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Early Modern Spain and the Creation of the Mediterranean: Captivity, Commerce, and Knowledge by Daniel Bernardo Hershenzon

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Early Modern Spain and the Creation of the Mediterranean: Captivity, Commerce, and Knowledge by Daniel Bernardo Hershenzon Early Modern Spain and the Creation of the Mediterranean: Captivity, Commerce, and Knowledge By Daniel Bernardo Hershenzon A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in The University of Michigan 2011 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Diane Owen Hughes, Chair Professor Enrique García Santo-Tomás Professor Paul C. Johnson Assistant Professor Ryan Wesley Szpiech Associate Professor Jonathan Sheehan, Berkeley University © Daniel Bernardo Hershenzon 2011 For my beloved parents, Fanny and Joseph Hershenzon ii Acknowledgements One way of conceiving a dissertation project is thinking about it as an intellectual and emotional debt producing machine. This dissertation has been extremely efficient in this regard and I cannot begin to summarize my gratitude to all who have made this dissertation possible. I thank Diane Owen Hughes, my advisor, for her incredible support, encouragement, intellectual openness and freedom throughout the process. I could not have asked for a better mentor. The same is true for my other committee members. I thank Jonathan Sheehan for always pushing me ahead with sharp and direct criticism (not to mention helping tying a knot properly at critical moments). I thank Ryan Szpiech, who formally joined the committee only four months ago but practically formed part of the project in the last two years, for stimulating questions and thoughtful critiques. I owe a debt of gratitude to Paul Johnson for generous intellectual feedback and help with institutional mess and for Enrique García Santo-Tomás for constant support and pragmatic advice. Claire Zimmerman, Val Kivelson and Helmut Puff in Ann Arbor, Gadi Algazi and Miri Eliav-Felodn in Tel Aviv, Barbara Fuchs at UCLA, James Amelang in Madrid, and Jocelyne Dakhlia in Paris have guided me through and helped with insightful comments on early chapters’ drafts. So did Antonio Feros who generously supported the project from the moment we met, a year ago, and Francesca Trivellato who read and commented on the dissertation draft. I am extremely grateful to Mercedes García Arenal for unlimited support, criticism, and encouragement. I owe a special thanks to Isabel Aguirre Landa who initiated me to the captivating secrets of Simancas. This dissertation would not have been possible without the generous support of various institutions: the Social Science Research Council International Dissertation Research Fellowship, The Council for European Studies at Columbia University Andrew W. Mellon Pre-Dissertation Award, the Program for Cultural Cooperation between Spain’s Ministry of Culture and US’ Universities Research Grant and the Newberry Library at Chicago Short-Term Residential Fellowship. At the University of Michigan, the Department of History, the Medieval and Early Modern Studies Program, the Center iii for European Studies, the International Institute, and the Rackham School of Graduate Studies have supported my Research. I had the privilege of a one year fellowship at the Institute of the Humanities at the University of Michigan during which I have not only advanced the writing of the dissertation but also have learned what true interdisciplinary is. The History Department has provided me with another generous year of funding to bring this project to a completion. The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation has also been supportive with paleographic preparation provided by Karla Rhan Philips without whom I would not have been able to start reading my documents. Various parts of the dissertation were presented at the Seminar of the Instituto de Lenguas y Culturas del Mediterraneo y Oriente Próximo at the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC) in Madrid (2008), the Institució Milà i Fontanals at the CSIC in Barcelona (2008), the L’étranger Invisible Seminar in Rome organized by the EHESS and the CSIC (2009), the Institute for the Humanities at the University of Michigan (2009/2010) the Columbia University Council for European Studies Biannual Conference (2010), the La Construction de l’espace Méditerranéen seminar organized by the École Française de Rome and Casa de Velásquez (2010), and the Mediterranean, Criss-Crossed and Constructed at Harvard University. I am grateful to my co-organizers, panelists, chairs and commentators Amalia Zomeño, Fernando Rodríguez Mediano, Vanessa de Cruz Medina, Roser Salicrú Lluch, Iván Armenteros Martínez, Daniel Vitkus, Wolfgang Kaiser, Jocelyna Dakhlia, Natividad Planas,Val Kivelson, Danny Herwitz, Jean Hebrard, Guillaume Calafat, Jean-François Chauvard, Stéphane Michonneau, Eduardo González Calleja, Naor Ben-Yehoyada, Micheal Herzfeld, William Granara and Cemal Kafadar, Dan Smail, Andrew Shryock, Nathalie Rothman, Peregrine Horden, Irad Malkin and Molly Greene. I would also like to thank the many friends who have read and commented on chapters and papers, particularly Danna Agmon, Alexander Angelov, Tal Assif, Elizabeth Barrios, Chandra Bhimull, Julia Carlson, Javier Castro-Ibaseta, Nafisa Essop Sheik, Ari Friedlander, Federico Helgott, Alexandra Hoffman, Yanay Israeli, Ariel Krill, Marco Legnani, Manuel Lomas, Oana Mateescu, Ilana Nesher, Oded Rabinovitch, Esteban Rozo Pabon, Alexandra Sloan, Stephen Sparks. I’m particularly indebted to Guillermo Salas, Topher Davis and Sri Nair for years of conversation, drinks, and laughs which not only iv forced me to rethink various aspects of the dissertation but also made its writing much more pleasant. I owe an enormous thanks to Naor Ben Yehoyada who investigates similar questions in a different time period between Sicily and Tunisia. I also thank María Arquero de Alarcón for helping to map the Mediterranean and for supporting and por soportarme during the last months. Finally I wish to thank my parents, Fanny and Joseph Hershenzon, my sister in law, Abigail Saggi, and my brother, Martin Hershenzon. This dissertation would not have been written without their encouragement and support. v Table of Contents Dedictation………………………………………………………………………………...ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iii List of Maps ....................................................................................................................... ix List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................................... x Chapter 1: ............................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 1. The Making and Re-making of the Mediterranean .................................................. 1 2. The Mediterranean in the Historiography ................................................................ 3 3. Studies of Captivity.................................................................................................. 6 4. Context ................................................................................................................... 10 5. Sources and Methodology...................................................................................... 17 6. Structure ................................................................................................................. 18 Chapter 2: .......................................................................................................................... 23 The Social Life of Enslaved Captives ............................................................................... 23 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 23 1. ‘Captives’ or ‘Slaves’? A Misplaced Question ...................................................... 25 2. Captivity and Enslavement .................................................................................... 27 3. Captivity and “Social Death” ................................................................................. 33 4. Slave Labor and Informal Economies .................................................................... 34 5. Professional Mobility ............................................................................................. 39 5.1 Multiple Sales ..................................................................................................... 39 5.2 Exchanging Captives: between Commodities and Gifts ..................................... 41 5.3 Short- and Mid-Term Exchanges ........................................................................ 43 5.4 Forming Trust-Based Relationships ................................................................... 45 5.5 Conversion .......................................................................................................... 48 6. Spatial Mobility and Social Networks: within the City and across the Sea ........... 55 vi 7. Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 57 Chapter 3: .......................................................................................................................... 59 Spread Rumor, Recommend, Complain and Threaten ..................................................... 59 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 59 2. Writing Letters ......................................................................................................
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