DOCSLIB.ORG

Water for an Equitable and Sustainable Future

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Water for an Equitable and Sustainable Future NWRS NWRS National Water Resource Strategy National Water Resource Strategy Water for an Equitable and Sustainable Future June 2013 Second Edition VISION OF THE NWRS2 Sustainable, equitable and secure water for a better life and environment for all NWRS NWRS National Water Resource Strategy NWRS NWRS National Water Resource Strategy PREFACE We all want a better life for all. This is the decade of equity and redistribution – the decade we must realise everyone's right to water, a right guaranteed in our Constitution. How do we achieve equity and redistribution of our water resources? How do we ensure water security for the future and also enough water for our national economic growth and development priorities? These are the challenges this National Water Resource Strategy 2 tackles. Our water resources are under pressure. If we are to meet the demands of the economy, of society and ensure sufficient water for the environment we need to make strategic decisions and plan comprehensively and carefully. This NWRS2 sets out the strategy to plan, develop, manage, protect and control the use of our water resources effectively for the future. If we are serious about achieving equity and redistribution and the goals of our developmental state, we need to streamline our policies, legislation and strategies for both water resource management and water services. We are currently tightening our policy, legislative and overall sector environment and this Strategy forms part of that process, so that we can remove obstacles to greater equity in water resource allocation and meet our national objectives. The dynamics of water, equity, development and growth are complex I would like to acknowledge and thank all those who where water resource management lies at the heart of our aspiration to contributed to this Strategy which, I believe, provides achieve growth, sustainable development and poverty reduction. There a robust way forward towards achieving water can be no growth and development without water, so water must be at security, sustainability and our national priorities. the heart of all our planning, financing and governance frameworks. Making this Strategy work requires a collaborative effort. I call on the entire water sector and other Good governance, improved management of our resources and sectors, both public and private, to embrace this ensuring that every drop counts are addressed in the Strategy, through Strategy towards realising a better life for all. an improved institutional framework, strengthening our sector capacity, and through various mechanisms and concepts, such as water re-use and water off-setting. Towards addressing our infrastructure challenges and demands for the entire water value chain, we need an estimated R670 billion over the next ten years. In addition we require an investment of R30 billion for sustainable water management programmes, bringing our total sector investment to R700 billion, being R70 billion per year. This is a considerable investment which will be funded from on-budget and off- MRS B E E MOLEWA budget sources through the private sector. MINISTER OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS NWRS NWRS National Water Resource Strategy Water Sector Priority Focus Areas 2013 - 2018 Achieving equity, including Water Allocation Reform Water conservation and water demand management Institutional establishment and Governance Compliance monitoring and enforcement Planning, infrastructure development &operation and maintenance of water resources infrastructure NWRS NWRS National Water Resource Strategy FOREWORD Given constraints and demands on the resource, we cannot afford practices which reduce supply, such as pollution, inefficient water management practices, lack of infrastructure maintenance, unaccounted for water, and poor governance. Our national economic and This National Water Resource Strategy 2 sets out how we will achieve development priorities together with the complex the following core objectives: environment within which we operate require a “new” era • water supports development and the elimination of poverty and of advanced and smarter water management. This inequality Strategy provides for robust and sustainable water sector • water contributes to the economy and job creation, and institutions (including nine catchment management • water is protected, used, developed, conserved, managed and agencies and nine regional water utilities) that have the controlled sustainably and equitably. necessary capacity to manage our water resource sustainably and equitably as well as ensure sustainable The major focus of the NWRS2 is equitable and sustainable access and and effective service delivery. use of water by all South Africans while sustaining our water resource. Equity and redistribution will be achieved through the authorisation The concepts, approaches and themes spelt out in this process and other mechanisms and programmes, such as water Strategy are in line with international principles and allocation reform, financial support to emerging farmers and support to approaches (World Water Forum and Rio+20 Summit) urban and rural local economic development initiatives. where social and economic goals are aligned, sector investment is increased and water is recognized as With our growing population, and focus on economic growth and fulfilling a central role in socio-economic planning and development we need to ensure water security and healthy water development. ecosystems that support our national imperatives. Apart from the water demands of the economic sectors (energy, mining and agriculture), A key challenge of this Strategy is to increase our skills increasing urbanisation and industrialisation place enormous pressure and capacity within the sector for both water resource on our scarce water resource in terms of management and allocation. management and water services. Institutions must be Over the last ten years water consumption of the domestic sector has appropriately staffed and resourced and towards this end increased from 22% to 27% of the total resource. we will continue to prioritise skills development, staff motivation and capacity building at all levels. Increasing Whilst we have well-developed water resources infrastructure (with our regulatory capacity to improve compliance and more than 4 395 registered dams) we are fast approaching full utilisation ensure that standards and license conditions are met is an of available surface water yields, and are running out of suitable sites for integral part of strengthening our institutional framework new dams. In addition, climate change outcomes in terms of rainfall and and capacity. temperature will have a negative impact on water storage. Water demand is likely to grow at about 1.2% over the next ten years. We Our sector makes a critical contribution to South Africa's therefore need to find new ways of reducing water demand and transformation, development and growth objectives. increasing availability – which move beyond 'traditional engineering Access to safe water supply and making water available solutions' of infrastructure development. Ensuring a sustainable water for productive purposes profoundly affects the daily lives balance requires a multitude of strategies, including water conservation of poor people and supports rural livelihoods. Through and water demand management (WCWDM), further utilisation of achieving these objectives we will significantly contribute groundwater, desalination, water re-use, rainwater harvesting and to equity, redistribution and reducing poverty in South treated acid mine drainage. Africa. Whilst South Africa benefited from a surplus of available water in 2000, South Africa does not face a water crisis at the moment, the time has now come where a mix of water resources is required to but is at risk if water is not taken seriously and reconcile supply and demand. Towards this end, Reconciliation interventions not applied timeously. Strategies have been developed to assess water balance against future needs. These strategies will inform our future water resource planning, Successful implementation of this Strategy will bring management and investment and key issues include: about great benefits: access to water and sanitation for all South Africans, availability of water to support economic • greater focus on WCWDM – every drop counts and we cannot afford growth and job creation, protection of existing assets, to waste any more water, anywhere stimulation of the construction sector, including small and • increased value and utilisation of ground water medium scale enterprises, and protection of our precious • re-use of water at the coast as well as in inland systems water resource for current and future generations. As the • opportunity for more dams (though limited) and transfer schemes Department of Water Affairs, we will provide the (and where the opportunity exists, it is at great cost) necessary leadership to operationalize this Strategy and • desalination: raise the investment required; however, this requires the • Small scale seawater desalination already being used in certain collaborative effort of all sectors and stakeholders to make areas it successful and to ensure that water plays a central role • Treated mine water desalination becoming more important in bringing justice, development and growth for all. • Desalination of seawater on a large scale • catchment rehabilitation, clearing of invasive alien plants and rainwater harvesting is growing in importance Let's make it happen! • making
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cape Town's Film Permit Guide
    Location Filming In Cape Town a film permit guide THIS CITY WORKS FOR YOU MESSAGE FROM THE MAYOR We are exceptionally proud of this, the 1st edition of The Film Permit Guide. This book provides information to filmmakers on film permitting and filming, and also acts as an information source for communities impacted by film activities in Cape Town and the Western Cape and will supply our local and international visitors and filmmakers with vital guidelines on the film industry. Cape Town’s film industry is a perfect reflection of the South African success story. We have matured into a world class, globally competitive film environment. With its rich diversity of landscapes and architecture, sublime weather conditions, world-class crews and production houses, not to mention a very hospitable exchange rate, we give you the best of, well, all worlds. ALDERMAN NOMAINDIA MFEKETO Executive Mayor City of Cape Town MESSAGE FROM ALDERMAN SITONGA The City of Cape Town recognises the valuable contribution of filming to the economic and cultural environment of Cape Town. I am therefore, upbeat about the introduction of this Film Permit Guide and the manner in which it is presented. This guide will be a vitally important communication tool to continue the positive relationship between the film industry, the community and the City of Cape Town. Through this guide, I am looking forward to seeing the strengthening of our thriving relationship with all roleplayers in the industry. ALDERMAN CLIFFORD SITONGA Mayoral Committee Member for Economic, Social Development and Tourism City of Cape Town CONTENTS C. Page 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Revised NWRS
    1 | P a g e Task: NWRS 2 Title of document: Draft National Water Resource Strategy 2 (NWRS-2): Task leader: FC van Zyl Task team FC van Zyl, H Keuris members: Authors of Prof MN Nkondo, FC van Zyl, H Keuris, B Schreiner document: Contributors: MP Nepfumbada, H Muller Reviewers: FC van Zyl, H Keuris, MP Nepfumbada, H Muller Report status: Version 1. comprehensive Date: July 2012 Issued to: Keywords: National Water Resource Strategy National Water Resource Strategy 2 Page | i Executive Statement Water is a critical strategic natural resource. It is essential for growth and Water is a critical development, the environment, health and wellbeing of the people of South natural strategic Africa. Although this principle is generally accepted, it is not always well resource understood or appreciated. Despite the fact that South Africa is a naturally water stressed country, further challenged by the need to support growth and development as well as potential climate change impact, the resource is not receiving the priority status and attention it deserves. This situation is reflected in the manner by which this scarce resource is wasted (more than 37% water losses), polluted, degraded, inadequately financed and inappropriately strategically positioned. Paradoxically South Africa has a fairly well developed water management and infrastructure framework which has resulted in a perceived sense of water security (urban and growth areas), as well as a lack of appreciation and respect for a critical strategic resource. South Africa is facing a number of water challenges and concerns, including Water is a security of supply, environmental degradation and resource pollution.
    [Show full text]
  • Annex VIII Casestudy0105 Palmiet South Africa
    IEA Hydropower Implementing Agreement Annex VIII Hydropower Good Practices: Environmental Mitigation Measures and Benefits Case study 01-05: Biological Diversity - Palmiet Pumped Storage Power Plant, South Africa Key Issues: 1-Biological Diversity 12-Benefits due to Dam Function Climate Zone: Csb: Humid Subtropical (Mediterranean) Subjects: - Project Implementation in the Cape Floral Kingdom - Inter-Catchment Transfer of Water Effect: - Conservation of the Cape Floral Kingdom - Conservation of Indigenous Fish Species Project Name: Palmiet Pumped Storage Power Plant Country: South Africa Implementing Party & Period - Project: Eskom Holding Ltd. & Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) 1983 (commencement of construction) - - Good Practice: Eskom Holding Ltd. & Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) 1983 - Key Words: Cape Floral Kingdom (Fynbos), Biosphere Reserves, Environmental Impact Control Plan, Stakeholders, Palmiet Visitors Centre Abstract: The scheme is unique that it is located in the Kogelberg National Forest, part of the smallest and most diverse of the world’s six floral kingdoms – the Cape Floral Kingdom. The Palmiet Committee, a multi-disciplinary team including an independent environmental consultancy, was formed at the earliest planning stage. The overall approach was to implement environmental impact controls from the very outset, then rigorously follow them through the entire construction process. This proved an effective and economically viable approach. 1. Outline of the Project The Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme is situated on the Palmiet River in the Western Province of the Republic of South Africa. The scheme comprises two dams, the lower Kogelberg Dam on the Palmiet River south of Grabouw and the upper Rockview Dam on the watershed between the Palmiet and Steenbras rivers.
    [Show full text]
  • Fiscal Policy
    3 Fiscal policy The fiscal stance presented in the 2006 Budget provides for robust growth in public services and infrastructure investment, founded on an outstanding revenue performance over the past year and the continuing strength of the financial environment. Sustained increases in expenditure on transport, education and health will support economic development, lower business costs, improve skills levels and raise living standards. The fiscal framework provides for additional resources totalling R82 billion, and a further R24 billion to replace the RSC levies. Excluding the RSC levy transfers, non-interest expenditure will increase in real terms by 7,9 per cent in 2006/07, with an average increase of 6,4 per cent over the medium- term expenditure framework (MTEF) period. Sustained economic growth has maintained the buoyancy of government revenue. Capital spending is projected to rise strongly over the medium term. The budget deficit is projected to increase to 1,5 per cent of GDP next year, and then to decline to 1,2 per cent in 2008/09. The low deficit reflects careful macroeconomic management during a time of strong commodity prices and high consumer demand. The public sector borrowing requirement is expected to grow from 0,6 per cent of GDP in 2005/06 to 2,4 per cent of GDP by 2008/09 as a result of public enterprises’ capital expenditure programmes and an increase in the main budget deficit. Overview In the past year the South African economy has registered a strong Robust consumption performance, with GDP growth of about 5 per cent expected for and investment support 2005/06.
    [Show full text]
  • Dams in South Africa.Indd
    DamsDams inin SouthSouth AfricaAfrica n South Africa we depend mostly on rivers, dams and underground water for our water supply. The country does not get a lot of rain, less than 500 mm a year. In fact, South Africa is one of the 30 driest countries in the world. To make Isure that we have enough water to drink, to grow food and for industries, the government builds dams to store water. A typical dam is a wall of solid material (like concrete, earth and rocks) built across a river to block the flow of the river. In times of excess flow water is stored behind the dam wall in what is known as a reservoir. These dams make sure that communities don’t run out of water in times of drought. About half of South Africa’s annual rainfall is stored in dams. Dams can also prevent flooding when there is an overabundance of water. We have more than 500 government dams in South Africa, with a total capacity of 37 000 million cubic metres (m3) – that’s the same as about 15 million Olympic-sized swimming pools! There are different types of dams: Arch dam: The curved shape of these dams holds back the water in the reservoir. Buttress dam: These dams can be flat or curved, but they always have a series of supports of buttresses on the downstream side to brace the dam. Embankment dam: Massive dams made of earth and rock. They rely on their weight to resist the force of the water. Gravity dam: Massive dams that resist the thrust of the water entirely by their own weight.
    [Show full text]
  • Sponsored by the Department of Science and Technology Volume
    Volume 26 Number 3 • August 2015 Sponsored by the Department of Science and Technology Volume 26 Number 3 • August 2015 CONTENTS 2 Reliability benefit of smart grid technologies: A case for South Africa Angela Masembe 10 Low-income resident’s preferences for the location of wind turbine farms in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa Jessica Hosking, Mario du Preez and Gary Sharp 19 Identification and characterisation of performance limiting defects and cell mismatch in photovoltaic modules Jacqui L Crozier, Ernest E van Dyk and Frederick J Vorster 27 A perspective on South African coal fired power station emissions Ilze Pretorius, Stuart Piketh, Roelof Burger and Hein Neomagus 41 Modelling energy supply options for electricity generations in Tanzania Baraka Kichonge, Geoffrey R John and Iddi S N Mkilaha 58 Options for the supply of electricity to rural homes in South Africa Noor Jamal 66 Determinants of energy poverty in South Africa Zaakirah Ismail and Patrick Khembo 79 An overview of refrigeration and its impact on the development in the Democratic Republic of Congo Jean Fulbert Ituna-Yudonago, J M Belman-Flores and V Pérez-García 90 Comparative bioelectricity generation from waste citrus fruit using a galvanic cell, fuel cell and microbial fuel cell Abdul Majeed Khan and Muhammad Obaid 100 The effect of an angle on the impact and flow quantity on output power of an impulse water wheel model Ram K Tyagi CONFERENCE PAPERS 105 Harnessing Nigeria’s abundant solar energy potential using the DESERTEC model Udochukwu B Akuru, Ogbonnaya
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Flood Risks Using Flood Frequency Models: a Case Study of Luvuvhu River Catchment in Limpopo Province, South Africa
    This paper is part of the Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Flood Risk Management and Response (FRIAR 2016) www.witconferences.com Evaluation of flood risks using flood frequency models: a case study of Luvuvhu River Catchment in Limpopo Province, South Africa L. R. Singo1,2, P. M. Kundu2, F. I. Mathivha2 & J. O. Odiyo2 1Process Technology Department, Rand Water, South Africa 2Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Venda, South Africa Abstract The Luvuvhu River Catchment has experienced floods of varying magnitudes resulting from heavy rainfall associated with the Intertropical Convergence Zone and cyclones. Human activities in the catchment have aggravated risks of flooding. Risks of flooding have been experienced in the past, with the major ones occurring during sporadic rainfall events. This study aims to evaluate flood risks through rainfall distribution characteristics in the catchment using flood frequency models. Statistical analyses that include Gumbel and Log- Pearson Type III distributions were selected to perform flood frequency analysis. Peak flood magnitudes for the 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200-year recurrence intervals were estimated using the two distributions. In peri-urban areas such as the Luvuvhu River Catchment, design life of structures for low risks (10-year return periods) and medium risks (50-year return periods) catchments are important to manage risks. The results showed a general increase in the frequency of extreme events, accompanied by floods of higher magnitude. Design life of structures for low risks and medium risks catchments showed magnitudes in the range of 453.03 mm to 1495.48 mm for Log-Pearson Type III and 454.39 mm to 1370.16 mm for Gumbel’s.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment
    Study Name: Orange River Integrated Water Resources Management Plan Report Title: Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment Submitted By: WRP Consulting Engineers, Jeffares and Green, Sechaba Consulting, WCE Pty Ltd, Water Surveys Botswana (Pty) Ltd Authors: A Jeleni, H Mare Date of Issue: November 2007 Distribution: Botswana: DWA: 2 copies (Katai, Setloboko) Lesotho: Commissioner of Water: 2 copies (Ramosoeu, Nthathakane) Namibia: MAWRD: 2 copies (Amakali) South Africa: DWAF: 2 copies (Pyke, van Niekerk) GTZ: 2 copies (Vogel, Mpho) Reports: Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment Review of Surface Hydrology in the Orange River Catchment Flood Management Evaluation of the Orange River Review of Groundwater Resources in the Orange River Catchment Environmental Considerations Pertaining to the Orange River Summary of Water Requirements from the Orange River Water Quality in the Orange River Demographic and Economic Activity in the four Orange Basin States Current Analytical Methods and Technical Capacity of the four Orange Basin States Institutional Structures in the four Orange Basin States Legislation and Legal Issues Surrounding the Orange River Catchment Summary Report TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Objective of the study ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • South Africa)
    FREE STATE PROFILE (South Africa) Lochner Marais University of the Free State Bloemfontein, SA OECD Roundtable on Higher Education in Regional and City Development, 16 September 2010 [email protected] 1 Map 4.7: Areas with development potential in the Free State, 2006 Mining SASOLBURG Location PARYS DENEYSVILLE ORANJEVILLE VREDEFORT VILLIERS FREE STATE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT VILJOENSKROON KOPPIES CORNELIA HEILBRON FRANKFORT BOTHAVILLE Legend VREDE Towns EDENVILLE TWEELING Limited Combined Potential KROONSTAD Int PETRUS STEYN MEMEL ALLANRIDGE REITZ Below Average Combined Potential HOOPSTAD WESSELSBRON WARDEN ODENDAALSRUS Agric LINDLEY STEYNSRUST Above Average Combined Potential WELKOM HENNENMAN ARLINGTON VENTERSBURG HERTZOGVILLE VIRGINIA High Combined Potential BETHLEHEM Local municipality BULTFONTEIN HARRISMITH THEUNISSEN PAUL ROUX KESTELL SENEKAL PovertyLimited Combined Potential WINBURG ROSENDAL CLARENS PHUTHADITJHABA BOSHOF Below Average Combined Potential FOURIESBURG DEALESVILLE BRANDFORT MARQUARD nodeAbove Average Combined Potential SOUTPAN VERKEERDEVLEI FICKSBURG High Combined Potential CLOCOLAN EXCELSIOR JACOBSDAL PETRUSBURG BLOEMFONTEIN THABA NCHU LADYBRAND LOCALITY PLAN TWEESPRUIT Economic BOTSHABELO THABA PATSHOA KOFFIEFONTEIN OPPERMANSDORP Power HOBHOUSE DEWETSDORP REDDERSBURG EDENBURG WEPENER LUCKHOFF FAURESMITH houses JAGERSFONTEIN VAN STADENSRUST TROMPSBURG SMITHFIELD DEPARTMENT LOCAL GOVERNMENT & HOUSING PHILIPPOLIS SPRINGFONTEIN Arid SPATIAL PLANNING DIRECTORATE ZASTRON SPATIAL INFORMATION SERVICES ROUXVILLE BETHULIE
    [Show full text]
  • Heritage Report.Pdf
    ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPACTS ASSESSMENT PROCESS FOR THE PROPOSED NANDONI RESIDENTIAL ESTATE SITES PROJECT ON PORTION 6 OF THE FARM MOLENJE 204 LT, THULAMELA LOCAL MUNICIPALITY OF THE VHEMBE DISTRICT, LIMPOPO PROVINCE SOUTH AFRICA Compiled for: Compiled by: MULENZHE DEVELOPMENT TRUST VHUFA HASHU HERITAGE Stand No 1 CONSULTANTS P.O. Box 301 45 Voortrekker St Mulenzhe Polokwane,0700 0947 P.O. Box 456 Fax: 0866718931 Ladanna, 0704 Tel: 015 291 3699 Fax: 015 291 3699 Executive Summary Copyright: Copyright in all documents, drawings and records whether manually or electronically produced, which form part of the submission and any subsequent report or project document shall vest in VHHC. None of the documents, drawings or records may be used or applied in any manner, nor may they be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means whatsoever for or to any other person, without the prior written consent of VHHC Note: This report follows minimum standard guidelines required by the South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA) for compiling Archaeological Impact Assessment (AIA). Site name and location: The proposed Nandoni Residential Estate project is located on farm portion 6 of Molenje 204LT, the area is situated approximately 16kilometers south east of Thohoyandou Central Business District, further south of Nandoni Dam, the area cover approximately 519 hectors of virgin land in between Mahebe River and Nandoni Dam, within Thulamela Local Municipality of the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa Local Authority: Thulamela Local Municipality
    [Show full text]
  • South Africa's Hydropower Options
    SUSTAINABLE ENERGY South Africa’s hydropower options by Wilhelm Karanitsch, Andritz Hydro South Africa is still facing the problem of insufficient power generation capacity and a reserve margin which is below international accepted levels. The government is in the approval process for the new IRP 2010 which is considering renewable energy technologies as clean sources of energy that have a significantly lower environmental impact than conventional energy technologies. The IRP 2010 is indicating a greater role in the energy for renewable energy technologies. The National Energy Regulator of South of the energy available from water to be and scattered groups of consumers by Africa has issued Regulatory Guidelines for converted into electricity [1]. a central power station. In areas with a Renewable Energy Feed-in Tariffs ( REFIT). suitable water potential the construction Depending on the head, small/mini hydro Landfill gas power plants, small hydro of a small hydropower plant in island power plants can be classified in the power plants (less than 10 MW), Wind power operation cannot only help to provide following categories: plants and concentrating solar power electricity but also to create jobs. plants qualify as renewable energy power Low head: 2 – 30 m Local industry participation generator. The REFIT should encourage Medium head: 30 – 100 m investment in these technologies. High head: over 100 m For a small hydro power plant the largest South Africa is a dry country which is a cost blocks are the civil works and Kaplan (Propeller, Bulb), Francis, Pelton, turbine/generator set. Costs for a penstock limiting factor for the use of hydropower.
    [Show full text]
  • Opportunities and Constraints Faced by Small-Scale Farmers in Venda
    University of Pretoria etd – Tshikhudu, P P (2005) IRRIGATION AND DRYLAND FRUIT PRODUCTION: OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FACED BY SMALL-SCALE FARMERS IN VENDA BY TSHIKHUDO PHUMUDZO PATRICK Submitted to the Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of M.Inst Agrar (Plant Production: Horticulture) Supervisor: Prof. P.J. Robbertse Co-supervisor: Prof. S.R. Perret November, 2004 University of Pretoria etd – Tshikhudu, P P (2005) TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii ABSTRACT viii CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Motivation of the study 2 1.3. Importance of the study 2 1.4. Research questions 3 1.5. Research methods 4 CHAPTER 2: HISTORY AND CULTURE OF VHAVENDA Introduction 7 2.1. History of Venda 7 2.2. Demographic situation 12 2.2. 1. Population 12 2.2. 2. Culture of Venda people 15 2.2.2.1. Social life 15 2.2.2.2. Religious life 16 2.2.2.3. Education 17 2.2.2.3.1. Primary and secondary education 17 2.2.2.3.2. Tertiary education 17 2.3. Agriculture in Venda 18 2.3.1. Traditional agriculture 18 2.3.2. The role played by indigenous fruits and relishes 19 2.3.3. Small-scale agriculture 24 2.3.4. Commercial agriculture 25 2.4. Conclusion 26 i University of Pretoria etd – Tshikhudu, P P (2005) CHAPTER 3: THE NATURAL RESOURCES AND INFRASTRUCTURES IN VENDA Introduction 27 3.1. Climate: temperature, rainfall and wind 27 3.2.
    [Show full text]