Bibliography

MANUSCRIPT SOURCES

Anglo American Corporation Limited, Johannesburg (AAC)

Records Department

The following were used: File 450 Power-Electric -I Nov 1924 to 16 May 1975. Power-Electric -OFS 11 Nov 1945 to 28 Sep 1953. Box 728 Mechanisation of Mines I Aug 1946 to 31 Dec 1953. 737 Industrial Development Committee Confidential Minutes I Mar 1956 to 30 Jun 1960. 1407 Coal I Jan 1947 to 30 Jul 1957. 1578 Conference lnternationale des Grandes Reseaux Electriques I Mar 1948 to 30 Jun 1960. 2986 Coal 1 Mar 1958 to 31 Jan 1959. Anglo American Corporation Library

Thomas Coulter, 'Recollections [of] ... my career in the mining industry' (mimeo 1962). Industrial Relations Dept AAC, Black mineworker leisure activities at Western Holdings Ltd. (mimeo 1976) Industrial Relations Dept AAC, The perceptions and behaviour patterns of black mineworkers on a group gold-mine (mimeo 1976). R. Kok and M. B. Strydom, 'A Guide to Climatic Room Acclimatisation', CMSA Research Report 41/1970. Technical Directors' Office Reports. Arnot Colliery Pty Ltd, Proposals for major opencast operation (1973 mimeo). TDO Reports. New Largo Coalfield supply for 1000 MW extenstion to Wilge Power Station (1973 mimeo). Eric Rosenthal, 'The Vereeniging Estates Story' (250 pp. Bound TS c.l961 ).

Barlow Rand Archives, Johannesburg

Papers of Herman Eckstein & Company Limited, 1887-1910

207 208 Bibliography

The following were used: 025 171 BAR M. Fraser: Inventory of the Archives of Herman Eckstein & Co, 1887-1910 TS 1973. He 99 Private Letter Book, Herman Eckstein & Co to London. 13 Jul 1908 to 22 Aug 1910. He 154 Private Letter Book, Lionel Phillips 7 Oct 1907 to 4 Jan 1909. He 155 Private Letter Book, Lionel Phillips 11 Jan 1909 to 15 Mar 1911. He 162 Private Letter Book, L. Reyersbach 4 Apr 1907 to 5 Sep 1908. He 163 Private Letter Book, L. Reyersbach 5 Sep 1908 to 6 Dec 1909. He 183 General Letter Book, R. W. Schumacher 23 Apr 1907 to 23 Dec 1910. He 199 Letter Book, E. A. Wallers 2 Aug 1899 to 12 May 1909. He 222 Coal, 1 Nov 1902 to 23 Jun 1904. File 47C He 222 Coal, 15 Sep 1904 to 13 Feb 1906. File 37/1 He 222 Coal, 21 Feb 1906 to 7 May 1907. File 37/2 He 222 Coal, 10 May 1907 to 5 Apr 1911. File 37/3 He 234 Electrical Equipment, 1910. File 71E He 239 General Electric Power Co Ltd, 1902-7. File 95G He 256 Labour Saving Devices, 1906. File 42L He 258 Machine Stoping, 25 Feb 1906 to 11 Jan 1910. File 1547 He 267 Rand Mines Power Supply Company Limited File 190P Part One 28 May 1907 to 15 May 1908. He 267 RMPSC Ltd, Part Two 15 May 1908 to 8 Aug 1908. File 190P He 267 RMPSC Ltd, Part Three 7 Aug 1908 to 14 Dec 1908. File 190P He 267 RMPSC Ltd, Part Four 28 Oct 1908 to 14 Dec 1908. File 189 He 267 RMPSC Ltd, Part Five 4 Jan 1909 to 13 Feb 1909. File 189 He 267 RMPSC Ltd, Part Six 19 Feb 1909 to 26 May 1909. File 189 He 268 RMPSC Ltd, 26 May 1909 to 19 Aug 1909. File 183/1 He 268 RMPSC Ltd, 11 Aug 1909 to 30 Sep 1910. Bibliography 209

File 183/2 He 268 RMPSC Ltd, 7 Oct 1910 to 24 Feb 1977. File 183/3 He 268 RMPSC Ltd, 2 Mar 1911 to 4 May 1911. File 183/4 He 268 RMPSC Ltd, 9 May 1911 to 12 Jun 1911. File 184/5 He 274 Sewerage Disposal, 16 Jun 1905 to 22 Jan 1908. File 215S He 286 Ventilation of Mines, 24 Apr 1906 to 21 Mar 1911. File 2404 He MAPS Map Collection He PAM National Gas Engine Co, National Gas Engines, Manchester, 1917.

Cape Archives Depot. (CAB) Cape Town

CAB 583 F. S. Malan papers:

2 files were used.

De Beers' Archive and Library, Kimberley

The following were used: De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd, Annual Reports, 1905-75. De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd, Photograph Collection, 1889-1903.

Escom Library, Johannesburg

The following were used: Allen, 'Electrical Development in Natal with Special Reference to Railway Electrification', May 1942. G. H. Bailey, 'Investigation into the Method of Supply for the Proposed Ermelo-Richards Bay Tractor Scheme', Oct 1974. C. R. Burton, 'The Development of the Cape Northern Undertaking', May 1971. Cape Town Corporation, 'The History of the Graaf Electric Lighting Station', Nov 1922. H. Clark, 'The Generation of Electricity in South Africa with Special Reference to the Chemical Industries', 17 Nov 1941. A. F. Deubler and J. P. Holtzhausen, 'Report on Commissioning of Ruacana Interim Power Station' (1970). R. K. Dutkiewicz, 'Summary of Generating Plant Commissioning Programme and Comments Thereon', Dec 1972. Electricity Control Board, 'VFTPC Klip-Canada Line', Minutes Public Hearing, 4 Nov 1937. Escom, 'Camden and Future Power Stations' (1969). 210 Bibliography

Escom, Colenso Local Manager, 'White Labour Policy, Colenso Power Station', Memo to Escom Chairman, 12 May 1932. Escom, 'Natal Railway Electrification, Booth Traction Substation', 10 Aug 1936. Escom, Natal Undertaking Annual Report for 1975, 21 Apr 1976. Escom, Operations Department Monthly Reports, Jan 1975, Feb 1975, Jun 1975, May 1976, Jul 1976. Escom Personnel Department, Annual Report for Year Ending, 31 Dec 1973. Escom, R & OFS Undertaking Confidential Forecast of Day-Peak Load to 1966, 28 Apr 1954. Escom and Swawek, 'Augmentation of Power Generation Facilities in Northern South West Africa', Mar 1970. H. Eastman, 'Cape Pooled Generation of Electricity, I Jan 1944 to 31 Dec 1945', 2 May 1946. H. Eastman, 'Cape Pooled Generation of Electricity, 1 Jan 1941 to 31 Dec 1942', 2 Jul 1943. M. F. Haddingham, 'Load Flow and Stability Studies On the Swawek System with Ruacana Incorporated', Dec 1973. M. F. Haddingham, 'Wolseley and Koeberg Power Stations', May 1974. F. A. Hanlon, 'Congella Power Station No 2', 2 Apr 1948. B. W. Harding, 'Psychology and the Control Room', 28 Nov 1951. J. T. Hattingh, 'The Principles of Ratemaking for Electric Power', 1925. International Management Consultants (Pty) Ltd, Rosherville Central Workshops, 9 Dec 1955. International Management Consultants (Pty) Ltd, Escom Proposed Programme of Reorganisation, Aug 1956. A. J. Levy, 'Long term load forecast on Escom's interconnected system', 25 Jun 1971. A. J. Levy, 'Load Forecast for Period 1974 to 1985', Aug 1974. Merz and McLellan, 'Notes on the Application of Electricity to Agriculture', Dec 1925. Merz and McLellan, 'City of Cape Town Proposed Extension of Generation Capacity', Apr 1935. H. B. Norman, 'The South African Electricity Supply System -a Report for the Planning Advisory Council', Mar 1971. H. B. Norman, 'Planning An Electricity Supply System for Optimum Uses of Available Energy Sources', 1974. H. B. Norman, Report on Overseas Trip, Aug to Sep 1976. Sep 1976. D. B. Reay, File: Power Station Site Plans, 1938-65. E. W. J. Robertson, The Need for an EHV Research Facility in South Africa, Apr 1973.

Johannesburg Public Library

File: VFTPC

Miscellaneous material 1895-1906 Bibliography 211

Kimberley Municipal Archives

McGregor Museum, Kimberley, 1931-68:

32 files were used.

Kimberley Municipality, City Engineers Department

The following were used: Statutes relating to the Borough of Kimberley (Cape Town: Richards & Sons, 1899). C. Granville Vines, Power Station Notebook, 1900. Borough of Kimberley, Power Station Account Book, 1901-3. Borough of Kimberley, Weekly Electric Lighting Account Book, 1902-4. Borough of Kimberley, Monthly Units Sold Book, 1917-40.

Kimberley Public Library Archives

The following were used: Kimberley Public Library, Extracts from the Hawthorne Manuscript: A History of Kimberley compiled from Newspapers: Electricity, 1882, TS c.l971 Kimberley Public Library, Electricity 1881-2 Newspaper Extracts TS nd. c.l97l. Kimberley City Council, Mayor's Minutes 1902-13, 1927-76. Dr J. E. Holloway, Economic Adviser. to the Treasury, Private and Confidential Report on the position of certain diamond-mining centres consequent upon the closing of the mines: Kimberley, mimeo, 1934. Electricity Department, Kimberley, Abridged electric tariff charges, May 1940. H. A. Morris, 'Notes for the Porter Civic Survey of Kimberley', TS, Apr 1945. H. Porter and Partners, Johannesburg, Report of the Civic Survey of the City of Kimberley as at January 1944, mimeo, Dec 1946. H. A. Morris Papers. Box: Airports, and the Northern Cape Development Association. NCDA Northern Cape Development Association, Bulletins 1946-8.

Morris Papers

The papers of the Kimberley City Electrical Engineer, H. A. Morris, (1884- 1977), now in the care of Olive Macintyre, Kimberley.

Price Papers

The papers of Bernard Price, of the VFfPC, in the care of his son, Roger Price, of Sandton, Transvaal, covering the period 1904-48, including: C. H. Merz, 'Charles Hestermann Merz' (TS, 1936) (Price Papers). B. Price, 'The VFP Album, 1909-36' (Price Papers). 212 Bibliography

Slater Papers

The papers of A. J. Slater and ofT. G. Otley, both of the VFTPC, in the possession of A. J. Slater of Johannesburg. For reference purposes here these papers have been divided into the following sections: AJS1 'Minutes of Meetings of the Committee of Management of the VFTPC Ltd.' 8 Feb 1937 to 8 Jul 1947. AJS2 'T. G. Otley's Letters to and from Major Bagot and the Marquess of Winchester, and correspondence concerning Winchester's debts', 1912 to 1960. AJS3 'T. G. Otley Personal File', 1911-22. AJS4 'T. G. Otley Private Matters', 1937. AJS5 Private Memoranda and Personnel Agreements. AJS6 'Private Letters to and from Mr Otley, 1911--61 '. AJS7 VFTPC 'Tariff File, 1924-50'. AJS8 A. J. Slater Personal File, 1954--67. AJS9 'The Marquess and the Magnate', 1912. AJS10 T. G. Otley, London Correspondence, 1934. AJS11 Bernard Price, Private Correspondence, 1 Jul 1925 to 19 Dec 1947. AJS12 Private Letters from Mr Hadley, 1929-39 AJS13 Union of South Africa, Social and Economic Planning Council, Report 9, The Native Reserves and their place in the economy of the Union signed B. Price, 6 Jun 1947 (Pretoria: Govt Printer, UG32/1941). AJS14 Union of South Africa, Social and Economic Council, Report 6, Social and Economic Statistics in the Union (Pretoria: Govt Printer, UG 35/1944). AJS15 T. G. Otley, Four Leatherbound VFTPC Statistical Notebooks, 1911-47: Statistics of Monthly Production, in longhand. AJS16 A. J. Slater, 'Full Report on the Acts of Sabotage on the Company's Transmission Lines which were committed on Thursday 29 January 1942', Private and Confidential. Now in Afrikaner Library, Johannesburg Public Library, S. Store 323.263 Rep. AJS17 'The £1 000 000 Letter': Bernard Price, Private and Confidential, to H. J. van der Bijl, 6 Feb 1948.

South Africa Central Archives Depot (SAB), Union Buildings, Pretoria, 1910-25

The followng were used: Minister of Mines and Industries (MMI), 1910-25. 278 files were used. Prime Minister (PM) 1910-25. 96 files were used. Bibliography 213

Governor-General (GG), 1910-25. 12 files were used. Secretary for Native Affairs (SNA), 1910-25. 14 files were used. Minister of Railways and Harbours (SAS), 1910-25. 67 files were used. J. C. Smuts Public Papers (AI): South African Government Papers, vol. CX, 1909-10. Witwatersrand Disturbances Commission, 1913, (K25), Minutes of Evidence. Mining Industry Commission (Board) (Solomon-Brace), 1922, (K16l), 5460 pages of verbatim minutes of evidence. Mining Regulations Commission, 1924, (K15). Verbatim Minutes of Evidence. Gold Mining Conciliation Board, 1924-5, (K144). One volume of verbatim minutes of evidence, memoranda, and correspondence. Economic and Wages Commission, 1925, (Kl39). Nineteen boxes of evidence, memoranda, correspondence, and drafts of report. Boxes two and eighteen are missing. 3837 pages of verbatim evidence.

South African Public Library, Cape Town

F. J. Opperman, 'Public Personnel Management of Non-White Servants of the SAR Administration' (D.Phil thesis, Potchefstroom University, 1966). Transvaal Archives Depot (TAB), Union Buildings, Pretoria, 1900-10

The following were used: Transvaaal Prime Minister, 1907-10 (TPM). Six files were used. Transvaaal Publications, 1900-l 0 (TKP), Box: TKP 236 Final Report of the Mining Regulations Commission, 1910. TKP 284: Annual Report of the Native Affairs Department, June 1909, (TG 16/1910). TKP 284: Report of the Power Companies' Commission, (TG 13/1910). University of Cape Town Jagger Library

The following theses were used: D. Budlender, 'A History of the Stevedores in Cape Town Docks' (BA Honours Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1976). R. Christie, 'White Power in Angola and Namibia, The Kunene River Hydro• Electric Schemes' (BA Honours Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1974). 214 Bibliography

R. Christie, 'The Political Economy of the Kunene River Hydro-Electric Schemes' (M.A. Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1975). W. S. J. Grant, 'The Commercial Energy Requirements of South Africa' (PhD Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1959). D. J. Kotze, 'The Analysis of the Energy Economy of South Africa with Special Reference to its Forecasting' (PhD Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1970). P. Wickens, 'The Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union of Africa' (PhD Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1973).

University of Cape Town Jagger Library Manuscripts

The following were used: J. Smuts Private Papers: Microfilm, vols. 1-10 l.

BC79 Herbst Papers, 1926-36. BC184 R. W. Close Papers, 1867-1945. BC294 Patrick Duncan Papers 1870-1943. BC317 W. P. Schreiner Papers, 1909. BC347 W. G. Ballinger Papers, 1928-49. BC579 Donald Molteno Papers, 1931-46. University of London

J. Hough, 'The Electricity Supply Industry In South Africa' (MSc disser• tation, University of London, 1949) (a copy is lodged with the Escom Library, Johannesburg). University of Oxford

The following were used: Consolidated Gold Fields Letterbook, Jul 1896 to Dec 1897. University of Oxford, Bodleian Library, Rhodes House, Microfilm: Africa 369 B. Hessian, 'An Investigation into the Causes of the Labour Agitation on the Witwatersrand, January to March 1922' (MA Dissertation, University of Witwatersrand, 1957), University of Oxford, Bodleian Library, Rhodes House, Microfilm: Africa 414. D. L. van Coller, 'State Direction of Funds into Industry since 1948' (BLitt Thesis, University of Oxford, 1963). C. van Onselen, 'African Mine Labour in Southern Rhodesia, 1900-1933' (DPhil Thesis, St. Antony's College, University of Oxford, 1974). Bibliography 215

University of South Africa, Pretoria

P. C. Grey, 'The Development of the Gold Mining Industry on the Witwatersrand, 1902-191 0' (DLitt et Phil thesis, U nisa, 1969)(Copy in the possession of N. Garson, Johannesburg). University of Sussex

R. H. Davies, 'Capital, the State, and White Wage Earners: An Historical Materialist Analysis of Class Formation and Class Relations in South Africa 1900-1960' (DPhil Thesis, University of Sussex, Aug 1977). University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gubbins Collection

The following were used: A410 W. G. Ballinger Papers A435 Records of the South African institute of Race Relations, and J. D. Reinhalt Jones Papers. A467 Trade Union Council of South Africa Records, 1915-72. A5ll A. B. Xuma Papers (1890-1962). A731 Papers of Sir Thomas Cullinan (1862-1939). A842 J. C. Smuts Papers.

PRINTED SOURCES Primary Printed Sources

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British Thomson Houston Co, SA (Pty) Ltd, BTH Service/Diens (Johannesburg: BTH, no date). Browne, R. E. 'Comparison of Costs Between Rand and California Mines', SAE (Jul 1907). Caldecott, W. A. 'Production and the State', SAJI (Sep 1925). Cape Peninsular Publicity Association, Useful Facts and Figures (11th edition) (Cape Town: CPPA, 1958) pp. 37-8. The Cape Times, 1910-56 (Newspaper clippings files, South African Public Library, Cape Town). Cape Town, Annual Reports of the City Electrical Engineer, 1930-75. Cape Town, Electricity Department Induction Manual (Cape Town: Electricity Dept, 1961). Cape Town, Athlone 'A' Power Station (Cape Town: Electricity Dept, 1962). Cape Town, Electricity Tariff(Cape Town: Electricity Dept, 1976). Carter, T. L. 'The Kaffir Mine Labourer', SAE (Nov 1908). Chamber of Mines (Witwatersrand), Evidence and Report of the Industrial Commission of Enquiry into the Mining Industry (Johannesburg: WCM, 1897). Chamber of Mines (Transvaal: Transvaal and Orange Free State; of South Africa) Annual Reports, 1903-1914; 1920-1976. Chamber of Mines (Transvaal), Minutes of Special General Meeting, 1946 (Johannesburg: TCM, 1946). Chamber of Mines (Transvaal; Transvaal and Orange Free State; of South Africa), Mining Survey (1946-75). Chamber of Mines (Transvaal), Electric Blasting in Sinking Shafts (Johannesburg: TCM, 1950). CIGRE, 'Electricity in South Africa', A Colloquium for the Meetings of SC14 and SC31 (Oct 1975). Choles, H. J. 'The Trade Possibilities of Africa', SAJI (May 1923). Colley, J. 'The Indwe Colliery', SAE (Apr 1909). Dalrymple, W. 'The Coal Owners' Association', SAE (Apr 1908). Denny, G. A. The Deep Level Mines of the Rand and their Future Development (London: Crosby Lockwood, 1902). Denny, G. A. 'Design and Working of Gold Milling Equipment', Min Proc Inst Civ Eng vol. IV (1905-6). Dobson, J. H. 'Development of Rand Mining', SAE (May 1911). Durban Municipality Electricity Distribution in the Durban Region: The first Seventy-Five Years (Durban: The Municipality, 1972). du Toit, P. J. D. 'Economics of Energy in South Africa, 1973-2000', Energy (Nov 1975). Eckstein, F. 'Improvements In Rand Mining', SAE (May 1972). The Electrical Times, 1905-6. The Electrician, 1905. The Electricity Council (UK), Annual Report, 1974-5. Energy and Its Future In Southern Africa Conference Papers (V niversity of Cape Town, 1975). Bibliography 217

English Electric Co (SA), Extensions to the Benoni Works (Johannesburg: EEC, 1958). Escom, Annual Reports, for the years ended 31st December,

1923 1924 1925 1927 1930 1931 1935 1937 1938 1939 1940 1942 1943 1945 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1963 1964 1965 1968 1970 1972 1974 1975 1976 1977

Escom, Report of the Commission upon an Electrical Undertaking at Cape Town (Johannesburg: Escom, 1924). Escom, Report of the Commission upon an Electrical Undertaking at Witbank (Johannesburg: Escom, 1924). Escom, Cape Town Licence, 6 Apr 1925 (Johannesburg: Escom, 1925). Escom, Report of the Commission upon an Electricity Undertaking at Durban (Johannesburg: Escom, 1925). Escom, Sabie Permit, 5 Jun 1925 (Johannesburg: Escom, 1925). Escom, Durban Licence, 29 June 1927 (Johannesburg: Escom, 1927). Escom, TCOA, and Rand Carbide Ltd, Brochure in Connection with the Visit of the Empire Mining and Metallurgical Conference to the Witbank District (Johannesburg: Escom, 1930). Escom, Memorandum by the Commissioners in reStatements made in the Annual Report ( 1930) of the General Manager of the SAR and H (Johannesburg: Escom, 1931). Escom, Witbank Generating Station (Johannesburg: Escom, 1931). Escom, A BriefReview ofthe Progress and Achievements ofthe Electricity Supply Commission During the Past Decade, 1923-33 (Johannesburg: Escom, 1933). Escom, Ten Years (Johannesburg: Escom, 1933). Escom and VFTPC, Klip Generating Station (Johannesburg: Escom and VFTPC, 1935). Escom, Escom House (Johannesburg: Escom, 1936). Escom, Description Sommaire des Activites de /'Electricity Supply Commission de /'Union Sud-Africaine/A Brief Description of the Activities of the Electricity Supply Commission of the Union of South Africa (Johannesburg: Escom, c.l937). Escom, Escom. vol. I, No. 1, forward, May 1936 to Aug 1946. Escom, Escom and its Undertakings (Johannesburg: Escom, 1946). Escom, Escom's Role In Industry (Johannesburg: Escom, c.l947). Escom, Use of Electricity On the Farm (Johannesburg: Escom, c.l947). Escom, 'The Development of the Use of Electricity in South Africa', SAJE(Dec 1948). Escom, Twenty-Five Years, 1923-1948 (Johannesburg: Escom, 1948). Escom, Memorandum of Agreement made and entered into by and between New Largo Colliery Ltd, Witbank Coal Holdings, Ltd, African and European Investment Company Ltd, Largo Colliery Company Ltd, Amalgamated Collieries of SA Ltd, and Escom (Johannesburg: Escom, 27 Aug 1953). 218 Bibliography

Escom, 'A Review of the Establishment, Growth, and Work of the Electricity Supply Commission', Finance and Trade Review (Sep 1958). Escom, Rand and Orange Free State Undertaking (Johannesburg: Escom, 1959). Escom, Vierfontein Power Station (Johannesburg: Escom, 1959). Escom, Komati Power Station (Johannesburg: Escom, 1962). Escom, Report of the Commission upon an Electricity Undertaking, Sundays River Valley and Gamtoos River Valley (Johannesburg: Escom, 1962). Escom, Taaibos and Highveld Power Stations (Johannesburg: Escom, 1963). Escom, Official Opening of the Camden Power Station by the Hon Adv B. J. Vorster (Johannesburg: Escom, 12 Oct 1967). Escom, Camden Power Station (Johannesburg: Escom, 1969). Escom, Golden Jubilee 1923-1973 (Johannesburg: Escom, 1973). Escom, 'Sports Officer for Non-Whites Johannesburg' (advertisement) Johannesburg Sunday Times (11 May 1975). Esson, W. B., 'The Zambesi Power Scheme', Electrical Review (15 Dec 1905). Fenwick, W. and Torr, H. M. Electric Power Supply to the Mining Industry in the Transvaal and Orange Free State: its Generation, Transmission and Cost (Johannesburg: Escom, 1961). Finlayson, P., 'The Pietermaritzburg Municipal Tramways', SAE (Aug 1907). Frost, G. M., 'Some Observations on the design of a Coal Staith with special reference to Vaal Generating Station', The Structural Engineer (Jun 1944). Gascoyne, R., 'Electrical Power In the Transvaal', Cassiers's Magazine (Feb 1912). General Electric Co. (Pty) Ltd, GEC in South Africa, 1903-1953 (Parow: GEC, 1953). Gericke, M. R. and Fenwick, W., 'Economic Utilisation of Energy in the Transvaal and Orange Free State Gold Mines', World Power Conference (14th Sectional Meeting) (Sep 1964). Goedhals, G. 'The Story of a Gold Mine and Its Fight for Survival', Trans SAIEE (Apr 1973). Goldman, C. S., South African Mines (London: Effingham Wilson, 1895-6) (3 vols}. Gregson, P. E., 'Notes on the History of the Foundation of the Institute', Trans SAIEE (Jun 1930). Hadley, A. E., 'Power Supply on the Rand', JIEE (Mar 1913). Hahne, K. eta/., Outline ofa data bank system for national and regional planning (WISK 181) (Pretoria: CSIR, 1975). Hammond, R., 'Electric Power Distribution in the Rand' BAAS Report (1905). Hatch, F. H., 'The Past, Present and Future of the Gold Mining Industry of the Witwatersrand, Transvaal', Min Proc Inst Civ Eng (1910-11) vol. IV. Heather, H. J. S., 'The Electrical Equipment of a Gold Mine', SAE (Apr 1908). Heather, H. J. S. and Robeson, A.M., 'On the Cost of Power At the Mines ofthe Witwatersrand with reference to a proposed supply from a Central Source', Min Proc lnst Civ Eng (1906-7) vol. IV. Hodgson, T., 'Automation, With Particular Reference to the Need for Low• Cost Automation in South Africa', SA Mech Eng (Mar 1977). Hunt, S. and Edwards, L. J., The Compressed Air System of the Rand Undertaking (Johannesburg: Escom, 1950). Bibliography 219

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Advisory Board of Industries and Cape Town power supplies 87-8 Science 54 capital Afrikaans-speakers 10, 58, 133-4 accumulation 2-3, 14 African Concessions Ltd 28-9, 31-2 technical composition of 115, 120 African Gas and Power Workers' Union Central South African Railway 39-40 (AGPWU) 133, 135-9, 141 Chamber of Mines 66, 82-3, 138 African Mineworkers' Union Chinese labour 8 (AMWU) 133, 138, 141 class discrimination 2 African National Congress 139, 141 coal African townships 159--61 cartel 41, 154 Allgemeine Elektrisitiits Gesellschaft consumption 52, 117 (AEG) 6, 28, 30-2, 36-7, 45, cutters 21 55--6, 85, 167 exports 152-3, 183 Amalgamated Engineering Union 65 output 176 Anglo-American Corporation 143-4, price 152 160, 177 shortage 152-3 apartheid 124 transport 75, 77, 163 Armstrong, M. F. 29 coal-based energy production 176 Armstrong Whitworths 94 Coalbrook mine disaster 163-4 Atomic Energy Act 1948 187 coal-mines I, 5, 126 Atomic Energy Board (AEB) 192-4, costs 150, 179 198 electrification 21, 179, 183 automation 184 mechanisation 18, 20-1, 177-9 Ayrton, Professor 29-30 output 176 productivity 67-8, 178 Bagot, W. 57-8 unprofitability 82 Beardmore, W. 33-5 coal-miners' strike 65 Becker, E. 191 coal-mining, opencast 177-9 Beyers, J. W. 87, 97 Coal Owners' Association 44 black urban areas 160-1 coal-owners, monopoly electric power Board of Trade and Industries scheme and 39-41, 44 (BTl) 51, 116 Colenso power station 96-7 Bolshevism 55, 59--60 coloured tram passengers 33 boom 115, 124, 173 Commission of Inquiry into the Power Botha, L. 43, 51-2, 57 Companies 1909 39-45 British banks 36 communists 66 British technology 76 Consolidated Gold Fields 22, 30 British Trade Facilities Board 93-4 Control Boards 142-3 British electrical equipment 33-4, 37, cost of living, falling 65 54, 81, 85, 89, 127, 156 Council of Non-European Trade Unions British South Africa Co. (BSA Co.) 6, (CNETU) 137, 141 28-30, 32, 36-7 Customs Tariff Act 1925 51-2 Buckle, H. 65--6 Bunting, S. P. 66 Dalrymple, W. 39-40 dams 165, 167-8 Cabora Bassa power-station 165-7 De Beers 5, 19-20, 62, 81-2, 151, 155

236 Index 237

Delfos, C. H. 93-4 generating capacity 6, 17, 39, 82, 124, Department of Commerce and 146, 151, 155, 162-3, 166, 168 Industry 153 German banks 36 Department of Mines and Industries 54 German participation in VFTPC 36-8, devaluation 107, 126 54-6 diamond-mines 5--6, 18, 58, 154 German employees on the Rand 56 electrification of 19-20 gold productivity in 20, 62-3, 151 export restrictions 63 Dick Kerr & Co. 33, 36 price of 62-3, 106-7, 115, 142, 152, docks, lights of 5 173, 175, 180; fall in 64-5, 67 dockworkers, black 97 standard 7-8, 63, 99 domestic work, electrification of 116 gold-mines 7 Dominions Royal Commission 1914 51 Chinese labour 8 Durban power supplies 88 compressed-air system in 6, 11, 14, Dysart, Earl of 29 56, 155 depth of 8, 10, 142-4 East Rand Proprietary Mine electrification of 5-6, 11, 13, 16, 18, (ERPM) 13, 17 21, 133, 142, 155, 180; capital costs Eckstein companies 9-11, 17-18, 30, saved by 40 32, 35-6 electricity supplies to 85, 87, 105-6, Eckstein, F. 18 126-7, 154-5; price of 105-6, 110 Electricity Act 1922 82-4, 143, 164; engineers 45, 57 (1977) 182 German equipment for power stations Electricity Control Board (ECB) 84-5, for 38, 56 127 labour saving in 5--6, 8, 13, 17, 106, Electricity Supply Commission 142, 166, 180-1, 205 (Escom) 1, 50-1, 54-5, 62, 75-7, labour shortage in 8-9, 12, 17, 22, 84-6, 126-7, 142-3, 154-5, 204-5 58, 67, 205 capital 114, 182 mechanisation of 7-14, 16-17, 22, loans to 156-7, 182 50, 55, 59, 67, 166, 179-81 national grid 163-5, 166-8, 195 productivity 63, 67-9, 151 nuclear power and 193-9 refrigeration 180-1 output 104, 127, 151, 162, 185 state and 143 pre-emption of 84-5 steam power in 12-13 VFTPC taken over by 114, 129, strikes in 55-7, 59, 66, 96, 98, 133 143-7 uranium production by 188 see also Escom, Escom House see also power supply monopoly, employment, industrial 53 wages energy consumption 'good boy' machine 20 coal-based 176 Great Depression 115 domestic by black workers 117 English Electric Company 158 Hadley, A. 50, 98, 107, 110-13, 120, Escom 116-17 127, 185-6 Escom House 128-9 Hagart, R. 144-5, 187 exports 183 Haggard, R. 28 Hammond, R. 29, 30 fertiliser manufacture, electricity and 41 Harper, W. A. 34-7 Fisheries Development Corporation Hatch, F. 13 143-4 haulage, underground 17, 19, 21, 45 Framatome 196-7 Herman Eckstein and Co. 9-11, 30, 32 Frelimo 166 see also Eckstein companies Herztog, J. M. B. 43, 95-7, 107, 133 gas centrifuge 189-91 Hirson, B. 141 gas-powered electricity generation 33-4 hoists, electric 16 gas turbines 168 Houghton, H. 184 General Electric Company 21-2, 30, Hoy, Sir, W. 51, 55, 59-60, 76-8, 32, 158, 196 82-3, 85-6, 90, 94 238 Index

hydro-electric power 22, 28-30, 165-8, white labour 96 195 scarcity, relative 8-9, 205 shortage 22; in gold-mines 8-9, 12, import control 158 17, 22, 58, 67, 205 Industrial Development Corporation supervision of 15 (IDC) 123, 143 white: preferred to black 95-6; industrial growth 150, 157, 160 protection of 95; reduced by industrial relations 50 mechanisation 10, II, 96; industrial research 52, 54 resistance to mechanisation 55 industrialisation 50-4, 81-2, 89, 93, Labour Party 88-9, 94-5 115, 120, 123 Land Bank 142 inflation 173, 176-7 Lewis, I. 30, 32, 34 International Monetary Fund and Marks, S. 37, 41, 63, 126-7 (IMF) 174 liberation wars 176 investment 182 lightning 38, 134 in electricity systems 27-32, 34-7, Liwani, P. 97 42-4, 82 locomotives, electric 75, 77-8 iron and steel 90, 93-5 lung diseases 14 Iron and Steel Corporation of South Lusitania sinking celebrated 56 Africa Ltd (Iscor) 93-6, 122, 143 Lydall, F. 78-81, 90-1 Iron and Steel Industry Act 1922 93-4 irrigation 167 machine tools 122, 124, 157-8 Madeley, W. 141 jackhammers 59, 67 Malan, D. F. 133 Joffe, M. 136 Makabeni, G. 137-40 Johannesburg manufacturing 160 Municipality 88-9, 164-5 electrification 54, 104, 120, 158-61 Soviet 55, 60-1, 82 mechanisation 123-4, 184 output 122, 158, 160 Kahn, S. 153 Marketing Act 1937 142-3 Khedive, S. S. 45 Marks, J. B. 141 Kimberley African General Workers' Marsh, A. C. 84 Union 118 Marx, K. 7 Klingenberg, Professor 29, 30, 34, mechanisation 95, 204 37-8,45 coal-mines !8, 20-1, 177-9 Klip power-station 126:_7 gold-mines 7-14, 16-17, 22, 50, 55, Koeberg nuclear power-station 195-8 59, 67, 166, 179-81 Kotze, R. 40, 50-1, 76, 84 manufacturing 123-4 strikes against 6 labour tax concessions for 184 black 15, 95-6, 97; cheap 7-8, Mentz, Colonel 60 150-1, 159-60; living Merriman, J. X. 43 conditions 79, 185; see also strikes, Merz, C. 31, 38, 76-9, 81-2 wages and McLellan 78, 84, 88, 90, 127 civilised 95-6 Mfili, D. 137-8, 140-1 control 159, 163 militarisation 160 productivity improvement 14, 67, Mine Native Wages Commission 106; by electrification 120, 151; by 138-41 mechanisation 2, 10, 16, 18, 20, mineral exports 183 181 miners reserves 137, 150-1 productivity 67 saving 1, 42, 79, 82, 95, 97, 163, 168, strikes 54-7, 65; see also gold-mines 184, 204-5; domestic 116-17; in mineworkers diamond-mines 20; in gold- conditions 138, 140-1 mines 5-6, 8-13, 17, 106, 142, wages 7, 12, 138, 140-2, 150, 176-7, 166, 180-1, 205; in power- 179 stations 126, 181; railways 91; Mining Regulations Commission 19 Index 239 monopolies 38, 42 Phillips, L. 9-11, 43-4, 52, 58, 65, 97 fostered by state 50-I plutonium 189, 196 see also power supply monopoly Power Act 1910 45, 143 Morris, M.A. 154 Power Bill 1910 43-4 Mozambique 165-7 power, electric 204-5 Msimang, R. W. 60 'at cost' 76 municipal electricity supply 54, 75, consumption 88, 120-2, 124, 174-5, 82-4, 88-9, 162, 164 192; domestic 117, 185; for mining 35 employment and 120-1; growth profit from 124 of 5-6; inequality of 2; per employee 120, 124 Namibia 173 crisis (1948-53) 152-7 Natal generation concessions 28-9 railway electrification 83-5, 89-93 network 80, 163-5, 166-8, 175, 195 Zulu labour from, for Transvaal 19 output 52, 67-8, 81, 104, 127, 162, National Industrial Corporation 93 165, 174--6; waste heat used for 95 National Party 154 sales 70, 105, 127-8, 162, 185 New Kleinfontein Company 13, 17 supply monopoly 27, 32, 34, 36, 38, Northern Cape Development 42; investment in 27-37, 42-4; Association 154 state and 38-45 Norval, A. J. 51, 96 uranium products 191-2; demands nuclear energy 185--6, 188 for 186-7, 101-2 nuclear explosive device power-stations 30 allegations 186, 192, 198 central 21-3 capacity 189, 192-3 development of 5-6, II, 17, 126-8 nuclear power reactors 168, 189, 191, German equipment for 38, 45, 54 193-5 local 83 capital costs 197-8 nationalisation 42-4, 104, 114, 129, safety standards 198 143-7 tenders for 195-7 nuclear 168, 169-9 nuclear research 188-9, 192 pit-head 163-4 nuclear waste 198 private 75--6 oil productivity 151 embargo 173, 176, 193 sabotage 134 from coal 176 see also Electricity Supply price increase 173-4 Commission, generating capacity, Olivier, H. 167-8 hydro-electricity, profits, Victoria Ons V aderland 90 Falls and Transvaal Power Co. Oppenheimer, Sir E. 143 Premier Diamond Mines 18-19 Price, B. 38, 45, 52, 56-7, 65, 67, 77, Oppenheimer, H. 141-2 Orange Free State gold-fields 152, 83--6, 97-8, 113, 115, 123-4, 129, 154-7 144--6, 205 Orange River Development Project Price, R. 158 (ORDP) 165, 167-8 Price, Sir Thomas 40 Orlando power-station 127-8 price of electricity I, 5, 35, 84, 87, 104--6, Ossewa-Brandwag (OB) 133-5 110, 117, 145, 150-1, 181-2, 192 Otley, T. G. 57, 144-5 bulk tariff 5--6, 164 domestic 5 Pack government 51-2, 66, 87, 89-90, price of energy increase in 173 94-5 productivity 14, 69, 204 Pan-African water and power grid 166 coal-mines 67-8, 178 paraffin 117-18 gold-mines 63, 67-9, 151 Pass Law 97, 160 profits resistance campaign 60 gold-mines 42, 104 PELNOMIC III 194-5 power-station 34, 37, 45, 105, 112; pensions 57 see also Victoria Falls and Philips, S. A. 158 Transvaal Power Co. 240 Index

property-owners, electricity for 2 sea transport 38 Selbourne, Earl of 39 quality of life 3 sewage in mines 19 Shott, R. Ill racism 15 Siemens 33, 158, 167, 184 Railway Construction Act 1922 84-5 and Halske 21, 30, 36 railways 182 Simmer and Jack 67 black areas lacking 78 Simons, H, J. 163 electrification 41, 50, 54-5, 75, sirocco fan 14 77-82, 89-93, 96, 118, 160, 183; Smuts, J. 43, 51-2, 54, 57, 66, 76, 83, advantages of 80, 91; backers 82; 93, 95, 124, 129, 133, 143, 187 map 79, 119; savings by 80, 91 social control 2, 205 energy transport competition with 40 South African Mechanical Engineer 204 state-owned 40, 51 South African Railways and Harbours tariffs 51 (SAR (& H)) 51, 55, 62, 75, traffic 52, 152--4 78-80, 82, 94, 96, 118, 142, 157, see also South African Railways and 160, 183 Harbours Soweto 128 Rand Central Electric Works Ltd speculators' profits 37 (RCEW) 5, 21-2, 30, 32, 44 Spilhaus, K. 94 Rand Daily Mail 90 state capitalism 82, 85-9, 114, 129, 142 Rand Mines Ltd 32, 34-9, 43, 45 state control 3 Rand Mines Power Supply Company by gold-mines 28 (RMPSC) 34, 36, 40, 114 electric power base for 2 Rand Water Board 35 of power companies 42-3, 84-5 Randfontein Gold Mining Company 17 state ownership 40, 86-8, 94-5, 114 Rathenau, E. 30, 56 steam power 12-13, 18-19, 30-1 Rathenau, W. 43 steel 90, 93-5 recession 174 sterling devaluation I 07, !52 Reef Electrification Scheme 118 Stormjaers 134 Reserve Bank 142 street-lights 5 revenue from gold-mines 42 stokers, mechanical 41 Reyersbach, L. II, 18, 32, 35-7 Straszacker, R. L. 163 Rhodes, C. 28 strikes 45, 113, 135-7, 139--41, 173--4 Riotous Assemblies Act 205 against mechanisation 6 Robeson, A. M. 35--6 gold-mines 55-7, 59, 66, 96, 98, 133 Robinson Deep gold-mines 144 1914-22 50, 55-7, 59--63, 65-7 rock -crushing 12 power-workers' 55, 61-2, 66, 133, Roos, T. 67, 107 135-7, 139--40 Roosevelt, F. D. 112 troops used against 62-3, 66, 133, Rosherville darn 37, 56 139--40 Roux, A. J. A. 188-9 white workers' 10, 45, 57-8, 66-8 Roux, E. 96 rural development 154 Taaibos power-station 156-7 rural electrification 184 taxation Russian Revolution 59 English 36 Russians in Johannesburg 60-2 of mining revenue II telecommunications sabotage 135 sabotage 133-5, 164, 193 Thibedi, T. W. 135 sanitation 19 thyristors 167 SAR&H Indian Employees Union 118 trade unions 57, 61, 136-7, 141, 159, Sauer, J. W. 43 181-2 scholars' revolt 174 trams, electric 33, 35, 54 Schonland, B. 143 Transvaal Schumacher, R. W. 10 Chamber of mines 44 Scientific and Technical Committee 52, Coal Owners Association 54 (TCOA) 41, 152--4 Index 241

Commission of Enquiry into Power output 68, 70, I 04, 126 Companies 34 productivity 14, 69 Native Congress 60 profit-sharing 43--4, 84, 105-6 Power Act 1910 34 profits 45, 98-9, 105-10, 113-15 Power Commission 32 reserves 107-9, Ill, 113-14 power supply 85-7 sabotage 133--4 tube mills 16 state capitalism and 82, 85-9, 114, turbo generators 19 129 strikes 133, 135-7, 139--40 unemployment 12, 58, 94-5, 97, 173--4, supplies to gold-mines 17, 57-8 184-5 wages 138-9 white 96, 124, 151 working conditions 136 unionisation 136, 137, 141, 159, 181-2 Vierfontein power-station 154-5, 157 United Party 164 United States 16, 112, 156, 173 wages 62 uranium 156, 173--4, 181, 186 black 52, 135, 138, 159-60, 181; enrichment 150, 187-95, 198 miners' 7, 12, 138, 140-2, 150; production 186-8 increase in 176-7, 179 reduction of 52, 62-3, 65, 80; Vaal power-station 127 resistance to 17, 20, 65 van der Bijl, H. J. 76-7, 83--4, 86, Wallers, E. A. 61 93-5, 115, 120, 122--4, 128-9, war crises, Anglo-German 37 143--4, 146, 162, 205 war materials production 120, 122-3 Vanderbijl Engineering Corporation Warrington-Smyth, H. 44, 76 (Vecor) 122 water supplies 35, 163 van Eck, H. 123--4, 168 Wernher, Beit & Co. 36 Vaughan, J. A. 84 Western Cape 194-5 ventilation fans 14 Westinghouse 29, 196 Vereeniging Estates Company 32, 37 whites-only public vehicles 33 Vereeniging power-station 41, 44-5, Wilge power station 156-7 85-6 Wills, W. A. 29 Victoria Falls 22, 28-30 Wilson-Fox, H. 29 Victoria Falls Power Co. (VFPC) Winchester, Marquis of 29, 36, 39, 43, 28-36, 39 45, 98 Victoria Falls and Transvaal Power winders, electric 16-17 Company (VFTPC) 6, 36, 40-2, Witbank power-station 85-7 97-8, 126-8 Witwatersrand 6, 14, 21, 39, 60 assets 114 women workers 3, 117 capitalisation issue II 0-13 working conditions 1-2, 135-8, 140-1, dividends 106-9, 111-13 150, 159, 182 Escom power-stations operated working hours lengthened 59 by 114 World Bank 156-7 German participation in 36-8, 54-6 World War labour relations 11-12, 57, 59, 65-7 First 50-2, 56, 58, 77 mechanisation 50, 56 Second 51-2, 132, 134, 142, 158 nationalisation 114, 129, 143-7 Wright, Arthur 38