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Pontificia Universidad Católica Del Perú PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL PERÚ FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES Prácticas alimentarias durante un contexto de cambio estacional: El caso de la comunidad altiplánica de Tantamaco, Puno Tesis para optar el Título de Licenciada en Antropología que presenta: María Dulce Burga Hidalgo ASESOR: Dr. John Earls Diciembre de 2009 If you are what you eat and you don't know what you're eating, Do you know who you are? -Claude Fischler ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN……………………………………..…………………………….……..….I 1. ESTADO DE LA CUESTIÓN: Estudios desde la antropología de la alimentación desde las principales corrientes teóricas y sus (re)planteamientos en las zonas altoandinas.................................................................................................................. .1 1.1. Antecedentes teóricos en torno a la antropología de la alimentación....................2 1.2. Estudios antropológicos sobre alimentación en zonas altoandinas.....................10 2. PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA....................................................................18 2.1 Preguntas de investigación...................................................................................19 2.2. Contexto de la investigación e inserción en la comunidad..................................21 2.3. Consideraciones metodológicas y del trabajo de campo.....................................23 3. SOBRE LA ZONA TRABAJADA: ASPECTOS GENERALES DE LA COMUNIDAD DE TANTAMACO…..…....................................................................................................29 3.1. Ubicación y características físicas………………………………….………….........29 3.2. Historia de la comunidad de Tantamaco…………………………..………………..33 3.3. Organización territorial y política……………………………..................................37 3.4. Población y contexto actual………………...…...……………….……...................42 4. EL CLIMA, LOS CICLOS AGROPECUARIOS Y SU RELACIÓN CON LA ALIMENTACIÓN DURANTE UN TIEMPO DE CAMBIO ESTACIONAL......…………..........................………...….....………………..................47 4.1. La situación climática actual……………………………………….......…..….........48 4.2. El ciclo agropecuario durante el tiempo de cambio estacional en Tantamaco....54 4.3. Los alimentos de acuerdo a la estacionalidad y disponibilidad ambiental………64 5. HÁBITOS ALIMENTARIOS Y ASPECTOS SIMBÓLICOS.…………………..........72 5.1. Modos de preparación y consumo de alimentos……………………………..….....………73 5.1.1. Patrones en la preparación de alimentos…………………………………….....…………..74 5.1.1.1. Los distintos tipos de cocina de acuerdo a su contexto socioambiental………….….....80 5.1.1.2. Patrones en la preparación de platos y bebidas en la vida diaria………………….........87 5.1.2. Tecnologías y cultura material de la cocina …………………….………...……….…….119 5.1.2.1. La q’oncha y la cocina a gas........................................................................................129 5.1.2.2. Implementos de barro y aluminio.................................................................................131 5.1.2.3. Disponibilidad estacional: El combustible.....................................................................132 5.1.2.4. La cocina mejorada.....................................................................................................135 5.2. Usos sociales y simbólicos de los alimentos………………………………..……...……..136 5.2.1. Los alimentos dentro del ciclo vital…………………….….………………….....…………138 5.2.1.1. Nacimiento y bautizo………………………………………………………………………..139 5.2.1.2. Matrimonio…………………………………………………..……………………………….140 5.2.1.3. Embarazo………………………………………………………...…………………………..149 5.2.1.4. Muerte………………………………………………………......…………………….........151 5.2.2. Los alimentos dentro del ciclo productivo…………………………………....……………156 5.2.2.1. Papa Chayasq’a…………………………………………………..…………....…………..156 5.2.2.2. Faena……………………………………………………………………………...………….159 5.2.2.3. Fiambre y Watya…………………………………………………………………....….……165 5.2.2.4. Marcacho y señalakuy……………………………………………………………......…….169 5.2.3. Los alimentos dentro de fechas festivas de la comunidad (en el contexto de cambio estacional)…………………………..……………………………………………………..……......172 5.2.3.1. San Isidro……………………………………………………………………...……………..172 5.2.3.2. Semana Santa (Viernes Santo)……………………………………………...…………….175 5.3. La cocina, la chacra y la comida: Elementos y espacios de intercambios simbólicos y conocimientos culturales…………………………………………………………………….......179 6. ESTRATEGIAS FAMILIARES Y PATRONES DE CONSUMO……......…...........195 6.1. Un acercamiento a algunas familias de la muestra.......................................................196 6.1.1. Familia Pacco Q............................................................................................................197 6.1.4. Familia Pacco Ll............................................................................................................199 6.1.6. Familia Quispe..............................................................................................................201 6.2. Organización familiar en la adquisición de alimentos……………………………….........203 6.3. Formas de adquisición de alimentos.............................................................................209 6.3.1 La producción familiar……………………………………………………..................................210 6.3.2 El trueque y el q’ato ……………………………………………………………….......................218 6.3.3. Los procesos de transformación de alimentos……………….………..............…........……225 6.3.4 El almacenaje.....................................................................................................................231 6.3.5. Formas alternas de adquisición de alimentos….........................................…....…….........236 6.4. Patrones de consumo a nivel familiar ……………………………………...…….……......238 7. CONCLUSIONES…………………………………………..…………….…..………..249 8. BIBLIOGRAFÍA……………………………………………......………….…….…….…..256 9. GLOSARIO………………………………………………………...….............................265 10. ANEXOS…………………………….....……….……………………………..………..…268 I INTRODUCCIÓN El clima en las zonas altoandinas ha sido todo un tema a trabajar por parte de las ciencias sociales, sobretodo en relación a la interacción entre el hombre andino con su medio, el cual se caracteriza por una alta variablidad agroclimática (Earls, 1998, 2006, 2008; Araujo, 2007, Murra 2007; Golte, 1980). De acuerdo a ello, vemos que dicha interacción con el medio ambiente se manifiesta a través de un conjunto de estrategias comunales y familiares que suponen una adaptación constante. Sin embargo, el clima agreste característico del medio andino, de acuerdo a estudios en los últimos años, se va definiendo cada vez más por su gran impredictibilidad (Earls 2007; Wuitch, 2006). No en vano, existe entonces una preocupación ante la oscilación entre puntos extremos climáticos que convierten a las zonas altoandinas en más vulnerable frente a los embates del clima, sobretodo en tiempos de cambio climático (Smit y Wandel, 2006; Gil 1995; Earls 1998, 2007). En función a este escenario es que el presente trabajo pretende ver cómo es que se dan ciertas dinámicas alrededor de lo que el clima y el medio andino tienen más repercusión: los alimentos. Sin embargo, en este caso no me centraré en la producción agropecuaria y en las tecnologías que se emplean en estas actividades para garantizar la subsistencia alimentaria. Más II bien, enfatizaré el conjunto de dinámicas alimentarias situándolas en tres aspectos que me ayudarán a explicar las prácticas relacionadas a los alimentos. En primer lugar, como he mencionado en líneas anteriores, el clima y el ciclo agropecuario inciden en la disponibilidad ambiental de los alimentos, los cuales varían de acuerdo a las distintas épocas del año. Por otro lado, me enfoco en los hábitos alimentarios y sus aspectos simbólicos en tanto las comidas, la preparación de las mismas, el rol de los alimentos y las formas de consumo cumplen una función social y suponen un conocimiento sociocultural que se reproduce dentro de un contexto socioambiental específico. En último lugar, la comida actúa también como un valor de cambio y, por tanto, las estrategias familiares y comunales (en cuestiones de producciones y comercialización) inciden también en los patrones de consumo que se supeditan a las necesidades, posibilidades económicas y, por supuesto, la disponibilidad ambiental. De acuerdo a ello, entre estos tres aspectos hay una interacción interdependiente y una confluencia para determinar las prácticas alimentarias. Por tanto, y de acuerdo al panorama descrito líneas arriba, estoy delimitando el presente trabajo en la comunidad altiplánica de Tantamaco, del distrito de Macusani, provincia de Carabaya, departamento de Puno; lugar que cuenta con las características propias del medio altiplánico y que se orienta, en buena parte, al autoconsumo. De acuerdo a ello, como las actividades productivas se organizan en función al clima, me estoy centrando en un tiempo específico: la III época de transición climática, es decir, los meses de marzo y abril que suponen meses de paso entre la época de lluvias y la época de heladas dentro del ciclo productivo anual. De acuerdo a los temas expuestos en párrafos anteriores, se infiere la estructura del presente trabajo, el cual está dividido en tres capítulos. Dentro de estos, he trabajado con un conjunto de variables, técnicas e instrumentos en función a una muestra principal de seis familias residentes en el centro poblado de Tantamaco. A su vez, de forma paralela, este trabajo también recoge información que pude obtener gracias a un conjunto de pobladores que se dispusieron a ayudarme y contarme
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