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An Assessment of Fish and Fisheries in Impoundments in the Upper Orange-Senqu River Basin and Lower Vaal River Basin

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An Assessment of Fish and Fisheries in Impoundments in the Upper Orange-Senqu River Basin and Lower Vaal River Basin AN ASSESSMENT OF FISH AND FISHERIES IN IMPOUNDMENTS IN THE UPPER ORANGE-SENQU RIVER BASIN AND LOWER VAAL RIVER BASIN Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements in respect of the Doctoral Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Zoology and Entomology in the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences at the University of the Free State by LEON MARTIN BARKHUIZEN 1 July 2015 Promoters: Prof. O.L.F. Weyl and Prof. J.G. van As Table of contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ vi Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................. ix List of tables ....................................................................................................................................... xii List of figures ....................................................................................................................................... xv List of some acronyms used in text .................................................................................................. xviii Chapter 1 General introduction and thesis outline ...................................................................... 1 Chapter 2 General Literature Review ........................................................................................... 7 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 7 2.2 Orange-Senqu River Basin ...................................................................................................... 8 2.3 Impoundments ......................................................................................................................... 9 2.4 Inter-basin water transfer schemes ........................................................................................ 11 2.5 Indices and models to determine potential fish yield of impoundments ............................... 12 2.6 Distribution of freshwater fish within the Orange-Senqu River System .............................. 14 2.7 Historic records on the occurrence and distribution of freshwater fish in the Orange-Senqu River and Vaal River Systems with notes on the value of the different species for inland fisheries ................................................................................................................................. 16 2.8 Fish stocking at impoundments in the Free State Province .................................................. 20 2.9 Overview of the biology, ecology and distribution of fish species in the Orange-Senqu River Basin ..................................................................................................................................... 21 2.9.1 Endemic species ............................................................................................................ 21 2.9.2 Indigenous species ........................................................................................................ 23 2.9.3 Alien and invasive species ............................................................................................ 24 2.10 Defining inland and small-scale fisheries ............................................................................. 31 2.11 Importance of small-scale and inland fisheries ..................................................................... 33 2.12 Recreational fisheries ............................................................................................................ 35 2.13 Conclusion and knowledge gaps ........................................................................................... 37 Chapter 3 Review of the physical characteristics of selected impoundments and their suitability for commercial fisheries ........................................................................... 40 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 40 3.2 Materials and Methods .......................................................................................................... 42 3.2.1 Data sources .................................................................................................................. 43 3.2.2 Models and indices used to determine the potential fish yields .................................... 45 3.3 Results ................................................................................................................................... 46 3.3.1 General characteristics of selected impoundments ....................................................... 46 ii 3.3.2 First estimates of potential fish yields ........................................................................... 51 3.3.3 Potential of selected impoundments for establishment of commercial fisheries .......... 53 3.3.4 Fluctuation of water levels ............................................................................................ 57 3.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 64 3.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 68 Chapter 4 Historical analysis of commercial fisheries in the Free State Province (Upper Orange-Senqu River Basin and lower Vaal River Basin) ....................................... 69 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 69 4.2 Materials and Methods .......................................................................................................... 70 4.2.1 Data sources .................................................................................................................. 70 4.2.2 Key informant interviews and inspections .................................................................... 72 4.2.3 Analysis of data ............................................................................................................. 73 4.3 Results ................................................................................................................................... 73 4.3.1 Description of commercial fisheries ............................................................................. 73 4.3.2 Catch compositions and landings .................................................................................. 79 4.3.3 Effects of water level fluctuations on fisheries ............................................................. 84 4.3.4 Operational complexities .............................................................................................. 89 4.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 91 4.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 96 Chapter 5 Analysis of freshwater angling in the Free State Province ...................................... 97 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 97 5.2 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................................ 100 5.2.1 Data sources: recreational angling .............................................................................. 100 5.2.2 Tournament angling .................................................................................................... 101 5.3 Results ................................................................................................................................. 102 5.3.1 Angling licenses sold during 2013 and 2014 .............................................................. 102 5.3.2 Angling clubs .............................................................................................................. 104 5.3.3 Catch compositions and landings of angling tournaments .......................................... 106 5.3.4 Catch composition ....................................................................................................... 108 5.3.5 Catch Rates ................................................................................................................. 111 5.4 Discussion and conclusion .................................................................................................. 113 Chapter 6 Freshwater fishes in Orange-Senqu and Vaal River System impoundments ...... 118 6.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 118 6.2 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................................ 120 iii 6.2.1 Fish surveys done during 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 summer seasons ...................... 120 6.2.2 Fish sampling methods ................................................................................................ 122 6.2.3 Fish samples ................................................................................................................ 124 6.2.4 Establishment and population structure .....................................................................
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