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A Proposed Procedure for the Identification of Dispersive Soils

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A Proposed Procedure for the Identification of Dispersive Soils Missouri University of Science and Technology Scholars' Mine International Conference on Case Histories in (1988) - Second International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering 02 Jun 1988, 10:30 am - 3:00 pm A Proposed Procedure for the Identification of Dispersive Soils H. J. Von M. Harmse University of Potchefstroom for Christian Higher Education, Potchefstroom, South Africa F. A. Gerber Department of Water Affairs, Pretoria, South Africa Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/icchge Part of the Geotechnical Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Von M. Harmse, H. J. and Gerber, F. A., "A Proposed Procedure for the Identification of Dispersive Soils" (1988). International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering. 3. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/icchge/2icchge/2icchge-session3/3 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. This Article - Conference proceedings is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars' Mine. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering by an authorized administrator of Scholars' Mine. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Proceedings: Second International Conference on Case Histories In Geotechnical Engineering, June 1-5,1988, St. Louis, Mo., Paper No. 3.14 A Proposed Procedure for the Identification of Dispersive Soils H.J. Von M. Harmse F.A. Gerber Professor of Pedology, University of Potchefstroom for Christian Hydrologist, Department of Water Affairs, Pretoria, South Africa Higher Education, Potchefstroom, South Africa ABSTRACT: The piping failure of the Senekal dam and many other small dams in South Africa, despite the use of apparently sound material and good control during construction, emphasizes the need for a method to unambiguously identify dispersive soils. Physical and chemical tests of one hundred and seventy soil samples were evaluated against the double hydrometer method, after removal of free salts. The chemical methods based on characterization of the exchange complex (CEC and ESP) gave consistently more reliable results than the physical tests, such as the pinhole, crumb and sticky point tests and even the double hydrometer test when free salts are not removed. INTRODUCTION cl uded that the cause of fai 1 ure was dis­ persive clays. Subsequent and earlier in­ vestigations confirmed that piping failure in The Senekal dam, an off-channel storage re­ small dams and the soil erosion associated servoir, is situated in the Sand River ap­ with dispersion is of widespread occurrence proximately 3 km upstream from the town of in South Africa (Donaldson, 1973; Harmse, Senekal in the Orange Free State, South Af­ 1973). The piping failure of the Senekal dam rica. and many other sma 11 dams, as we 11 as the influence of dispersion on the erodibility of The country rock underlying the alluvium, soils, emphasized the need for a method to which is also the parent material of the identify soils which may be susceptable to soils used for construction, compromises dispersion unambiguously. mustones and arkosic sandstones of the Ade- 1 aide Subgroup (Beaufort Group l, of the Karoo Sequence. The foundations are situ­ ated on alluvial soils and the wall was con­ structed using the B-horizon and subsurface DISPERSION horizons of a solonetzic soil excavated from a borrow pit 500 m away. The materia 1 was blended and the moisture content and den­ Although the behaviour and characteristics of sity were checked at regular intervals du­ dispersive soils are reasonably well under­ ring construction (Wagner, et !l• 1981). stood and adequately explained by the double 1 ayer theory (Bolt and Bruggenwert, 1976 l, a The earth wall which has a maximum height of satisfactory and analytical method for the 8 m, is 1100 m long and contains a reservoir identification of dispersive soils remains a of approximately 19 ha with a capacity of problem. This is probably mainly due to the fact that dispersion is a_ physical manifesta­ 1.4 x 10 6 m3 (Wagner, et !l· 1981 l. tion of chemical and mineral-dependent phy­ sico-chemical properties of soils (Green­ land and Hayes, 1978). The relative influ­ Fi 11 i ng of the reservoir commenced in No­ ences of these factors has not been con­ vember 1974 by pumping water into the dam, sidered in the past, especially the influence but was stopped a week later when leaks were of the clay mineralogy. detected on the downstream toe of the em­ bankment. The water level was about 3 m a­ The clay mineralogy of soils is the result of bove the floor. The flow increased rapidly several factors acting upon the parent mate­ and failure through piping occurred approxi­ rial, such as climate and associated intensi­ mately four days later (Wagner, et al, ty of weathering. Accumulation and loss of 1981). A detailed geotechnical investiga­ the products of weathering within soil pro­ tion to determine the cause of failure was files are often related to their position in initiated by Jones and Wagner during 1975. the landscape, vegetation and the duration of The results of the geotechnical investiga­ these weathering influences. tion are described in detail by Wagner, et al, (1981). After an initial physical, chf= Only for a limited number of combinations of 'iiilcal and physical-chemical analysis of 9 conditions do soi 1 forming factors and pro­ samples from the core (Table ll it was con- cesses have a uniquely determining effect on 411 Second International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering Missouri University of Science and Technology http://ICCHGE1984-2013.mst.edu the clay mineralogy. The clay mineralogy of from broken edges and protoni zati on of soils therefore depends only rarely upon the exposed oxygen and OH-groups. direct influence of the parent material from which it developed. Most of the physical 3. Oxides. hydrous oxides and hydro xi des of properties of mineral soils, including dis­ iron and aluminium of tropical areas with persion, hydraulic conductivity, swelling low net negative charge or cation and erodibility, can be related to the interaction between the composition of the exchange (1-5 melOOg-l of clay). Dis­ soil solution and the clay mineralogy (Low, persion is expected to be virtually non 1968; Bolt and 8ruggenwert, 1976) . existent in natural soils containing TABLE 1. Average physical and chemical properties of 19 Samples from the core of the Senekal dam Chemical Properties Index Properties Grading pH EC ESP LL PI S11U ClayS * ** Ava rage 8,3 14,6 24,8 42,5 26,5 31 53 Std. De vi at ion 0,4 50,4 12,5 10.1 7,7 5.1 9,8 Coeff. Deviation 0,06 0,35 0,50 0,24 0,29 0,16 0,19 * EC • Electric conductivity in mSm- 1 ** ESP Exchangeable sodium X 100 C£C In general, soil clays are mixtures of mine­ these minerals as dominant components of ralogically related clay components. the clay fraction. Some of these clay components, however, have This case history reports on an investigation an irregular structure that makes unique of the phenomena of dispersion to determine identification in terms of the mineralogical an unambiguous method for the positive iden­ components difficult. Futhermore, identifi­ tification of dispersive soils. cation of the minerals in the clay fraction of the soil requires complex procedures and The approach adopted was to apply and expensive equipment. It can11ot be app 11 ed evaluate the results of various dispersion for routine analysis of large numbers of tests in order to investigate the interaction samples, especially in semi-arid countries of soil properties. This approach resulted where mixed layer minerals and dispersive in a reduction of the number of tests and led soils are widespread. The cation exchange to the selection· of a limited number of re­ liable methods which give consistent results capacity CEC, expressed · in melOOg-l of for the identification of dispersive soils. clay), or net negative charge on the col­ The results of these tests are also in­ loidal fraction of mineral soils may, how­ dispensable for the determination of the ever, be used to define broad categories amount of gypsym required for the reclamation within which certain minerals in the soil of dispersive soils. could be expected to have related properties (Dixon ·and Weed, 1977). This can be applied during routine analysis for the positive identification of dispersive soils. These categories are: METHODS AND MATERIALS 1. The 2:1 types of phy11 osi 1i cates which include hydromica, vermiculite, chlo­ One hundred and seventy soil samples ranging rites and smectites. The CEC (40-150 me in CEC lOOg-l clay from 5 to 140, and in ESP 100g-l clay) of these clay minerals is values from 0 to 20 per cent, were selected mainly derived from ionic substitution and prepared and subjected to both physical in either the octahedral or tetrahedral and chemical methods of evaluation. Cation layer, or both. exchange capacity, exchangeable cations, par­ ticle-size distribution and electric con­ 2. The 1: 1 types of phy11 osi 11 cates. such ductivity were determined by standard as kaolinite and halloysite, with inter- procedures (Hess, 1971). mediate to low CEC-values (5-40 meioog- 1 The results of nine physical and five of clay). The negative charges of these chemical dispersion tests were evaluated. clays are pH dependent and arise mainly Second International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering Missouri University of Science and Technology http://ICCHGE1984-2013.mst.edu From these fourteen methods, four were From figure 1 it is evident that variation selected on the basis of consistency of the results (Gerber and Harmse, 1986).
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