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An Assessment of Fish and Fisheries in Impoundments in the Upper Orange-Senqu River Basin and Lower Vaal River Basin
AN ASSESSMENT OF FISH AND FISHERIES IN IMPOUNDMENTS IN THE UPPER ORANGE-SENQU RIVER BASIN AND LOWER VAAL RIVER BASIN Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements in respect of the Doctoral Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Zoology and Entomology in the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences at the University of the Free State by LEON MARTIN BARKHUIZEN 1 July 2015 Promoters: Prof. O.L.F. Weyl and Prof. J.G. van As Table of contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ vi Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................. ix List of tables ....................................................................................................................................... xii List of figures ....................................................................................................................................... xv List of some acronyms used in text .................................................................................................. xviii Chapter 1 General introduction and thesis outline ...................................................................... 1 Chapter 2 General Literature Review ........................................................................................... 7 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ -
Heritage Report-Paul Roux
Phase 1 Heritage Impact Assessment for proposed new 1.5 km-long underground sewerage pipeline in Paul Roux, Thabo Mofutsanyane District Municipality, Free State Province. Report prepared by Paleo Field Services PO Box 38806, Langenhovenpark 9330 16 / 02 / 2020 Summary A heritage impact assessment was carried for a proposed new 1.5 km-long underground sewerage pipeline in Paul Roux in the Thabo Mofutsanyane District Municipality, Free State Province. The study area is situated on the farm Farm Mary Ann 712, next to the N5 national road covering a section of the Sand River floodplain which is located on the eastern outskirts of Paul Roux . The proposed footprint is underlain by well-developed alluvial and geologically recent overbank sediments of the Sand River. Investigation of exposed alluvial cuttings next to the bridge crossing shows little evidence of intact Quaternary fossil remains. Potentially fossil-bearing Tarkastad Subgroup and younger Molteno Formation strata are exposed to the southwest of the study area. These outcrops will not be impacted by the proposed development. There are no major palaeontological grounds to suspend the proposed development. The study area consists for the most part of open grassland currently used for cattle grazing. The foot survey revealed little evidence of in situ Stone Age archaeological material, capped or distributed as surface scatters on the landscape. There are also no indications of rock art, prehistoric structures or other historical structures or buildings older than 60 years within the vicinity of the study area. A large cemetery is located directly west of the proposed footprint. The modern bridge construction at the Sand River crossing is not considered to be of historical significance. -
Early History of South Africa
THE EARLY HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA EVOLUTION OF AFRICAN SOCIETIES . .3 SOUTH AFRICA: THE EARLY INHABITANTS . .5 THE KHOISAN . .6 The San (Bushmen) . .6 The Khoikhoi (Hottentots) . .8 BLACK SETTLEMENT . .9 THE NGUNI . .9 The Xhosa . .10 The Zulu . .11 The Ndebele . .12 The Swazi . .13 THE SOTHO . .13 The Western Sotho . .14 The Southern Sotho . .14 The Northern Sotho (Bapedi) . .14 THE VENDA . .15 THE MASHANGANA-TSONGA . .15 THE MFECANE/DIFAQANE (Total war) Dingiswayo . .16 Shaka . .16 Dingane . .18 Mzilikazi . .19 Soshangane . .20 Mmantatise . .21 Sikonyela . .21 Moshweshwe . .22 Consequences of the Mfecane/Difaqane . .23 Page 1 EUROPEAN INTERESTS The Portuguese . .24 The British . .24 The Dutch . .25 The French . .25 THE SLAVES . .22 THE TREKBOERS (MIGRATING FARMERS) . .27 EUROPEAN OCCUPATIONS OF THE CAPE British Occupation (1795 - 1803) . .29 Batavian rule 1803 - 1806 . .29 Second British Occupation: 1806 . .31 British Governors . .32 Slagtersnek Rebellion . .32 The British Settlers 1820 . .32 THE GREAT TREK Causes of the Great Trek . .34 Different Trek groups . .35 Trichardt and Van Rensburg . .35 Andries Hendrik Potgieter . .35 Gerrit Maritz . .36 Piet Retief . .36 Piet Uys . .36 Voortrekkers in Zululand and Natal . .37 Voortrekker settlement in the Transvaal . .38 Voortrekker settlement in the Orange Free State . .39 THE DISCOVERY OF DIAMONDS AND GOLD . .41 Page 2 EVOLUTION OF AFRICAN SOCIETIES Humankind had its earliest origins in Africa The introduction of iron changed the African and the story of life in South Africa has continent irrevocably and was a large step proven to be a micro-study of life on the forwards in the development of the people. -
Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment
Study Name: Orange River Integrated Water Resources Management Plan Report Title: Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment Submitted By: WRP Consulting Engineers, Jeffares and Green, Sechaba Consulting, WCE Pty Ltd, Water Surveys Botswana (Pty) Ltd Authors: A Jeleni, H Mare Date of Issue: November 2007 Distribution: Botswana: DWA: 2 copies (Katai, Setloboko) Lesotho: Commissioner of Water: 2 copies (Ramosoeu, Nthathakane) Namibia: MAWRD: 2 copies (Amakali) South Africa: DWAF: 2 copies (Pyke, van Niekerk) GTZ: 2 copies (Vogel, Mpho) Reports: Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment Review of Surface Hydrology in the Orange River Catchment Flood Management Evaluation of the Orange River Review of Groundwater Resources in the Orange River Catchment Environmental Considerations Pertaining to the Orange River Summary of Water Requirements from the Orange River Water Quality in the Orange River Demographic and Economic Activity in the four Orange Basin States Current Analytical Methods and Technical Capacity of the four Orange Basin States Institutional Structures in the four Orange Basin States Legislation and Legal Issues Surrounding the Orange River Catchment Summary Report TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Objective of the study ................................................................................................ -
An Environmental Management Plan for the Merriespruit Slimes Dam Disaster Area
AN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE MERRIESPRUIT SLIMES DAM DISASTER AREA by THEUNIS JOHANNES DUVENHAGE 9605046 MINI-THESIS submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree MASTER IN NATURAL SCIENCES in GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT in the FACULTY OF NATURAL SCIENCES at the RAND AFRIKAANS UNIVERSITY STUDY LEADER: Dr. J.M. Meeuwis JUNE 1998 The Nation is in the position of a man, bequeathed a fortune, has gone on spending it recklessly, never taking the trouble to ask the amount of his inheritance, or how long it is likely to last. National Conservation Commission (1908) Democracy is not a matter of sentiment, but foresight. Any system that doesn't take the long run into account will burn itself out in the short run. Charles Yost, The Age of Triumph and Frustration Acknowledgements My thanks to my parents for supporting me through the initial part of the study; my wife for helping me seeing it through, Frik Senekal for the printing and design, Annette, Desire and Jacqueline for the typing, Maria de Wet and Virginia Publicity Association for some of the photos, Rob Gillmore at Harmony Gold Mine who took the time to supply me with crucial information. This work is dedicated to the seventeen people who died in the disaster and all the people who helped during the disaster. CONTENTS Page TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES iii LIST OF TABLES ABSTRACT vi OPSOMMING vii SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Preamble 1 1.2 Problem Statement 2 1.3 Aims and Objective 3 1.4 Methodology 4 1.5 Studies Completed or in Progress 5 SECTION 2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 8 2.1 What is an Environmental Management Plan? 8 2.2 The EMP Process 9 SECTION 3 PRE-DISASTER AREA 11 3.1 Locality 11 3.2 Climate 12 3.3 Topography 15 3.4 Geology 16 3.5 Soils 17 3.6 Surface water 18 3.7 Sub-surface water 19 3.8 Pans and wetlands 20 3.9 Biotic component 21 3.9.1 Plants 21 3.9.2 Animals 22 11 3.10 Human aspects 23 3.10.1 Infrastructure 23 3.10.2 Land use 23 SECTION 4 POST-DISASTER AREA 25 4.1 Surface water management 25 4.1.1Surface water quality 25 4. -
A Proposed Procedure for the Identification of Dispersive Soils
Missouri University of Science and Technology Scholars' Mine International Conference on Case Histories in (1988) - Second International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering 02 Jun 1988, 10:30 am - 3:00 pm A Proposed Procedure for the Identification of Dispersive Soils H. J. Von M. Harmse University of Potchefstroom for Christian Higher Education, Potchefstroom, South Africa F. A. Gerber Department of Water Affairs, Pretoria, South Africa Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/icchge Part of the Geotechnical Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Von M. Harmse, H. J. and Gerber, F. A., "A Proposed Procedure for the Identification of Dispersive Soils" (1988). International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering. 3. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/icchge/2icchge/2icchge-session3/3 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. This Article - Conference proceedings is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars' Mine. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering by an authorized administrator of Scholars' Mine. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Proceedings: Second International Conference on Case Histories In Geotechnical Engineering, June 1-5,1988, -
19Th Century Tragedy, Victory, and Divine Providence As the Foundations of an Afrikaner National Identity
Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University History Theses Department of History Spring 5-7-2011 19th Century Tragedy, Victory, and Divine Providence as the Foundations of an Afrikaner National Identity Kevin W. Hudson Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Hudson, Kevin W., "19th Century Tragedy, Victory, and Divine Providence as the Foundations of an Afrikaner National Identity." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2011. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses/45 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 19TH CENTURY TRAGEDY, VICTORY, AND DIVINE PROVIDENCE AS THE FOUNDATIONS OF AN AFRIKANER NATIONAL IDENTITY by KEVIN W. HUDSON Under the DireCtion of Dr. Mohammed Hassen Ali and Dr. Jared Poley ABSTRACT Apart from a sense of racial superiority, which was certainly not unique to white Cape colonists, what is clear is that at the turn of the nineteenth century, Afrikaners were a disparate group. Economically, geographically, educationally, and religiously they were by no means united. Hierarchies existed throughout all cross sections of society. There was little political consciousness and no sense of a nation. Yet by the end of the nineteenth century they had developed a distinct sense of nationalism, indeed of a volk [people; ethnicity] ordained by God. The objective of this thesis is to identify and analyze three key historical events, the emotional sentiments evoked by these nationalistic milestones, and the evolution of a unified Afrikaner identity that would ultimately be used to justify the abhorrent system of apartheid. -
Provincial Overview
Cultural Guiding Free State Course 1 Module # 1 – Component # 1 Provincial Overview Introduction The Free State is known as South Africa's ‘breadbasket’ or ‘granary of the country’ and more than 30,000 farms produces over 70% of the country's grain. The province also boasts, among others productive gold and diamond mines, majestic sandstone mountains and archaeological and paleontological treasures. To the local rugby supporter this is ‘Cheetah country’! The landscape is characterised by the grassy plains of South Africa’s interior plateau. This is South Africa’s geographical heart, caught up between the Vaal and Orange Rivers. It is landlocked by KwaZulu Natal, Mpumalanga, Gauteng, North West, the Eastern Cape and Northern Cape. The neighbouring Lesotho fits in the hollow of the province’s bean- like shape. The current borders date from 1994 when the Bantustans were abolished and included into the provinces of South Africa. It is the only Province of the former provinces of South Africa which did not undergo border changes (excluding the incorporation of the Qwa-Qwa Bantustan). The Republic of the Orange Free State (Afrikaans: Oranje-Vrystaat; Dutch: Oranje- Vrijstaat) was an independent Boer republic in southern Africa during the second half of the 19th century. After the Second Anglo Boer War (Great South African War) it was a British colony for a short period, until 1910 when it became one of the four provinces of the Union of South Africa. In 1995, it became known as the Free State Province, one of the nine provinces of South Africa under the new dispensation. -
A Comparative Ecotoxicological
A COMPARATIVE ECOTOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF TWO MAJOR SOUTH AFRICAN RIVER SYSTEMS: A CATCHMENT SCALE APPROACH FOR IMPROVED RISK ASSESSMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT THROUGH THE INTEGRATION OF ABIOTIC, BIOTIC, BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR ENDPOINTS By Arno Reed de Klerk Dissertation presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Natural Sciences Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Prof. Anna-Maria Botha-Oberholster (Genetics Department) Co-supervisor: Prof. Johannes H van Wyk (Department of Botany and Zoology) Co-supervisor: Prof. Paul J Oberholster (Department of Botany and Zoology; CSIR: NRE) December 2016 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za DECLARATION 1 By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. This dissertation includes two original papers published in peer-reviewed journals and three unpublished publications. The development and writing of the papers (published and unpublished) were the principal responsibility of myself and, for each of the cases where this is not the case, a declaration is included in the dissertation, indicating the nature and extent of the contributions of the co-authors. Signature: Declaration with signature in possession of candidate and supervisor Date: Copyright © 2016 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved ii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ABSTRACT Along with the prosperity of humankind, the inevitable increase in developments to support this often results in water resources becoming repositories for the waste generated by such progress. -
Group of Experts on Geographical Names -— WORKING PAPER Eleventh Session ~ Geneva, 15-23 October 1984 No
UNITED NATIONS Group of Experts on Geographical Names -— WORKING PAPER Eleventh Session ~ Geneva, 15-23 October 1984 No. 19 Item Ho. 7 of the Provisional Agenda* TOPOHYMIC GUZDELI1SS FOB CARTOGBAPHY - SOOTH AFRICA (1st Edition) (Submitted by Peter E. Raper, South Africa) * WP Ho. 1 Table of Contents PAGE 1 Languages, 3 1.1 General remarks, 3 1.2 Official languages, 3 • 1.2.1 General remarks, 3 1.2.2 The alphabet, 3 1.3 Spelling rules for geographical names, 4 1.3.1 General rules, 4 1.3.2 Afrikaans place-names, 4 1.3.3 Dutch place-names,6 ' 1.3.4 English place-names, 6 1.3.5 Dual forms, 8 1.3.6 Khoekhoen (Hottentot) place-names, 8 1.3.7 . Place-names from Bantu languages, 9 1=4 Pronunciation of South African geographical names, 10 1.4.1 General remarks, 10 1.4.2 Afrikaans, 11 1.5 Linguistic substrata recognizable in place-names of South Africa, 11 - ....•' 2 Names authorities and names .standardization, 12 2.1 The National Place Names Committee, 12 3 Source material, 12 3.1 Maps, 12 3.2 Gazetteers, 12 3.2.1 Official, 12 3.2.2 Private, 13 3.3 Other sources, 13 4 Glossary of appellatives, adjectives and specific terms encountered in South African place-names, 13 4.1 Afrikaans, 13 4.2 Dutch, 18 . • 4.3 English, 18 4.4 Khoekhoen (Hottentot), 18 5 Generic terms encountered in South African place-names, 20 5el General remarks, 20 5.2 Afrikaans, 20 5.3 Khoekhoen, 22 5.3.1 General remarks, 22 6 Administrative division, 23 1 LANGUAGES PAGE 3 1.1 General remarks South Africa is a country in which many languages are spoken, or have been spoken in the past. -
27 Sand River Convention (17 January 1852) A2/A3
27 Sand River Convention (17 January 1852) A2/A3 B2 C2/C3 D N 27 Convention 26 27 1 25 2 West wall (panel 31/31) 24 3 h. 2.3 × w. 2.82 m 4 23 Restored fractures on the vertical edges Sculptor of the clay maquette: Peter Kirchhoff 22 5 Stages of production 21 A1 W.H. Coetzer, pencil drawing, retained only in A2 (April–June 1937) 6 A2 Reproduction of A1 (June 1937) 20 A3 W.H. Coetzer, revised pencil drawing A1, h. 13.4 × w. 15.3 cm 7 (after September 1937) 19 Annotation: ‘Konvensies van Zand Rivier binne in ’n Tent’ (Conventions 8 18 of Sand River inside a tent) 17 9 B1 One-third-scale clay maquette, not extant but replicated in B2 (1942–43) 16 10 B2 One-third-scale plaster maquette, h. 79 × w. 87 × d. 9.5 cm (1942–43) 15 14 13 12 11 C1 Full-scale wooden armature, not extant (1943–45) C2 Full-scale clay relief, not extant but recorded in photograph; replicated 0 5 10 m in C3 (1943–45) C3 Full-scale plaster relief (1943–45), not extant but illustrated (Die Vader- land, 26.2.1945); copied in D (1948–49) D Marble as installed in the Monument (1949) Early records SVK minutes (4.9.1937) ― item 4u (see below, ‘Developing the design’) Panele (c. Dec 1934–36) ― item 13 ‘Die erlanging v.d. vryheid (a) die konwensies 1852 en 1854’ (The achievement of freedom (a) the conventions of 1852 and 1854) Wenke (c. 1934–36) ― item I. -
Overview of the Environmental Impact of Fluoridation
OVERVIEW OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF FLUORIDATION C.E. Herold1 and M. van Veelen2 1Umfula Wempilo Consulting, PO Box 98578, Sloane Park, 2152. Tel:+27(0)11 463-5203. Fax +27(0)11 706-8524. E-mail: [email protected] 2BKS (Pty) Ltd. ABSTRACT The environmental impact of fluoridation on representative downstream water bodies is presented. An assessment system was developed to derive preliminary management objectives against which to compare receiving water fluoride concentrations. A simple methodology was developed to estimate the change in downstream median and peak fluoride concentrations. More detailed assessments carried out by Rand Water were used for the Vaal River system and a portion of the upper Crocodile River system. Fluoridation to 0.7 mg/l could lead to substantial problems in the strategic Vaal Barrage and downstream Vaal River, Crocodile River, Waterval River and Sand River systems. Problems can be anticipated in the Modder River upstream and downstream of Krugersdrift Dam. Insignificant impacts were indicated in the Msunduzi River, Berg River and Buffalo River systems. The limitations of the methodology and key knowledge gaps are highlighted. More detailed evaluations taking account of monthly hydrological fluctuations, dam storage and system operating rules need to be carried out to optimise the fluoridation targets in the identified key problem areas. The coarse overview should be extended to embrace other potential problem areas. The long-term effect on irrigated lands, groundwater and irrigation return flow quality warrants attention. INTRODUCTION The Department of National Health legislated regulations requiring water service providers to fluoridate the water supplied to up to 0.7 mg F/l.