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Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment

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Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment Study Name: Orange River Integrated Water Resources Management Plan Report Title: Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment Submitted By: WRP Consulting Engineers, Jeffares and Green, Sechaba Consulting, WCE Pty Ltd, Water Surveys Botswana (Pty) Ltd Authors: A Jeleni, H Mare Date of Issue: November 2007 Distribution: Botswana: DWA: 2 copies (Katai, Setloboko) Lesotho: Commissioner of Water: 2 copies (Ramosoeu, Nthathakane) Namibia: MAWRD: 2 copies (Amakali) South Africa: DWAF: 2 copies (Pyke, van Niekerk) GTZ: 2 copies (Vogel, Mpho) Reports: Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment Review of Surface Hydrology in the Orange River Catchment Flood Management Evaluation of the Orange River Review of Groundwater Resources in the Orange River Catchment Environmental Considerations Pertaining to the Orange River Summary of Water Requirements from the Orange River Water Quality in the Orange River Demographic and Economic Activity in the four Orange Basin States Current Analytical Methods and Technical Capacity of the four Orange Basin States Institutional Structures in the four Orange Basin States Legislation and Legal Issues Surrounding the Orange River Catchment Summary Report TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Objective of the study ................................................................................................. 12 1.3 Purpose and Structure of this report .......................................................................... 14 2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM ..................................................................... 15 2.1 South Africa ................................................................................................................ 15 2.2 Botswana (Molopo/Nossob Rivers) ............................................................................ 19 2.3 Namibia (Fish, Nossob and Auob Rivers) .................................................................. 20 2.4 Lesotho (Senqu River) ................................................................................................ 20 3 INFRASTRUCTURE INVENTORY ....................................................................................... 22 3.1 Vaal River System ...................................................................................................... 22 3.2 Larger Orange-Senqu River System RSA & Lesotho (Infrastructure) ....................... 52 3.3 Namibia ....................................................................................................................... 91 4 OPERATION OF THE CURRENT SYSTEM ........................................................................ 97 4.1 Botswana .................................................................................................................... 97 4.2 Lesotho ....................................................................................................................... 97 4.3 Namibia ....................................................................................................................... 97 4.4 Republic of South Africa ........................................................................................... 101 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................. 124 5.1 Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 124 5.2 Recommendations .................................................................................................... 125 6 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 127 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1-1: Orange River ................................................................................................................. 6 Figure 1-2: Approximate Water Balance for Natural Runoff in the Orange River Basin ................ 7 Table 1.1: Orange River Water Balance at 2005 Development Level ........................................... 8 Figure 1-3: Major Water Demands along the Lower Orange River. ............................................. 10 Figure 1-4: Major Water Transfer Schemes from Gariep and Vanderkloof dams. ...................... 11 Figure 1-5: Phase 1 of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project. ..................................................... 12 Table 3.1: Main dams in the Upper Vaal System ......................................................................... 24 Figure 3-1: Grootdraai Dam Sub-system: schematic diagram of relative elevations ................... 26 Figure 3-2: Vaal-Olifants Transfer Link: General Layout .............................................................. 27 Figure 3-3: RWB abstraction system – schematic layout ............................................................. 30 Figure 3-4: Rand Water Board Supply Area and Pipeline Route ................................................. 31 Figure 3-5: Tugela-Vaal Transfer Scheme ................................................................................... 33 Figure 3-6: Tugela-Vaal system: schematic diagram of relative elevations ................................. 34 Figure 3-7: Heyshope and Usutu-Olifants Schemes: General Layout ......................................... 36 Figure 3-8: Heyshope Sam Sub-system: schematic diagram of relative elevations .................... 37 Figure 3-9: Zaaihoek Dam Sub-system ........................................................................................ 39 Figure 3-10: Zaaihoek Dam subsystem: schematic diagram of relative elevations ..................... 40 Table 3.2: Bulk water supply schemes in the Upper Vaal System ............................................... 41 Table 3.3: List of Main dams in the Middel Vaal System .............................................................. 43 Table 3.4: List of Water Treatment Works in the Middle Vaal System ......................................... 48 Table 3.5: Main dams and weirs in the Lower Vaal System ......................................................... 50 Table 3.6: Main dams in Lesotho Highlands water project ........................................................... 53 Figure 3-11: Lesotho Highland Water Project ............................................................................... 54 Table 3.7: Main dams in the Upper Orange System .................................................................... 61 Figure 3-12: Transfer Schemes from the Upper Orange River .................................................... 63 Figure 3-13: Orange River Canal and Riet-Modder catchment .................................................... 66 Figure 3-14: Layout of the Orange –Vaal Transfer Scheme ........................................................ 68 Figure 3-15: Layout of the Caledon-Modder and Novo Transfer Scheme ................................... 71 Table 3.8: Water Treatment Works in the Upper Orange System ............................................... 73 Figure 3-16: Irrigation Areas in the Lower Orange River .............................................................. 77 Table 3.9: Main dams in the Lower Orange System .................................................................... 78 Table 3.10: Details of the Noord-Oranje Canal ............................................................................. 79 Figure 3-17: Schematic Layout of Boegoeberg Karos GWS ........................................................ 80 Table 3.11:Details of the Upington Islands Canal ........................................................................ 81 Table 3.12: Details of the Irrigation Boards in the Upington Islands GWS .................................. 81 Figure 3-18 : Schematic Layout of Upington Islands GWS .......................................................... 82 Table 3.13: Details of the canal system of the Kakamas GWS .................................................... 84 Figure 3-19 : Schematic Layout of Kakamas GWS ...................................................................... 85 Figure 3-20 : Schematic Layout of the Vioolsdrift-Noordoewer Irrigation Area ............................ 88 Table 3.14: Summary of Water Treatment Works in the Lower Orange ...................................... 89 Table 3.15: Urban Water Supply Schemes in the Orange Basin in Namibia ............................... 92 Table 3.16: Summary of Dam Data............................................................................................... 92 Table 4.1: Summary of Dam data ................................................................................................. 98 Table 4.2: User Categories and Priority Classifications for Hardap ............................................. 99 Figure 4-1: Hardap System Curtailment Curve ........................................................................... 100 Table 4.3:User category and priority classifications for the Integrated Vaal River System ....... 103 Table 4.4: Priority Classification for the Integrated Vaal River Sub-system demands ............. 104 Table 4.5: An example of a River Sub-system allocation decision for curtailments .................. 105 Table 4.6: An example of a River Sub-system allocation decision
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