sequencing, morphology and next-generation [email protected] sequencing methods. The team will collect data from Boo, G. 10 genes for 425 taxa, sampled from the nucleus, Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea, mitochondria, and plastid genomes for phylogenetic [email protected] analysis. Next-generation sequencing of 16 taxa will Nelson, W. A. generate data to study deep phylogenetic relation- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, New ships in the green algae, identify new target genes for Zealand detailed analysis of particular groups, and examine Coyer, J. A. organellar genome evolution. A public web site The University of Groningen, Netherlands includes a library of images, phylogenetic trees, and Miller, K. A. other resources. We will disseminate new phyloge- University of California at Berkeley, USA netic analysis methods through free, open-source soft- Boo, S. ware. Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea, [email protected]

We assessed the genetic structure of populations of a widely distributed brown alga Colpomenia peregrina, and investigated the effects of marine barriers to gene flow and historical processes. Several potential COMPARATIVE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE genetic breaks were considered, which would separate SYMBIONTIDA (EUGLENOZOA) by intercontinental distances between Asia and Eur- Yubuki, N. ope or Oceania or America. We analyzed mitochon- University of British Columbia, Canada, drial cox3 and atp6 gene sequences from 240 [email protected] individuals from 28 locations: 14 in Asia, five Europe, Simpson, A. four Oceania, and five America. Haplotype diversity Dalhousie University, Canada, [email protected] was high (H = 0.866) in Asia, while low (H = 0.331) Leander, B. S. in other regions. The lowest genetic diversity was University of British Columbia, Canada, found in the European populations. Haplotype net- [email protected] work analyses revealed the global colonization history of C. peregrina, providing evidence of multiple inva- Postgaardi is a euglenozoan that lives in low oxygen sions to Europe, secondary invasions to Atlantic environments and is covered with episymbiotic bacte- North America. The distribution of haplotypes, the ria. The Symbiontida is a distinct euglenozoan sub- pairwise FST values and the results of exact tests, AM- group that initially included only two genera, namely OVA, and mismatch distribution revealed: (1) a sig- Calkinsia and Bihospites. Both of these genera possess nificant genetic break between populations in Europe rod-shaped episymbiotic bacteria like that found on and other locations, (2) weak differentiation of Asian Postgaardi. The ultrastructure of Postgaardi was populations from the other populations, (3) strong described more than a decade ago and no further stud- signals of recent expansion within Asian and Oceania ies have been carried out since. In the absence of populations, respectively. The historical population molecular phylogenetic data, we re-examined the ultra- expansion of the species predated probably the last structure of Postgaardi in order to help elucidate the glacial maximum (LGM). Historical events, together phylogenetic position of this species within the Eugle- with the current oceanographic patterns, were pro- nozoa.We demonstrated that Postgaardi has a feeding posed as the main factors that determine the popula- apparatus consisting of five fibrous ‘‘fingers’’. This dis- tion structure and genetic signature of C. peregrina. tinctive feeding complex is also found in Calkinsia, but nowhere else within the Euglenozoa. The pellicle and complex feeding apparatus of Bihospites suggests that the Symbiontida is nested within phagotrophic eugle- SYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUS CRYPTOGLENA nids. Therefore, this work enabled us to establish (EUGLENACEAE) BASED ON MOLECULAR evidence that Calkinsia and Postgaardi are closely AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS related to each other, and their feeding apparatus was Kim, J. I. significantly reduced in their most recent common Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea, ancestor. [email protected] S72 ABSTRACTS

Shin, W. connected the ventral basal body to the SRm. The Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea overall configuration of the flagellar apparatus in R. salina was similar to those of Cryptomonas parame- The genus Cryptoglena of photosynthetic euglenoids cium, C. ovata, Cryptomonas sp. F and h. The ultra- has differentiated from other euglenoid genera by a structural differences of the flagellar apparatus among longitudinal sulcus, one chloroplast, two paramylons cryptomonad species will be discussed. positioned between the chloroplast and pellicle, and lack of metaboly, and is consisted of only two species defined by molecular signatures up to date. To under- THREE NEW MALLOMONAS SPECIES stand genetic diversity and taxonomy of two Cryptogle- (SYNUROPHYCEAE) FROM KOREA AS na species, we analyzed molecular and morphological INFERRED FROM MOLECULAR AND data from 26 strains. A combined data set of nuclear MORPHOLOGICAL DATA SSU and LSU and plastid SSU and LSU rDNA was ana- Jo, B. Y. lyzed using Bayesian, maximum likelihood (ML), max- Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea, imum parsimony (MP), and distance (NJ) methods. [email protected] Although morphological data of all strains showed no Shin, W. significant species specific pattern, molecular data sup- Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea ported that the genus Cryptoglena was divided into six clades: C. skujae clade, Cryptoglena sp. 1 clade, C. pigra Mallomonas is a unicellular genus characterized by clade, Cryptoglena sp. 2 clade, Cryptoglena sp. 3 clade, having silica scales and bristles. Classification of spe- and Cryptoglena sp. 4 clade. Previously known species, cies is based mainly on ultrastructural characteristics C. skujae and C. pigra, and additional four clades were of the siliceous cell covering. In this study, three new well recovered with strong supportive as monophyletic Mallomonas species from Korea, Mallomonas sp. nov. 1, lineages. Therefore, we propose four new species 2 and 3, were described using ultrastructure and based on specific molecular signatures and gene diver- molecular data. All species were members of the sec- gence of the nr SSU rDNA sequences. tion Planae due to lack of a V-rib and dome of the scales. M. sp. nov. 1 cells were ellipsoidal to ovoid, 18–22 · 8–13 lm in size. The bristle was terminated in expanded tip and the scale shield was marked with THE FLAGELLAR APPARATUS OF thickly spaced secondary meshwork and pore except RHODOMONAS SALINA posterior region. M. sp. nov. 2 cells were ellipsoidal to Nam, S. W. ovoid, 28–36 lm · 7–15 lm in size. The bristle was Chungnam national university, Republic of Korea, terminated in bifurcate tip and the scales shield was [email protected] marked with small papillae except posterior region. M. Shin, W. sp. nov. 3 cells were rounded oval, 12–18 · 7–12 lm Chungnam national university, Republic of Korea, in size. The bristle was terminated in several parted tip [email protected] and the scales shield was marked with spaced second- ary meshwork except posterior region. The molecular Rhodomonas salina Hill & Wetherbee is a photosyn- phylogenetic position of Mallomonas sp. nov. 1, 2 and 3 thetic marine flagellate that is known to have typical were inferred using nuclear SSU and LSU rDNA and characteristics of the cryptomonads. The ultrastruc- plastid rbcL sequences. In analyses, newly described ture of R. salina was examined with particular atten- Mallomonas species were strongly supported as mem- tion to the flagellar apparatus and compared with bers of the section Planae. Members of the new species those of other cryptomonads reported previously. The were subdivided into two subclades. Mallomonas sp. major components of the flagellar apparatus of nov. 1 was closely related to M. matvienkoae. Mallomonas R. salina CCMP1419 were keeled rhizostyle(Rhs), six- sp. nov. 2 was closely related to Mallomonas sp. nov. 3. stranded microtubular root(6r), striated root(SR), SR associated microtubular root(SRm), and anchoring fiber(AF). The Rhs originated near the proximal end of the dorsal basal body, passed through the left side PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE OF POSITIVE of gullet and finally dissociated at the posterior of the SELECTIONONADUPLICATED cell. In cross section, the Rhs composed of a band of PHOTOSYNTHESIS GENE IN THE DIATOMS four microtubules. At the level of nucleus, only three Hunsperger, H. M. out of four microtubules had wing structure. The 6r Department of Biology, University of Washington, USA, overlapped with the Rhs at the basal bodies, picked [email protected] up three additional microtubules and extended Cattolico, R. A. toward dorsal anterior lobe of the cell. The SR origi- Department of Biology, University of Washington, USA nated between two basal bodies and laterally extended to the right side of cell. The SRm was associated with The protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) the SR and composed of three microtubules. The AF enzyme catalyzes a light-dependent step in the ABSTRACTS S73 chlorophyll synthesis pathway. In diatoms, a duplica- tion event has occurred in the gene (por) encoding SYSTEMATICS OF HALARACHNION this enzyme. Two unique por genes are present in (FURCELLARIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA), each of the three sequenced diatom nuclear genomes INCLUDING A NEW SPECIES FROM Fragilariopsis cylindrus, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and OFFSHORE LOUISIANA, NW GULF OF Thalassiosira pseudonana, whereas only one por gene is MEXICO present in the nuclear genomes of the Pelagophyte Arakaki, N. Aureococcus anophagefferens and Phaeophycean Ectocar- University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA, pus siliculosus. The diatom por genes form two clades [email protected] in a por gene phylogeny, demonstrating a single Suzuki, M. duplication event. A maximum likelihood method for Toyo University, Japan, [email protected] detecting positive selection on particular lineages of a Fredericq, S. phylogenetic tree identified positive selection on a University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA, diatom por lineage. Approximately six amino acids [email protected] (of 433) encoded in this por gene were identified as having undergone positive selection (depending on Halarachnion Ku¨tzing is a newly reported genus for model parameters). Notably, the other diatom the Gulf of Mexico where it is represented by an por gene is predicted to encode a ~150 amino acid undescribed species growing attached to rhodoliths at C-terminal extension when compared to other known 52–73 m depth in the northwestern Gulf, offshore por genes. Louisiana. Aspects of the vegetative and female repro- ductive morphology of the Gulf species are docu- mented, and compared to those of Halarachnion latissimun from Japan. Halarachnion sp. nov. is a monoecious, presumably heteromorphic species, as inferred from the absence of tetrasporophytic speci- mens in our collections. H. latissimum, in contrast, is CONCORDANT ECOLOGICAL AND GENETIC a dioecious species that is isomorphic. Comparative DATA RESHAPE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF chloroplast-encoded rbcL sequence analysis indicates DINOFLAGELLATE SPECIES BOUNDARIES that isolates from the Gulf of Mexico are more closely Wham, F. C. related to H. ligulatum from the Atlantic Ocean than The Pennsylvania State University, USA, to H. latissimum from Japan. This is the first report of [email protected] the Furcellariaceae, a family in the Solieriaceae-com- LaJeunesse, T. C. plex, for the Gulf of Mexico. The Pennsylvania State University, USA, [email protected]

Current understanding of Symbiodinium diversity is based primarily on analysis of rDNA spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2). While hundreds of ribotypes exhib- iting distinct ecological and biogeographical distribu- THE CHLOROPLAST GENOME OF EUGLENA tions are documented, species assignments remain a VIRIDIS subject of controversy. Despite possessing very similar Bennett, M. S. ITS2 sequences, S. glynni associates with reef corals in Michigan State University, USA, the genus Pocillopora sp. while S. trenchi associates with [email protected] a wide variety of cnidarian host taxa, and therefore Triemer, R. E. occupy separate niches. The validity of these informal Michigan State University, USA, [email protected] putative ‘‘species’’ was tested by multi-locus genotyp- ing. Using 13 microsatellite loci, we demonstrate that It has been believed for some time that the origin these taxa do not share a common gene pool in of the euglenoid chloroplast was through a secondary sympatry. Indeed, greater genetic differentiation endosybiotic event wherein a phagotrophic euglenoid exists between co-occurring populations of S. trenchi engulfed a green algal cell, kept the green algal chlo- and S. glynni than between widely distributed popula- roplast, and utilized that chloroplast for its’ own ben- tions of each ‘‘species’’. Symbiodinium trenchi and S. efit. To date, there are only two published euglenoid glynni are further distinguished by a genome duplica- chloroplast genomes: those of Euglena gracilis and the tion event and a non-synonymous mutation probably colorless Euglena (Astasia) longa, which has secondarily affecting the function of the chloroplast psbA gene. lost the ability to photosynthesize. While these These observations demonstrate the utility of using genomes were important first steps to understanding multiple lines of evidence for delimiting species of euglenoid chloroplast origins and evolution, much Symbiodinium and indicate the need for major more work needs to be done to explore these pro- changes in rules governing the taxonomy of eukary- cesses. In an effort to begin investigating these ideas, otic microbes. we have sequenced the chloroplast genome of the S74 ABSTRACTS photosynthetic Euglena viridis using ‘‘next-genera- tion’’ sequencing technology. After gene annotation, LIGHT AND SCANNING ELECTRON the genome was compared to the previously pub- MICROSCOPE OBSERVATIONS OF THE lished euglenoid chloroplast genomes and analyzed DIATOM GENERA LICMOPHORA AGARDH AND for synteny, gene insertions and deletions, and PODOCYSTIS BAILEY IN THE NORTHEASTERN sequence similarities. Based on our draft chloroplast GULFOFMEXICO genome, it is clear that most of the genes found in E. Adhikari, A. gracilis are also present in E. viridis. However, we have Valdosta State University, USA, [email protected] found examples of gene rearrangements where two Malik, H. genes have not only reversed their order, but have Valdosta State University, USA changed strands, and other genes that are missing Nienow, J. A. entirely from the chloroplast genome. Valdosta State University, USA Prasad, A. K. Florida State University, USA

We are currently re-assessing the state of the dia- tom communities in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico in response to the recent oil spill. Included among the sea grass epiphytes of the local bays is a diverse assemblage of species belonging to the genera Licmo- phora and Podocystis. Included among these is an inter- esting form with affinities to both genera. The new form occurs as solitary or paired cells, with numerous A NEW SPECIES OF CALOGLOSSA discoid plastids. Frustules are heterovalvate, with one (DELESSERIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA) FROM or two rimoportulae per valve. Valves are heteropolar THE COASTLINE OF THE WESTERN with a narrow base, broadened center, and rounded ATLANTIC head. Rimoportulae, always present at the head pole, Krayesky, D. M. are simple in structure, with orientation ranging from Slippery Rock University, USA, [email protected] parallel to perpendicular to the apical axis. Rimoport- Norris, J. N. ulae at the base-pole, when present, are larger, fan- Smithsonian Institution, USA, [email protected] shaped, oriented perpendicular to the apical axis. West, J. A. Striae biseriate, separated by thickened costae. The University of Melbourne, Australia, base-pole contains a multiscissura. The presence of a [email protected] multiscissura suggests affinity with Licmophora, while Fredericq, S. L. the presence of biseriate striae and thickened costae University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA, and the morphology of the rimoportulae suggest [email protected] Podocystis. This combination of features precludes a definitive placement at this time. The red alga genus Caloglossa (Harvey) G. Martens is represented by several species along the coastline of the Western Atlantic. Even though the genus has already been the focus many taxonomic studies, its diversity is not yet fully understood. Comparative ANALYSIS OF TRANSCRIPTOMES FROM chloroplast-encoded rbcL and nuclear 26S LSU rDNA THREE MICROBIAL EUKARYOTES sequence analyses, combined with morphological Grant, J. R. observations, reveal a new species for the coastline of Smith College, USA, [email protected] the Western Atlantic. This new species collected from Lahr, D. J. intertidal localities in Florida USA, Mexico, and Brazil Smith College, USA, [email protected] is characterized by thalli of ovate blades, with endoge- Rey, F. nous branching, and strong constrictions at the thal- Washington University, USA, [email protected] lus nodes. The proposed new species forms a Knight, R. monophyletic group with other species whose only Colorado University, USA, [email protected] mode of secondary branching is also endogenous. Katz, L. A. The taxonomic importance of rhizoid morphology, Smith College, USA, [email protected] degree of constriction at the thallus nodes, secondary Gordon, J. I. branching pattern, blade morphology, blade width, Washington University, USA, [email protected] number of cell rows cut off from the first axial cell of the main axis, and presence of an adaxial cell row Resolving relationships across the eukaryotic tree derived from the first axial cell from lateral axis is of life is a major goal in modern biology. While the illustrated and discussed. amount of molecular data from microbial eukaryotes ABSTRACTS S75 has grown tremendously, the difficulty of generating genome-scale data from the number of taxa necessary EFFECTS OF THE ANTHROPOGENIC APRIL to resolve deep relationships continues to make this 2010 BP DEEPWATER HORIZON CRUDE OIL goal an elusive one. Eukaryotic transcriptomes are SPILL ON SEAWEED DIVERSITY IN THE NW smaller and simpler than their genomes, so RNA-Seq GULFOFMEXICO is a more efficient way to increase the availability of Richards, J. sequence data than whole genome sequencing or tra- University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA, ditional methods. Although producing data from the [email protected] hundreds of lineages needed to span the tree of life Gardiner, W. is still a daunting task, we believe that increased data University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA, from targeted and thoughtfully chosen taxa can [email protected] greatly enhance studies of the comparative biology of Schmidt, W. E. eukaryotes. We present RNA-Seq data from Chilodonel- University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA, la uncinata, a ciliate; Corallomyxa tenera, a taxon in the [email protected] Rhizaria; and Subulatomonas tetraspora, a microaero- Venera-Ponton, D. philic amoeboflagellate that is a member of a group University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA, that falls outside the major clades of eukaryotes. Our [email protected] analyses yield insights into the biology of these organ- Camacho, O. isms, and will allow phylogenomic placement of these University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA, lineages. [email protected] Sauvage, T. University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA, [email protected] Arakaki, N. A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF THE GENUS University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA, CHRYSYMENIA (RHODYMENIALES, [email protected] RHODOPHYTA), WITH A SPECIAL EMPHASIS Hickerson, E. ON TAXA FROM THE GULF OF MEXICO Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary, USA, Schmidt, W. E. [email protected] University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA, Fredericq, S. [email protected] University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA, Arakaki, N. [email protected] University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA Fredericq, S. Two 5-day ship-based dredging expeditions cen- University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA tered on previously studied hard banks throughout the Gulf to assess the impacts of the Deepwater Hori- Chrysymenia J. Agardh 1842, a genus within the zon oil spill on the diversity, vitality, and distribution Rhodymeniaceae Harvey 1849, is currently reported of offshore seaweeds living principally at 45–90 m as comprised of 19 species with a primarily warm-tem- depth. Results analyzed from the first 5-day leg of the perate to tropical distribution. It has been historically expedition offshore Louisiana, Mississippi and defined by a hollow thallus lacking both diaphragms Alabama (December 2010) indicate that macroalgal and internal rhizoids, and with a solid portion limited diversity of the previously documented assemblage to the stipe. Whereas Cryptarachne (Harvey) Kylin appeared limited in all dredged sites. The six species 1931, since merged with Chrysymenia, was character- of seaweeds dredged typically have a zone of meriste- ized by the presence of internal rhizoids, Chrysymenia matic surface cells or are embedded in a gelatinous now includes species that may or may not contain matrix. Strong petroleum odors were pervasive when such rhizoids. The present study investigates 13 taxa the dredge was retrieved from ~55 m depth at Ewing placed in both genera to establish more resolved gen- Bank 2 (Fish Haven) far west of the Deepwater Hori- eric concepts within a larger context of Rhodymenia- zon Explosion site; samples included individual car- ceae on the basis of chloroplast encoded rbcL and bonate nodules covered by light crude oil. The nuclear-encoded LSU rDNA gene sequence analysis, material is awaiting final HC fingerprinting analysis. and morphological observations. Worldwide samples In the second leg of the RAPID expedition, April investigated include the generitype, Chrysymenia ventri- 2011, seaweed diversity had increased to ~20 species. cosa (J. V. Lamouroux) J. Agardh 1842. The majority Additional seasonal dredging trips are urgently of the collections originated from the Gulf of needed to fully assess whether the marine flora Mexico, including three, well-resolved, new species of shows evidence of recovering to pre-event summer Chrysymenia. levels. S76 ABSTRACTS

(3) several potential demographic expansions. Histori- STUDIES ON THE DIVERSITY OF SUBAERIAL cal events and the current oceanographic patterns ALGAEINSOUTHERNGEORGIA:POTENTIAL were discussed as the main factors that determine the CRYPTIC SPECIATION IN COELASTRELLA population structure of G. elegans. (CHLOROPHYCEAE, CHLOROPHYTA) Griner, J. D. Valdosta State University, USA, [email protected] NEW INSIGHTS ON THE ORIGIN OF Nienow, J. A. PORPHYRA SPECIES (BANGIALES, Valdosta State University, USA, [email protected] RHODOPHYTA) FROM BRAZIL Milstein, D. We have isolated a number of strains of subaerial University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, algae from southern Georgia as part of a larger effort [email protected] aimed at (1) determining the diversity of subaerial Medeiros, A. S. algae in the region and (2) elucidating the mecha- University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, nisms enabling them to thrive with limited access to [email protected] liquid water. Morphological investigations of two of Oliveira, E. C. these strains placed them within the genus Coelastrella University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, [email protected] (Chlorophyta, Scenedesmaceae). Analysis of the Oliveira, M. C. nuclear 18S rRNA gene placed one of the strains in University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, [email protected] close proximity to Coelastrella saipanensis and C. vacuo- lata. Morphological data, including the presence, Traditionally, only the genera Bangia and Porphyra number, and structure of meridional ribs in the cell are accepted in the order Bangiales (Bangiophyceae, walls, suggests that these taxa are distinct and should Rhodophyta). However, a novel classification is being be considered a separate species. Analysis of the 18S proposed based on robust phylogenetic analyses, rRNA gene placed a second strain in close proximity including specimens of Bangiales collected world- to Coelastrella multistriata. Although the two entities wide. In this classification, 15 genera will be recog- differ significantly in their 18S rRNA genes, we have nized, with eight representing the foliose specimens not identified specific morphological differences, sug- and seven representing the filamentous one. gesting the possibility of cryptic speciation. One of the foliose genus comprises the species that occur on the Brazilian coast, for now still treated as Porphyra, which group together with about 75 species MOLECULAR PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF including the edible species from Japan commercial- GELIDIUM ELEGANS (GELIDIALES, ized as ‘‘nori’’. Recent studies on the Brazilian Porphyra RHODOPHYTA) IN THE NORTHWEST flora, based on molecular tools, have indicated three PACIFIC OCEAN new occurrences on our shore: Porphyra sp. Piaui, Kim, K. Porphyra sp. 77 and P. suborbiculata. In this study, we Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea, investigated the phylogenetic relationships of this [email protected] three species with the other Brazilian species. The two Boo, S. first were a match to the Asian species P. vietnamensis Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea, and P. tanegashimensis respectively, and were resolved [email protected] within the same clade of P. suborbiculata and the Brazilian P. acanthophora. Based on these results, we propose new Gelidium elegans is morphologically a variable species hypothesis on the origin of Brazilian Porphyra species. that occurs commonly in the northwest Pacific Ocean. In order to assess genetic structure of the species in the range of distribution, we analysed mitochondrial cox1 sequences from 272 individuals collected in fif- DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF teen locations in Korea, China, and Japan. Haplotype EPIPHYTIC SUBAERIAL ALGAE IN A diversity was high in central Japan (H = 0.780) and PANAMANIAN FOREST western Korea (H = 0.685), while the nucleotide diver- Allali, H. A. sity was relatively low in most of locations. A total of The University of Alabama, USA, 34 haplotype were recovered, including 28 (87.5%) [email protected] private’s. Haplotype C4 was widely distributed from Collin, R. China via Korea to northern Japan, and haplotype C1 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, was the most abundant in Korea and southern Japan. [email protected] The distribution of cox1 haplotypes, pairwise FST val- Lopez-Bautista, J. M. ues, results of neutrality tests, AMOVA, and mismatch The University of Alabama, USA, [email protected] distribution revealed (1) a significant genetic break between central Japan and the other locations, (2) a An environmental sequencing approach was used gene flow within the range except central Japan, and to investigate the biodiversity of the epiphytic algal ABSTRACTS S77 community in a Panamanian tropical rainforest. Clon- (=Anabaena) aphanizomenoides (Forti) Horecka´ ing techniques were carried out on amplicons derived et Koma´rek, these species were reclassified into from the 23S rDNA of the plastid genome. A total of Sphaerospermopsis. This study’s main objective was to 186 sequences were generated, with an average length morphologically and molecularly characterize cyano- of 360 bp. The maximum numbers of algal phylo- bacterial populations identified as D. torques-reginae types was 173 at 99% similarity. The maximum num- from different aquatic ecosystems in South America. bers of phylotypes at 98% and 97% were 125 and 88 The 16SrRNA gene of two D. torques-reginae strains respectively. Through phylogenetic analysis, the phyl- (ITEP024 and ITEP026) was used for phylogenetic otypes were inferred into two major algal lineages analysis. The morphological and phylogenetic analy- (cyanobacteria and chlorophytan algae). The cyano- ses demonstrated the affiliation of our populations bacteria had the highest number of phylotypes fol- within the genus Sphaerospermopsis. Furthermore, geo- lowed by the chlorophytes including the order graphic distribution, ecology, and toxicity of the spe- Trentepohliales. The majority of inferred cyanobacte- cies are discussed. Sphaerospermopsis torques-reginae was rial sequences consisted of species with thick mucilag- observed in Brazil, Argentina, and Colombia, suggest- inous sheaths while chlorophyte sequences were ing a wide distribution in South America. It normally mainly inferred from the trebouxiophyceae (phy- occurred in dense freshwater blooms, although also cobionts). By applying environmental sequencing found in water with low salinity. Sphaerospermopsis techniques the observed algal diversity of subaerial torques-reginae toxic blooms, identified as Anabaena epiphytes yielded higher taxa than traditional mor- spiroides Klebahn, producing anatoxin-a(s) have been phology-based approaches. registered in northeastern Brazil.

SPHAEROSPERMOPSIS TORQUES-REGINAE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HIGH (CYANOBACTERIA, NOSTOCALES) COMB. TEMPERATURE STRESS TOLERANCE BY THE NOV. FROM SOUTH AMERICAN WATER PORPHYRA SERIATA HSP70 IN BLOOMS CHLAMYDOMONASE Werner, V. R. Park, H. S. Museu de Ciencias Naturais - ZooBotanical Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea, Foundation/ RS, Brazil, [email protected] [email protected] Laughinghouse IV, H. D. Kim, E. C. Botany, NMNH, Smithsonian Inst & MEES Program, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea CMNS, Univ. of Maryland, USA, [email protected] Jeong, W. J. Fiore, M. F. Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, CENA-Univ. de Sao Paulo, Brazil Republic of Korea Sant’Anna, C. L. Hwang, M. S. Phycology Section, Inst. of Botany-Sao Paulo, Brazil Seaweed Research Institute, Republic of Korea Hoff, C. Park, E. J. CENA-Univ. de Sao Paulo, Brazil Seaweed Research Institute, Republic of Korea Santos, K. R. Gong, Y. G. Phycology Section, Inst. of Botany-Sao Paulo, Brazil Seaweed Research Institute, Republic of Korea Neuhaus, E. B. Choi, D. W. Museu de Ciencias Naturais - ZooBotanical Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea, Foundation/ RS, Brazil [email protected] Molica, R. J. Univ. Fed. Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil Temperature is one of the major environmental Honda, R. Y. factors effects on the distribution and growth rate of CENA-Univ. de Sao Paulo, Brazil the intertidal organism including red algae. To iden- Echenique, R. O. tify genes involved in the high temperature tolerance Phycology, FCNyM-Univ. Nac. de La Plata, Argentina of Porphyra, we generate 3,988 ESTs from gamate- phyte thallus of P. seriata under normal growth condi- Sphaerospermopsis torques-reginae (Koma´rek) comb.- tion and high temperature condition. We identify the nov. was originally described as Anabaena torques-regi- transcripts highly abundant in heat treated thallus by nae Koma´rek from planktonic populations of Cuban comparison of the ESTs from two difference tallus eutrophic environments, characterized by twisted tric- and called them as HTR (high temperature response) homes with spherical akinetes adjacent to heterocytes. cDNA. Among HTRs, the HTR5 encode a HSP70. Recently, all planktonic Anabaena morphospecies Through analyses of the P. seriata ESTs, we identify were transferred into the genus Dolichospermum. How- and characterize the nine HSP cDNAs, which encode ever, through a polyphasic characterization of strains various molecular weight HSPs from 95.6 kDa to of Anabaena reniformis Lemmermann and Aphanizomenon 25.8 kDa. RT-PCR results show that the transcript of S78 ABSTRACTS the HTR5_HSP70 gene was increase by high tempera- ture. To check the biological function, we introduce DECIPHERING RNA PROCESSING PATHWAYS the HTR5_HSP70 gene into Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. IN AMPHIDINIUM CARTERAE PLASTIDS Transformed Chlamydomonas with over expressed Dorrell, R. G. HTR5_HSP70 show higher survival and growth rate University of Cambridge, United Kingdom, than those of the wild-type under high temperature [email protected] treatment condition. Barbrook, A. University of Cambridge, United Kingdom, [email protected] Burrows, J. University of Cambridge, United Kingdom Plenderleith, L. J. University of Cambridge, United Kingdom Nisbet, R. E. University of Cambridge, United Kingdom Howe, C. J. TRANSCRIPTOME SEQUENCING AND University of Cambridge, United Kingdom, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PORPHYRA [email protected] TENERA UNDER ABIOTIC STRESS CONDITION The plastid genomes of peridinin-containing dino- Choi, D. W. flagellates have a highly unusual organisation, with Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea, genes encoded on multiple small minicircles. The [email protected] pathways by which minicircle-derived transcripts are Kim, E. C. generated and processed are poorly understood, but Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea show a number of idiosyncratic features including tran- Jung, Y. J. scription via a rolling circle mechanism, and 3’ terminal Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea uridylylation of transcripts. We present the outcomes Park, H. S. of a series of RT-PCR studies designed to detect tran- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, scriptional intermediates indicative of transcript pro- Republic of Korea cessing events in the model dinoflagellate Amphidinium Hwang, M. S. carterae. We demonstrate that transcription occurs in A. Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea carterae via a rolling circle mechanism, and that polycis- Park, E. J. tronic transcripts are apparently processed to mature Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea monomers following polyuridylylation. We present evi- Gong, Y. G. dence for the production of multiple alternate mono- Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea cistronic transcripts from A. carterae minicircles, including several regions containing ORFs previously A marine red alga Porphyra tenera grow in the inter- not known to be expressed. Finally, we identify the tidal zone which undergoes dynamic environmental presence of both polyuridylylated and nonpolyuridyly- changes including temperature, desiccation, osmotic lated transcripts from circularised A. carterae RNA. shock, and light intensity. Therefore, intertidal organ- Quantitative analysis of circularised psbA sequences isms such as Porphyra that grow on intertidal rocks suggests that polyuridylylation acts to protect the have developed a variety of strategies and mecha- 3’ ends of transcripts from degradation, and to define nisms to survive through those environmental stres- specific 5’ ends in transcript processing pathways. ses. In an effort to identify the genes involved in the high-temperature tolerance of Porphyra, we generated a total of 1,280,745 high quality EST sequences using HOW DOES PAULINELLA CHROMATOPHORA Roche-454 massive parallel pyrosequencing technol- (EUGLYPHIDA, CERCOZOA) BUILD A ogy. Among the total read, 308,856 were from normal DAUGHTER’S SHELL? growth condition and 313,710 from high temperature Nomura, M. condition, 390,322 from dry condition and 267,857 Univ. Tsukuba, Japan, [email protected] from freezing temperature condition. These EST Nakayama, T. sequences were clustered and assembled into 8,218 Univ. Tsukuba, Japan unigenes. Comparison of the ESTs from tallus under Ishida, K. different stress condition enable us to identify the Univ. Tsukuba, Japan transcripts up- or down regulated by high tempera- ture, freezing or desiccation stress. These ESTs Paulinella chromatophora is a euglyphid testate will provide valuable information to further under- amoeba and has attracted much attention in recent stand molecular mechanisms of the abiotic stress years to have a blue-green photosynthetic organelle tolerance. that has derived from a cyanobacterium via an ABSTRACTS S79 independent primary endosymbiosis. However, the long-chain alkenones, alkenoates, and alkenes basic information, such as proliferation manner, has (PULCA) as its neutral lipids, which are stored in not been understood well. Most euglyphid species, lipid bodies similar to the triacylglycerols produced including P. chromatophora, have a signature ovoid shell by most other algae. These C37–39 hydrocarbons with composed of siliceous scales. Unlike other siliceous 2–4 trans-alkene bonds occurring at 7-carbon intervals shell forming protists, P. chromatophora forms a com- are structurally attractive as a possible biofuel. How- plete empty shell outside of the cell before a daughter ever, little is known about their biosynthesis. Here, I cell goes into it during cell division. It is a big mystery monitored carbon flow into PULCA stores using how a single cell does it. By detailed time lapse video radiotracers. Stationary phase cultures of strains observations, we found that, the cells secreted the CCMP 1516 and 371 were pulse and pulse-chase scales from an aperture of own shell, piled up the labeled with either C-14 bicarbonate or U-C14-acetate, scales with a thick pseudopodium and a daughter cell and movement of the label through the cell and into moved into a new shell. Although small scales near the lipids was monitored over a period of 24 h during a aperture was made first in the mother cell, large scales light-dark cycle. Results show that acetate incorpo- around the middle of the shell were secreted first. It is rates predominantly into polar lipids (phospho- and also suggested that the scales are bonded each other glycolipids), while bicarbonate distributes almost with a cement-like material which probably contains equally into polar and neutral lipid stores. These N-acetyl-galactosamine-alpha 1,3-Galactose. results support a biosynthesis model for PULCA involving fatty acid synthesis components from both plastidial and cytoplasmic locations, which is sup- LET YOUR IMAGES OF PROTISTA POPULATE ported by genomic and proteomic data. THE CELL: AN IMAGE LIBRARY Antipa, G. A. San Francisco State University, USA, [email protected]

We need your images of Protista so they can get AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL EXAMINATION OF their deserved respect. Let me help you populate the CALCIFICATION IN A POLYMORPHIC library with your high resolution, high quality images COCCOLITHOPHORID, SCYPHOSPHAERA as I am directly involved with the development of this APSTEINII cell biology resource. The ASCB Cell Image Library Drescher, B. D. provides research quality images to and for Research- Univ. of North Carolina at Wilmington, USA, ers, Educators, Students, and the Lay Public by allow- [email protected] ing for the viewing and download of data. The Dillaman, R. M. worldwide site is expected to allow for collaboration Univ. of North Carolina at Wilmington, USA, among researchers who might not know each other. [email protected] In this way, the synergy of these images is expected to Taylor, A. R. archive objectives like GenBank. Since it’s in it’s Univ. of North Carolina at Wilmington, USA, infancy, your research and research program cannot [email protected] help but to benefit from it’s exposure. My involve- ment in this project is, in part, due to my desire to Coccolithophores are the most significant produc- more broadly share and recognize the contributions ers of marine biogenic calcite; however, the precise of protistan research to our understanding of basic mechanism and control of the calcification process is cell biology. Please consider sharing your images poorly understood. Scyphosphaera apsteinii (Lohmann) through me, and I will try to give your work the best produces flat, ovoid cribriliths and vase-shaped exposure possible. To look at the library go to lopadoliths with a range of intermediate morphologi- http://www.cellimagelibrary.org/. es. The cell ultrastructure shows typical Haptophyte features with coccolithogenesis similar to that described for other species including Coccolithus pelag- TRACING CARBON FLOW INTO NEUTRAL icus and Emiliania huxleyi. Of particular significance is LIPIDS IN THE MARINE HAPTOPHYTE new evidence of the role the reticular body plays in EMILIANIA HUXLEYI:CLUESTO governing coccolith morphology. In contrast to other BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS studied species, this body is situated between the Wallace, L. K. coccolith vacuole and Golgi complex and is specifi- California State University, Chico, USA, cally associated with formation of central pores in the [email protected] calcite structure. Results highlight the essential role Wolfe, G. V. of intra and inter crystalline organic material in the California State University, Chico, USA growth and arrangement of the calcite crystals. S. apsteinii secretes fully mature coccoliths which are E. huxleyi, a globally important coccolithophorid, attached to the plasma membrane via fibrillar mate- synthesizes an unusual set of polyunsaturated rial. Time-lapse light microscopy shows secretion of S80 ABSTRACTS lopadoliths is base first followed by eversion at the has identified nine stages of cortical morphogenesis. cells surface, the process taking between 1–2 min. Here we verify and provide details that lead to final pattern formation within the distinctive thigmotactic field region of the opisthe. Dividing cells were fixed, embedded, oriented, and sectioned for electron EXPERIMENTAL STRATEGIES FOR microscopy. Cortical morphogenesis in Conchophthirus INVESTIGATING MEMBRANE EXCITABILITY, represents a ‘‘point-of-no-return’’ process. We were CALCIUM SIGNALLING AND CELLULAR able to distinguish two major phases for development HOMEOSTASIS IN CHROMALVEOLATES of the opisthe thigmotactic field. Phase I involves for- Echevarria, M. L. mation of a replication band during stages 1–4 by the University of North Carolina Wilmington, USA, duplication of basal bodies within all kinetal rows [email protected] around the midsection of the mother cell. This band Taylor, A. R. eventually separates the presumptive proter from the University of North Carolina Wilmington, USA, opisthe. Phase II involves remodeling only within [email protected] the replication band and only on the left side of the organism within the presumptive opisthe thigmotactic The mechanisms that protists use to sense and field. Here, beginning at stage 6, one additional respond to intracellular and extracellular signals round of basal body proliferation produces one addi- determine their interactions with the environment. tional basal body for each basal body within the pre- With the recent discovery of fast ‘‘animal like’’ action sumptive thigmotactic field. This results in the potentials in diatoms (Taylor 2009) there is increas- characteristic zig-zag arrangement of basal bodies for ing evidence that membrane excitability and associ- the opisthe thigmotactic field of this organism. ated calcium signaling processes, which are important Each new basal body becomes ciliated by stage 7. The cell signaling mechanisms in other organisms, arose proter inherits the parental thigmotactic field. early in eukaryote evolution and were retained in sev- eral chromalveolate groups. With the exception of a few models, the functional role of membrane excit- ability in chromalveolates remains obscure. To advance our understanding of sensory biology, cell signaling and intracellular homeostasis in chromalve- AGENOMICAPPROACHTO olates requires the development of experimental UNDERSTANDING MUCILAGE SECRETION IN approaches that enable real-time measurements of DIATOMS membrane potential as well as intracellular concentra- Ashworth, M. P. tions of ions such as calcium and protons. Here we University of Texas, Austin, USA, present the technical challenges, and the most recent [email protected] methodological advances to understand cell signaling Theriot, E. C. in diatoms, coccolithophores and dinoflagellates. University of Texas, Austin, USA, With the development of methods to measure cellu- [email protected] lar responses of chromalveolates to changing environ- mental conditions we can gain a better mechanistic We are coming to understand that the ecological understanding of their environmental physiology and importance of diatoms is not limited to primary pro- functional roles in aquatic ecosystems. ductivity, as many diatoms produce extracellular poly- meric substances (EPS), which are vital components in algal and bacterial ‘‘biofilms’’. Pad, film and stalk formation is seen in many lineages of both centric and pennate diatoms, and several unrelated lineages of pennate diatoms form tubes. While great effort has been made to chemically identify the types of polysac- charides, proteins and other molecules used to create and modify diatom EPS there is still much about the DEVELOPMENTAL SCULPTING OF THE process we do not know. Araphid pennate diatoms THIGMOTACTIC CILIATURE PATTERN OF contain clade providing us a unique opportunity to CONCHOPHTHIRUS examine this process; specifically, within the genus Antipa, G. A. Cyclophora. A newly-described species (Cyclophora radi- San Francisco State University, USA, [email protected] ata), is round and does not produce EPS secretions Chang, E. like the closely-related, chain-forming taxon (Cyclopho- Imperial Valley College, USA ra tenuis), is currently in culture. Our goal is sequence the transcriptome of these taxa and com- The ciliature of the holotrichously ciliated Conch- pare them, looking for gene products that might be ophthirus curtus is regionally differentiated. Prior work involved with EPS production and secretion. ABSTRACTS S81

recognized as true sub-cellular organelles. Initially, PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH-LIKE lipid bodies were thought to be static vesicles that RESPONSES IN CHLAMYDOMONAS served as inert oil-containing storage sites within the REINHARDTII cell. New research shows these organelles play a cen- Collins, A. M. tral role in maintaining energy homeostasis. Chrysoch- Sandia National Laboratories, USA, [email protected] romulina sp. (Haptophyceae) has been chosen as a Ruffing, A. M. model system for probing the life history and lipid Sandia National Laboratories, USA, aruffi[email protected] composition of this dynamic organelle in chromalveo- Odenbach, K. J. lates. The small (~4 lm) unicellular Chrysochromulina Sandia National Laboratories, USA, [email protected] sp. has two lipid bodies that lie nestled between its Jones, H. D. two chloroplasts within the anterior region of the Sandia National Laboratories, USA, [email protected] cell. Using the vital fluorescent dye BODIPY 505/515 Timlin, J. A. that accumulates in lipid bodies via a diffusion trap Sandia National Laboratories, USA, [email protected] mechanism, we demonstrate that lipid body size Powell, A. J. changes dramatically when cells are sampled during a Sandia National Laboratories, USA, [email protected] 12-h light:12-h dark synchronous growth cycle. Also GC/MS analysis demonstrated that changes in fatty Numerous bottlenecks in scalable algal biofuels acid profiles occur in these synchronous cultures. production exist, and ‘‘pond crashes’’ in response to Cellular lipid content also reflects physiological cues abiotic stressors is chief among them. Feedstock algae (e.g., culture age) experienced by the organism. in raceway ponds are exposed to numerous stressors, including significant temperature fluctuations and high salinity due to evaporation. Elevated tempera- tures and high salinity are reported to promote pro- PHYLOGENETIC ORDER DIFFERENTIATES grammed cell death-like (PCD) responses in green FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF 40 NE algal species of Dunaliella and Chlorella. In this work, PACIFIC MACROPHYTES we characterize PCD-like responses in, Chlamydomonas Galloway, A. W. reinhardtii, a model green alga. Using a multifactorial University of Washington Friday Harbor Laboratories, USA, experimental design, we investigate not only the sin- [email protected] gle-factor PCD responses to elevated temperature and Britton-Simmons, K. H. salinity, but the interaction effects of these stressors University of Washington Friday Harbor Laboratories, USA, as well. To examine the possible role of these stres- [email protected] sors in promoting PCD, morphological features and Brett, M. T. intracellular molecular species will be monitored, as University of Washington College of Environmental will key enzyme activities (e.g. caspases) and changes Engineering, USA, [email protected] in expression patterns of loci predicted to have roles in PCD. This area of research will yield biomarkers to NE Pacific macrophyte communities are a diverse monitor pond health and productivity. mix of species representing four divisions that can confound traditional stable isotope approaches to food web ecology. Fatty acids (FA) may offer a more taxon-specific approach to tracing specific carbon CHRYSOCHROMULINA SP.: A MODEL ALGA sources, but the distribution of FA among the diverse FOR ANALYZING LIPID BODY BIOGENESIS marine macrophyte groups is poorly characterized. Hardin, B. We conducted a phylogenetically diverse survey of the University of Washington, USA, FA content of 40 subtidal and intertidal macrophyte [email protected] taxa within the Anthophyta, Chlorophyta, Och- Barker, J. rophyta, and Rhodophyta (21 orders) found in the University of Washington, USA, [email protected] San Juan Archipelago, WA. FA composition of macro- Ryken, S. phytes differs significantly among phylogenetic orders University of Washington, USA, (perMANOVA, P = 0.001). NMDS analyses suggested [email protected] that orders with more recent origins exhibit more FA Deodato, C. variation among species than more ancient orders. University of Washington, USA, We identify several FA which may be useful as bio- [email protected] marker indicators in marine food web studies due to Cattolico, R. A. their presence in select taxa within the division and University of Washington, USA, [email protected] absence in other divisions (e.g., 16:4n-3 in Chloro- phyta). We show that the proposed biomarker aracha- Although microscopic analysis of algal cells has donic acid (20:4n-6) is not indicative of brown algae documented the presence of lipid inclusions in many in the Ochrophyta only and is present in relatively algal species, these inclusions have only recently been similar amounts in several Rhodophyta taxa. S82 ABSTRACTS

Seaplants Limited (ASL) ensures its cultivated marine CHRONIC EXPOSURE REDUCES ACUTE plants have an established chain of custody. Wild DOMIC ACID TOXICITY IN VITRO: ROLE OF harvested seaweeds are derived from marine GLUTATHIONE environments exposed to a variety of human influ- Giordano, G. ences, making them unreliable and inconsistent University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, sources of high quality compounds. Acadian Sea- [email protected] plants’ global leadership in generating pure cultures Kavanagh, T. J. of marine plant biomass necessitates the integration University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA of reliable traceability systems together with experi- Faustman, E. M. enced operations management. To accomplish impor- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA tant commercial goals, production protocols have Costa, L. G. been optimized to batch sizes and critical control University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, points correlated throughout the tightly-monitored [email protected] growth systems. Extensive documentation is main- tained from beginning to end of each production Domoic acid (DomA) is a potent marine neuro- cycle, ensuring security of supply through a safe and toxin. Low concentrations of DomA (100 nM) induce traceable system. Detailed information accompanies oxidative stress-mediated apoptotic cell death in neu- the product throughout its life span up to and rons. In the present study we investigated the effects including the required finished product format. The of prolonged (10 days) exposure of cerebellar gran- nature of ASL’s traceability system inspires commer- ule neurons (CGNs) to a very low concentration cial confidence and its sustainable cultivation system (5 nM) of DomA on the acute neurotoxicity of this provides flexibility in addressing customers’ unique toxin. CGNs from wild-type mice and from mice lack- product requirements while maintaining safety, qual- ing the glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit ity, and environmental stewardship. (Gclm -/-) were utilized for this purpose. CGNs from Gclm -/- mice have very low glutathione (GSH) levels and are very sensitive to DomA toxicity. In CGNs from wild-type mice, prolonged exposure to 5 nM DomA did not cause toxicity, but reduced apoptotic cell death induced by acute exposure to DomA (100 nM). This protection was not observed in CGNs from Gclm -/- mice. Prolonged DomA exposure increased GSH levels in CGNs of wild-type, but not of Gclm -/- mice. These results indicate that a pro- LASER IN-SITU SCATTERING AND longed exposure to very low levels of DomA can up- TRANSMISSOMETRY AS A TOOL TO DETECT regulate cellular defense mechanisms that afford par- HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS tial protection toward a higher acute DomA exposure Railey, L. D. (Supp. by NSF). Texas A&M University, USA, [email protected] Thornton, D. Texas A&M University, USA, [email protected]

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a lasting prob- lem in Texas coastal waters. The blooms are variable MARINE PLANT PRODUCTION FOR HIGH in time and space causing difficulty in their manage- VALUE APPLICATIONS IN FUNCTIONAL ment and detection. Four HAB species, Aureoumbra FOOD AND COSMECEUTICAL APPLICATIONS: lagunensis, Karenia brevis, Karlodinium veneficum, and SECURITY OF SUPPLY AND TRACEABILITY Prorocentrum minimum, were grown in triplicate batch Cornish, M. L. cultures. A laser in-situ scattering and transmissome- Acadian Seaplants Limited; St. Francis Xavier University, try (LISST) instrument was used to characterize the Canada, [email protected] shape of each HAB species by detecting the particle Hafting, J. T. size distribution (PSD) in 32 size bins in the range of Acadian Seaplants Limited, Canada, [email protected] 2.72 lm to 460 lm. The LISST was used as a low cost, Critchley, A. T. low effort method for detecting HABs in natural Acadian Seaplants Limited, Canada, water. Each HAB species has a different, distinct PSD [email protected] showing that the LISST can be used successfully in laboratory conditions. K. brevis was detected in natu- As a pioneer in land-based cultivation technology ral seawater at 10% of a bloom concentration. These and possessing the largest, on-land commercial mac- data show that the LISST is potentially a viable instru- roalgal production facility in the world, Acadian ment for detecting HABs off the Texas coast. ABSTRACTS S83

Casamatta, D. A. IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE LOCALIZATION OF UNF, USA, [email protected] DIMETHYLSULFONIOPROPIONATE (DMSP) IN THALLI OF THE MARINE MACROALGA, Over the last decade, Northeast Florida has under- ULVA LACTUCA gone a marked increase in blooms of the toxin pro- Hylarides, M. J. ducing cyanobacterium M. aeruginosa. While the Seattle Pacific University, USA, [email protected] negative impacts of microcystins are well known, the Moon, J. true functional roles of these toxins remain unclear. Seattle Pacific University, USA The purpose of this study was to examine the effects Nelson, T. A. of microcystins on co-occurring heterotrophic bacte- Seattle Pacific University, USA rioplankton commonly found in the St. Johns River. Ridgway, R. L. Twenty seven unique bacterial isolates (based on col- Seattle Pacific University, USA ony morphology) were isolated from river water sam- ples. Isolates were challenged by exposing them to Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) serves as an toxin-containing M. aeruginosa exudate. Using a disk- anti-herbivore defense molecule in many species of diffusion assay, fourteen isolates were inhibited after ulvoid macroalgae via its primary breakdown prod- 24 h, while 13 never elicited a zone of inhibition. ucts: dimethylsulfide and acrylic acid. We have The 13 non-inhibited strains were subsequently cul- recently generated a rabbit polyclonal antiserum tured with microcystins and growth rates accessed via against DMSP conjugated as a hapten to bovine spectrophotometric analysis over one week. Six strains serum albumin (BSA) via a carbodiimide-type linker showed significantly (P < 0.05) greater growth yields reaction. In the present study, we have tested the use- compared to controls that did not contain microcys- fulness of this antiserum in the specific localization of tins, while the other seven stains were not signifi- DMSP in thalli of a known DMSP-producing ulvoid cantly (P > 0.05) different compared to controls. In macroalga, Ulva lactuca. Initial attempts to localize conclusion, it appears that microcystins may stimulate DMSP in whole-mounted thalli were marginally suc- some heterotrophic bacteria while inhibiting others, cessful, but compromised due to probe penetration perhaps leading to a competitive advantage for toxic difficulties. We thus developed an indirect immuno- producing strains. fluorescence protocol for localizing DMSP in semi- thin (0.5–1.0 lm) plastic sections of embedded thalli. Such sections provided high resolution images reveal- ing the localization of DMSP (in conjugate form) primarily within the cytosol, and to a lesser degree within the central vacuole and pyrenoids. In some samples, DMSP was also localized within cell walls of the distromate thalli of U. lactuca, perhaps as the STRAIN VARIATION IN EUGLENOPHYCIN result of released DMSP being trapped there during SYNTHESIS BY THREE CLONES OF EUGLENA fixation. Our results confirm the specificity of the SANGUINEA antiserum and suggest it may be useful in studying Zimba, P. V. the production and release of DMSP by ulvoid Texas A&M University- Corpus Christi, USA, macroalgae exposed to different environmental [email protected] conditions. Ordner, P. Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, USA Rafalski, A. Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, USA PUTATIVE ROLES OF MICROCYSTINS ISOLATED FROM MICROCYSTIS AERUGINOSA It is well established that clonal differences exist in (CYANOBACTERIA) ON HETEROTROPHIC algal growth rates, pigment content, and toxin con- BACTERIOPLANKTON ISOLATED FROM THE tent. Three clones of Euglena sanguinea isolated from ST. JOHNS RIVER (FL) NC (site of the first recorded fish kills), Texas (site of Omran, A. P. the second recorded fish mortality event), and from a UNF, USA, arthur.omran@edu lake in Ecuador were grown in batch cultures. Clonal Pennington, N. A. isolates were grown in AF-6 media using 35 lmol PAR UNF, USA, [email protected] on a 14:10 L:D cycle at 30 C. Samples were collected Stocks, H. S. at days 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 14, 18, 24, and 30 for pig- Jacksonville, USA, [email protected] ment content (HPLC), cell number and toxin con- Verhulst, S. A. tent (HPLC-MS). Growth rates exceeded 0.46 UNF, USA, [email protected] doublings/day for all clones using pigments and cell Ross, C. I. number data. Toxin content varied by 100-fold UNF, USA, [email protected] between clones. S84 ABSTRACTS

southeastern coast of Taiwan. From T. hoshinota,a STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS AND cyanobacterium (GI-1) was isolated, and axenically UNDERWATER VIDEO SHOW IMPORTANCE cultivated in the lab. The GI1 was supposedly a new OF HIGHLY LOCALIZED FACTORS IN cyanobacteria species as demonstrated by the 16S CONTRIBUTING TO EXCESSIVE GROWTH OF rDNA sequence and its unique morphological charac- HARMFUL MACROALGAL BLOOMS teristics. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Melton, M. GI1 was taxonomically corresponded within the order Seattle Pacific University, USA, [email protected] Pleurocapsales. However, the maximum identity was Nelson, T. A. only 94% between GI1 and Pleuocapsa, Myxosarcina Seattle Pacific University, USA, [email protected] and Dermocarpa strains, respectively. The GI1 was examined for thylakoid structure and cell division Blooms of ulvoid algae may out-compete other pri- type with TEM as well as traditional morphology with mary producers, cause anoxia, and release toxic SEM and LM. Cells of GI1 were able to divide by bin- hydrogen sulfide fumes as they decay. Underwater ary. The formation of endospores and positive photo- video analysis in Washington State, USA indicates that taxis of released endospores were observed in GI1.he ulvoid algal high on average state-wide in a given major fatty acids, C16:0 and C16:1, were present year, yet many sites will show declines during that 98.3% of total fatty acids. One new and a known year and vice versa. We examined nitrogen availability cyclic tetrapeptide (1–2), and ten diketopiperazines and sources using stable isotope analysis at a focus (3–12) were isolated from the culture medium of site and two control sites. Most ulvoid algae in Puget GI-1. Eight of ten diketopiperazines were proline- Sound are not nitrogen limited; rather light and des- containing cyclic dipeptides. The structures of 1–12 iccation on steeply-pitched shorelines control maxi- were elucidated by NMR and mass data. mal abundance. At our focus location in Dumas Bay, we found that algae appeared nitrogen-limited since the intertidal is extensive yet kept constantly moist by streams and groundwater. Algae growing in most of Dumas Bay had an isotopic signature similar to that seen at control sites and consistent with upwelling-dri- ven sources. At the mouth of one creek discrepancies in this ratio suggest an anthropogenic source of nitro- REGENERATION FROM THALLUS gen. We conclude that differences in upwelling and FRAGMENTS OF A RED ALGA GELIDIUM summer weather are not expected to uniformly affect SPECIES all sites across the state accounting for the interaction Kim, H. G. effect between sites and year of study seen in under- Gangneung-Wonju National University, Republic of Korea, water video analysis. [email protected] Boo, S. M. Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea, [email protected]

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION Gelidium is an excellent source of high quality agar, AND SECONDARY METABOLITES OF A and there is a great need of cultivation to increase SYMBIOTIC CYANOBACTERIUM STRAIN GI1 biomass because most of Gelidium species are very ISOLATED FROM THE MARINE SPONGE slow in growth rate and difficult to cultivate in fishery TERPIOS HOSHINOTA farms. We found a Gelidium species in Korea that is Lu, C. small with a size of up to 5 cm, and have ‘‘repair’’ National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taiwan bands on branchlets. We compared regeneration of ROC, [email protected] apical and subapical fragments of about 5 mm in size Jhu, S. through culture. Cultures were maintained in f/2 National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taiwan medium at 20 C. All cultures were kept a low light ROC intensity during the first week. Up to 20 primary Wang, Z. branches arose from each fragment after 4 weeks of National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taiwan culture, and up to 60 secondary branches from each ROC fragment were produced after 7 weeks of culture. Chen, Y. More regenerated branches were likely produced National Chun Kung Univ., Taiwan ROC from basal side than apical side. After 13 weeks, Su, H. regenerants grew up to 5 cm and became a typical National Chun Kung Univ., Taiwan ROC thallus of Gelidium. Our regeneration experiment sug- gests a capability of rapid regeneration of a species Terpios hoshinota, a cyanobacteriosponge, caused with repair band that contributes to mass cultivation the coral ‘‘black disease’’ at Green Island off the of Gelidium for biotechnology. ABSTRACTS S85

as its neutral lipid. These lipids are stored in lipid BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF bodies (LBs) (Eltgroth 2005), much as the triacylgly- TETRASELMIS CHUII FOR COMPROMIZING cerols produced by most other algae as neutral lipid, BETWEEN HIGH CELL DIVISION AND LIPID and are structurally attractive as biofuels. Prior work CONTENT has shown PULCA accumulation under nutrient Mohammady, N. G. limitation (Prahl 2003), and a proteomics study of Alexandria University, Egypt, [email protected] E. huxleyi LBs and associated endomembranes identi- Rieken, C. W. fied a number of low-abundance proteins likely Josephine Bay Paul Center, MBL, USA involved in neutral lipid biosynthesis and catabolism Lindell, S. R. (Wolfe and Erlendson manuscript in preparation). MRC, MBL, USA I am quantifying expression of these genes using Reddy, C. M. RT-PCR under different growth conditions, including WHOI, USA growth phase, light vs. dark, bicarbonate addition, Taha, H. M. and lipid synthesis inhibitors. Here, I present results Alexandria University, Egypt of qPCR method development and data on gene Lau, C. L. expression levels over a growth phase. Chinese Univ. of Hong Kong, China Carmichael, C. A. WHOI, USA

A comparative study was carried out on a variety of batch-wise grown microalgae to explore the fastest grown and highest lipid producer candidate towards the biofuel invention. The results showed that although Tetraselmis chuii was the best grown micro- alga under basal cultivation conditions, it was the least lipid producer among the examined species. A linear correlation between the alga’s cell size and ULTRASOUND ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF the lipid content was demonstrated. However, after LIPIDS FROM MICROALGAE being transferred into N-deficient nutrient medium, Bin Latheef, M. T. chuii cells were equally sized and attained the max- McGill University, Canada, imum size after 15 days of cultivation. In addition, [email protected] the lipid produced by the alga increased by about Ngadi, M. O. 35% compared to the basal growth medium. The McGill University, Canada, [email protected] study demonstrated that biochemical engineering of T. chuii using N-deficient growth medium condition The goal of the study was to enhance extraction of could compromise between cell division and lipid lipids from microalgae using ultrasonic treatment. production. Dewatered and frozen samples of microalgae were freeze-dried and mixed with the solvent (n-hexane: isopropanol in ratio 3:2) prior to ultrasonic treat- ment. A solid probe resonating at maximum ampli- tude of 124 nm was used to treat the sample and applied amplitudes ranged from 85% to 40%. Treat- ment time was also varied from 1 to 4 h. After treat- ment, lipids were extracted with the same solvent QUANTITATIVE GENE EXPRESSON OF followed by phase separation using sodium sulphate. PROTEINS ASSOCIATED WITH SYNTHESIS OF The lipid yield was then assessed by gravimetric NEUTRAL LIPID AND LIPID BODIES IN THE method and the results were subjected to statistical HAPTOPHYTE EMILIANIA HUXLEYI analysis. The fatty acid profile of the extracted lipid Hoddick, S. C. was obtained using gas chromatography and the free California State University, Chico, USA, fatty acid content was calculated. The result showed [email protected] a significant increase in lipid extraction following Wolfe, G. v. ultrasound treatment. Both ultrasound amplitude California State University, Chico, USA, and treatment time have significant effect on lipid [email protected] yield. The relationship between the two factors was not completely proportional. It was demonstrated E. huxleyi, a globally important coccolithophorid, that ultrasound treatment could be an efficient synthesizes an unusual set of PolyUnsaturated Long- method of cell disruption for lipid extraction from Chain Alkenones, Alkenoates, and Alkenes (PULCA) microalgae. S86 ABSTRACTS

ciguatoxins. CFP is the most commonly reported mar- ANALYSIS OF CHROMULINA FREIBURGENSIS - ine toxin related illness and it can be fatal. CFP LIPIDS & SACCHARIDES FOR THE USE OF occurs circumtropically and is endemic to the Carib- BIOFUELS bean where it correlates positively with water tempera- Mondloch, A. ture. Consequently, there is increasing concern that Montana Tech of the University of Montana, USA, higher temperatures associated with climate change [email protected] could broaden and increase incidences of CFP. This Hall, D. concern prompted examination of water tempera- Montana Tech of the University of Montana, USA, tures in the Caribbean for areas that could sustain [email protected] rapid Gambierdiscus growth rates year-round (> 29 C, Cameron, D. see Kibler et al. abstract). Long-term sea surface tem- Montana Tech of the University of Montana, USA, perature (SST) and buoy data from the region indi- [email protected] cate the number of days with SSTs > 29 C has nearly Mitman, G. G. doubled (44 days to 86 days) in the last three dec- Montana Tech of the University of Montana, USA, ades. Our results show that areas of high, stable water [email protected] temperatures in the eastern Caribbean correlate with the highest CFP incidence rates. Modeling efforts are Algae are being investigated world-wide as a source currently underway to determine how decadal and for biofuels. We are studying the algal species Chromu- longer warming trends will affect Gambierdiscus growth lina frieburgensis Defl., a single-celled, golden brown rates, habitat range and, potentially, CFP occurrence algae in the class Chrysophyceae. Isolated from acidic rates. mine waste waters, this alga contains large oil stores in its cell vacuoles as noted by microscopy. Extracts of the dried alga and the dried alga that had been grown in a modified acid medium were reacted with a sulfuric acid-methanol solution to form esters of any fatty acids (FAMEs). GC/MS analysis of the deriv- USING A CYST RECORD TO ASSESS atized extract revealed an extremely complex mixture HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE that eluted at relatively high temperatures but no HARMFUL ALGA ALEXANDRIUM SP. AND detectable FAMEs. Trans-esterification of the dried CLIMATE IN SEQUIM BAY, WASHINGTON alga produced a number of C16 and C18 FAMEs. Feifel, K. M. A water extraction procedure produced a number of University of Washington, USA, compounds, including various glucans that were ana- [email protected] lyzed by LC/MS. Results on algal growth rates and Horner, R. A. extractable oil composition resulting from the varia- University of Washington, USA tion of environmental factors such as temperature, light intensity, and growth media will be presented. Detection of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) due to blooms of the harmful alga Alexandrium sp. has increased in Puget Sound, Washington, since the 1970s. This increase has been linked to large-scale cli- CIGUATERA FISH POISONING IN THE mate variability such as the Pacific Decadal Oscilla- CARIBBEAN tion (PDO), and local variables such as air Tester, P. A. temperature, stream flow, and sea surface tempera- National Ocean Service, USA, [email protected] ture. However, existing records, based on PSTs in Nau, A. W. shellfish, are relatively short, dating only to 1957, and National Ocean Service, USA therefore it is difficult to statistically assess the influ- Feldman, R. L. ence of short-term, stochastic environmental variabil- National Ocean Service, USA ity versus long-term trends in relation to climatology. Kibler, S. R. Alexandrium sp. exhibits an alternation between a National Ocean Service, USA motile, free-living, vegetative stage with a non-motile, Holland, W. C. benthic, cyst stage. Hence, we examined the relation- National Ocean Service, USA ship between historical climate variability and profiles Vandersea, M. W. of Alexandrium sp. cysts in a sediment core from National Ocean Service, USA Sequim Bay, WA. Our results suggest that there is no Litaker, W. R. statistically significant relationship between the cyst National Ocean Service, USA record and PDO or stream flow, but there is a posi- tive, significant relationship between local air temper- Tropical dinoflagellates of the genus Gambierdiscus ature and sea surface temperature, indicating that cause ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) in humans local environmental variability is an important through ingestion of fish that have bioconcentrated controller of Alexandrium sp. populations. ABSTRACTS S87

seawater. Calcifying marine organisms, including coc- DISCOVERY AND DISTRIBUTION OF colithophores, such as Emiliania huxleyi, may be sensi- MEDIOPYXIS HELYSIA KU¨ HN, HARGRAVES & tive to these changes in ocean chemistry. We HALLIGER IN BREIÐAFJO¨ RÐUR, WEST investigated the effect of increased pCO2 on two iso- ICELAND lates of Emiliania huxleyi: the calcifying strain, CCMP O¨ rno´lfsdo´ttir, E. B. 2668, and the non-calcifying strain, CCMP 374. These Vor€ Marine Research Center at Breiðafjor€ ður, Iceland, experiments were performed in enclosed experimen- [email protected] tal chambers with target CO2 levels of 380 ppm (pres- O´ lafsdo´ttir, S. R. ent day), 760 ppm (2x present day) and 1000 ppm Marine Research Institute, Iceland (predicted year 2100 level under IPCC ‘‘business as Eydal, A. usual’’ scenario) through an atmospheric gas Marine Research Institute, Iceland exchange system. Semicontinuous cultures were main- Gunnarsson, K. tained for 11 days, during which time cultures were Marine Research Institute, Iceland regularly sampled for particulate dimethylsulfoniopro- pionate (pDMSP), particulate organic and inorganic A survey on phytoplankton abundance, community carbon, cell size, growth rate, and chlorophyll composition and physical and chemical drivers was content. Analysis of these samples is currently initiated in Breiðafjo¨rður, West Iceland, in May 2007. underway. In the same year a new species of diatoms to Icelan- dic waters, Mediopyxis helysia, was detected in the phy- toplankton community. The species has been observed in Breiðafjo¨rður annually from 2007 to 2011 and has been detected sporadically at 10 sample loca- tions. M. helysia was frequently detected in autumn and winter with erratic occurrence in spring and sum- mer. Comparison of M. helysia abundance with mea- ANALYSIS OF EUTREPTIELLA sured environmental parameters revealed no TRANSCRIPTOME USING 454 GSFIX significant correlation. In Iceland, M. helysia has only TITANIUM been detected from Breiðafjo¨rður and its origin and Kuo, R. dispersal mechanism is unknown. Currently, the Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, locations of possible origin are in the North Sea USA, [email protected] (Scotland, German Bight) or from the east coast of Zhang, H. North-America (Gulf of Maine, Bay of Fundy), the Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, only locations in the world where the species has USA been reported hitherto. M. helysia is a large and con- Zhuang, Y. spicuous species which is hard to overlook and thus it Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, might be indicative of more extensive transport of USA inconspicuous phytoplankton or other marine micro- Lin, S. scopic organisms. Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, USA, [email protected]

To understand the genetic network and environ- mental factors regulating various ecological and physi- ological processes critical for controlling energy flows in the marine ecosystem, it is necessary to study gen- THE EFFECTS OF ELEVATED PCO2 ON THE ome-scale profiling of gene expression for phyto- PHYSIOLOGY OF COCCOLITHOPHORE plankton. In this project, we used 454 sequencing EMILIANIA HUXLEYI technique to investigate gene expression profiles of a Wuori, T. A. common estuarine microalgae, Eutreptiella sp. from Western Washington University, USA, tristenwuori@hot- Long Island Sound. About 4 · 106 reads were yielded mail.com in two 454 sequencing runs including contrasting Strom, S. L. light and nutrient conditions. The most abundant Western Washington University, USA genes found were associated with metabolic process, Olson, M. B. cellular process, biological regulation, and cellular Western Washington University, USA component organization. Under the light condition, Love, B. A. genes were more diverse than those under the dark Western Washington University, USA condition. The results suggest that cell activity was more complex under the light condition. The genes As anthropogenic CO2 is added to the atmosphere, differentially expressed under different conditions CO2 dissolves into the ocean and lowers the pH of and their possible functions are discussed. S88 ABSTRACTS

and may be restricted to the tropics. Most species are EXAMINING RNA-PROCESSING IN facultative algivores, surviving also on bacteria. Indi- MICROSPORIDIA WITH HIGH-THROUGHPUT vidual amoebal species prefer some prey species TRANSCRIPTOME SEQUENCING (algae and bacteria) over others, and prey prefer- Grisdale, C. J. ences differ from species to species. Data on popula- UBC, Canada, [email protected] tion dynamics of amoebae in two-component Fast, N. M. laboratory cultures (one amoeba, one prey) have con- UBC, Canada, [email protected] tributed to the formation of a preliminary model for contamination dynamics in algal production bioreac- Microsporidian parasites of the genus Encephalitozoon tors and ponds. have the smallest eukaryotic nuclear genomes. The genome of E. cuniculi is a mere 2.9 Mb, encodes approximately 2000 protein-coding genes, and has very few, short introns. We have shown that RNA-processing CORRELATED MORPHOLOGICAL AND in these parasites is unusual in several respects; multi- MOLECULAR DATA ESTABLISH THE gene transcripts are produced, introns are actively POLYPHYLY OF NANODIATOMS PREVIOUSLY spliced in the proliferative stage only, and 5’ untrans- ASSIGNED TO NANOFRUSTULUM SHILOI lated regions are the shortest known. RNA extracted O’Kelly, C. from proliferative stage cells was sequenced by Illu- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, mina mRNA-seq, producing 100 bp reads. By aligning Friday Harbor, WA these reads to the E. cuniculi reference genome, we are Brown, Susan able to assess intron splicing efficiency, gene expres- School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, sion levels, the frequency and location of SNPs, as well University of Hawai‘i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI as discovering novel splice sites. Our preliminary find- Bidigare, Robert ings show that transcription levels are highly variable School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, between genes and there is a significant amount of University of Hawai‘i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI transcription in non-coding regions. Also, intron splic- Johnson, Zackary ing efficiency is quite low on average, with many more Duke University Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, NC transcripts containing introns than having their Messer, Andrea introns spliced. However, a few introns are spliced at School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, significantly higher efficiency, which may be related to University of Hawai‘i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI high levels of transcription. Trapido-Rosenthal, Henry School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI Wheeler, Jay ALGIVOROUS AMOEBAE FROM TROPICAL Duke University Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, NC MARINE WATERS O’Kelly, C. The genus Nanofrustulum, containing the single spe- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, cies N. shiloi, was created to describe small, marine, Friday Harbor, WA chain-forming, araphid pennate diatoms isolated from Forehead, Hugh water samples as well as from foraminifera, where they Cellana LLC, Kailua-Kona, HI are present as endosymbionts. All who have studied Pickell, Lisa N. shiloi have found considerable variation among Cellana LLC, Kailua-Kona, HI specimens in the diatom’s morphological features. This variation has been taken to mean that N. shiloi is Benthic gymnamoebae (‘‘naked’’ amoebae) are a ‘‘very polymorphic’’ species. Here, we establish that often abundant and productive consumers in marine differences in frustule structure among strains of ecosystems, but little is known about their diversity or Nanofrustulum-like diatoms from Hawaiian waters are biology, especially of algivorous species in tropical correlated with differences among the strains in 18s climates. Here, data are provided on the morphology, rRNA gene sequences. Phylogenetic trees based on taxonomy, environmental tolerances, specific growth these sequences establish that ‘‘Nanofrustulum-like’’ rates, grazing rates, and prey choices of several spe- diatoms are not one species but several, and that these cies of algivorous amoebae isolated from Hawaiian species do not form a clade, but instead are scattered waters, with some comparison to species occurring in among the ‘‘staurosiroid’’ pennates – as is the case for the temperate waters of the northeast Pacific and most of the rest of the ‘‘staurosiroid’’ genera, Nanof- northwest Atlantic. Most species observed in Hawaiian rustulum is polyphyletic. From the large number of waters belong to genera of the paramoebid clade variants described in the literature, there may be (Mayorella, Neoparamoeba, Paramoeba), though species many more species of ‘‘Nanofrustulum-like’’ diatoms belonging to other lineages are represented. Some of than are reported here – from among which, the the species have not been found in temperate waters ‘real’ ‘‘N.’’ shiloi may be difficult to pick out. ABSTRACTS S89

of seaweeds dredged typically have a zone of meriste- LIGHT AND SCANNING ELECTRON matic surface cells or are embedded in a gelatinous MICROSCOPE OBSERVATIONS OF THE matrix. Strong petroleum odors were pervasive when DIATOM SPECIES COSCINODISCUS ALBORANII the dredge was retrieved from ~55 m depth at Ewing AND HASLEA WAWRICKAE IN THE Bank 2 (Fish Haven) far west of the Deepwater Hori- NORTHEASTERN GULF zon Explosion site; samples included individual car- Malik, H. bonate nodules covered by light crude oil. The Valdosta State University, USA, [email protected] material is awaiting final HC fingerprinting analysis. Adhikari, A. In the second leg of the RAPID expedition, April Valdosta State University, USA, [email protected] 2011, seaweed diversity had increased to ~20 species. Nienow, J. A. Additional seasonal dredging trips are urgently Valdosta State University, USA, [email protected] needed to fully assess whether the marine flora shows Prasad, A. K. evidence of recovering to pre-event summer levels. Florida State University, USA, [email protected]

We are currently re-assessing the state of the dia- tom communities in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico in response to the recent oil spill. In recent net plankton (25-lm mesh) collections from St. Joseph’s LINKING SEA ICE ALGAE TO BENTHIC AND Bay, Florida, two distinctive warm water planktonic PELAGIC COMMUNITIES: SINKING RATES forms were recognized: Coscinodiscus alboranii and AND NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF ORGANIC Haslea wawrickae. C. alboranii is distinguished from SUBSTANCES EXPORTED FROM SEA ICE other members of the genus by the presence of Aumack, C. F. endochiastic areolae along the margin and by the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University presence of two types of vela covering valve-face areo- Juhl, A. R. lae. These unique features suggest it occupies an Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University anomalous position within the redefined genus. This Neuer, S. species was common in near shore samples collected Arizona State University in October 2010; this represents the first record of the species from the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Organic matter pools accumulate within first year Haslea wawrikae is a naviculoid diatom with long Arctic sea ice during blooms of ice algae. These ice (> 300 lm), narrow (4–5 lm) spindle-shaped valves algae are responsible for a significant fraction of with produced ends. It was widely distributed in annual polar marine primary production. Upon sum- St. Joseph’s Bay in October 2010; this is the second mer melt these large deposits of organic material, as record of the species within the bay. The presence of well as the ice algae themselves, are exported from H. wawrickae at multiple stations suggests it plays an the ice. However, the ecological and biogeochemical important role in this shallow marine ecosystem. connection between exported ice material and the underlying pelagic and benthic communities remains relatively unknown. The sinking rates and nutritional qualities of particulates exported from the ice are likely to be key factors. We hypothesize that sinking rates of particles released from melting sea ice will EFFECTS OF THE ANTHROPOGENIC APRIL vary in relation to the composition and biomass of 2010 BP DEEPWATER HORIZON CRUDE OIL the ice community and the overlying snow cover. To SPILL ON SEAWEED DIVERSITY IN THE NW test this hypothesis, we collected sea ice cores from GULFOFMEXICO under various snow cover depths along the Chukchi Richards, J. Sea near Barrow, AK. The ice cores were sectioned University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA, into three distinct 10 cm. segments (0–10 cm, 10– [email protected] 20 cm from the bottom, and 50–60 cm from the top). These sections were diluted in filtered seawater, Two 5-day ship-based dredging expeditions cen- melted at 5 C, and the mean particle sinking veloci- tered on previously studied hard banks throughout ties were quantified using a SETCOL experimental the Gulf to assess the impacts of the Deepwater Hori- design. Results indicate that there is a strong spatial zon oil spill on the diversity, vitality, and distribution and temporal change in particle size and sinking of offshore seaweeds living principally at 45–90 m velocity based on both the biomass of the ice commu- depth. Results analyzed from the first 5-day leg of the nity and overlying snow depth. These trends indicate expedition offshore Louisiana, Mississippi and Ala- a potential change to dietary quantity and quality as bama (December 2010) indicate that macroalgal well as temporal availability of algal produced organic diversity of the previously documented assemblage matter with respect to diminishing ice cover and appeared limited in all dredged sites. The six species earlier ice breakup. S90 ABSTRACTS

diversity within wood eating cockroaches and lower TAXONOMIC STUDY ON A NEW NAKED termites. We have identified key issues in the study of THAUMATOMONAD (PHYLUM CERCOZOA) these organisms. Prior to examining the protists it is Shiratori, T. important to identify their host by molecular barcoding Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, as morphology alone is often not sufficient. For exam- University of Tsukuba, Japan, [email protected] ple, we recently examined the previously unstudied Yabuki, A. hindgut content of a lower termite and identified what Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, would appear to be a new species of Pseudotrichonympha. University of Tsukuba, Japan, [email protected] However, host barcoding revealed mistakes in termite Ishida, K. taxonomy, what might have been a new Pseudotrichonym- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, pha species is really the type species of this genus. Simi- University of Tsukuba, Japan, larly, many protist species, e.g. Trichonympha agilis, are [email protected] thought to be found in many termites. This is not the case: we show that ‘‘T. agilis’’ in different termites are Thaumatomonads (phylum Cercozoa) are bacteriov- in fact distant relatives. We also demonstrated the orous flagellates commonly found in marine and inadequacy of morphology for genus and species level freshwater environments. They are characterized by delineation of termite symbionts. Two genera, Coronym- possessing many siliceous scales on their cell surface. pha and Metacoronympha are actually a single genus, The shape of the scale is considered to be an important containing life cycle stages of the same organism. characteristic for their classification and over 28 spe- Host identification is paramount to symbiont cies (7 genera) have been described so far. In the pres- identification. ent study, we report a new colorless protist (the strain YPF708) that was found in a sand sample collected at a beach in Motoyoshi, Japan. The cells were teardrop shape with two unequal flagella (ca. 4 and 17 lm), and DEVELOPMENT OF SEAWEED CULTURE showed 5–11 lm in length. Phylogenetic analysis using SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES TO SUPPORT 18S and 28S ribosomal DNAs showed that the YPF708 INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC formed a clade with thaumatomonads with high statis- AQUACULTURE AND SEA VEGETABLE tical support. However, ultrastructural observations AQUACULTURE IN NEW ENGLAND COASTAL using an electron microscope revealed that the YPF708 WATERS lacked siliceous scales and possessed a unique micro- Redmond, S. body. Combining both molecular and morphological University of Connecticut, USA, data, we concluded that the YPF708 should be treated [email protected] as a new genus and species of Thaumatomonadida and Yarish, C. it would be reasonable to consider that the siliceous University of Connecticut, USA scale was secondarily lost in the YPF708 lineage. The marine aquaculture industry in the United A SURVEY OF PITFALLS IN PARABASALID States has been mainly restricted to finfish and shell- DIVERSITY AND PHYLOGENY IN THE fish, and growth has been limited due to environmen- HINDGUT OF LOWER TERMITES tal and social sustainability concerns. Seaweed James, E. R. aquaculture represents a bioextractive solution (=bio- UBC, Canada, [email protected] remediation) to excess inorganic nutrients generated Harper, J. T. in coastal waters, while also providing biomass for bio- UBC, Canada, [email protected] fuels, food, phycocolloids, and other valuable phyco- Gile, G. H. products. The development of a seaweed aquaculture Dalhousie University, Canada, [email protected] industry in the United States could be important for Saldarriaga, J. F. the growth of other cultured species through inte- UBC, Canada, [email protected] grated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), sea vegeta- Horak, A. ble production, or bioremediation of coastal waters. UBC, Canada, [email protected] By adapting techniques developed in Asia for our Carpenter, K. J. native varieties of kelp and Gracilaria, we aim to Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA, develop nursery culture systems for commercial scale [email protected] mass production of young seaweeds, and then trans- Scheffrahn, R. H. fer this technology to the commercial sector. We have University of Florida, USA, rhsc@ufl.edu developed a scalable culture system for our native Keeling, P. J. sugar kelp, Saccharina latissima (Linnaeus) C.E.Lane, UBC, Canada, [email protected] C.Mayes, L.Druehl & G.W.Saunders, and are currently culturing young plants both in the Gulf of Maine and Parabasalids are flagellates that commonly associate in Long Island Sound. The next phase of the project with animal hosts and have undergone an explosion of will be focused on Gracilaria tikvahiae McLachlan, a ABSTRACTS S91 potential commercially important species of red algae time and weather-related barriers to harvesting in southern New England. lheqqesten, improving the harvest’s survival.

KWAKWAKA’WAKW TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE OF PORPHYRA ABBOTTIAE SEQUENCING THE ALGAL TREE OF LIFE Deveau, A. E. Univ. of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Kuo, A. DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA I evaluated the hypothesis that adopting modern Grigoriev, I. technology in the lheqqesten (Porphyra abbottiae Krish- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA namurthy) harvest has improved the survival of the harvest. The Kwakwaka’wakw of northern Vancouver Algae, defined as photosynthetic eukaryotes other Island and the adjacent mainland have harvested, than plants, constitute a major component of funda- traded, and consumed lheqqesten as both medicine mental eukaryotic diversity. Acquisition of the ability and food for centuries. Sociological upheavals includ- to conduct oxygenic photosynthesis through endo- ing residential schools, a wage-based economic sys- symbiotic events has been a principal driver of tem, and market foods have disrupted the eukaryotic evolution, and today algae continue to transmission of traditional ecological knowledge underpin aquatic food chains as primary producers. (TEK) from elders to younger generations. I com- Algae play profound roles in the carbon cycle, can pared ethnological records from the early 20th cen- impose health and economic costs through toxic tury to TEK from interviews and harvesting blooms, and are candidate sources for bio-fuels; all of expeditions conducted with Kwakwaka’wakw elders these research areas are part of the mission of DOE’s and cultural specialists. I found that the basic process Joint Genome Institute (JGI). To date JGI has for the preparation of lheqqesten, from harvesting to sequenced, assembled, annotated, and released to the consumption, has changed little over the past cen- public the genomes of 15 species and strains of algae, tury. I also found that few aspects of TEK have sampling most of the major clades of photosynthetic become redundant from the adoption of new tools. eukaryotes. With more algal genomes currently I conclude that incorporating new tools into the undergoing analysis, JGI continues its commitment to harvest helps contemporary harvesters circumvent driving forward basic and applied algal science. S92 PSA AUTHOR INDEX

Adey, W. H., ...... 66 Blankenship, R., ...... 21 Adhikari, A., ...... 74, 89 Bohunicka, M., ...... 11 Adl, S. M., ...... 7 Bonkowski, M., ...... 7 Adl, S., ...... 7 Boo, G., ...... 71 Aguilar, M., ...... 46 Boo, S. M., ...... 84 Alami, M., ...... 19 Boo, S., ...... 71, 76 Alder, V., ...... 69 Brahamsha, B., ...... 49 Al-Humaidhi, A., ...... 45 Brand, J. J., ...... 9, 61 Alin, S., ...... 2 Braun, E. L., ...... 28 Allali, H. A., ...... 76 Brawley, S. H., ...... 36, 45 Allen, A. E., ...... 20 Brett, M. T., ...... 81 Amaral-Zettler, L. A., ...... 45 Bright, K. J., ...... 64 Amsler, C. A., ...... 11 Britton-Simmons, K. H., ...... 81 Amsler, C. D., ...... 9, 15, 51 Brosnahan, M. L., ...... 20 Andersen, L., ...... 28 Brown, M., ...... 32 Andersen, T., ...... 35 Brown, S., ...... 88 Anderson, D. M., ...... 20 Brownlee, C., ...... 27 Aneja, R. K., ...... 49 Brownson, A. K., ...... 57 Antipa, G. A., ...... 53, 79, 80 Brunelle, S. A., ...... 14 Apple, J., ...... 49 Buchheim, M. A., ...... 40 Arakaki, N., ...... 73, 75 Bucolo, P., ...... 9 Arancibia-Avila, P., ...... 47 Buhse, H. E., ...... 26 Archibald, J. M., ...... 16 Burki, F., ...... 28, 51 Archibald, J., ...... 19 Burrows, J., ...... 78 Ardila-Garcia, A. M., ...... 23 Caisova´, L., ...... 12 Armbrust, E. V., ...... 16, 18, 28, 37 Calandrino, E. S., ...... 3 Armbrust, V., ...... 1 Camacho, O., ...... 75 Ashworth, J., ...... 37 Cameron, D., ...... 86 Ashworth, M. P., ...... 80 Carlile, A. L., ...... 40, 69 Augyte, S., ...... 8 Carmichael, C. A., ...... 85 Aumack, C. F., ...... 52, 89 Carpenter, K. J., ...... 90 Ayala, F. J., ...... 19 Carrington, E., ...... 8 Babteste, E., ...... 22 Casamatta, D. A., ...... 67, 83 Bachvaroff, T. R., ...... 23, 29 Casanova, M. T., ...... 30 Backer, L. C., ...... 4 Cattolico, R. A., ...... 15, 20, 21, 31, 58, 72, 81 Badger, J. H., ...... 20 Cavalier-Smith, T., ...... 12, 44 Bailey, J. C., ...... 22 Cepak, V., ...... 42 Baker, B. J., ...... 9, 11, 15 Cepicka, I., ...... 41 Baker, J. B., ...... 51 Cevasco, M. H., ...... 39 Baldarelli, L. M., ...... 12, 62 Chang, E., ...... 80 Baliga, N. S., ...... 37 Charvet, S., ...... 43 Baliga, N., ...... 17 Chen, J., ...... 64 Barbrook, A., ...... 78 Chen, Y., ...... 84 Barker, J., ...... 58, 81 Cheney, S., ...... 6 Bass, D., ...... 44 Chiu, C., ...... 21 Beach, J., ...... 55 Choi, D. W., ...... 77, 78 Beiko, R., ...... 19 Chrachri, A., ...... 27 Bellec, L., ...... 43 Clabeaux, B. L., ...... 65 Bender, S. J., ...... 28 Coats, D. W., ...... 23, 27, 29 Bennett, M. S., ...... 68, 73 Coleman, A. W., ...... 51 Berry, H. D., ...... 36 Collen, J., ...... 2 Bhattacharya, D., ...... 20 Collier, J. L., ...... 46 Bidigare, R., ...... 88 Collin, R., ...... 76 Bigelow, N., ...... 58 Collins, A. M., ...... 81 Billick, M., ...... 39 Cook, M. E., ...... 47 Bin Latheef, M., ...... 85 Cooper, J., ...... 54 Bisson, M. A., ...... 65 Cornish, M. L., ...... 82 Black, M. M., ...... 21 Corradi, N., ...... 18 Blackshaw, R. P., ...... 7 Costa, L. G., ...... 82 PSAAUTHORINDEX S93

Coyer, J. A., ...... 71 Figueroa, R. I., ...... 38 Critchley, A. T., ...... 82 Figueroa, R., ...... 54 Crotty, F. V., ...... 7 Finch, S. J., ...... 26 Curtis, B., ...... 19 Finley, J., ...... 5 D’Archino, R., ...... 39 Fiore, M. F., ...... 77 Dacks, J. B., ...... 21, 25 Fitt, W. K., ...... 22 Dankwa, M., ...... 28 Fleming, L. E., ...... 4 Davis, G. A., ...... 66 Flocks, J. G., ...... 60 Davis, K. S., ...... 33 Folger, C., ...... 48 Delwiche, C. F., ...... 29, 70 Forehead, H., ...... 88 Demes, K. W., ...... 8 Foster, R., ...... 1 Denny, M. W., ...... 49 Fournier, B., ...... 44 Deodato, C., ...... 21, 58, 81 Fredericq, S. L., ...... 74 DePriest, M. S., ...... 50 Fredericq, S., ...... 43, 55, 73, 75 DeVaul, S. B., ...... 33 Fredrickson, K. A., ...... 49 Deveau, A. E., ...... 91 Freshwater, D. W., ...... 70 Dillaman, R. M., ...... 79 Fucikova, K., ...... 39 Dittami, S. M., ...... 17 Gabriel, D., ...... 43 Donaghay, P. L., ...... 46 Gabrielson, P. W., ...... 30, 50 Dorrell, R. G., ...... 16, 78 Galloway, A. W., ...... 81 Drescher, B. D., ...... 79 Gant, A. L., ...... 29 Driscoll, W. W., ...... 8 Garcia, O. F., ...... 56 Driskell, W. B., ...... 47 Gardiner, W., ...... 75 Dubois, A. M., ...... 45 Gast, R. J., ...... 33 Duke, C. S., ...... 57 Gentekaki, E., ...... 19 Duncanson, A., ...... 66 Ghoshroy, S., ...... 25 Dunin-Horkawicz, S., ...... 19 Gile, G. H., ...... 90 Dunton, K. H., ...... 52 Giordano, G., ...... 82 Dupont, C. L., ...... 20 Glu¨cksman, E., ...... 44 Durkin, C. A., ...... 18, 28 Goddard, H., ...... 27 Eastman, S. F., ...... 67 Gomaa, F., ...... 55 Echenique, R. O., ...... 77 Gong, Y. G., ...... 77, 78 Echevarria, M. L., ...... 80 Goodrich, G., ...... 25 Edvardsen, B., ...... 17, 35, 63 Gordon, J. I., ...... 74 Egge, E. S., ...... 63 Gosline, J., ...... 8 Egge, E., ...... 35 Goyal, D., ...... 49 Eglit, Y., ...... 34 Gru¨nbaum, D., ...... 15 Eikrem, W., ...... 35 Graham, J. M., ...... 56 Elia´sˇ, M., ...... 31 Graham, L. E., ...... 26, 47, 56 Elias, M., ...... 42 Graham, R. C., ...... 60 Eloranta, P., ...... 35 Grant, J. R., ...... 74 Engesmo, A., ...... 35 Grant, J., ...... 24, 29, 34 Erdner, D. L., ...... 20 Gravon, R. D., ...... 62 Eun, Young Yoon, ...... 65 Green, B., ...... 19 Everroad, R. C., ...... 32 Greninger, A., ...... 21 Eydal, A., ...... 87 Grigoriev, I., ...... 91 Fakhri, M. H., ...... 30 Grimm, K., ...... 32 Fast, N. M., ...... 23, 88 Griner, J. D., ...... 76 Faust, M. A., ...... 69 Grisdale, C. J., ...... 88 Faustman, E. M., ...... 82 Grossman, A. R., ...... 6 Fawley, K. P., ...... 31 Grossman, A., ...... 36 Fawley, M. W., ...... 31, 40 Guenther, R. J., ...... 52 Fay, S. A., ...... 33, 67 Guidone, M., ...... 9 Feely, R. A., ...... 2 Gunnarsson, K., ...... 87 Feifel, K. M., ...... 86 Gutierrez-Rodriguez, A., ...... 49 Feldman, R. L., ...... 86 He´garet, H., ...... 25 Feltman, P., ...... 10 Ha, N., ...... 53 Fenton, A. C., ...... 54 Habura, A., ...... 34 Ferriera, S., ...... 21 Hackett, J. D., ...... 8, 20 Fetscher, A. E., ...... 61 Hae, Jin Jeong, ...... 65 S94 PSA AUTHOR INDEX

Hafting, J. T., ...... 82 Jhu, S., ...... 84 Hall, D., ...... 86 Jiang, Y., ...... 56 Hall, J. D., ...... 32, 62, 70 Jinkerson, R. E., ...... 6 Hall, M., ...... 43 Jo, B. Y., ...... 72 Hall, S., ...... 4 Johansen, J. R., ...... 11, 12, 29, 60, 62 Halliday, E., ...... 33 John, U., ...... 17 Hamaji, T., ...... 13 Johnson, J. G., ...... 10 Hamel, K. M., ...... 65 Johnson, M. M., ...... 45 Hampl, V., ...... 41 Johnson, Z., ...... 88 Han, D. X., ...... 53 Johnston, E. T., ...... 40 Han, D., ...... 59 Jolley, D. F., ...... 25 Han, G., ...... 28 Jones, H. D., ...... 56, 81 Hancock, T., ...... 61 Jones, J. N., ...... 55 Hanisak, M. D., ...... 33 Jorve, J. P., ...... 52 Hardin, B., ...... 21, 58, 81 Jousset, Alexandre J. F., ...... 7 Harding, T., ...... 32 Joyner, A. R., ...... 3 Hardy, F. J., ...... 38 Juhl, A. R., ...... 89 Harley, C. D., ...... 52 Jung, Y. J., ...... 78 Harper, J. T., ...... 90 Kapur, P., ...... 25 Heger, T. J., ...... 34, 44 Karnkowska-Ishikawa, A., ...... 19, 68 Henley, W. J., ...... 49, 57 Karol, K. G., ...... 30, 32, 62, 70 Hennon, G. M., ...... 37 Kastanek, P., ...... 42 Herman, E. K., ...... 21 Katz, L. A., ...... 24, 29, 34, 62, 74 Hernandez, C., ...... 43 Katz, L., ...... 43 Hickerson, E., ...... 75 Kavanagh, T. J., ...... 82 Hilton, J., ...... 1 Kawafune, K., ...... 13 Hind, K. R., ...... 14 Kawai-Toyooka, H., ...... 13 Hirakawa, Y., ...... 28 Keeling, P. J., ...... 16, 18, 28, 90 Hoddick, S. C., ...... 85 Keeling, P., ...... 24, 51 Hoff, C., ...... 77 Kemp, D. W., ...... 22 Holland, W. C., ...... 37, 69, 86 Kibler, S. R., ...... 37, 69, 86 Hommersand, M. H., ...... 70 Kim, E. C., ...... 77, 78 Hommersand, M., ...... 39 Kim, E., ...... 26 Honda, R. Y., ...... 77 Kim, H. G., ...... 84 Hongoh, Y., ...... 13 Kim, H. J., ...... 57 Hoover, S. W., ...... 56 Kim, J. H., ...... 37 Horak, A., ...... 90 Kim, J. I., ...... 71 Horner, R. A., ...... 86 Kim, J. M., ...... 37 Howe, C. J., ...... 78 Kim, K. Y., ...... 37 Hu, Q., ...... 53, 59 Kim, K., ...... 76 Hubbard, K. A., ...... 18 Kim, M., ...... 21, 27, 67 Hughey, J. R., ...... 41 Kim, S., ...... 29, 67 Hunsperger, H. M., ...... 72 Kirk, N. L., ...... 22 Hunt, K., ...... 45 Kishinami, T., ...... 61 Hwang, M. S., ...... 77, 78 Kitchen, S. A., ...... 26 Hylarides, M. J., ...... 83 Klinger, T., ...... 3 Iken, K., ...... 52 Knight, R., ...... 74 Imanian, B., ...... 16 Koester, J. A., ...... 16 Isaka, N., ...... 13 Kolb, A. L., ...... 64 Ishida, K., ...... 78, 90 Koller, R., ...... 7 Jacobs, M. J., ...... 31 Kong, F. N., ...... 17 Jacobs, M., ...... 20, 21 Konior, K., ...... 26 Jaeyeon, Park, ...... 65 Konotchick, T., ...... 20 Jakobsen, K. S., ...... 17 Kosakyan, A., ...... 34 James, E. R., ...... 90 Kostkeviciene, J., ...... 35 Jan Janouskovec, ...... 58 Kraffe, E., ...... 25 Janousˇkovec, J., ...... 24 Krajmalnik-Brown, R., ...... 6 Janousek, C. N., ...... 48 Krayesky, D. M., ...... 74 Jao, N. L., ...... 57 Krayesky, D., ...... 43 Jeong, W. J., ...... 77 Kremp, A., ...... 38 PSAAUTHORINDEX S95

Kritzberg, E., ...... 54 Mao, Y. X., ...... 17 Kubik, G. K., ...... 62 Marchetti, A., ...... 18, 28 Kuo, A., ...... 91 Marciano-Cabral, F., ...... 21 Kuo, R., ...... 87 Marin, B., ...... 12 Kwandrans, J., ...... 35 Marner, W. D., ...... 57 Kwiatowski, J., ...... 19 Martinez-Goss, M. R., ...... 57 Kyeong, Ah Seong, ...... 65 Martone, P. T., ...... 8, 41, 50, 52 Lado, C., ...... 46 Matsuzaki, R., ...... 13 Lahr, D. J., ...... 62, 74 Matthews, R., ...... 62 Lahr, D., ...... 24, 29 Mayfield, S., ...... 5 LaJeunesse, T. C., ...... 33, 73 McArthur, K. D., ...... 66 Lam, D. W., ...... 40, 55 McClintock, J. B., ...... 9, 11, 15, 51 Lamb, H., ...... 6 McCourt, R. M., ...... 30 Landberg, T., ...... 42 McCourt, R., ...... 70 Lane, C. E., ...... 31 McCutcheon, S. M., ...... 26 Lane, C., ...... 22 McDowell, R. E., ...... 11 Lara, E., ...... 7, 34, 44, 55 McFarland, M. N., ...... 46 Lau, C. L., ...... 85 McKay, C., ...... 20, 31 Laughinghouse IV, H. D., ...... 66, 77 McKie-Krisberg, Z. M., ...... 67 Lawlor, B., ...... 45 McManus, G. B., ...... 34 Leander, B. S., ...... 24, 41, 50, 71 McManus, G., ...... 69 Leander, B., ...... 34 Medeiros, A. S., ...... 76 Lebret, K., ...... 54 Melkonian, M., ...... 12 Lee, A., ...... 37 Melton, M., ...... 84 Lee, C. G., ...... 57 Messer, A., ...... 88 Lee, J. J., ...... 39 Messerman, N., ...... 45 Lee, K., ...... 37, 71 Meuser, J. E., ...... 6 Lees, D. C., ...... 47 Miklasz, K. A., ...... 49 Lelong, A., ...... 25 Miller, J., ...... 66 Lennen, R. M., ...... 57 Miller, K. A., ...... 71 Lewis, L. A., ...... 39, 42, 70 Miller, S., ...... 21 Lewis, P. O., ...... 70 Milstein, D., ...... 76 Li, Y. T., ...... 53 Mincer, T., ...... 45 Li, Y., ...... 59 Minter, E. J., ...... 54 Lin, J. H., ...... 24 Miranda, L. M., ...... 36 Lin, S. M., ...... 13, 50 Misner, I., ...... 22 Lin, S., ...... 39, 87 Mitchell, E. A., ...... 7, 34, 44, 55 Lindell, S. R., ...... 85 Mitman, G. G., ...... 86 Lindstrom, S. C., ...... 41 Mitra, M., ...... 38 Litaker, R. W., ...... 37, 69 Mohammady, N. G., ...... 85 Litaker, W. R., ...... 57, 86 Moisander, P. H., ...... 1 Liu, L. C., ...... 13 Molica, R. J., ...... 77 Liu, N., ...... 46 Mondloch, A., ...... 86 Liu, Y., ...... 46 Montagnes, D. J., ...... 54 Logsdon, J., ...... 34 Montagnes, D. J. S., ...... 59 Lopez, P., ...... 22 Moon, J., ...... 83 Lopez-Bautista, J. M., ...... 50, 70, 76 Moore, C. E., ...... 16 Lourey, M., ...... 36 Morales, J., ...... 39 Love, B. A., ...... 87 Morales, R., ...... 28 Lovejoy, C., ...... 43, 45 Moreno, C., ...... 18 Lowe, C. D., ...... 59 Morris, J. J., ...... 48 Lu, C., ...... 84 Mottet, G., ...... 63 Lukavsky, J., ...... 42 Muhlin, J. F., ...... 66 Lynn, D. H., ...... 53 Mumford, T. F., ...... 36 Ma, F., ...... 17 Murray P. J., ...... 7 MacRae, A., ...... 58 Mylnikov, A. P., ...... 24 Madden, M. L., ...... 38 Myung, G., ...... 53 Malik, H., ...... 74, 89 Nacorda, J. O., ...... 57 Manning, J. C., ...... 45 Nagai, S., ...... 38 Manning, S. R., ...... 10 Nakada, T., ...... 13 S96 PSA AUTHOR INDEX

Nakayama, T., ...... 78 Pickell, L., ...... 88 Nam, S. W., ...... 27, 72 Pietrasiak, N., ...... 11, 60 Nanba, K., ...... 61 Plenderleith, L. J., ...... 78 Nau, A. W., ...... 86 Poenie, M., ...... 55 Necchi Jr, O., ...... 30 Pombert, J. F., ...... 16, 18 Nelson, T. A., ...... 83, 84 Ponce-McDermott, M. R., ...... 63 Nelson, W. A., ...... 71 Popolizio, T. R., ...... 31 Nemjova´, K., ...... 31 Posewitz, M. C., ...... 6 Nersveen, L., ...... 35 Powell, A. J., ...... 81 Neuer, S., ...... 89 Prahl, F. G., ...... 64 Neuhaus, E. B., ...... 77 Prasad, A. K., ...... 74, 89 Neumann, J. M., ...... 14, 70 Pribyl, P., ...... 42 Newton, J., ...... 2 Probst, N. K., ...... 31 Ngadi, M. O., ...... 85 Proskurowski, G., ...... 45 Nguyen, T. B., ...... 24 Ptackova, E., ...... 41 Nielsen, D., ...... 6 Quemada, H., ...... 57 Nienow, J. A., ...... 74, 76, 89 Quigg, A., ...... 56 Niko, L., ...... 28 Radakovits, R. J., ...... 6 Nisbet, R. E., ...... 78 Radway, J. C., ...... 46 Noaki, H., ...... 13 Rafalski, A., ...... 83 Nomura, M., ...... 78 Railey, L. D., ...... 82 Norris, J. N., ...... 43, 74 Raven, J., ...... 2 Nozaki, H., ...... 13, 51 Raymer, M., ...... 56 O´ lafsdo´ttir, S. R., ...... 87 Read, B. A., ...... 66 O¨ rno´lfsdo´ttir, E. B., ...... 87 Reddy, C. M., ...... 85 O’Kelly, C. J., ...... 63 Redmond, S., ...... 90 O’Kelly, C., ...... 88 Rengefors, K., ...... 54 Odenbach, K. J., ...... 81 Rey, F., ...... 74 Okamoto, N., ...... 51 Rhatigan, P., ...... 5 Oleinikov, I., ...... 18 Richards, J., ...... 75, 89 Oliveira, E. C., ...... 76 Ridgway, R. L., ...... 83 Oliveira, M. C., ...... 76 Rieken, C. W., ...... 85 Olson, M. B., ...... 87 Riisberg, I., ...... 17 Omran, A. P., ...... 67, 83 Rindi, F., ...... 41 Ordner, P., ...... 83 Rines, J., ...... 46 Orellana, M. V., ...... 17, 37 Rinkel, B. E., ...... 60 Osorio-Santos, K., ...... 11 Riscuta, G., ...... 5 Pe´rez, W., ...... 30 Rittmann, B., ...... 6 Padgett, L. J., ...... 68 Roberson, R., ...... 6 Paerl, H. W., ...... 3 Roberts, W., ...... 6 Palaguachi, G., ...... 43 Robertson, D. L., ...... 25 Panek, T., ...... 41 Rocap, G., ...... 20, 31 Pang, W. L., ...... 17 Roger, A., ...... 1, 19 Parfrey, L. W., ...... 29 Ross, C. I., ...... 83 Park, E. J., ...... 77, 78 Roussel-Delif, L., ...... 44 Park, H. S., ...... 77, 78 Ruby, D. E., ...... 38 Park, J. S., ...... 32 Ruffing, A. M., ...... 56, 81 Park, K., ...... 37 Rumpho, M. E., ...... 66 Park, M. G., ...... 27, 53, 68 Ryken, S., ...... 58, 81 Patrick J. Keeling, ...... 58 Sabine, C. L., ...... 2 Patterson, D. J., ...... 58 Saldarriaga, J. F., ...... 90 Payri, C., ...... 13 Salomaki, E. D., ...... 35 Peavey, T. M., ...... 32, 42 Salyan, M., ...... 63 Peksa, O., ...... 41 Sanders, R. W., ...... 33, 48, 67 Pelletreau, K. N., ...... 66 Sant’Anna, C. L., ...... 77 Pennington, N. A., ...... 83 Santoferrara, L., ...... 69 Perera, M., ...... 25 Santos, K. R., ...... 77 Pfleger, B. F., ...... 56 Santos, S. R., ...... 22 Phillips, N., ...... 28 Saunders, G. W., ...... 11, 14, 55 Piazza, S. C., ...... 60 Sausen, N., ...... 12 PSAAUTHORINDEX S97

Sauvage, T., ...... 75 Torreta, N. K., ...... 57 Savoie, A., ...... 11 Trapido-Rosenthal, H., ...... 88 Sayre, R. T., ...... 57 Triemer, R. E., ...... 68, 73 Scheffrahn, R. H., ...... 90 Tripp, H. J., ...... 1 Schlacht, A., ...... 25 Truong, T., ...... 28 Schmidt, W. e., ...... 43, 75 Tsaousis, A., ...... 19 Schneider, C. W., ...... 31 Vaccarino, C. L., ...... 62 Schoenrock, K. M., ...... 15 Vaccarino, M. A., ...... 12, 29 Schonberg, S. V., ...... 52 Van Alstyne, K., ...... 47 Schwarz, J. G., ...... 38 Van Dolah, F. M., ...... 10, 14 Scoble, J. M., ...... 12 Van Dolah, F., ...... 10 Sellers, C. G., ...... 48 van Hees, D. H., ...... 47 Shaughnessy, F. J., ...... 8 Vandersea, M. W., ...... 37, 69, 86 Sheath, R. G., ...... 61, 66 Venera-Ponton, D., ...... 75 Sherwood, A. R., ...... 14, 40, 69 Verhulst, S. A., ...... 67, 83 Shin, K., ...... 37 Vermaas, W., ...... 6 Shin, W., ...... 27, 53, 72 Vincent, W. F., ...... 43 Shiratori, T., ...... 90 Vis, M. L., ...... 35, 40, 55 Shore, S., ...... 57 Vishvesvara, G., ...... 21 Silberman, J. D., ...... 30, 41 Wakeman, K. C., ...... 24 Silvia, M., ...... 45 Wallace, L. K., ...... 79 Simpson, A. G., ...... 32 Wang, L., ...... 17 Simpson, A., ...... 23, 71 Wang, Z., ...... 84 Skaloud, P., ...... 41 Watts, P. C., ...... 59 Smestad Paulsen, B., ...... 17 Watza, D. G., ...... 68 Smith, C. M., ...... 65 Wee, J. L., ...... 44 Smith, K., ...... 60 Wells, M. L., ...... 5 Sommerfeld, M., ...... 53, 59 Werner, V. R., ...... 77 Soudant, P., ...... 25 West, J. A., ...... 74 Sparrow, M. A., ...... 64 Wham, F. C., ...... 73 Stancheva, R., ...... 61, 66 Wheeler, G., ...... 27 Steyer, G. D., ...... 60 Wheeler, J., ...... 88 Stocks, H. S., ...... 67, 83 Whitehead, K., ...... 17 Strom, S. L., ...... 49, 64, 87 Wiegert, K. E., ...... 68 Strother, P. K., ...... 47 Williams, S. L., ...... 3 Strueder-Kypke, M. S., ...... 53 Wisecaver, J. H., ...... 20 Su, H., ...... 84 Wittkopp, T. M., ...... 57 Sullivan, J. M., ...... 46 Wolfe, G. V., ...... 79, 85 Suzuki, M., ...... 73 Wood, A. M., ...... 21, 32 Swanson, W., ...... 16 Worden, A. Z., ...... 1 Taha, H. M., ...... 85 Wulfers, T. A., ...... 49 Tahvanainen-Ma¨enpa¨a¨, P., ...... 38 Wuori, T. A., ...... 87 Tamura, M., ...... 34 Wynne, M. J., ...... 70 Taylor, A. R., ...... 26, 27, 79, 80 Xu, J., ...... 18 Taylor, W. A., ...... 47 Yabuki, A., ...... 90 Tester, P. A., ...... 37, 69, 86 Yamaguchi, A., ...... 50 Theriot, E. C., ...... 80 Yang, G. P., ...... 17 Thessen, A. E., ...... 58 Yang, H., ...... 17 Thompson, D., ...... 6 Yarish, C., ...... 90 Thompson, P. A., ...... 36 Yeong, Du Yoo, ...... 65 Thornber, C., ...... 9 Yih, W., ...... 53, 68 Thornhill, D. J., ...... 22, 33 Yoon, K. S., ...... 53 Thornton, D. C., ...... 64 Yoon, K., ...... 59 Thornton, D., ...... 82 Yoshida, T., ...... 56 Tikhonenkov, D. V., ...... 24 Yu, J., ...... 9 Timlin, J. A., ...... 81 Yubuki, N., ...... 41, 50, 71 Tobin, E. D., ...... 15 Zechman, F. W., ...... 40 Tomaras, J., ...... 69 Zehr, J. P., ...... 1 Tonon, T., ...... 17 Zettler, E. R., ...... 45 Torgrimsby, T. L., ...... 35 Zhang, H., ...... 69, 87 S98 PSA AUTHOR INDEX

Zhang, Q. Q., ...... 32 Zimba, P. V., ...... 83 Zhang, Q., ...... 23 Zinser, E. R., ...... 48 Zhang, X., ...... 59 Zulkifly, S., ...... 56 Zhuang, Y., ...... 87