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HAUMEA: Transforming the Health of Native Hawaiian Women and Empowering Wāhine Well-Being

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HAUMEA: Transforming the Health of Native Hawaiian Women and Empowering Wāhine Well-Being HAUMEA Transforming the Health of Native Hawaiian Women and Empowering Wāhine Well-Being Haumea —Transforming the Health of Native Hawaiian Women and Empowering Wāhine Well-Being. Copyright © 2018. Office of Hawaiian Affairs. All Rights Reserved. No part of the this report may be reproduced or transmitted in whole or in part in any form without the express written permission of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs. Suggested Citation: Office of Hawaiian Affairs (2018). Haumea—Transforming the Health of Native Hawaiian Women and Empowering Wāhine Well-Being. Honolulu, HI: Office of Hawaiian Affairs. For the electronic book and additional resources please visit: www.oha.org/wahinehealth Office of Hawaiian Affairs 560 North Nimitz Highway, Suite 200 Honolulu, HI 96817 Design by Stacey Leong Design Printed in the United States HAUMEA: Transforming the Health of Native Hawaiian Women and Empowering Wāhine Well-Being Table of Contents PART 1 List of Figures. 1 Introduction and Methodology . 4 Chapter 1: Mental and Emotional Wellness. .11 Chapter 2: Physical Health . 28 Chapter 3: Motherhood. 47 PART 2 Chapter 4: Incarceration and Intimate Partner Violence . 68 Chapter 5: Economic Well-Being . 87 Chapter 6: Leadership and Civic Engagement . .108 Summary . 118 References. .120 Acknowledgments. .128 LIST OF FIGURES Introduction and Methodology i.1 ‘Ōlelo Hawai‘i (Hawaiian Language) Terms related to Wāhine . 6 i.2 Native Hawaiian Population Totals . 8 Chapter 1: Mental and Emotional Wellness 1.1 Phases and Risk Behaviors in ‘Ōpio. 16 1.2 Middle School Eating Disorder Behavior (30 Days) By Gender (2003, 2005) . .17 1.3 High School Eating Disorder Behavior (30 Days) By Gender (2009–2013) . 18 1.4 Percent of High School Students Who Have Felt Depression by Gender and Grade (2015) . 18 1.5 Percent of High School Students Who Have Hurt Themselves by Gender and Grade (2015) . 19 1.6 Percent of High School Students Who Seriously Considered Attempting Suicide By Gender and Grade (2015) 20 1.7 Percent of High School Students Who Planned to Attempt Suicide by Gender and Grade (2015) . 21 1.8 Percent of High School Students Who Have Actually Attempted Suicide by Race and Grade (2015). 22 1.9 Percent of High School Students Who Have Received Treatment for Suicide Attempt (2015) . 23 1.10 Hawaiian 30 Day Mental Wellness Rates by Gender (2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012) . 23 1.11 Hawaiian 30 Day Physical & Mental Wellness Rates by Gender (2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012) . 24 1.12 Kūpuna Depressive Disorder (2011–2015) . 25 1 HAUMEA: Transforming the Health of Native Hawaiian Women and Empowering Wāhine Well-Being Chapter 2: Physical Health 2.1 Prayer to Mauli Ola . 30 2.2 Na Akua O Koonei Poe I Ka Wa Kahiko (1864) . 31 2.3 Percent Alcohol Behaviors Among Native Hawaiian Public School Females (2015). 35 2.4 Percent Drug Use Among Native Hawaiian Public School Females (2015) . 36 2.5 Percent of Alcohol Behaviors Among Native Hawaiian Females and Males (2015) . 37 2.6 Smoking Behaviors Among Native Hawaiian Public School Females (2015) . 37 2.7 Hawaiian 30 Day Physical Wellness Rates by Gender (2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012). 38 2.8 Chronic Diseases among Native Hawaiians by Gender (2012–2016) . 38 2.9 Chronic Diseases Comparisons Among Females (2012–2016) . 40 2.10 Comparative Cancer Rates (Any Type) by Gender (2016) . 40 2.11 Native Hawaiians Who Have Had Cancer By Age Range (2016) . 41 2.12 Breast Cancer Among Women by Indicator (2009–2013). 41 2.13 Female Pap Smear Comparison by Age Group (2016) . 42 2.14 Trends in Cervical Cancer Incidence and Mortality Cases and Rates by Race– Ethnicity in Hawai‘i (2000–2005) . 43 Chapter 3: Motherhood 3.1 Native Hawaiian Motherhood Phases . 48 3.2 Sexual-Behavior Indicators Among Female Students (2017) . 49 3.3 Teen Pregnancy Intention (2007–2011) . 52 3.4 Hawai’i Births to Mothers Under the Age of 18 by Community (2008–2013). 53 3.5 Female Preconception Health Access (2011) . 55 3.6 Preterm Delivery by Mother’s Age-Group (2012–2014) . 55 3.7 Low Birth Weight Delivery by Mother’s Age-Group (2010–2014) . .55 3.8 NICU Admission After Birth by Mother’s Age (2010–2014). 58 3.9 Effects of Postpartum Depression on Infant and Child Development . 59 3.10 Postpartum Depression by Mother’s Age (2012–2014). .60 3.11 Breastfeeding (Ever) Rates By Age Group (2010–2014) . 60 3.12 Breastfeeding Rates, By Duration, By Age Group (2010–2014). 62 3.13 Map: Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000) live births by Primary Care Service Area (2016). 63 Chapter 4: Incarceration and Intimate Partner Violence 4.1 Map of Waha‘ula Heiau Complex . 70 4.2 Hawai‘i Index Crime Arrests (2016) . 75 4.3 Hawai‘i Mortality Data Comparisons by Indicator (2016) . 75 4.4 Incarceration Rates of Total Women and Native Hawaiian Women in Hawai‘i, by Age Group . .77 4.5 Incarceration of Native Hawaiians as A Percentage of the State Prison Population, By Custody Classification and Sex (2012) . 78 4.6 Types of Overrepresentation . 79 2 HAUMEA: Transforming the Health of Native Hawaiian Women and Empowering Wāhine Well-Being 4.7 Percent of High School Population in the State of Hawai‘i to Experience Intimate Partner Violence (2015). .80 4.8 Percent of Adult Population in the State of Hawai‘i to Experience Intimate Partner Violence (2013) . 81 4.9 Percent of the Female Adult Population in the State of Hawai‘i to Experience Intimate Partner Violence, by Age (2013) . 81 4.10 Percent of Adult Population in the State of Hawai‘i to Experience Unwanted Sex by Intimate Partner (2013) . 82 4.11 Percent of New Mothers in the State of Hawai‘i to Experience Intimate Partner Violence (2017) . 82 4.12 Comparing Type of Gender Violence at the University of Hawai‘i System (2017) . 83 Chapter 5: Economic Well-Being 5.1 A Timeline of Western Economic Drivers in Hawai‘i by Industry. 91 5.2 Hawai‘i Cost of Living Statistics (2018) . 92 5.3 2018 Poverty Guidelines for Hawai‘i . 93 5.4 Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months by Sex by Age: Five Year Estimates (2011–2015) . 94 5.5 Poverty Rates (2016) Native Hawaiian Female vs. Native Hawaiian Male . 95 5.6 Poverty Rates (2016) Native Hawaiian Female vs. Statewide Female. 96 5.7 Native Hawaiian Females With No Health Insurance Coverage by Age Group (2011–2015) . 96 5.8 Percent of Population with Post-Secondary Degrees (2016) . .97 5.9 Percent of Women in Hawai‘i with a Bachelor’s Degree or Higher, by Race/Ethnicity (2015) . 98 5.10 Native Hawaiian Female Occupational Representation and Comparison by Type (2006–2010) . 100 5.11 Occupational Representation Native Hawaiian Females and State of Hawai‘i Females (2016) . 101 5.12 Mean and Median Earnings Comparisons, by Race/Ethnicity and by Gender (2016). .102 5.13 Difference in Mean Earnings, by Race/Ethnicity and by Gender (2016) . .102 5.14 Share of Employed Women in Managerial or Professional Occupations in Hawai‘i, by Race/Ethnicity (2015) . .103 5.15 STEM, Management & Business Occupations Representation Comparisons by Gender (2016). .103 5.16 Top 5 Native Hawaiian Female Occupational Groupings with Annual Average Wages, Ranked by Number of Women (2006–2010) . .105 5.17 Businesses Owned by Women in Hawai‘i (2014) . 105 3 HAUMEA: Transforming the Health of Native Hawaiian Women and Empowering Wāhine Well-Being Introduction Within the Hawaiian worldview, feminine power is characterized as being both steadfast and progenerative in its energy. Within the legendary lines of the Kumulipo, “the sacred Hawaiian hymn of creation” (Johnson, 1981), Haumea, Papa, and La‘ila‘i are powerful goddesses that represent the venerated female role of creation. “[T]heir prominence in the Kumulipo means that women are not effaced in the consciousness of the lāhui; both men and women take their parts in the creation and reproduction of life, and in the mo‘olelo that follow” (Silva, 2004, p. 102). Haumea, in particular, is a cherished ancestor to wāhine, as she is the matriarchal supreme being we know as the mother of Pele, Hi‘iaka, and Kapo, and the grandmother of Hāloa, Wailoa, and Waia. Being the procreator of the Hawaiian universe, Haumea birthed the Hawaiian archipelago and everything within it, including the coral, marine resources, land creatures, and kānaka maoli (Native Hawaiians). Lilikalā Kame‘eleihiwa (1999) notes that wāhine literally embody their ancestors through both their biological makeup and lasting ancestral memory. She describes these mechanisms which ultimately express kānaka ‘ōiwi (native bones) values through and across every genera- tion. Wāhine are both the embodiment of their foremothers and of Haumea, with a wondrous body, an eightfold body, four hundred thousand bodies, four thousand bodies (Emerson, 1915) in all their physical and spiritual forms: O kino ulu o pahu o lau ulu ia nei, Breadfruit body, breadfruit trunk, breadfruit leaves, He lau kino o ia wahine o Haumea, One of the body forms of this woman Haumea, O Haumea nui aiwaiwa. Mysterious, great Haumea. (Silva, 2004, p. 102) By merging the physical and metaphysical aspects of life, Native Hawaiians were able to conceptualize a founda- The connections outlined in the Kumulipo between the tion of reality that allowed the formation and mainte- Hawaiian people and nature reflect concepts of lineal nance of direct relationships between generations. The descent that embody the same cultural elements that are nature of these relationships was.
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