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South Africa's Hydropower Options

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South Africa's Hydropower Options SUSTAINABLE ENERGY South Africa’s hydropower options by Wilhelm Karanitsch, Andritz Hydro South Africa is still facing the problem of insufficient power generation capacity and a reserve margin which is below international accepted levels. The government is in the approval process for the new IRP 2010 which is considering renewable energy technologies as clean sources of energy that have a significantly lower environmental impact than conventional energy technologies. The IRP 2010 is indicating a greater role in the energy for renewable energy technologies. The National Energy Regulator of South of the energy available from water to be and scattered groups of consumers by Africa has issued Regulatory Guidelines for converted into electricity [1]. a central power station. In areas with a Renewable Energy Feed-in Tariffs ( REFIT). suitable water potential the construction Depending on the head, small/mini hydro Landfill gas power plants, small hydro of a small hydropower plant in island power plants can be classified in the power plants (less than 10 MW), Wind power operation cannot only help to provide following categories: plants and concentrating solar power electricity but also to create jobs. plants qualify as renewable energy power Low head: 2 – 30 m Local industry participation generator. The REFIT should encourage Medium head: 30 – 100 m investment in these technologies. High head: over 100 m For a small hydro power plant the largest South Africa is a dry country which is a cost blocks are the civil works and Kaplan (Propeller, Bulb), Francis, Pelton, turbine/generator set. Costs for a penstock limiting factor for the use of hydropower. Turgo and Crossflow turbines, overlapping Can hydropower therefore contribute to the are dependant on the available head. in some application areas, cover these With increasing head the expenses for civil power generation capacity in the country categories. works become lower but additional costs and which hydropower technologies could for a penstock have to be considered. In be utilised? This paper will try to explain the The majority of small/mini hydro power South Africa the local industry can cover potential of hydropower in South Africa and plants are run-of-river schemes. This type a large part of the required works as only which technologies could be applicable. of hydro power plant operates under low head and is mainly built in river valleys. the turbine/generator set needs to be Small/mini hydro power plants, involving Electricity will be only generated when imported. Following an example of a split small dams, pumps or water mills, can water is available and if the flow falls below between import and local costs based on light villages with minimal environmental a certain level, electricity generation a hydro power plant in Kenya: impact. With 10 kW to 10 MW they can will stop. As a result small independent Head 17,3 m provide electricity in remote areas in a schemes may not always be able to supply very effective way with a lifespan of 30 electricity, unless they are sized so that Output 361 kW years or more. Mini run-of-river hydro power there is always enough water. Cost split plants managed by communities are also eligible for carbon trading certificates and For medium and larger hydro plants Civil works 53% can also help retain professionals such the head is created by a small dam or Turbine/Generator 27% as teachers and health workers in rural weir forming a small reservoir, enabling Penstock 6% areas (1). By adding such power plants to operation over a longer time period. From existing infrastructures as water pipelines or there water is diverted to an intake, from Electrical work 14% existing irrigation dams they can generate where a penstock brings the water to the turbine and the outlet of the turbine Table 1: Cost break down of a typical electricity required for pumping as an hydropower plant in Kenya [1]. example. discharges the water to the river, via the tailrace [2]. Small hydro has been responsible for In this case 73% of the project costs can bringing the first power and light to A small hydropower plant cannot afford be covered by the local industry. remote villages Properly designed small a large reservoir to operate the plant hydro schemes (less than 10 MW installed convenient as the costs for a large dam Example project would be too high to make it economically capacity) can be easily integrated into In the Philippines the 0,065 MW Mahagnao viable. However if there is an existing local ecosystems [1]. Small hydro is the micro hydro demonstration project is a reservoir for flood control, irrigation, water largest contributor of electricity from good example of efficient and effective supply system, etc, it could be used to renewable energy sources. Worldwide resource use. To connect the village to the generate electricity using the discharge national electricity grid was not possible 47 000 MW of small hydro power capacity [1]. is presently installed. Estimates of a due to distance. The non avaibility of technical and economical potential are For drinking water supply systems water electricity in the area served now by this close to 180 000 MW. In Europe alone the flows from a reservoir via a pressure pipe plant limited the local economy. To prove installed capacity of small hydro power is and the dissipation of energy at the lower the feasibility of an off-grid micro-hydro about 14 000 MW [2]. end of the pipe at the entrance to the power plant for small communities the water treatment plant is usually with special New Energy Foundation of Japan with Technologies valves. The installation of a turbine at the the Philippine Dept of Energy built and end of the pipe, to convert this energy to operated this power plant. The power A hydro power plant converts the potential electricity, is an attractive alternative [3]. plant was commissioned in 2002 and energy of water into electricity. The supplies electricity to approximately 300 In rural development areas many future power output of a hydro power plant is households. proportional to the flow and the head. consumers are scattered over wide areas, Fundamental to the economically but only in very small concentrations. Even This micro-hydro plant was designed to sustainable use of water is the design when electrical power can be made operate as a run-of-river or a storage of a hydropower plant to provide an available, only very small consumption power plant. With the creation of a efficient use of the water resource. Modern is to be expected over long periods. This small pond it is possible to operate the turbine technology will allow up to 95% prohibits the supply of electricity to small plant during periods when electricity energize - July 2011 - Page 84 SUSTAINABLE ENERGY demand exceeds the natural flow. This Hydropower Type Installed Development potential configuration allows generation according category capacity to the demand for power and the given and size (MW) Firmly Additional long-term established (MW) (MW) hydrological conditions. During normal (MW, KW) electricity demand the hydro power station Mini up to 1 Conventional 8,22 6 3,7 will be operated as a run-of-river power MW Unconventional - - 65,3 plant and when the electricity demand is in excess of the run-of-river capacity it Small from Conventional 25,7 27 20 switches to storage power plant operation. 1 MW to 10 MW Transfers -255 The local government is responsible for the Refurbishment -11- management and maintenance of the Total for small/mini hydropower in South Africa 33,92 69 94 power station. A simplified maintenance program and training of the local Table 3: Small hydropower potential in South Africa. Source: Baseline study – personnel made this possible. With access Hydropower in South Africa (2002) by DME/DANIDA. to electricity the community members can learn to use computers, fibre stripping supplying electricity to Nelspruit since 1988, H 45,0 m machinery and other electrical equipment which has proved to be a commercial Design H 49,5 m giving them more economical possibilities success with a payback time of the max [4]. 3 investment after three years. In 1950 Q Design 1,9 m /sec the 0,8 MW Bakenkop hydro power plant Q 8,0 m3/sec Situation in South Africa max was commissioned to supply electricity There are two major river systems in South to the town of Piet Retief before it was Table 4: Blyde Dam technical parameters. Africa – the Orange (main tributary is the connected to the national grid. After 50 Vaal River) flowing westward bordering years in operation it is still providing power Blyde Dam hydro scheme partly with Namibia, and the Limpopo, to the town [4]. which flows eastward and forms part of Technical parameters for this scheme are Table 2 gives an overview of the known the border with Botswana and Zimbabwe. shown in Table 4: conventional as well as unconventional There are a number of smaller rivers in installed small hydro power stations in the southern part of the country flowing The project is planned with two Francis operation in South Africa with a combined southward [4]. With an average rainfall of turbines. One 850 kW Turbine operating as capacity of about 130 MW. Mining 500 mm South Africa is a dry country prone a base load machine, always running to companies are the largest users of the to periodic droughts and therefore has only discharge the minimum required discharge available unconventional hydro power 3 limited possibilities for hydroelectric power. of 1,9m /s from the dam. The second potential by using the cooling water, which turbine with 2670 kW would generate when There are however a number of small has to be brought down to the stopping water availability permits and would use hydro power plants generating electricity areas, for electricity generation.
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