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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMt films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some theses and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough. substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMt a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright materia! had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversee materials (e.g.. maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographicalfy in this copy. Higher quality 6’ x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road. Arm Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. DEPRESSION AND SOCIAL ANXIETY AMONG ASIAN AND EUROPEAN AMERICANS: THE ROLES OF SELF-DISCREPANCY, OPTIMISM, AND PESSIMISM DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillm ent o ftfrc Requirements fo r the Degree Doctor ofPhilosophy in the Graduate School o f The Ohio State University B y Erin E. Hardin, M_A. The Ohio State University 2002 fYimmttti**-- Approved b y Professor Frederick T . L . Leong, Adviser Associate Professor Richard RnsscO Adviser Professor Robot M . Aikm Department o f Psychology Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number 3049032 UMt Microform 3049032 Copyright 2002 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. Ail rights reserved. The microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17. United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor. Mi 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT Hlggps’ self discrepancy theory (1987) posits that discrepancies between actual and ideal selves lead to depression while discrepancies between actual and ought selves the self (e.g., Maifcus&Kitayama, 1991X and therefore may Lead to lim ited conccptuafiTattions and treatments o f emotional distress among Asian Americans The current study integrated cross-cultural conceptions o f the selfw ith the constructs o f self* discrepancy and optimism/pessimism. Participants (148 Asian/Asian American and 193 non-Hispanic European American students) completed a measure o f self-discrepancy and a demographic questionnaire at Time 1. Discrepancies between the Actual-Own self-guide and Ideal, Ought, and Undesired selves, from Own and Other standpoints, were assessed. A t tim e 2 , participants completed measures o f depression, social anxiety, seifeonstniai, and optimism/pessimism. Asian /A sian American participants also completed measures nfa jp nlhiratinii anH family m n flirt Remits indicate that fc r European Americans, both Ideal and Undented sd£> discrepancies were important predictors ofdepresskxt, while both Ideal and Ought self- discrepancies were important predictors o f social anxiety. For Asian Americans, Undesired seifcfiscrepancy was the single most useful predictor a£ depression, w hile botb Uhdesired and Ought selfdiscrcpanries were important predictors o f social avoidance. Sdfconstrual was a significant predictor o fsocial anxiety among both groups. For Asian Americans bet Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. notEuropean America re. lack o f opamismwas a significant predictor o f depression, even a fte r co n tro llin g fo r levels o f pessim ism. fa add ition, optim ism a m i pessumsm we re fo und to mediate the relationship between seif-discrepancy and emotional distress, suggesting that seifkfiscfepandes may be a useful tool m affecting levels ofoptimijnn and pessimism. Among Asian Americans, lower levels o f acculturation were associated w ith higher levels o f depression. Lower levels o f perceived parental acculturation were associated w ith higher iam iiy conflict and emotional distress. Further, fam ily conflict mediated the relationship between parental acculturation and depression. Counselors are encouraged to incorporate the concept o f the undesired seifutfo nn nprimfgw* i»«fm rl n f nr m aHHitinnt n prrrimigm amnwg A««m Anmriraw* leveis o f social anxiety and acculturatioo among Asian Americans at Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I could not have completed this independent research prqcct without a great deal o f interdependence. M y committee members have provided helpful comments and thoughtfu l discussion throughout this process, despite the evcg-increasmg length o f this document. I ana particularly grateful te the guidance and insight o f my advisor, Feed Leong. In this project, as in so many others. he has helped me look through* broader cultural lens and ask bigger questions. H b mentoring has helped me see m yselfa« a m archer and envision a career in academia During the writing o f this dissertation, i was especially grateful fo r the technological wonder that is e-m ail, which allowed ns to exchange discussion and ideas about this dissertation, despite being on different continents. Neitfaer this dissertation nor ray sanity might exist m then-current firm without the interdependence I am blessed to share w ith my husband, Jcfit Hesparfced my interest in this topic when he handed me ajournalaiticlebyE. Tory Higgins, sayin& “Yon might find tfars interesting.’* Hours o fexcited reading and thinking later, my dissertation questions were born. He has been a colleague, friend, cheerleader, editor, and aD-aroundsamty-saver throughout this process. I look forward to sharing many more ideas w ith him in the years to come. I r r t r frir f»i« ama7 lng patiww alirii nay mnlrihufimiw about the statistical analyses. From tfac early stages o f designing this research tfaougfr the actual analyw»j he pmmiM help via agnail anrf jap m m thranglth i* an»h pagf* hr Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. whichever otter entity approved summer finding fo r him, allowing me to afibrd to consult with K i» when I needed to most. Thankyouto Jennifer Jeffers, who was a tireless* patient, and interested research assistant with the later data collection. I could not have dona this (and everything else I was supposed to l) without her. I abo want to thank David Tom for his willingness to be my presence in Columbus, copying and delivering tins document and getting forms signed before tfae defense. Beth Ciawfixd deserves many thanks fry sfaarmg her antt-proaastmatiait strategies and friendship^ and for gifting me w ith “dissertating tunes." Finally, lam grateful to Am DiFranco, whose music provided the soundtrack for the writing o f this dissertation. On the days I just didn't have the energy or motivation to w rite, Ani was always there to remind me that I am a righteous babe who is up to the challenge. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. V IT A October 4,1912 ------------- Bom-Bcthesda, Maryland 1 9 9 4 ... ............. ............. B A . Psychology with honors, Grinncll College; Grinnell, EA intwrficwpKnaty i»wif wi>ntinn f o fhinw ff gtm lix 1996-199 7 ___________University Fellow, The Ohio State University 1 9 9 7 -2 0 0 0 ----------------- GnviuateTcacbing Associate, The Ohio State University 1 9 9 & -2 Q 0 0 . ............. ..... Psychology 100 Graduate Coordinator; The Ohio State Univesity 2 0 0 0 -2 0 0 1.................. .. University Fellow, The Ohio State University 2 0 0 1 -2 0 0 2 ................. _ Pie-doctoral Intern, University o f Illin o is at Chicago Counseling C enter PUBLICATIONS 1. Hudui,E.E>Leong;F.T.Lt,&Qstpow,S.H.(2001).CataitalRetat(vfty inthe CcncrntnafiTatioa o f Career Maturity. Journal oTVocationaJ Behavior. 5 8 .3 6 - 52. 2. Hardin, E .E T0'CannelLD.C^&Kowai> S. (199 S)l Reading aloud fio m Immp p h ie ami «tpfcalwtti>tmvtmr Pflaipwiinat M iumw fl>nn»n Journal rf toyrfmHwgiiMtic gi^wtfeh. 2T. 413-320. 3. Leoog; F.T. Chao, R_ IC, & Hardin, E. E. (2000). Asian American ad n kim iK A icscarck review to dispel the model minority myth. to R . Montemayor, G. AAifc^^rfivenitom ctfigg ecwinmfe ami contort* fpp 179-207). Newbury Parfc,CA; Sage v i Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4. Leong, F. T . L. & Hardin, E. E. (2000). Critical incidents fiom the fatenaiftaral Sensitizer A tnunmgtool for cross-cultural career counseling. h M P o p e& C L IIfiio r (E&-L Exoeriential fhr tre p h in f c a n w CfwmpKng CoIumbUS,OH: National Career Development Association. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field; Psychology vn Reproduced
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