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Miguel De Cervantes, His Life & Works

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Miguel De Cervantes, His Life & Works MIGUEL DE CERVANTES ^^'r -womm Miguel de Cervantes HIS LIFE &> WORKS BY HENRY EDWARD WATTS ^ NEW EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED WITH A COMPLETE BIBLIOGRAPHY AND INDEX LONDON ADAM AND CHARLES BLACK 1895 PREFACE In my first edition of Don ^ixote^ the Life of Cervantes, forming volume i., was written as an introduction to my translation, and specially with the object of marking the close connexion of the author with his work. It having been deemed advisable to issue the biography as a separate book, I have availed myself of the opportunity to amplify the life of Cervantes, adding much especially in the way of illustration of his character and of his relations with his contemporaries, with a larger survey of the condition of Spain and her literature, which, if not out of place in an introduction to Don ^uixote^ would have disturbed the harmony of my original scheme of publication. In the present work, which has been entirely recast and almost wholly re-written, a far larger space has been devoted to Cervantes as the man of letters, whose many and various achievements as poet, pastoralist, playwright, and story- teller have been somewhat unduly be-clouded by the exceeding lustre of his one great masterpiece. A fuller account is given of those minor works, which, though not all worthy of the author of Don fixate, are all deserving of study if we would understand his character and trace the development of his genius. Lastly, there has been added to this life of Cervantes, with a fuller notice of the condition of letters under the two Philips, a special chapter on the relations of the author of Don fixate to his great rival and V 203380*? Cervantes preface contemporary, Lope de Vega. It is only in this direction that any new Hght can be expected on that which was the last mystery of Cervantes' life. But Lope de Vega's correspondence is jealously kept from curious eyes, and the patriotism if not the piety of the Spanish Academy of Letters may be expected to endure for a generation or two longer. Meanwhile the story of Cervantes' life — a life, beyond any lived by man of letters, stirring, changeful, and adventurous, is complete in every circumstance. We know more about the author of Don Quixote perhaps than about any great writer. Nothing can increase or diminish his interest. Whatever record may leap to light, the readers of Don fixate are not likely to be disturbed by any fear that its author will be shamed. I have nothing more to say than to thank those who have generously helped me in the attempt to make this book and my translation worthy of its object and my hero. VI THE PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES FOR THE LIFE OF CERVANTES Nicolas Antonio (1617-84). Bibliotheca Hispana Nova. Rome, 1672. A CATALOGUE of the Spanish writers from 1500 to 1684, in continuation of the Bibliotheca Hispana Fetus, of the same learned and painstaking author, who is the chief authority in early Spanish literature and bibliography. Nicolas Antonio was the first who admitted Cervantes to a place among the classical writers of his country. The space devoted to an account of the life of the author of Don fixate occupies barely one quarto page of the dictionary, and the details given of Cervantes' career are very meagre. Antonio makes him a native of Seville (Hispalensis). Gregorio Mayans y Siscar (1699-1781). Fida de Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra. Londres : J. R. Tonson, 1737. (vi. 103 pp.) The first complete biography of Cervantes, written for the edition of Don fixate, published at the cost of Lord Carteret, and printed at the beginning of Tonson's first volume. Mayans makes Cervantes to have been born in 1549, ^^^ ^^^ birthplace Madrid—not having had access to documents which testify to the year and place of Cervantes' birth. Martin Sarmicnto (i 691-1770). Noticia de la verdadera patria de Cervantes. (MS.) 1761 (?). Sarmicnto, who was a most voluminous and versatile writer, of whose 3000 works {Revista Contemporanea, 1878) only one, vii Cervantes AUTHORITIES a History of Spanish Poetry, has been yet printed, was the first to make known, out of Ha;do's Topografia de Argel and other printed works, the true birthplace of Cervantes. His correspond- ence with Yriarte, the King's librarian, and others, led to the investigation of the parish registers of Alcala de Henares in 1752, and the discovery of the baptismal certificate of Cervantes, and also the record of his marriage. Sarmiento was one of the earliest to stir up his countrymen to a proper regard for Don ^lixote and its author. Juan Antonio Pellicer (1738-1806). Nottcias Literarias para la Vida de Cervantes. Madrid, 1778. Pellicer brought out an edition of Don ^ixote in five volumes, 1798, to which was appended a Life incorporating the above work, with the results of fresh researches. Following up the clues given by Sarmiento, Pellicer was able to discover many details of Cervantes' early life, as well as of his residence at Seville and at Valladolid, with notices of his family and literary connexions. He was the first to broach the delicate question of the relations between Cervantes and Lope de Vega, and was able to unearth some curious facts bearing on their rivalry, with notices of the contemporary men of letters. Vicente Gutierrez de Los Rios (1732-79). Memorias de la vida y de los escritos de Cervantes (appended to the three first editions of the Academy's Don ^lixote). Los Rios was a Colonel of Engineers, who gained more reputation in his profession than he did in letters. He worked with great zeal and abundant enthusiasm in the cause of Cervantes, taking him too seriously, and patriotically striving to make out Don fixate to be an epic Iliad for the heroic style, and an jEneid for symmetry of construction, beauty of language, and a well-balanced fable. The Academy dropped the Life by Rios in its fourth edition of 18 19, retaining only the ponderous Juicio Critico, Analisis, and chronological scheme. viii AUTHORITIES Cervantes Martin Fernandez de Navarrete (176 5- 1844). ^^^'^ ^^ Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra. Madrid, 18 19. Published to correspond with the four volumes of the fourth and last edition of Don fixate, edited by the Academy, Navarrete's biography is by far the fullest and best up to that date, and distinguished by much good sense, judgment, and acumen. The arrangement of the book, however, is awkward. The narrative occupies barely one-third of the volume, the remainder being filled with the Ilustraciones y Documentos. Navarrete gives for the first time the details of Cervantes' service in the Levant, with all the documents relating to his captivity in Algiers, together with the petition of Cervantes for employment in the King's service, in which is contained his own account of the leading passages in his life. These papers were discovered in 1808 by Cean Bermudez in the archives of the Indies at Seville, and are now at Simancas. At the end of Navarrete's Life are several genealogical tables of the family of Cervantes, with their relations to the royal house of Castile. Buenaventura Carlos Aribau, Fida de Cervantes, appended to the collected edition of Cervantes' works, which forms the first volume of Rivadeneyra's Bibltoteca de Autores Espanoles. Madrid, 1846. Aribau's Biography, though a mere compilation from previous sources, is one of the best for style and arrangement. It is a concise summary of the leading incidents of Cervantes' career, with a judicious and thoughtful appreciation of his works. The Life by Aribau was reproduced in the splendid Argamasilla edition of the complete works of Cervantes in twelve volumes, imperial 8vo, (1563-64), which was published under the direc- tion of Rosell and Hartzcnbusch, with some hundred and ten pages of Nuevas Ilustraciones and Notas, by Cayetano Alberto de la Barrera. In vol. vii., among the Poesias Sueltas, is printed the rhymed letter of Cervantes to Mateo Vasquez, one of Philip II.'s Secretaries, discovered in 1864, among the archives of the Condc dc Altamira. In this are contained some curious details ix Cervantes AUTHORITIES of Cervantes' early life and service, nowhere else to be found. The fourth canto of the Fiaje del Parnaso is also mainly autobiographical, while scattered throughout his works are many hints and references to his adventures and experiences, some of which have scarcely attracted sufficient attention, even among the Spanish biographers of Cervantes. The later biographers of Cervantes, such as Moran and Mainez, do not need much consideration. They add nothing to our knowledge of Cervantes, devoting themselves mainly to the glorification of the man and the writer from the patriotic side. The labours of Asensio, especially in the matter of the portrait of Cervantes, and in the investigation of some minor points connected with Cervantes' various places of residence, are worthy of all acknowledgment. And during the last thirty years there have appeared innumerable articles in reviews, magazines, and newspapers, which it would be tedious to specify, containing a few new aspects and illustrations of incidents in the life of Cervantes. CONTENTS CHAPTER I Birth and Early Tears ..... Piige i CHAPTER n ji Soldier at Lepanto . .16 CHAPTER m Service Afloat and Ashore . .31 CHAPTER IV The Captivity in Algiers . • 4^ CHAPTER V The Return to Spain ...... 60 CHAPTER VI The Author of Galatea' 76 xi Cervantes CONTENTS CHAPTER VII Literary Life in Madrid ..... P(^ige 93 CHAPTER VIII Cervantes a Playwright . .102 CHAPTER IX Commissary and Tax-Collector . .112 CHAPTER X Experiences in La Mancha . .123 CHAPTER XI ^ Don fixate' ......
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