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Urban Air Quality Management and Planning in South Africa

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Urban Air Quality Management and Planning in South Africa Urban Air Quality Management and Planning in South Africa Yvonne Scorgie Student Number: 909441565 Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg Supervisor: Professor H. J. Annegarn A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science 15 September 2012 Dedication This work is dedicated to my husband Anthony Scorgie, my mother Margaret Goosen and my children Michael and Katelyn. iii Acknowledgments I extend my sincere appreciation to the following individuals and organisations that have provided support during the course of my research: Prof. Harold Annegarn, for sharing his extensive knowledge of South Africa‟s air quality issues, and his insight into the shaping of solutions to suit local circumstances. His unwavering support and leadership have been invaluable. Melanie Kneen (University of Johannesburg) for her work on the NEDLAC Dirty Fuels Study, specifically in regard to extracting remote sensing burn scar data to estimate the spatial extent of biomass burning and assisting in the spatial distribution of household fuel burning and road transport emissions. Dr Lucian Burger, Hanlie Liebenberg-Enslin and Gerrit Kornelius (Airshed Planning Professionals Pty Ltd) for supporting my interest in air quality governance and providing valuable technical input. Lucian‟s guidance on the estimation and future projection of vehicle exhaust emissions during the Dirty Fuels Project, Gerrit‟s collaboration on the work undertaken in support of national emission standard setting, and Hanlie‟s shared interest in local air quality management planning is specifically acknowledged. Renee von Gruenewaldt (nee Thomas, Airshed Planning Professionals), for assisting in updating portions of the Highveld emissions inventory used as the basis for the modelling of tropospheric NO2 concentrations. Dr Andreas Richter (Institute of Environmental Physics at the University of Bremen) for providing the SCIAMACHY plots used in the study. Dr Peter Newman (UK Environment Agency) for provision of written inputs to inform the research undertaken in support of the national emission standard setting process. Eskom Holdings for providing meteorological, source and emissions data for use in the study and for their research support. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, specifically the Chief Directorate: Air Quality Management, for sanctioning my involvement in several projects including national state of air reporting and work in support of AQA implementation. Rina Taviv and colleagues (CSIR) for collaboration on the inaugural National State of Air Project. City of Johannesburg, Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality and City of Cape Town personnel for providing me with insight into the challenges facing local authorities and involving me in their air quality management plan development processes. Organisations and companies having provided air quality monitoring data for use in national air quality baseline characterisation. Their proactive approach, in the absence of legislation requiring such air quality monitoring, has significantly contributed to our understanding of the status of air quality and facilitated the identification of major air pollution challenges. Stellenbosch Automotive Engineering for providing the national vehicle fleet data using in the NEDLAC Dirty Fuels Study. South African Weather Services, for the provision of surface and upper air data including ETA model data. iv The South African National Research Foundation, for supporting the work by providing bursary funding. Part of this work has been published in conference papers and technical reports during the course of the research. These are listed below in chronological order: Scorgie, Y., M.A. Kneen, H.J. Annegarn and L.W. Burger (2003a). Air Pollution in the Vaal Triangle – Quantifying Source Contributions and Identifying Cost-effective Solutions‟, Clean Air Journal, 12(4), November 2003. Scorgie, Y., H.J. Annegarn and L. Randell (2003b). Air Quality Situation Assessment for the City of Johannesburg, Final Report, Report compiled for the City of Johannesburg, Matrix Environmental Consultants, Report No. MTX/03/JHB-01d, 23 January 2003. Scorgie, Y., H.J. Annegarn and L. Randell L (2003c). Air Quality Management Plan for the City of Johannesburg, Air Quality Management Plan compiled on behalf of and in consultation with the Department of Development Planning, Transportation and Environment and the Department of Environmental Health, City of Johannesburg, Matrix Environmental Consultants, Report No. MTX/03/JHB-01e, 23 September 2003. Scorgie, Y., L.W. Burger and H.J. Annegarn (2003d). Review of International Air Quality Guidelines and Standards for the Purpose of Informing South African Air Quality Standards, Report compiled on behalf of the South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) Technical Committee on National Air Quality Standards, Report No. SANS/03/01 Rev. 0, 5 March 2003. Scorgie, Y. (2004a). Air Quality Situation Assessment for the Vaal Triangle Region, Report compiled by Matrix Environmental Consultants on behalf of the Legal Resources Centre, Report Number MTX/02/LRC-01b, Johannesburg. Scorgie, Y. (2004b). Air Quality Management Plan Development Process for Khayelitsha and the City of Cape Town, Report compiled by Airshed Planning Professionals Pty Ltd for the City of Cape Town, Report No. APP/04/CCT-03, 24 August 2004. Scorgie, Y. and R.M. Watson (2004). Updated Air Quality Situation Analysis for the City of Cape Town, Report compiled for the City of Cape Town, Airshed Planning Professionals Pty Ltd, Report No. APP/04/CCT-02, 23 August 2004. Scorgie, Y., H.J. Annegarn and L.W. Burger (2004a). Socio-Economic Impact of Air Pollution Reduction Measures - Task 1: Definition of Air Pollutants Associated with Combustion Processes, Report compiled on behalf of National Economic Development and Labour Council (NEDLAC) under the Fund for Research into Industrial Growth and Equity (FRIDGE), Airshed Planning Professionals Pty Ltd, Midrand. Scorgie, Y., L.W. Burger and H.J. Annegarn (2004b). Socio-Economic Impact of Air Pollution Reduction Measures - Task 2: Establishment of Source Inventories, and Task 3: Identification and Prioritisation of Technology Options, Report compiled on behalf of National Economic Development and Labour Council (NEDLAC) under the Fund for Research into Industrial Growth and Equity (FRIDGE), Airshed Planning Professionals Pty Ltd, Midrand. v Scorgie, Y., L.W. Burger and H.J Annegarn (2004c). Socio-Economic Impact of Air Pollution Reduction Measures - Task 4: Quantification of Environmental Benefits Associated with Fuel Use Interventions, Report compiled on behalf of National Economic Development and Labour Council (NEDLAC) under the Fund for Research into Industrial Growth and Equity (FRIDGE), Airshed Planning Professionals Pty Ltd, Midrand. Scorgie, Y., G. Paterson, L.W. Burger, H.J. Annegarn, and M.A. Kneen (2004d). Socio-Economic Impact of Air Pollution Reduction Measures – Task 4a Supplementary Report: Quantification of Health Risks and Associated Costs Due to Fuel Burning Source Groups, Report compiled on behalf of National Economic Development and Labour Council (NEDLAC) under the Fund for Research into Industrial Growth and Equity (FRIDGE), Airshed Planning Professionals Pty Ltd, Midrand. Scorgie, Y., R. Watson, T. Fischer, and L. van der Walt (2004e). Background Information Document. Air Quality Baseline Assessment for the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality, Report compiled on behalf of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality, Report No. APP/04/EMM-01rev1, Airshed Planning Professionals Pty Ltd, Midrand. Scorgie, Y., T. Radebe, and R. Watson (2004f). Development of an Air Quality Management Plan for the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality, Paper presented at the National Association for Clean Air (NACA) Conference, October 2004, Johannesburg. Scorgie, Y. (2005). Situation Analysis and Air Quality Management Plan for the Greater Alexandra Area, Report compiled on behalf of the Gauteng Department of Housing by Airshed Planning Professionals Pty Ltd, Report No. APP/04/GDH-02, 6 June 2005. Scorgie, Y. and C. Venter (2005). National State of the Environment: Atmosphere and Climate. Report compiled on behalf of the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria. Scorgie, Y., T. Fischer, and R. Watson (2005). Air Quality Management Plan for the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality, Plan compiled on behalf of and in consultation with the Department of Environment & Tourism, Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality, Report No. APP/04/EMM- 02c, Airshed Planning Professionals Pty Ltd, Midrand. Scorgie, Y. (2006). Prioritisation of Registration Certificates for Review as Part of the Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act (APPA) Registration Certificate Review Project, Report compiled on behalf of the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Chief Directorate: Air Quality Management. Baird, M. and Y. Scorgie (2006). APPA Registration Certificate Data Base Report, Report compiled on behalf of the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Report APP/DEAT/2006, Airshed Planning Professionals Pty Ltd, Midrand. Mahema, T., M. Baird, and Y. Scorgie (2006). APPA registration certificate electronic database status and information on scheduled processes operating in South Africa, Paper presented at the South African National Association for Clean
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