A Manual on Certification Requirements for School

REPOR TRESUMES 001 164 ED 017 070 EA PERSONNEL A MANUAL ON CERTIFICATIONREQUIREMENTS FOR SCHOOL IN THE UNITED STATES, 1967EDITION. SY- STINNETT, I.N. NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSN.,WASHINGTON, D.C. NATIONAL ASSN. OF STATE DIR.OF TEACH. EDUC. CERT. PUB DATE 67 265P. EDRS PRICE MF-S1.00 HC NOT AVAILABLE FROMEDRS.

DESCRIPTORS- *CERTIFICATION,ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHERS, SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS,SUPERVISORS, *ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL, ADMINISTRATORQUALIFICATIONS, *SPECIALSERVICES, COUNSELOR CERTIFICATION,TEACHER EDUCATION, SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS, EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN,PRINCIPALS, SUPERINTENDENTS, VOCATIONALEDUCATION, JUNIOR COLLEGES, *TEACHER CERTIFICATION,TEACHER EMPLOYMENT, *SCHOOL PERSONNEL, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,

STATES, THE INCLUDING COMPARATIVEINFORMATION FOR ALL 50 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, ANDPUERTO RICO, THE EIGHTHEDITION OF A MANUAL FIRST PUBLISHEDIN 1951 LISTSCERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS FOR TEACHERS,SUPERVISORS, ADMINISTRATORS,AND ARE REVIEWED SPECIAL SCHOOL SERVICEPERSONNEL. RECENT TRENDS CONCERNING THE DEVELOPMENT OFSUBSTANTIAL NATIONWIDE FOR AGREEMENT AMONG THE STATES,INCLUDING A BASIC RATIONALE THE FREE MOVEMENT OFQUALIFIED TEACHERS ACROSSSTATE LINES AND A REASONABLY UNIFORMAPPROACH TO STATEACCREDITATION OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS.TWENTY TABLES SUMMARIZE PREPARATION-CERTIFICATION STANDARDSFOR THE VARIOUSSTATES, FOLLOWED BY A DESCRIPTIVELISTING FOR EACH STATEOF SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR CERTIFICATIONOF itDMINISTRATORS,ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY TEACHERS,AND SPECIAL SCHOOLSERVICE PERSONNEL. SUGGESTED STEPS ARE OUTLINEDFOR SECURING A TEACHINGPOSITION IN THE UNITED STATES ANDABROAD. INSTITUTIONS ANDPROGRAMS APPROVED FOR TEACHER EDUCATIONARE TABULATED STATEBY STATE. APPENDICES INCLUDE--(1) ALIST OF SEPARATE-NAMECERTIFICATES COUNCILS ON TEACHER ISSUED BY THE STATES,(2) STATE ADVISORY EDUCATION, AND (3) A BIBLIOGRAPHYOF 142 ITEMS, DATINGFROM 1941 TO 1967. THIS DOCUMENTIS AVAILABLE AS ORDERSTOCK NO. NATIONAL 381 -11810 FROM THEPUBLICATIONS-SALES SECTION, EDUCATION ASSOCIATION, 1201SIXTEENTH STREET, N.W., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20036, FOR$5.00. (JK) 04 TEACHER EDUCATION AND PR ESSIONAL STANDARDS, THE NATIONAL 'COMMtSSIOrt . 4 N&I.ONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION,IN"COOPERATION WITH THE(l- . ASSOCIATION OF STATE DIRECTORS OF TEACHER ,EDUC -ON--ANTIFICATION

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A PROCESS WITH MICROFICHE AND PUBLISHER'S PRICES. MICRO- FICHE REPRODUCTION ONLY.

HE NATIONV COMMISSION ON, TEACHEREDUCATION AND P,OFESSIONA,LSTANDARDS, ATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATLON,IN COOPER /ATION WITH THENATIONAL SSOCIATION OF STATE DIRECTORS:2FTEACHER EDUCATIO ANDItERTIRICATION

6a0/44eroid WywrAd 196i

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE

OFFICE OF EDUCATION

THIS DOCUMENT HAS PIER REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE by PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS

STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION T. M.STINNETT POSITION OR POLICY. Visiting Professor of Education and Professor in the Graduate School Texas A&M University College Station, Texas with the assistance of EDNAN.FRADY and GERALDINEE.PERSHING

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Copyright © 1967 by the National Education Association of the United States.All rights reserved.Furthez reproduction in whole or part by permissi4m only. "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS COPYRIGHTED Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 58-462. MATEMALBY MICROFICHE ON HAS BEEN GRANTED BY vtA-41 a e. Nlir orig Additional copies of A Manual on Certification Require- TO ERIC AND ORGANIZATIONS PERATING UNDER AGREEMENTS WITH THE U. S. OFFICE OF EDUCATION. ments for School Personnel in the United States, 1967 FURTHER REPRODUCTION OUTSIDE THE ER IC SYSTEM Edition, may be obtained at $5 each from the Pub lica- REQU IRES PERMISSION OF THE COPYRIGHT OWNER. " tions-Sales Section, National Education Association, 1201 16th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. Quantity discounts: 2-9 copies, 10 percent; 10 or more, 20 percent. Order Stock No. 381-11810. Previous editions of the Manual were issued in 195,1, 1953, 1955, 1957, 1959, 1961, and 1964. , __

FOREWORD

The1967 Edition of A Manual on Cer- tification Requirements for School Pasonnel in the UnitedStates is published by the National Commission on Teacher Educationand Professional Standards, in cooperation with the National Association ofState Directors of Teacher Education and Certification, as a service to the teachingprofession. The Manual was issued biennially from 1951 to 1961(the first one by the U.S. Office of Education), and beginning with the 1964volume, triennially. The Commission is deeply indebted to author T.M. Stinnett for again consenting to give his time to the planning, writing, andediting of the Manual. Mr. Stinnett was NCTEPS executive secretaryfrom 1951 to 1961 and retired in 1966 from his position as NEA assistant executive secretaryfor professional development and welfare. Over the many years he hasdevoted to the teaching profession, he has made an incalculable contribution toits improvement and advancement. As an educational leader he has set anenviable standard of competence, dedication, and integrity. Recognition should go also to the state directors ofteacher education and certification, who participated in the planning of theManual and contributed hundreds of man hours to gathering and verifyinginformation. And our appreciation is extended to the NEA Division ofPublications, under the direction of Sidney Dorros, for its assistance with productionand distribution. The people who are responsible for this Manual havemade every effort to present accurate and up-to-date information.Nevertheless, because certification policies and regulations are complex, because thedifferences among states in procedures and terminology are great,because the process of revising and interpreting regulations is a never-ending one, andbecause the production process is necessarily slow,those who read and use the book will inevitably find a few errors, omissions, and obsolete data. We hope the Manual will be of real assistance tothousands of individuals, organizations, and agencies. The eight editions constitute avaluable part of the historic literature of teacher education and auseful catalog of information, trends, controversies, and problems and issues in the field.In addition, we believe this volume and its predecessors record some ofthe major aspects of the continuing struggle within the teaching profession toimprove the quality of American education by achieving higherstandards of preparation and practice. Don Davies Executive Secretary, NCTEPS

iii NATIONAL ASSOCIAT!ON OF STATEDIRECTORS NATIONAL COMMISSION ONTEACHER EDUCATION OF TEACHER EDUCATION ANDCERTIFICATION AND PROFESSIONALSTANDARDS, 1967-68 Executive Committee, 196748 George W. Denemark, Chairman Dean, College of Education Milo E. Kearney, President University of Kentucky, Lexington Texas Education Agency Austin Dorothy V. Meyer, Vice-Chairman Teacher, Wellesley Junior HighSchool A. B. Cooper, Past President Wellesley, Massachusetts Tennessee State Department of Education Nashville E. Cockerille Teacher, Education Elizabeth C. Lloyd Westminster College Secretary-Treasurer New Wilmington, Pennsylvania Delaware State Department ofPublic Instruction, Dover Frank L. Hildreth Vice- Principal, North High School William P. Wall Des Moines, Iowa Executive Secretary Western Michigan University Sue Janis Kalamazoo Teacher, James Elementary School Kansas City, Missouri Regional Vice-Presidents Paul Kelley William L. Charlesworth Principal, South High School Pennsylvania State Department ofPublic Knoxville, Tennessee Instruction, Harrisburg Samuel D. Proctor Raymond W. Bangs Education President, Institute for Services to North Dakota State Department ofPublic Washington, D.C. Instruction, Bismarck Donald C. Roush George W. Hopkins Dean, College of Education of Cruces South Carolina State Department New Mexico State University, Las Education, Columbia Bobbie Willem John A. Freestone Counselor, David W. Carter High School Arizona State Department of Public Dallas, Texas Instruction, Phoenix

Consultants Nolan Albert President, Student NEA William Cornell Chairman, State TEPS Chairmen Milo E. Kearney President, National Association of StateDirectors of Teacher Education and Certification Rolf W. Larson Director, National Council for Accreditationof Teacher Education Edward C. Pomeroy Executive Secretary, American Associationof Colleges for Teacher Education Robert Poppendlcck Specialist in Teacher Education U.S. Office of Education

Staff James L. 011vero Barbara Kawauchi Don Davies Office Manager Executive Secretary Assistant Secretary Coordinator, Year of the Non-Conference Linda E. Morris Dirck W. Brown Staff Assistant Associate Secretary Betty L. Andrews Director of Student NEA and FTA Staff Assistant for Student NEA Melvin E. Myler Staff Assistant for Student NEA Edna N. Frady D. B. Darland Geraldine E. Pershing Associate Secretary Administrative Assistant and Convention Coordinator Senior Editor Roy A. Edelfelt Patricia Sinclair Associate Secretary Barbara Gladysiewicz Staff Assistant for FTA Editorial Associate

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CONTENTS

Foreword iii

Author's Preface ix

Abbreviations and Terminology Used in the Manual xi

INTRODUCTION

New Era of Criticism ...Simplification in Number and Names of Types of Certificates ...Confusion of Requirements and Certificates ...... Need for Flexibility in Applying CertificationRequirements Valid Purposes To Be Served by Certification .:leacher Education- Certification Standards Muddle in California ...National Reciprocity ...Coordinated Approach to National Reciprocity inTeacher Edu- cation-Certification...Recommendations for Certificate Issuance and Renewal ...Unified Program Needed ...Certification of Private and Parochial School Teachers

CHAPTER I. SUMMARY OF PREPARATION-CERTIFICATION-STANDARDS. 17

Minimum Requirements ...Completion of Fifth Year During Initial Service...Projected Increase in Requirements ...Progress Since 1964...Legal Authority for Certification ...General Requirements for State Certification .. School Personnel Required to Hold Cer- tificates...Certification of Paraprofessionals ...Adult Education Teachers...Provisions for Refugee Teachers ...Retired Military Personnel...Certification of Teachers in Federal Teacher-Related Programs...Types of Certificates Issued by the States ...Enforce- ment of Teaching Assignments ...Use of Examinations in Certifica- tion...State Procedures for Accrediting TeacherEducation Pro- grams ...Approved-Program Approach .. Reciprocity Picture ...Number and Types of Teacher Education InstitutionsAccording to Control and Accreditation ...Whither NCATE ...Teacher Education-Certification Advisory Councils, Committees, andCom- missions...Professional Practices Acts ...Major Trends in Cer- tification...Requirements for Issuing Emergency Certificates ... Employment Eligibility in Large Cities

CHAPTER II.CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS FOR TEACHERS, SUPER- VISORS, ADMINISTRATORS, AND SPECIALSCHOOL SERV- ICE PERSONNEL 85 Alabama 85 Alaska 88 Arizona 89 Arkansas 90 California 91 Colorado 93 Connecticut 94 Delaware 96 District of Columbia 99 Florida 101 Georgia 102 Hawaii 104 Idaho 105 Illinois 107 Indiana 108 Iowa 109 Kansas 110 Kentucky 112 Louisiana 114 Maine 116 Maiy land 119 Massachusetts 122 Michigan 124 Minnesota 124 Mississippi 126 Missouri 128 Montana 129 Nebraska 130 Nevada 132 New Hampshire 133 New Jersey 134 New Mexico 136 New York 140 North Carolina 142 North Dakota 144 Ohio 145 Oklahoma 147 Oregon 149 Pennsylvania 151 Puerto Rico 153 Rhode Island 155 South Carolina 157 South Dakota 159 Tennessee 160 Texas 162 Utah 164 Vermont 165 Virginia 167 Washington 169 West Virginia 171 vi s --

Wisconsin 171 Wyoming 173

CHAPTERIII. GUIDES TO SECURING TEACHINGPOSITIONS IN THE UNITED STATES AND ABROAD 175 PartI.Positions in the United States 176 Part II.Teaching Opportunities Abroad 179

CHAPTER IV. TEACHER EDUCATIONINSTITUTIONS AND APPROVED PROGRAMS (includes a state-by-state listing) 187

Appendix A.List of Separate-Name Certificates Issued by theStates231

Appendix B.Advisory Councils on Teacher Education 246

Bibliography 253

LIST OF TABLES

CHAPTER I 1. Summary of Minimum PreparationRequired by States for Low- est Regular Initial Certificates 17 2. Summary of Minimum PreparationRequired by States for Administrative Certificates 19 3. Number of States Enforcing the DegreeRequirement for Begin- ning Elementary and Secondary SchoolTeachers, by Decades, 1900-1960, and 1961, 1964, and 1967 22 4. Number of States Enforcing the DegreeRequirement for Begin- ning Elementary School, Teachers in SelectedYears 23 5. Number and Percent of GraduatesPrepared for Teaching in 1964, by Type and Control of Institution 39 6.Total Number of Emergency CertificatesIssued by the States 1945-46 to 1966-67, and Ratios to andPercentages of Total Number of Teaching Positions 46 7. Requirements for Employment Eligibilityin 25 of the Largest (in Terms of Enrollment) Ciiy and CountySchool Systems.. . 49 8. Minimum Requirements for Lowest RegularTeaching Certifi- cates 51 9.Specific Minimum Requirements for ElementarySchool Certifi- cates Based on Degrees 53 10.Specific Minimum Requirements for SecondarySchool Certifi- cates Based on Degrees 55 11. Minimum Requirements in Degrees andSemester Hours for Administrative Certificates 57

vii 12. Allocation of Certification Authority,with Limitations, and Approval of Institutions for Teacher Education 59 13. General Requirements for TeachingCertificates 61 14. Basic and Minimum Requirementsfor Authorization to Teach an Academic Field orSubject 63 15. Basic and Minimum Requirements forAuthorization to Teach a Special Field orSubject 68 16. Types of School Personnel Required byState Law or Regulation to Hold Certificates 73 17. Types of Certificates Issued by theStates 75 18. Standards and Procedures Used byStates for Accrediting Teacher Education Institutions 78 19.Effective Dates of Degree Requirement for LowestRegular Certificates, Methods of Approving Applicationsfor Teachers' Certificates, and Accreditation Requiredfor Acceptance of Credentials from Out-of-State Institutions 80 20. Role Served by NCATE in AidingReciprocity, as Reported by State Directors of Teacher Education andCertification 83

CHAPTER IV

1.Classificationof Approved Teacher EducationInstitutions According to Function and Control 189 2. Number of Approved Teacher EducationInstitutions with Types of Accreditation 190 Approved Teacher Education Institutions, Types ofAccreditation, and Types of Teacher Education Programsfor Which Approved (state-by-state tabulation) 192

APPENDIX A Summary of Separate-Name Certificates Issuedby States According to Required Minimum Levels ofPreparation 231

vili AUTHOR'S PREFACE

Thisis the eighth volume in the series of Manuals; the first was issued in 1951.I have participated in the preparation of all of them. In addition, Ihave spent more than three decadesin direct and indirect involvement in the fieldsof teacher education and certification.Quite naturally over the years I have hadapprehensions about some practices incertification and some ideas for neededimprovement of requirements and processes but haverefrained from including them in the Manual. Previous volumes were restricted toobjective analyses and inter- pretations of data. For the first time, withthis edition, the Manual includes considerable editorializing (see the Introduction). In exercising the prerogative to editorialize, topoint out what I believe to be weaknesses, to delineate areas to beimproved, and to suggest means by which improvements might be achieved, myintent is to be helpful. None of these will be treated in a spirit ofcarpingonly in a spirit of constructive evaluation in the hope that this may be fruitful.Anyone who has served as a state director of teacher educationand certification has had a heavy responsibility; he is always under pressure, with greatfrustrations and limitations. Answers to persisting problems, whatever thecritics may say, are not easy to come by. As in previous editions, Chapter I contains ananalysis of data and information furnished by the state directorsof teacher education and certification through questionnaires and marked-up copiesof the preceding edition. Some information has been carried over from the 1964Edition, especially where no change has takenplace. The Manual has sometimes been criticizedfor including too much detail. This criticism is valid if one views its use asbeing limited to the state certification directors, counselors, and teachers who maywant to qualify for certification. The authors, however, have felt that eventhe minutest detail, relatively insignificant procedures, andshort-lived practices should be recorded and corrections and revisions madein successive editions so that researchers, by examining the separate volumes, may puttogether a definitive history of the evolution of standards and processes.Too much of the story of that evolution prior to 1951 hasbeen lost to educational history. The full history of any process is essential tothe projection of newer and better processes. A fact that is not generally known but inall fairness should be known is that a heavy part of the work on the severaleditions of the Manual has been done by Miss Edna N. Frady and MissGeraldine E. Pershing of the staff of the National Commission on TeacherEducation and Professional Stand- ards. They have helped organize the surveys,tabulated data, compiled the tables, checked and rechecked the numerousfootnotes to tables, meticu- lously read and corrected proofs, and processed thevolumes through publication. To them should be attributed much ofwhatever merit the Manuals may have reflected.

ix This silo ald be added: 1 have found over the years that it is virtually impossible to compile, write, and publish the Manual without some errors occurring. This has been due largely to misinterpretation of questions asked of the state certification directors or misinterpretation of their replies by the authors. And, of course, I must again thank the respective state directors without whose help this and preceding editions would not have been possible.

T. M. Stinnett College Station, Texas

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x 4 ( ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMINOLOGY USED IN THE MANUAL

Inmany instances inthis Manual, the names of certainorganizations have been reduced toalphabetical symbols and frequently used terms andphrases have been abbreviated. Thefollowing list will provide a reference forthe reader to the meaning ofthese symbols and abbreviations.

AASA American Association of SchoolAdministrators AACTE American Association of Colleges forTeacher Education CCSSO Council of Chief State SchoolOfficers DCT Department of Classroom Teachers,NEA (now Association of Classroom Teachers) GRE Graduate Record Examinations MLA Modern Language Association NASDTEC National Association of State Directorsof Teacher Education and Certification NCA National Commission on Accrediting NCATE National Council for Accreditation ofTeacher Education NCTEPS National Commission on TeacherEducation and Professional Stapdards, NEA NEA National Education Association NSBA National School Boards Association NTE National Teacher Examinations PR&R Commission on Professional Rights andResponsibilities, NEA q.h. Quarter hours s.h. Semester hours State commissioner, superintendentStatecommissioner of education or state superintendent of public instruction States Refers to the 50 states, the District ofColumbia, and Puerto Rico. For the sake of brevity, "52states" is used. TEPS Refers to state or national commissions onteacher education and professional standards USOE U.S. Office of Education

xi INTRODUCTION C ] Nowthat the states The period 1961-64 was characterized in the have grown so close together inminimum re- 1964 Edition of the Manual as one of "aggressive, quirements for teaching, the time has comefor widely publicized counterattacks upon theefforts a concerted effort tobring about some national of the teaching profession to gainsubstantial agreements inthefield of teacher education- measures of control over itsprofessional house accreditation-certification. Of course, each state through teachereducation,accreditation,and will desire and should continue toexercise sov- certification." ereignty over its own standards. Butitis the burgeoning inroads on this sovereignty, andthe A NEW ERA OF CRITICISM probability of more to come, that impelthe abandonment of complacency arising fromthe The period 1964-67, from reports containedin belief that things will continue as before.They this edition, apparently was one of relativecalm, may not.Certain basic agreements could be at least regarding the type ofattacks mentioned reached among the states that would gofar to- above.Itistrue that reformsadvocated by colleges and ward clarifying an inexcusably complexand con- Conant were implemented in some fusing situation. universities during that period, and in a few states; and The essential areas where it would seempossible and substantive revision in the constituency for the states to reach substantial agreement are processes of the NationalCouncil for Accredita- (a) a basic rationale for the free movementof tion of Teacher Education (NCATE) waseffected. qualified teachers across state lines;(b) a simpli- However, evidence of drastic impacts upon fication of the number and names of typesof certification of the unprecedented federalschool certificates; (c) a universally accepteddefinition legislation from 1964 to 1967, which mighthave and design for implementation of the"approved- been expected, are not reflected inthe reports program approach";(d) a reasonably uniform from the states.Perhaps not enough time has approachin both standards or criteria and proc- elapsed for the legislative developments toaffect essesto state accreditation(approval) of teacher the certification processes.Perhaps the federal education programs; (e) a reasonablyuniform enactments were felt first in teachereducation; approach to providing democraticparticipation perhaps they have had great impacts therealready of the teaching profession in theformulation of and will in time cause a new ferment ofstudy and changes, certificationrequirements(involvingadvisory revision in certification. (For reported councils, committees and commissions,examin- see Chapter I, pp.22-24.) ing boardsas to constituency andselection Here is where the teaching professionand the whether legal or extralegal or voluntary) aswell so-called Educational Establishmenthave been abuse. as on professionalpractices commissions and pro- subjected to caustic criticism and some fessional standards boards; (f) theestablishment The charge is that the Establishmentrefuses to better of review boards to examinecredentials and back- lead, refuses to seek new and hopefully grounds of applicants and to advisecertification means of education.The charge is, in essence, authorities in cases where exceptions to theestab- that new leadership must take over ineducation lished prescriptions, as a matter offairness and if the needs of the times and of thefuture are justice, may be indicated; and (g)finding antidotes to be served. The charge isthat the Establish- the status quo for the widely alleged defensivenessabout current ment struggles always to preserve in- practices in teacher education andcertification. and doggedly defends that posture with an These possibilities will not necessarilybe dis- flexible, encrusted lore of professionalism. cussed in this Introduction in the sequencein It will be recalled that Conantidentified the di- which they are listed above. Establishment as consisting of an .interlocking

1 eki, and must educatorsstate certi- Organizations are forever growing rectorate of professional fight to renew themselves.Simply finding better fication directors, stateeducation associations and old things is still the road tothe Association (NEA), and ways of doing the the National Education graveyard.Thus, attention must begiven to the schools of education. Heacknowledged the ne- seedbedsand the seedlings are newideas, new cessity of a responsibleEstablishment. The heart mores, new ways ofdoing things. of his criticism iscontained in this statement: This is an admonition tothe teaching profes- I think it must be saidthat in almost every state sion, to teacher education,and it bears heavily the establishment is overlydefensive; it views any upon the NationalAssociation of State Direc- threat and assumes that proposal for change as a torsof Teacher Educationand Certification any critic intends toenlarge its difficulties and re- In short, there is toomuch re- (NASDTEC). sponsibilities.... the Establishmen- criticism. ...In some instances Despite the fulminations of sentment of outside in education), I found the establishment'srigidity frightening.' tarians (the new power structure it probably is true that toomuch of the old order There is probably muchtruth in this indict- remains unchanged and too manyof those alleged be too little ment.Frankly, there appears to to be in controlremain wary or timidabout criticism from within, toolittle dynamic groping change. There can be nodoubt that the field for new and better means.While it is natural to caught up in the tide of would), of teacher education is resent outsidecriticism (any profession educational revolution, and theflow is just be- is it may be predicted thatthe defensive posture ginning. Yet, so little of thisis reflected in the boiling not enough; thatunless there develops a changed structure of certification.For example, will influence up of reformwithin, new criticisms the combined impacts of the newfederal programs drastic changes in theexisting structure. And (creating something like 100,000 newjobs), the of these pressure- it may be added that many Vietnam war, the increasedappeal of graduate to be constructive forced changes will not prove study, and the stepped-up competitionof industry or lasting. in a shockingly large that many of for college graduates resulted In retrospect, it appears now shortage of teachers for thepublic schools for the and constructive. Conant's criticisms were valid academic year 1966-67. The extentof this short- still believe, were His proposed remedies, many age sneaked up on eventhe expertsthe people degree of per- lacking at many points the same who consistently researchthe field.Almost as ceptiveness as his criticisms.Perhaps the great reflex action in some quarters,the too conserva- an automatic weakness in his study was that it was old cry arose again to go outin search of house- and not enough to tive, too addressed to the past wives and unemployed generalcollege graduates the horizon. what was then coming up on to close the gapbetween teacher supply andde- That this country (andothers) is in a surging mand. This is a resort to agimmick that has tide of educational revolutionis too apparent to repeatedly failed in the past. There are,of course, overworked word innovation be questioned. The many excellent programsfor preparing liberal arts to respectability has become the magic passport graduates for teaching But thisis only a minus- is the new states- in education. Grantsmanship cule answer to the problem. manship, the new measureof educational quality. teacher shortage in- the individual is A definitive answer to the All too often the institution or volves, of course, a complex offactors.Certifi- now measuredby the yardstick ofgrantsfederal relatively minor one. is cation has a part, but it is a or privatefoundation. All of this, of course, alone cannot much needed new ap- There are factors which NASDTEC aimed at bringing about solve but which must be the concernof the total proaches in concepts and processesin education. Many pretensions ofinnovation will be only gestures. But 2 Conant, James B. The Educationof American Teach- breast-beating, attention-attracting ers. New York:McGraw-Hill Book Company,1963. change is in the air, and pressuresfor still greater p. 40. change will continue. See Gardner, John W. Self-Renewal:The Individual The following formulaadapted from Gardner 2 and the Innovative Society. NewYork: Harper & Row, antedated full evidence of themoving tide: 1963. p. 68.

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profession and the public. The National Com- teacher education student.It implied, also, the mission on Teacher Education and Professional need for adaptation of certification specifics to Standards ( NCTEPS) and related NEA units, undergird the flexible teacher education programs. as well as other concerned professional groups, The same principles, mon or less dearee, should must organize and conduct vigorous national pro- be applicable to retiring military personnel and grams to achieve goals in several areas. One factor others with college degrees who want to enter in the continuing teacher shortage is the com- teaching and who have had extensive related ex- peting salaries and insatiable hunger of indus- periences.These proposals are not aimed at try for college graduates. Another is the rede- lowering standards but at raising them by adapt- ployment of the teaching task, with extensive ing preparation programs to the peculiar needs, use of paraprofessionals and teachingassistants, backgrounds,knowledge,andexperiencesof both human and technological. The present over- individuals. loading of teachers is devastating. While break- throughs are apparent here and there in this area, SIMPLIFICATION IN NUMBER AND NAMES OF too little evidence of a breakthrough has shown TYPES OF CERTIFICATES up in certification or in state planning. The profession again must move positively to solve a While notable progress has been made in this critical teacher shortage or, as in the past, new area, the situation is still confused and confusing. assaults will be made on certification standards. The number of separate-name certificates issued There is a workable answer to the problem, but by the states has steadily declined in the last fifteen it is not the reduction of essential standards. And years or so from about 1,000 to 550. Thereis one may suspect that there will be proposals to still a long way to go. The names of certificates, begin a program of certification for the teacher from state to state, in general tend to carry no helpers and assistants.Such proposals are pre- clear delineation of meaning in the minds of either mature and if adopted widely may indeed serve to professionals or the public. Programs of prepara- retard or stifle this potentially fruitful movement. tion, even for certificates whose names connote The NCTEPS, in its Year of the Non-Confer- standard levels of preparation, vary so widely as ence, emphasized the theme, "The Teacher and to negate the principle that there is an essentially His Staff," as a new and valid approach not only basic preparation for teaching. A corollary is, to the problem of teacher overload but to the there is no valid reason why there should be 52 problem of teacher supply as well. different programs for educating qualified teachers. Too, in April 1965, the Commission issued a Here is another area of great potential for forthright statement (with which many disagreed, cooperative planning by the profession and the of course) regarding means of utilizing the serv- state legal authorities. ices of Peace Corps returnees: For example, state directors replied to the question: "How would you classify or categorize The teaching profession should put out a welcome the types of certificates issued by your state?" mat, not a no-trespassing sign, for returning Peace Their responses indicate the nature of the confu- Corps teachers....America's classrooms need the freshness, vitality, and sensitivity of such people. sion about what a given certificate may mean. They can offer unique things to students: personal The replies ranged from one category in South knowledge of developing lands and peoples, experi- Dakota (basicissued to all) and Alabama (pro- ence with a culture different from our own, the fessional); to two each in Arkansas (temporary ability to adapt to change, and skillin applying and standard), Arizona (temporary and stand- knowledge to practical problems.2 ard), Louisiana (initial and regular), Massachu- This was a plea to teacher education institu- setts (temporary and permanent), Michigan (permanent and continuing), New Jersey (temporary tions to develop flexible and individualized programs for these returnees, many of whom had 3 National Education Association, National Commis- teaching experience prior to and during their Peace sion en Teacher Education and Professional Standards. "A Statement on Returning Peace Corps Teachers." Corps service, rather than holding them to com- Washington, D.C.: the Commission, April 5, 1965. p. 1. pletion of every course prescribed for the typical (Multilithed) -

the and standard), and Rhode Island(provisional and hierarchical concept, would be to designate professional); to three in several states; to more bachelor's degree certificate as indicating asatis- in most states. The most frequentlymentioned factory level for entry into teaching andthat categories wcrc temporary andstandard, in 25 growth to the fifth-year level is expectedfor the states; professional, in 24;regular, in 20; perma- fully qualified classroom teacher. The firstmight nent, in 13; initial, in12; limited, in 11; life, in be called Initial or Limited; the secondmight be 10; and provisional, in 10. A numberof different termed Standard or Permanent.Certificates for designations were listed as categorizing some cer- the six- aad seven-year levels of preparationmight tificates in the various states. In addition tothose be designated as -Specialist in EducationCertifi- mentioned above, some of the designations were cate and Doctor's DegreeCertificate. The names the blanket, advanced, teacher emergencypermit, con- are not so important as agreement among ditional, professional standard, substitute,proba- states that certificates havecommonly accepted tionary, and prestandard. names and meanings as topreparation. There is great need for some order tobe Another proposal is that there be onecertifi- achieved out of the present ratherchaotic situa- cate denoting full qualification(say five years of tion of too many separate-namecertificates and preparation) for teachers and that the specialized too many categories orclassifications which these areas, subjects, or fields beendorsed thereon; and names connote. Withthe states still issuing 550 a second certificate,based on the bachelor's de- separate certificates, the rangeis from 1 to 57, gree, denoting a provisional,probationary, or lim- the mode is 5, the median is 7,and the mean ited status, with endorsements. Specializationsbe- is nearly 11. According to the1967 reports, one yond the standard preparation could be stated on certificate is issued in South Dakota; twoin Con- the first certificate with the specializedendorse- necticut, Hawaii, North Dakota,Rhode Island, ments. and Tennessee; three in Maryland,New York, Conant had a point that deserves serious con- Virginia, and West Virginia. Twenty-onestates sideration when he advocated discontinuanceof issue five or fewer separate certificates;33 issue what he called multiple certificates: ten or fewer. (See AppendixA.) I have been discussing state certification as a proc- The big question is: How can these twoprob- ess by which the statedetermines whether or not a lemstoo many certificates, and no common person is equipped to be employedby a local school meaning or connotation of a givencertificatebe board as a beginning teacher.It seems to me that simplified? There have been manysuggestions. this should be done once and then the stateshould One proposal is that there should be onecertifi- bow out of the picture so far as certificationrequire- cate (for all professionalpersonnel) at each of the ments are concerned. ... generally accepted levels ofpreparationbache- Certainly, a case can be made for the continuing lor's degree, master's degree, six-year,and doc- education of teachers in service. ...But such work tor's degree levels. Adding to this asubstandard is desirable only if it is based on the particular per- inade- designation for all whose prepara- son's teaching assignment and responds to or emergency ... those who quacies revealed by his particular experience. tion is below the bachelor's degree and Such continued education can be encouragedby a preparation is not ac- may hold a degree but whose thorough revision of the tenure and salaryschedules ceptable would make a total of only five separate- of local school boards. ...4 name certificates. at There is equal need to derive a nomenclature While the ending of certification controls for these certificates which would clearlydesig- the bachelor's degree level may not besound, cer- club of nate the level of preparation.For example, the tainly there is a point where the legal drive bachelor'sdegreecertificatemight be called certification should cease to be used to Limited or Provisional, the master's degree certificate might be Standard or Permanent, thesix- 4 Conant, James B.The Certification of Teachers: The Restricted State Approved ProgramApproach. Fifth year license might belabeled Advanced Standard, Charles W. Hunt Lecture. Washington, D.C.:American and the doctor's degree, AdvancedProfessional. Association of Colleges for Teacher Education,1964. Probably a better plan, in order to avoid the p. 26.

4 teachers back to college campuses. If we conceive separate certificates, each dissimilar in require- of the master's degree as the level of preparation ments to any other. (b) This practice tends to for the fully qualified teacher, *hen this is the point be seized upon by specialized groups hunting for permanent or standard certification, without status by being different from every other group specifying additional course credits for the certifi- in terms of having its own special certificate and cate to stay in force. requirements. Basically this is a ploy aimed at As a matter of fact, for professional people establishing a dichotomy among teachers based on to be mandated to grow in service is something "respectable teaching fields" and "questionable of an insult and extremely demeaning to the pro- teaching fields." (See discussion of the California fession. We can, of course, mandate by law the Fisher Act, pp. 8-10.) (c) The proliferation of preservice preparation of teachers (or the mem- certificates is made to order for the alert professors bers of any other profession), but beyond that to erect a protective tariff wall around their pet professional growth is self-propelled or it doesn't courses. (d) The inevitable result of certificate occur. proliferation is requirements so diverse and com- Part of the criticism of such a relatively large plex that often even those administering them can- number of separate-name certificates arises from not know what they are without consulting pub- the confusion of meaning of a given name among lished documents. states. With 550 certificates, it is virtually impos- California for many years, when it issued some sible for laymen (and teachers, for that matter) sixty separate-name certificates, took the same to know what the titles mean. In contrast, some position as expressed above. California has now professionsmedicine and law, for example reduced the separate-name credentials to 15. The have one legal license. Its meaning is the same in Fisher Act, as pointed out below, reduced the every state. Another criticism arises from the ex- number to 5 but provided a profusion of majors tent of specialization in teaching, with each spe- and minors that invited a new multiplication of cialized group often clamoring for the status of certificates. a separate, special-name certificate. This causes New Washington Requirements some critics to assert that teaching is not one A recent proposed revision of the teacher cer- profession, but many. tification requirements in Washington State ap- That such criticism may be unfair at points is pears to be a creative approach to the problem reflected in the following comments from a state of reducing the number of separate-name certifi- certification director: cates. (The following statement has not been In the section on endorsed certificates,I wish adopted officially by Washington; itis in the there could be a statement to the effect that there discussion stage.) really is no difference between an "endorsed" certifi- To adjust the certification pattern to allow for the cate and a "separate - name" certificate. Those of us emerging participation of school organizations and who find it more convenient to use the "separate- professionalassociations inteachereducation,a name" approach are often made to feel guilty. What four-stage teacher certification pattern is being estab- is the difference between a "Secondary Certificate," lished.(See Figure I.) Under the new pattern the with "English" endorsed on either front or back, intern certificate will be issued by the State Superin- and an "English Certificate"? We feel the latter is tendent of Public Instruction upon the recommenda- clearer to the teacher and to administrators and seems tion of an approved teacher education college or to be easier for translation into data processing. university to a selected student who is engaged (or Both ways of issuance reflect the idea that the person will be engaged) in clinical experience under the is specifically qualified and licensed to teach English! direct supervision of qualified college and school organization personnel. The provisional certificate also This view is expressed frequently and on its face will be issued by the State Superintendent upon the seems logical and sound. The weakness of the recommendation of an approved teacher education position, it appears, is fourfold: (a) As certifi- college or university to a student who has completed cates proliferate in number, basic commonalities an approved program of teacher preparation at the in requirements tend to disappear and eventually baccalaureate degree level which includes the demon- the state cods up with a formidable number of stration of competent perfol-mance in clinical experi-

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of ences.Recommendations for provisional certifica- CONFUSION OF REQUIREMENTS AND CERTIFICATES tion for graduating students should have the concurrence of school personnel who have worked with The valid purposes to be served by certification the students during their clinical experiences. Essen- need reexamination and the establishment of new tially, the provisional certificate arrangements found criteria. Following is an appealing statement by a in the present regulations will continue ;n the new classroom teacher caught in the jungle of differ- pattern. ences among states in concepts and procedures: The standard certificate will continue to be issued In the late 1950's I was closing in on the maxi- by the. State superintendent at the completion of the fifth college year but, under the new regulations, mum salary for public school teachers in Pennsyl- the student of teaching (holder of the provisional vania. Reluctant to reach the limit of my earning power before I hit age thirty, I decided to apply for certificate) must complete a two-year in-service train- a teaching position in California, where the salaries ing program offered by an approved training district (school organization) and be recommended by the were infinitely better. training district for the standard certificate.The I submitted my credentials (permanent Pennsyl- school organization should obtain concurrence of the vania teacher certification, a B.A. and M.A. in affiliated college or university and the appropriate French, eight years of teaching experience) to Cali- local professional organization before it recommends fornia's teacher certification office and applied for the issuance of the standard certificate. The standard a position. certificate will continue to be the basic professional Shortly thereafter, the superintendent of schools where I had applied notified me that I had been certificate for school personnel;itis contemplated that all people who remain in teaching will achieve selected for the position but would temporarily be placed on a noncertificated salary scale (a difference standard certification. of about $500). Why? I lacked a two-hour under- The advanced certificate is a new type of certifi- graduate course in tests and measurements required cate, issued by the State Superintendent of Public for teaching in California's high schools, though I Instruction to holders of the standard certificate who was qualified to teach in her junior colleges.I de- have been recommended by their appropriate pro- clined the offer and stayed where I was. fessional organizations. The advanced certificate is In 1963, I applied for certification in Maryland, designed to identify those individuals who are partic- which has a so-called Reciprocity Compact with ularly able to perform in their assigned roles and Pennsylvania and with a number of other states. who accept responsibility for the training of interns The assistant supervisor of the appropriate office or beginning (provisional) teachers.It provides a advised me that I was eligible for certification. A means for recognizing and compensating professional week later, however, the supervisor notified me that, workers who can work effectively with people in since I had matriculated at a school in a state other training, who can explain practice using appropriate than the one in which I'd been certificated and since theory, and who can demonstrate theory competently that state was not a member of the Compact states, in real classroom situations ("clinical professor"). I did not qualify for certification under the recip- FIGURE I rocal agreement.I pointed out that my M.A. was from a state in the Compact group but this made EMERGING PATTERN OF CERTIFICATION no differenceit did not represent the undergraduate work the agreement required. I then asked to be considered on the basis of an evaluation of my undergraduate work, and this INTERN showed that I met all requirements of undergraduate

COLLEGE work for teacher certification in Maryland. Unfortu- nately, however, a statute involving recency of train- PROVISIONAL PROVISIONAL ing caught up with me. I had done only four hours COLLEGE SCHOOL of work on my doctorate in the last five years, STANDARD STANDARD I ORGANIZATION whereas in Maryland all teachers must earn a minimum of six credit hours every five years. PROFESSIONAL ADVANCED ORGANIZATION The office said I could have a provisional certificate for the coming year, which would give me time OLD PATTERN NEW PATTERN to pick up the hours needed. Such a certificate involved a noncertificated salary scale for me in 1964-

6 65, a difference of nearly $1,500. This wasthe last adaptations and flexibility that ought tobe ex- straw. My patience exhausted,I decided to forgo tended to preparing institutions. the near-maximum salary to which Iwould have This procedure would apply largely, of course, been entitled and accepted a college teachingposi- to out-of-state applicants.But it would be application at nearly $3,000 less.I have not regretted the ble also to some in-state candidatesfor certifica- decision for a moment. ... tion not coming directly from collegegraduation. A teacher does not lose his competenceby chang- It is expecting too much of and placing toogreat truth is ing his place of residence. That obvious a responsibility uponthe certification authorities recognized by states that give fill: professional status for them to make such adaptationsunilaterally. to incoming teachers byallowing teaching experi- would I Unilateral decision making in such cases ence tofulfillinitialcertification requirements. dictatorship or hope the day will come when we are nolonger result in the charge of either afflicted by certification practices in other stateswhich playing politics or seeking to undercutthe estab- persist in evaluating credentials andcredit hours lished standards, when as a matterof fact these rather than competence and teachingability.5 postures will rarely, if ever, beinvolved. A jury of peers making suchjudgments would encountering state- Of course, any individual seem to be a workable answer.In time, it may rationalizing line barriers will exercise facility in be that the professional standardsboards or Often he will rationalize falla- his difficulties. professional practices commissions,proposed by ciously at critical points. But often hewill have Professional Rights all too often his case will be the NEA's Commission on a valid case; and and Responsibilities (PR&R) andthe NCTEPS, consideration. dismissed as unworthy of serious will constitute the ongoing answer.Until this development reaches full flower, however,it seems rea- THE NEED FOR FLEXIBILITY IN APPLYING sonable to argue that states shouldproceed with CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS establishing the advisory bodies. Each state certification officeshould have a VALID PURPOSES To BE SERVED sound, carefully developed plan for allowingdevi- ations in individual cases, for makingexceptions BY CERTIFICATION where they seem warranted by exceptionaleduca- in teacher Probably no Among the major reforms needed tional and experience backgrounds. certification is the reexamination ofcurrently ac- rule or law or regulation everwritten has ever By justice by cepted functions to be served by the process. worked universal fairness and human judgment, certification of public this were any impartial inflexible and unalterable application. If school personnel is attempting to serve too many need for courts not so, our system would have no functions. The exercising of thiscluster of func- in relation to widely varying to interpret the law tions is an impossible task, most ofwhich should conditions and circumstances. We wouldhave regulations to the with the be transferred out of laws and need only for officials endowed solely teaching profession itself. Until thisis done, there ability to point to the law and read off thepenalty. will continue to be outcries, somevalid and some Great reliance, and rightly so, is placed upon not, against the rigidity andunwieldiness of the preparing institutions to make flexibleadjustments system. in individual cases and to recommendcertifica- Kinney, in a thoughtful book which has not prescribed re- tion in spite of exceptions to the received the attention it deserves, hascogently set quirements or to the approved program. Itwill forth a viewpoint in spelling out his conceptof the spirit of be a rare institution that will violate the differences between licensureand certification: this responsibility. To this arrangementshould be added in every state a small advisorybody on ex- Education presents the anomaly of a profession ceptional cases to counsel with the statecertifica- without licensure. Certification, which hasgenerally de- tion director. This advisory groupshould be made been accepted as licensure in education, was not up of professionalpeople of unquestioned integrity Melaro, Constance L. "Comments on Teacher Cer- and competence to assist the certificationauthori- tification: 'I Was Caught in the Meshes." NEAjournal ties in exercising the same kind ce leewayand 55:18; September 1966. Beyond that, the profes- signed for the purpose, and is noteffective in serving practitioners' credentials. credentials.° it.Since licensure is the process bywhich a profession would issue the specialized sion controls the quality of its membershipand thus At that time, this proposaldoubtless seemed determines its efficiency as a profession,the conse- far out. But the teaching professionhas now both for the profession quences of its lack are serious moved well along that road. In 1964, theNEA and for the public. ... instituted the prerequisites for membershipof the A profession without control ofits membership bachelor's degree and certification whererequired. is not in a position to assume ...[its] responsibilities. Moreover, the public is unlikely tosurrender them The American Association of SchoolAdministra- enforcement of to a profession which does nothave a clearly defined tors (AASA) began in 1964 the and properly qualified membership.It is for this two years of graduate preparationin a university reason that certificationis continually used for pur- holding accreditation approved by theAASA poses outside its properfield of operation ...efforts Executive Committee. And 26 stateeducation to provide a licensure processhave been limited to associations affiliated with the NEA areenforcing legislative attempts to connect certificationinto li- requirements substantially the same as those ofthe censure.These attempts have invariably met the NEA. Of course, there is a long way to gobefore dead ends they deserved.° this principle can be implemented fully. Butthe Kinney also seeks to spell out therole of the direction has been spelled out for theteaching profession in licensure: profession, and it is to 'be hoped that theevolu- tion toward this end will continue. In professional licensure the keyfeature isthe role of the organized profession. Inprofessions other than education licensure procedures areremarkably THE TEACHER EDUCATION-CERTIFICATION uniform, designed as they are to protectthe public STANDARDS MUDDLE IN CALIFORNIA from incompetence and the professionalmembership from competition with the unqualified.Without ex- Any group struggling for recognitionand ac- ception the profession is made responsiblefor estab- ceptance by the public as aprofession, particu- lishing and maintaining standards forpreparation, larly if it is a public profession, must expectbitter and shares with the state inadministering stand- criticism and often vituperation whensociety is ards... looking for a scapegoat for its owndefaults. In In no other profession is the patternof prepara- such periods, George BernardShaw's fetching tion stereotyped in admissionrequirements. aphorism, "A profession is a conspiracyagainst In all other professions theassignment of practi- the laity," becomes a popularcliché. However, tioner dutiesisa professionaladministrative re- the answer is not retreat but a newresolve to sponsibility, rather than a matter for controlthrough sometimes the the search for better procedures. And admission requirements. Whether a member of public medical profession is to practice as aphysician or professional group has been wiser than the surgeon, as a nose andthroat specialist, or as a was led to believe. pediatrician, is a matter for professional ratherthan As one of the fruits of the sputnikfrenzy, the lay controls.The sole function of licensure is to California legislature appointed aCitizen's Ad- establish membership in the profession.[Editor's visory Committee on Education. One outcomeof italics.] the recommendations of this Committee wasthe Only in education is the profession fragmentedby passage of the FisherAct which prescribed new a multiplicity ofcredentials, specificity in require- certification requirements (effectiveJanuary 1, ments for preparation, and inflexibilityin restriction 1964). The net effect of the 1962legislative action of authorized practitioner duties.? was to increase statecontrol over curriculum and A decade ago this writer made asimilar proposal: Kinney, Lucien B. Certification in Education.Engle- wood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964. pp.131-32. ...beyond the basic teaching credential, the pro- 7 Ibid., pp. 118-20. fession takes over the functions which legallicensure 8 Stinnett, T. M. "New Horizons in Teacher Certifi- is now attempting to serve. cation."The Future Challenges TeacherEducation. Under this plan, the state legalauthorities would Eleventh Yearbook. Washington, D.C.:American Asso- 1958. p. 138. have the legal responsibility forissuing the general ciation of Colleges for Teacher Education,

8 teacher employment at the expense of local con- 4.Hardly had the Fisher Act become effective trol; and the Fisher Act authorized greater con- (January 1, 1964) when the State Board of Edu- centration of state control over teacher education cation began to revise requirements for creden- programs at the expense of college and university tials, under authority of a 1961 revision of the control.° Education Code. Eighty-one revisions were made These actionsand especially the Fisher Act within the first year the new requirements became were hailed by some critics of the Educational effective. Major changes provided that the five- Establishment as models of excellence for other year requirement for both elementary and second- states to emulate. The act did seek to bring some ary teachers could be postponed and completed order out of the chaos in the credential structure. over a period of seven years and five years re- Prior to the Fisher Act, there were 57 separate spectively. Provisional credentials could be e anted ciedentials(for which the Establishment must to elementary teachers with 90 semeste., hours accept a large measure of responsibility). As a and to junior college teachers on the bachelor's result of the Fisher Act, this number was reduced degree. to 5 credential types, but Stone points out that 5. The Fisher Act helped to increase the al- "each of the five is a credential system within itself. ready serious shortage of elementary teachers. The For example, there are eighty-one different com- out-of-state supply of teachers diminished, ac- binations of majors and minors for elementary cording to some reports, from 35 to 50 percent. specialization. In the secondary specialization, The number of candidates for elementary teacher fifty-nine major -minor combinations mandate the education programs at California institutions de- teacher's field of assignment. The 140 all are clined, estimated in some institutions to have been under the tent of a single teaching credential!" 10 by 50 percent. The upgrading of requirements What have been the impacts of the Fisher Act? from four years to five, plus the academic major According to Stone: requirement, impelled mar,/ would-be elementary teachers simply to shift to preparation for sec- 1.It created a clear-cut dichotomy between ondary school teaching, because such preparation academic and nonacademic subject matter. Aca- became easier. demic subjects in which teachers may major were As a result of this developing situation, the categorized under five fieldsnatural sciences, 1965 legislature passed the Rodda Act, Vaich social sciences, humanities, mathematics, and fine provided in effect that the five-year requirement arts. The nonacademic areas, ruled out as majors for elementary teachers in the Fisher Act was cut for teachers, were education and education meth- back to four years, and all public colleges and odology and all subjects which include princi- universities were mandated to offer undergraduate ples of application, such as agriculture, architec- professional conrses to 'nett minimum state re- ture, business, conservation, engineering, forestry, quirements. This provision, which was aimed at home economics, industrial arts, journalism, law, increasing the supply of elementary teachers, in librarianship, nursing, nutritional sciences, physi- effect virtually killed off the five-year curriculum cal education, and social welfare. in the state colleges which prepare the bulk of As Stone points out, the net effect of this the state's teachers. While the Fisher Act had defined-by-law dichotomy was to classify to ach- many virtues, the net effect of it plus subsequent ers as first- or second-class citizens, according to efforts to correct its evils was a chaotic situation. their teaching specialty. The teacher of a non- So beclouded had the situation become that academic specialty was required to complete a Arthur Corey, executive secretary of the Califor- minor in an academic area. nia Teachers Association, appeared before the 2. The above provisions were applicable alike State Board of Education on January 13, 1966, to graduates of teacher education programs within and said in part: California and to those from other states. For a comprehensive discussion, see Stone, James C. 3. Minimum requirements for credentialing "Teacher Education by Legislation." rhi Delta Kappan both elementary and secondary tea,. 'ters have 47:287-91; February 1966. declined. 10 ibid., p. 291.

9 Though the CTA disagreed with someof the de- Perhaps it is not unfair to suggest that in the tails of the Fisher Act, we had greatexpectations for California case the profession moved toolittle it....We, too, wanted teachers to have agood gen- and too late to effect needed reforms. eral education, with a specializationwhich carried in at least them close to the frontiers of knowledge NATIONAL RECIPROCITY one major field, and withadequate professional- technical background. ...The Board's goals and the Since at least 1950, the need has beenevident Fisher Act standards have been sabotagedby adroit freedom of crises. There are those for a workable plan to assure the pressures based on predicted movement of qualified teachers across statelines. ..thousands of who would have this Board believe . de- classrooms will stand vacant unless this Boardlowers The increasing mobility of our population mands a national plan to get an evendistribution credential standards.... of available supply of teachers where theneeds Let's start with a backward look. ...It was 41 years agoyes, in1925that California became the are. Too, certainly in fairness toteachers who have first state to require five years of collegepreparation spent years of their lives preparing forthe pro- for a credential ... toteach any of the academic or fession, they should be entitled to secure posi- liberal arts subjects in high school. ... tions of their choice in whatever state they select. Today, a candidate for teaching the so-calledsolid The right of American citizenship, as a general subjects in high school can qualify for a regular cre- rule, carries with it the right of the qualified per- dential with four years of college and nograduate son to practice a vocation in any state. course in his teachingfield. With this substandard State lines should not define the qualified background, the new teacher is placed on thedistrict's teacher. But they often do. And sometimes for regular salary schedule, serves his probationary years petty and irritating reasons. toward tenure, and is considered a full-fledged mem- There will be little dissent to the above proposi- ber of the profession. ... tions. The dissent arises from proposals for achiev- standards for secondary school While this loss c ing the free movement of qualified teachers across teachers is the most dramatic, it is by no means an state lines. isolated result of the pressures. ...Cheap credentials have been made available in elementary schoolteach- On the point of reciprocity, one state certifica- ing, junior college teaching, even schooladministration official wrote: tion....Of 44 substandard credentials, 38 grant Reciprocity is a poor term. When we use it we are the holder all the employment and salaryrights of probably talking about ease of interstate migration the regular credential.... for teachers. We are not really interested in recipro- It isn't the hoped for five-year program whichis cal actions as in making it easy for teachers to come creating these signs of future shortages, particularly to Pennsylvania. We don't especially want tomake in the elementary school field.It isn't that the sec- it easy for our teachers to leave. We have a recent ondary teaching field is inherently more attractive to regulation,based on NCATE accreditation,that more teachers. But when wecombine low standards makes it easy for graduates of NCATE-accredited for easy entrance into high school ter ehingwith programs to become certificatedin Pennsylvania. higher standards for elementary teachers, we are pro- We are very pleased with this. We do not especially viding a great impetus toward selection of the sec- care if California or Texas usesNCATE accredita- ondary level. The student who feels poorly prepared tion in this way or not. for the job he would be facing in theself-contained classroom is likely to take the easy road into teaching Another state certification director wrote: his specialized subject areas in high school. Nowthe We would suggest that we begin to take a look out-of-state teacher can do this with only four years at the loose use of the word reciprocity andpossibly of preparation. ... attempt definition. Yes, Delaware uses itincorrectly, This won't be cured by lowered elementary.stand- too.Accepting NCATE graduates actually is not ards.It would be cured far faster by uniformly high reciprocity. There is no "mutual exchange." This standards at all levels.... process is based on an agreement betweenNASDTEC Another problem which can stimulate future shortages is the instability in requirements.In the past 28 " Corey, A. F. "CTA Speaks Out for Higher Standards months, we've seen 54 amendments to credential reg- in Licensure of Teachers." California Education 3:3-6+; ulationsan average of nearly two per month. ...11 March 1966. and NCATE (or the colleges). On the other hand, related and strategic groups which they would the compacts operate on reciprocity since there is a invite to participate, should be able to derive "na- mutual exchange between state departments.Also, tional standards" which would be acceptable to there is "reciprocity when states agree to honor each all the states. If NASDTEC does not attack and other's certificates in some way. solve this problem, it will be done by other groups It is true that the term reciprocity is variously or by the U.S. Office of Education, inregulations used. As used in the several previous editions of as conditions of financial aid to states, andby this Manual (see Appendix C, "Glossary of other federal agencies. Terms," in eito 1964 Edition) it means: A study of "Teacher Mobility" by the New York State Education Department, financed by a The mutual recognition of approved programs of grant under Title V of the Elementary and Sec- teacher preparation in other states for certification ondary Education Act,is already under way. of teachersacceptance at face value of applicant's credentials toward full certification. Does not refer And other efforts may be expected, because the to validation of certificates issued in other states. need is so critical that some solution must be found. In the early 1890's, the need for reciprocal re- A preliminary statement of the scope of the lations among the states became apparent. The study was issued by Alvin P. Lierheimer, as commissioner of education in New York State follows: was authorized to enter into an exchange-of- certificates agreement with other states. This plan INTERSTATE CERTIFICATION OF TEACHERS grew in use over the years until in 1921 some AND OTHER SCHOOL PERSONNEL thirty-eight states were parties to such agreements. After that the practice began declining and was Introduction and Rationale totally abandoned about 1952. State certification requirements are frequently a Since about 1930, there have been constant and barrier to the free movement of teachers between vigorous searches for a workable plan for reciproc- public schools.Yet it is commonly agreed that a ity among states. As was to be expectedbecause school is improved by having teachers who were teachers began migrating largely to adjoining states trained beyond its own immediate neighborhood. or within a given geographical sectionthe first The possibilities for such employment are diminished efforts were confined to regional compacts. All of by the petty differences in certification requirements these have now been abandoned except the North- between states. east Reciprocity Compact. The reason is obvious. There is increasing dissatisfaction with the method The interstate movement of teachers is now nation- of certification that depends on bureaucratic course- counting. (See James B. Conant's The Education of wide, not confined predominantly to nearby states. American Teachers.) A viable alternative is seen in To be sure, the movement toward NCATE ac- the approved-program approach of New York State creditation as a basis of reciprocity has been mark- under which plan a certificate is granted automati- edly productive. But at the moment this cannot cally and without review of transcript to any gradu- be the exclusive basis for the simple reason that ate of an approved higher institution who has that only 449 of 1,200 institutions now hold NCATE institution's recommendation as a teacher.While accreditation. It is true that nearly 75 percent of most such higher institutions are in New York State, the annual teacher production in the United States some out-of-state colleges and universities maintain is by NCATE-accredited institutions. But there New York State approved programs of teacher edu- still remains the problem of migrating teachers cation. New York State is further experimenting, among the other 25 percent. Perhaps in another through the Five College Project on Teacher Edu- decade NCATE accreditation may become the cation, with procedures for granting even greater responsibilities for certification to the colleges which vital, if not sole, element in reciprocal relation- prepare teachers. ships among the states. Itis timely, then, to consider an approach in The solution to this problem, it appears, rests teacher education that will permit the strengths of largely with the state certification directors them- the approved-program approach to be directed at selves. NASDTEC, with the assistance of other the problem of the restricted mobility of teachers.

11 If states with appropriate statutory power could agree tificates of other states by the receiving state, has on common standards for approving teacher educa- had its day and, it seems, offers little hope of tion programs, a new basis for reciprocity might be general acceptance by the states. There also has established whereby a teacher who graduated from been the suggestion that a few selected states form any state-approvedteachereducationinstitution a sort of prestige combine and agree on common could be immediately certified in any one of the or unified requirements for acceptance and cer- cooperating states. tification of teachers from the states in the com- Proposal bine. Apparently this proposal is based on the A planning grant has been made by the U.S. Office elitist premise that what a select group puts into of Education to conduct a survey, with the help of practice will in time be emulated or accepted by the Council of Chief State School Officers of the 50 the other states. This assumption has often been states, to determine the states that are interested in disproved in teacher education, and it may be participating and the states that possess the neces- assumed that it will not work in certification. sary legal power to participate in a reciprocity com- What will work? Obviously, no single gimmick pact based upon "approved programs." or provision is adequate. Actually, a combination Subsequently, a series of meetings will be held of a series of procedures will be required. Arm- with the chief state school officers and the directors strong 13 has enumerated a series of what he calls of teacher education and certification from those "Steps Essential to Reciprocity." Lieberman," in states which possess the statutory authority as well the same report, proposed a plan for the national as the philosophical inclination for certifying teachers on the basis of the approved-program approach. certification of teachers. Drawing to some extent The aim will be to arrive at standards and proce- from these proposals and some developments that dures for approval of such programs and for -ecip- have transpired since 1960, the following combi- rocal certification of graduates which would be agree- nation of procedures may offer hope for an acceptable to the cooperating state education departments. able and workable plan for national reciprocity The states that would eventually take part in the in certification: compact would be those states which were both 1. A concerted effort by NASDTEC (as sug- interested and legally empowered but other states, gested before) to bring about a unified plan for upon meeting the conditions for cooperation, could certification in all the states. This would require join in the reciprocal certification compact that might agreement on minimum requirements in the basic be developed. Representatives of participating higher areas of teacher educationgeneral education, institutions, regional accrediting agencies, and simi- special education, and professional education. lar interested parties will be involved in the necessary conferences.12 2. The reduction in the number of separate certificates issued by each state to a minimum perhaps five as a maximum. A COORDINATED APPROACH TO NATIONAL 3.Complete implementation of the approved- RECIPROCITY IN TEACHER program approach, in which agreed-upon areas of EDUCATION-CERTIFICATION preparation are spelled out and used in lieu of There may be several ways to achieve national course and credit prescriptions in certification. reciprocity in teacher certification. It is reasonably 4. A national professional accrediting process. clear now that there are several ways by which Such a process must be supported vigorously, con- reciprocity is likely not to be achieved. The re- 12 Lierheimer, Alvin P."Interstate Certification of gional reciprocity compacts appear to have served Teachers and Other School Personnel." Albany: New their purpose insofar as national needs are con- York State Education Department, December 15, 1965. cerned. These compacts served well as an evolu- 3 pp. (Mimeographed) 'Armstrong, W. Earl. "A Basis for Reciprocity in tionary stage, when the movement of teachers Teacher Certification." The Education of Teachers: Cer- across state lines was predominantly among con- tification. Report of the San Diego Conference. Wash- tiguous or nearly contiguous states. Today, vastly ington, D.C.: National Commission on Teacher Education and Professional Standards, National Education Associa- more teachers are moving among widely separated tion, 1961. pp. 229-32. statesrather than among nearbystates. The " Lieberman, Myron."Considerations Favoring Na- exchange-of-certificate plan, or validation of cer- tional Certification of Teachers." Ibid., pp. 200-10.

12 stantly refined and improved in effectiveness, and Responsibilities by teachers seeking help in re- adequately financed, both for carrying on the ac- dressing grievances which they felt to be real and crediting process and for needed research to aid to involve injustice. teacher education institutions in self-evaluation In one case, a male teacher had become involved and improvement. in some sort of controversy and was either fired or 5. Encouragement of the teaching profession to had resigned. The man immediately secured a assume more responsibility in certifying, through teaching position in another state but was denied membership requirements, qualifications in the a certificate because his former superintendent teaching specialties, as well as in protecting and either refused to sign a recommendation or sup- disciplining the practitioners. plied an unfavorable one. Whatever the circum- In addition to the above five steps, another stance s, here was a case in which the teacher, in should be given fair and valid experimentation. effect, was driven out of his profession, his means This step is the use of national qualifying examina- of livelihood taken from him. tions. This suggestion will, of course, meet immedi- This procedure needs critical evaluation. In ate and vehement opposition. And such opposition the first place, it is not fair to the employing school is understandable in view of the history and uses officer to have to carry such a crucial responsibility of such examinations. But such history could be alone. In the second place, there should always be the basis for safeguards against the abuses of some sort of resort or appeal for the teacher in- the past. volved. So serious a penalty as refusal of certifi- There appears to be a slow but steady growth cation cannot justifiably be based on the possible in the use of these examinations among the states. capricious, arbitrary, or wholly subjective action What seems to be the sound experimental ap- of one person. The danger is always present that proach to the use of national examinations in the refusal to recommend renewal of a certificate teacher education-certification is the taking of the or the issuance of a new one in another state may examinations by senior teacher education students be afflicted with personal bias or vindictiveness purely as a self-study instrument by the preparing arising from circumstances or conditions having institutions. No cut-off scores would be employed no connection with the teacher's competence or in the experimental period (say five years) and lack of it. no use made of the scores for certification pur- Sooner or later teachers will rebel against this poses. Such experimentation, with a careful follow- provision based on unilateral action. up of the graduates in their teaching experiences, Here is a situation in which the advisory body ought to reveal correlations, if any, between the to the state certification office, serving as a jury examination results and teaching competence. of peers of the teacher, can be of inestimable value in assuring due process, "guarding against RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CERTIFICATE unfair and unreasonable treatment, and in serving ISSUANCE AND RENEWAL to work human justice."

There is a time-hallowed provision in the cer- A UNIFIED PROGRAM NEEDED tification regulations of most states requiring the recommendation of the employing school officer, One can only "see as through a glass darkly" or of the immediate past employer in case the in suggesting how these improvements may be applicant has changed positions within or without brought about. After three decades or more of the state, for renewal of an existing certificate or observation, a few things seem fairly clear to the issuance of one in the receiving state. This this writer. has seemed to work well through the years. But The basic responsibility for initiative in these in recent years there have been an increasing areas of needed progress rests legally and morally number of cases where experienced teachers have with the state directors of teacher education and been denied certification under this regulation. certification. Too much of what has been done in Several such cases have been reported recently to the past has come about as the impact of criti- the NEA Commission on Professional Rights and cism, pushing, and pressuring by different struc-

-, tures. In the future, most of the progress should In the past, most states have dealt gingerly arise from the initiative of the state directors. Of with the question of certification of teachers in course, the integral parts of the processteacher private and parochial schools. Presumably this education, certification, and accreditationhave posture has resulted from several factors, chief made it, and rightly so, a cooperative partnership of which probably has been the sensitiveness of one. And this should continue, with refinements the church-state relationship. In deference to this and improvements keeping apace of the times. The delicate problem, states generally have leaned over organized teaching profession must have more, not backward to avoid any implication of interference less, responsibility. But more of the ii-itiative with the operation of nonpublic educational insti- should rest largely with NASDTEC. To serve this tutions. The same basic principle has been in- capacity and to stay ahead of the demands for volved in the operation of private institutions of change, it would seem that NASDTEC needs a all kinds. State departments of education, for ex- full-time secretariat. Already there has been lost, ample, have generally exercised only superficial for lack of a systematized process of record keep- supervision over private colleges, most often per- 4 ing, much of the story of the essential work of this haps because no specific authority was vested in group. The record has simply gone into oblivion; law. This is a restraint founded in our educational it does not exist, except in snatches, in the litera- history. The famous New Hampshire vs Dart- ture of education. The Council of Chief State mouth case, the early meddling by the state in School Officers (CaS0) now has under way a the affairs of the Franklin Institute, and several project to bring together the evolutionary story of other early efforts of politicians to interfere in the state departments of edtmtion in the major areas operation of private educational institutions left of their concerns, including teacher education and a public mindset against strict state controls. The certification. basic nature of this principle, as applied to the To get the funding for such a secretariat and certification of private and parochial school teach- forthe meetingsregional and nationalof ers, now seems to be changing. NASDTEC (and such consultation is essential; not In a recent comprehensive analysis of state one meeting a year, but several) apparently will practices regarding certification of elementary and require that the Association incorporate, create a secondary teachers in Catholic schools and an secretariat, and be in business as a stable, ongoing analysis of the viewpoints of such teachers and organization. With private foundations and the diocesanschoolsuperintendents,Sister Mary U.S. Office of Education vigorously searching for John 15 makes a compelling case for a consistent new and worthy innovations, the funding of such and positive policy for teachers in both public and a proposal ought not to present great difficulty. Catholic schools. Her case is based upon two fac- There is another possibility. Doubtless the new tors: (a) the compelling nature of the state's obli- Education Commission of the States will be com- gation to assure to all children high-quality schools pelled sooner or later to study the problems of and instruction, and (b) the desire of teachers in certification, especially those relating to reciproc- Catholic schools to meet at least state standards for ity.It would seem to make sense for this Com- public schools. In this study, Sister Mary John mission to delegate the basic explorations of this verified the report of thc. 1964 Edition of the area to a concert of the state certification directors Manual as to the number of states with provisions and provide the needed funds. for certification of teachers in Catholic schools. But she went much further in analyzing those practices. The practices of 50 states were categorized CERTIFICATION OF PRIVATE AND PAROCHIAL as: mandatory (elementary, 11 states; secondary, SCHOOL TEACHERS 10) ; mandatory for accreditation (elementary, 16; While not related directly to the foregoing com- secondary, 19) ; permissive (elementary, 19; sec- ments, an examination of another area of existing procedures is suggested in light of the results of a " Sister Mary John, D.C. State Certification of Teach- ers in Catholic Elementary and Secondary Schools. Un- new study.This new study is concerned with published doctoral dissertation.St. John's University, certification of teachers in parochial schools. New York, 1966.

14 ondary, 17); no provisions (4 states). New evi- school office, the staffing of Catholic schools would dence of the attitude of Catholic school teachers have no systematic controls. and diocesan officials toward state certification It is also possible that the state is reluctant to add was obtained by means of a sampling question- to its already heavy burden the added work and cost naire directed to 10,000 Catholic school teaching that general certification of Catholic school teachers personnel, with a 60 percent return. Thereturn would require. Nevertheless, itseems that the over- revealed that (a) about 89 percent of certified all responsibility of the state to promotean educated elementary teachers and 88 percent of certified citizenry includes supervision of the teaching staff in Catholic schools and the maintenance ofan up-to- secondary teachers in Catholic schools favored date deposit of information on these teachers. Like- state certification;(b) among the noncertified wise, respect for the state in carrying out its educa- teachers, the percentages favoring state certifica- tional duties makes it obligatory for administration tion were approximately 77 and 69 respectively.'6 and teachers in Catholic schools to collaborate with A questionnaire directed to 140 diocesan superin- the state in establishing minimum standards for teach- tendents elicited a similar favorable attitude to- ers and in complying voluntarily with these require- ward state certification of teachers in Catholic ments.18 schools. Naturally, the replies of the superinten- The impact of this comprehensive studyseems dents were more specific in suggesting needed to indicate the necessity of a estudy of existing changes instate certification procedures.17In practices and procedures for the certification of commenting on the overall significance of herex- private and parochial school personnel by the ploration of this field, about which there has been states. Those states with satisfactory practices al- too little study, Sister Mary John wrote: ready written into lawor regulations may need to reexamine the procedures and existing limiting While the history of the Catholic school system factors. States without consistent practices and in the United States gives incontestable evidence of procedures clearly will need to reevaluate their the unfailing dedication of its personnel to the education of its members, it is nonetheless true that provisions through a cooperative approach. without the exercise of authority from the state, 16 /bid., pp. 293-305. channeled through the diocesan office,or lacking this, '7Ibid., pp.305-11. the exercise of authority througha strong diocesan 'sIbid., pp. 92-93.

15 Chapter I

SUMMARY OF PREPARATION-CERTIFICATION--STANDARDS

Sincethe flurry of year of preparation after initial teaching experi- upgrading minimum standards forcertification ence on the bachelor's degree certificate. that occurred between 1959 and 1961, as reported The most dramatic upgrading of certification in the 1961 Edition of the Manual, progress has since the issuance of the 1964 Edition of the been even-paced. Manual occurred in the administrative field, i.e., Since 1961, only three states have adopted the for elementary and secondary school principals degree minimum for beginning elementary school and for school superintendents (Tables 2 and 11). teachers (Arkansas and Maine between 1961 In 1967, for elementary school principals, a total and 1964, and Montana, January 1967). Thus of 46 states require minimums of the master's de- in 1967, there are still five states(Nebraska, gree or higher preparation: 3 require six years North Dakota, Puerto Rico, South Dakota, and of preparation, 8 require more than the master's Wisconsin) not enforcing the degree requirement degree but less than six years, and 35 require the (Tabqes 1 and 8). North Dakota has established master's degree or five years. Only 5 states have July 1, 1969, for the degree requirement to be- requirements for certification of elementary school cczne effecti':e, and Wisconsin has mandated com- principals below the master's degree. One state pletion of the degree within a seven-year period (Michigan) does not issue such a certificate. of initial teaching service, with the degree to b,.; For secondary school principals in 1967, 48 required for initial certification in 1972. states require the master's degree or higher prep- There has been no upgrading of minimum re- aration: 3 require six years, 8 require more than quirements for beginning high school teachers the master's but less than six years of prepara- since January 1, 1964.All states are at least tion, and 37 require the master's degree or five at the bachelor's degree level, with three having 1 Arizona and California each permit provisional cer- the five-year requirement with some variations.1 tification at the bachelor's degree level.See tables 8 Eighteen states mandate completion of the fifth and 10 and footnotes.

TABLE 1.SUMMARY OF MINIMUM PREPARATION REQUIRED BY STATES FOR LOWEST REGULAR INITIAL CERTIFICATES (AS OF JANUARY 1, 1967)

Number of States Requiring College Years of Preparation Elementary School Secondary School Required Teachers Teachers

1 2 3 5 years in 4 years 46 49 3 but less than 4 years 0 0 2 but less than 3 years 5 0

Totals 52' 52°

See Tables 8, 9, and 10, and footnotes. " Includes D.C. and Puerto Rico.

17 Ce .nir,.'''' '2,,L, ' . , , - ,...,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,v,,,,,,,,,,,xwe,,e,leonwwww ,..azoy'.;,-,4,,,,.1}!,,,,,,,rk,,..5,7,,,71e.V-,1,,,,li. In7,7ti.,..re5.,077:t7.7774:04rSIMII7S7MTF 147 .,;111FRIFIgtirffligelj. RRTSIORMIFOr 0011 MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS OF STATES FOR LOWEST REGULARFOR BEGINNING ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHERS, AS OF JANUARY 1, 1967 TEACHING CERTIFICATE Middle New England ociation ociati n of AssociationColleges of a Seconds States of Schoolsecondary .nd eges Schools dary S Associatio WesteColleg olleg andAsso S uthernecondariation o School P.D. R.C. Alaska Hawaii CO PVa Two Bachelor'sFiveyears years of college degreeof college 0 a For the standard certificate; California will issue a conditional certificate or the bachelor's degree. kieZZPresrefAIRMIMMEaralMsaiieztaxisezwanztamssizam swesswaora,. ArrooktaorAsnaleiMalgrUtfillael years. Only 3 states issue certificates for secon- tors began enforcing as a prerequisite for mem- dary school principals on less than the master's bership the six-year preparation requirement, the degree. One state (Michigan) does not issue such two graduate years to be completed in institutions a certificate. accredited by an agency approved by the AASA Of the minimum requirements among the three Executive Committee, presumably the National administrative fields, those for school superin- Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education. tendents jumped most drastically since 1964. In (This prerequisite was not made retroactive.) 1967, 50 states require the master's degree (or Doubtless this is a factor of significance, but it equivalent) or higher preparation (two of these is only a partial explanation. Superintendents of do not issue such a certificate), with the number schools have been under general attack by many of states requiring six years of preparation jump- quarters; their posture as leaders of the profes- ing from 10 to 18. (West Virginia will move to sionalstaffs has been challenged by teachers the six-year requirement in 1968.) Indiana re- organizations seekingcollectivebargaining or quires the Ed.Sp. degree (six years). One state professional negotiations agreements.With the (California) requires the doctor's degree or seven preparation of classroom teachers moving up- years. ward steadily toward the five-year level of prepa- What is the explanation for the requirements ration,it may be postulated that the superin- for administrators having increased significantly tendents have been under pressure to widen the while those for classroom teachers reflected vir- gap between their formal preparation and that tually no change between 1964 and 1967? One of the school staff in general. The position of explanation for the rapid shift to the six-year school superintendent has become a complex one minimum for superintendents (20 states now indeed, with growing urbanization, larger school equal or exceed this minimum) is that in 1964 districts, and a multitude of new problems. The the American Association of School Administra- superintendent has been compelled as a result to

TABLE 2.SUMMARY OF MINIMUM PREPARATION REQUIRE!) BY STATES FOR ADMINISTRATIVE CERTIFICATES (AS OF JANUARY 1, 1967)

Number of States Requiring Number of College Years Elementary Secondary Superin- of Preparation or School School tendent of Degree Required Principal Principal Schools 1 2 3 4

7 years or doctor's degree 0 0 1 6 years plus, but less than doctor's degree 0 0 1 6 years 3 3 18 Master's degree plus, but less than 6 years 8 8 4 Master's degree 35a 37 26' Bachelor's degree plus, but less than 5 years 3 2 0 Bachelor's degree 2 1 0 Less than bachelor's degree 0 0 0 No certificate issued 1 1 2 Totals 52'' 52'' 52''

Includes Puerto Rico which does not specify an ad- master's degree for endorsement on other types of cer- vanced degree but the bachelor's degree plus 30 s.h. Also tificates. includes the Di Shia of Columbia and Virginia which do ° Includes D.C. and Puerto Rico. not issue administrative certificates but do require the

- " . galf?!:_ MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS OF STATES FOR LOWEST REGULAR TEACHINGFOR BEGINNING CERTIFICATE SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS, AS OF JANUARY 1, 1967 Middle New England ociation AssociationColleges of a Seconda States Schoolsecondary nd eges Asso-c:iatio WesteCo !leg gotixt11141r S., Bachelor'sFive years ofdegree College on the bachelor's degree and completionIn Arizona, of an approved a temporary program. certificate, valid for five years only, will be issued increasestudent teaching, 6 s.h. on Octoberand b6 Californias.h. 1 eachof postgraduate year. will permit work. preliminary Course workcertification requirements on the bachelor's degree, broaden his preparation, to become knowledge- complete the fifth year within fiveyears; New able in many different areas. Yorkboth must complete the fifth year within Too, there is the matter of supply and demand. five years, with ten years being allowed insome The continued shortage of teachers, made more special fields; Oregonsecondary teachers are re- severe by recent new demands, has tended to in- quired to complete the master's degree insix duce states to go slow in imposing additional years; Pennsylvaniaboth must complete 24 se- preparation requirements for teaching. mester hours beyond the bachelor's degree within Perhaps, also, the self-preservation feature is six years; Rhode Islandelementary, secondary, involved. At one time, not too many years ago, and junior college teachers are required tocom- the vast majority of classroom teachers who held plete the fifth year within six years. standard or regular certification based on the bachelor's or master's degree could also qualify for administrative certificates. This factor tended PROJECTED INCREASE IN REQUIREMENTS to hold down administrative salaries and to increase competition for such positions. Eight states reported that deadlines had been set for increased levels of preparation for initial It appears that there must evolve a program certificates. of specialized preparation for all auxiliary, special school service personnel encompassing the Arkansas. Guidance counselors, effective Sep- professional staffs (supervisors, counselors, etc.) tember 1, 1966, were required to hold the mas- and that this specialized preparation must be ter's degree. built upon five years of college for the classroom California.Requirements for initial issuance teacher, combined with a specified number of of the standard secondary credential (basic re- years of teaching experience. A common prac- quirement, five years of preparation), presently tice among the states now is to permit enough granted on partial fulfillment (bachelor's degree) of the master's degree or fifth-year program for of basic requirements, will increase by 6 semester teachers to be diverted to preparation for the hours on October 1 of each succeeding year. special school service fields for the teacher to Connecticut. For administration and supervi- qualify for certification in these fields at the end sion, present regulations expire September1, of the five-year program.It may be surmised 1968. that this latter pressure, and others enumerated above, will impel an emphasis upon six years of Louisiana. The "C" certificate will be moved preparation for all professional auxiliary or spe- up successively to a "B" to an "A" certificate on cial school service personnel. the basis of years of experience. New York. All administrators and supervisors, on and after September 1, 1969, will be required COMPLETION OF FIFTH YEAR DURING to have completed 60 semester hours of graduate INITIAL SERVICE study. A total of 18 states reported that progression South Dakota. Effective July 1, 1968, all teach- in preparation for teachers at. either the elemen- ers in independent school districts must hold a tary or secondary school teaching level to the certificate based on a bachelor's degree. fifth year or master's degree is mandated within Wisconsin. Elementary teachers are required to a specified number of years for the next highest complete the bachelor's degree by 1972. certificate, but only 10 states reported the mandated time period for completion: California Wyoming. Principals will be required by 1969 elementary and secondary teachers must com- to have completed 30 semester hours in school plete the fifth year within seven and five years administration, of which 15 must be toward the respectively; Connecticut, Kentucky, and Mary- master's degree; superintendents will be required landelementary and secondary teachers, within to have completed six years of preparation by ten years; Indiana and Michiganboth must 1969.

21 FOR TABLE 3.NUMBER OFSTATES ENFORCING THEDEGREE REQUIREMENT SCHOOL TEACHERS, BYDECADES, BEGINNING ELEMENTARYAND SECONDARY 19004960, AND 1961,1964, AND 1967

Number of States Enforcing For Elementary For Secondazy School Teachers Years School Teachers 2 3 1 0 2 1900 0 3 1910 0 10' 1920 23 1930 2 11 40 1940 42 1950 21 1960 39' 43' 5 1 1961 46' 52' 1964 52 1967 47 iegrirement reported reported that the date was kota) which enforce the degree a Includes Delaware which which the requirementbecame prior to 1921. in 1961 that the date on not known but that it was effective was not known.Nevada did not report. b Wyoming reported in 1964thatit previously had (Arizona, California, been erroneously listed at thedegree level in 1956, that This total includes three states District of Columbia) whichhave set the five-year re- it did not achieve this leveluntil 1962; therefore, 1960 instead of 40 and 44 as quirement as the standard. and 1961 totals are 39 and 43 Four states and Puerto Rico are notyet enforcing the reported in the 1961 Edition. Three states (Minnesota, NorthDakota, South Da- degree requirement.

standard ele- PROGRESS SINCE 1964 California requires no minor for mentary, secondary, andjunior college credentials State certification directors wereasked to re- if the holder has amajor in an academicsubject. port on significantchanges in certification re- General education andprofessional preparation quirements since materials weresubmitted for the requirements for the standardjunior college cre- 1964 Manual. Thirteen statesreplied "none"; 14 dential were eliminated; amaster's or doctor's responded "some"; only 5 statesindicated "sig- degree in subject matter isrequired. For Peace nificant" changes (Missouri,Oregon, Rhode Is- Corps applicants with abachelor's degree, a cre- land, South Dakota, andUtah). dential major and minorwith 18 months of Of course, the interpretationof "significant" experience and half-timeservice as a teacher is is subjective and mightinclude a number of the acceptable in lieu of allprofessional education states that answered"some." The following sum- requirements, including studentteaching, for the mary indicates someof the major changes: standard elementary, secondary,and junior col- Arizona upgraded requirementsfor school psy- for school so- lege credentials. chologists, developed requirements Connecticut made extensivechanges in require- cial workers, and addedspecial education per- effective September 2, the certificate list. ments for administrators, sonnel and psychometrists to 1968. There are only twoendorsements on this Arkansas decreed that all teachereducation certificatesuperintendent andintermediate ad- institutions should be meetingNCATE standards ministrators, the latter valid forall administrators by 1970. For newadministrators, six years of and supervisors below thesuperintendent. New preparation were requiredbeginning September requirementstwo years ofgraduate study for 1, 1966.

vs, provisional certification as a superintendent; mas- certificate. Beginning in 1967, a doctoral certifi- ter's degree and 15 semester hours for intermedi- cate will be issued. ate administrators (30 semester hours for stand- Hawaii eliminated specific course requirements ard certification).Required experience for the in education at the eler.entary and secondary lev- administrative certificates was raised to eight and els, retaining required total credits. five years respectively. Illinois has new standards for student teaching Delaware expanded reciprocity provisions to all and for administrative and supervisory positions, states under specified conditions; increased re- effective July 1, 1966, and has a new guide for quirements for superintendents to 60 graduate approving teacher education programs. hours;shiftedseveralcertificatestorequired Kansas revised requirements for administrators courses instead of credits; required 60 hours of and eliminated the requirements of 15 hours for general education for most certificates; and added teaching a field and 5 for a subject; these were certificates for school social workers and adult increased. education. Kentucky developed the Professional Commit- Georgia added several endorsements to profes- ment Certificate for liberal arts graduates; added sional certificates based on four, five, and six requirements for school business administrators; years of preparation, and added a psychologist adopted guidelines for preparation and certifica-

TABLE 4.NUMBER OF STATES ENFORCING THE DEGREE REQUIREMENT FOR BEGINNING ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHERS IN SELECTED YEARS (1930-1967)

Number of Year States States Enforcing (Cumulative)

1 2 3

1930 2 California (1930) ; District of Columbia (1930) 1935 5 Rhode Island (1932) ; Delaware (1934); New York (1936') 1940 12 Arizona (1936); Maryland (1936); North Carolina (1939); Pennsyl- vania (1939); Connecticut (1940); Indiana (1940); Louisiana (1940) 1945 18 Hawaii (1941); Ohio (1942); Utah (1942); Virginia (1942); Washington (1942) ; Illinois (1943) 1950 21 New Hampshire (1948); New Jersey (1948); Georgia (1950) 1955 29 Florida (1951); Vermont (1952); South Carolina (1953); Tennessee (1953); Alabama (1955); Idaho (1955); Oregon (1955); Texas (1955) 1960 39 Massachusetts (1956); Michigan (1956); Mississippi (1956); Ne- vada (1957); New Mexico (1957); Oklahoma (1957); West Vir- ginia (1957); Kansas (1959); Iowa (1960); Kentucky (1960) 1961 43 Alaska (1961); Colorado (1961); Minnesota (1961); Missouri (1961) 1962 44 Wyoming (1962') 1963 46 Arkansas (1963) ; Maine (1963) 1967 47 Montana (1967)

a Date reported for previous editions was 1941; New in 1956. For the 1964 Edition they reported that 1956 York changed Table 19 entry, with no explanation. was the date the State Board of Education adopted the Totals for 1935 and 1940 now are S and 12 instead of requirement, to be effectivein1962.The totals for 4 and 11, respectively, as reported in the 1964 Edition. 1960 and 1961, as reported in the 1961 Manual-40 and Wyoming was previously reported at the degree level 44 respectivelyshould have been 39 and 43.

23 tion of junior high school teachers and school standard,administrative,restricted, and voca- administrators. tional) with specialization norms for each. The Maryland adopted "interim requirements" to approved-program approach is used. provide greater flexibility for certification. Pennsylvania provided for automatic issuance Massachusetts statutes were amended to permit of regularinitialcertificatestograduatesof noncitizens to teach the language of their coun- NCATE and regionally accredited institutions in try of origin. other states; institutional recommendation is re- Minnesota adopted the six-year requirement quired. Course requirements in audiovisual edu- for administrators, effective September 1, 1968; cation and Pennsylvania and U.S. history were adopted minimum requirements for majors and eliminated for permanent certification. minors as a basis for teaching assignments; and Rhode island has new requirements in special added requirements for school business admin- education fields.The U.S. citizenship require- istrators. ment may be waived. A course inRhode Island Mississippi added a readingcertificatefor education was eliminated. grades1-12, a journalism certificate for high South Dakota completed revision of require- school teachers, and a certificate for elementary ments which became effective September1, 1965. school librarians. Texas effected the six-year requirement for ad- Missouri applicants for the emergency or sub- ministrators and increased the hours in subject standard certificate must complete a "Teacher's matter preparation for secondary schoolteachers Academic ContiaerViiii an approved college. and all-level special subject teachers. A sixth-year NCATE-approved program is re- Utah completed revision of requirements which quired for new superintendents. became effective September 1, 1966, including the Montana instituted the degree requirement for Basic Professional Certificate (bachelor's degree) beginning elementary school teachers. and the Professional Certificate (five years). Nebraska added a Special Services Certificate Vermont two-year certificates will not be valid forsuchpositionsasnurse,librarian,and after July 1, 1970. Requirements forteaching therapist. foreign languages and for teachers in junior high New Hampshire added preparation-certification school were increased; requirements for speech programs for school business administratorsand therapists were added. assistant superintendents of schools. Wisconsin legislated the minimum requirement New Jersey discontinued limited and perma- of the bachelor's degree for beginning elementary nent certificates, substituting standard andlife school teachers, effective July 1, 1972. certificates. In addition to these changes, a total of 32 states New York now requires five years of prepara- reported that studies are in progress toward re- tion for permanent certification of elementary vision of existing credentials. school teachers (for nursery and K-6). New requirements for administrators and supervisors LEGAL AUTHORITY FOR CERTIFICATION will become effective September 1, 1969. North Carolina increased in 1967 and will in- The authority to fix requirements for and to crease again in 1968 the National Teacher Exam- issue, renew, and revoke teachers' certificatesis, inations (NTE) score requirements foi certifica- with the exception of minor provision in the law, tion. almost completely vested by legislative authority Oklahoma increased the requirement for the in the respective state departments or boards of school administrator's standard certificate to six education (see Table 12).Seven states (Cali- years, dropped the teacher-counselor certificate, fornia,Colorado,Illinois,Indiana,Nebraska, and increased school counselor certification re- North Dakota, and Puerto Rico) report that their quirements to 22 hours of graouate work. legislatures retain some measure of certification Oregon adopted a new set of regulations in authority in law. Most states reported that this 1965 providing for five types of certificates (basic, authority was shared by the legislature and the

24 state education agency. But examination of the In connection with shared authority, accredited reports indicate that virtually all such agencies public higher institutions in the state of Wash- exercise broad powers. In most state laws vest- ington issue the first certificate awarded a grading authority in the state education agency, cer- uate, but this must be countersigned by the state tain specifications are retained. These specifica- superintendent, and transcripts must be filed with tions usually deal with age, citizenship, health, the state office. oath, and special course requirements (notably state history and constitution). GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR STATE However, three states (California, Delaware, CERTIFICATION and North Dakota) indicated that the legislature retained complete powers. Of course, all state General requirements for certification are those legislatures retain complete powers in that they that all applicants must meet regardless of the can at any session enact legislation superceding school position for which they may be seeking state board of education regulations or rescind- certification, such as age, citizenship, oath, li- ing powers previously granted the state board. cense fees, health, and special courses (see Table But this is rare, resulting often from widespread 13). Such requirements are usually specified in criticisms of existing certification requirements. state laws. Almost without exception, broad grants of pow- Thirty-two states require that the applicant be ers have been delegated to the state boards of a citizen of the United States or file a declaration education. of intent. Twenty-five states require that the ap- Nine states reported that the state board of edu- plicant subscribe to an oath of allegiance or loyalty cation shares the certification authority with other to the United States and the state. Eleven require agencies. The states and the sharing agencies (in evidence of employment as a prerequisite for the parentheses) are as follows: California (county issuance of a teacher's certificate.Forty-three boards of education are empowered to process states require that a beginning-teacher applicant requests for emergency certificates and to issue be recommended by the preparing college and an certificates for (a) student teaching, on request experienced applicant by the employing school of accredited colleges, and (b) regular teachers, officer. pending processing and issuance of the regular Minimum age requirements are as follows: certificate by the State Department of Education; Eighteen states specify no minimum age, two certificates for rehabilitation counselor and mo- specify age 17, twenty-eight specify age 18, three bility instructor are issued by the Health and specify age 19, and one state specifies age 20. Welfare Agency); Delaware (city of Wilmington); Twenty-nine states require fees ranging from Illinois (city of Chicago); Kansas (must grant a $1 to $10 for issuance of a teacher's certificate, certificate to B.S.E. graduates of the three state and 23 require no fee. Twenty-one states require colleges); Maryland (city of Baltimore); Missouri a general health certificate with the application (five state colleges, Lincoln University, and the and 15 require a chest x-ray certificate. University of Missouri are empowered to grant Twelve states reported "yes" on the require- lifecertificates totheir B.S.E. graduates, and ment of a special course. However, several do county superintendents are authorized to issue not actually require a special course as defined one-year certificates by examination); New York herein, i.e., a course that can be pursued only in (cities of Buffalo and New York, but teachers an in-state institution, such as state history and must meet requirements established by the state constitution. commissioner of education); North Dakota (three The states and the special courses reported are cities are empowered to issuecertificates, but Arizona (U.S. and Arizona Constitutions); Cali- only one does so; also, diplomas of B.S.E. gradu- fornia (U.S. Constitution required for renewal of ates of state colleges are accredited as certificates); the standard certificate); Connecticut (U.S. his- Pennsylvania (county or district superintendents tory), Illinois (American history or government, are authorized to issue emergency certificates of or both); Iowa (American- history or govern- limited duration). ment); Louisiana (American history, biological

25 and physical science; Louisiana history for ele- such personnel must hold a specialized kindof mentary school teachers only); Nevada(Nevada certificate. Nineteen states require public nursery Constitution and school law and U.S. Constitu- school teachers and 42 states require public kin- tion); Oklahoma (Oklahoma history and Ameri- dergarten teachers to hold certificates.Probably can history andgovernment); Texas (Texas and all states maintaining nursery and kindergarten federal governments); Washington (Washington schools at public expense require certification. or Pacific Northwesthistory and government); Ten states require teachers in publicly supported Wisconsin (cooperatives and conservation for cer- junior colleges to hold certificates.Generally, tain teachers only); and Wyoming (U.S.and these are states in which the junior colleges are Wyoming Constitutions). a part of the public school system,usually being Eliminating from the "yesses" the states which maintained by the local districts as an extension require U.S. history, Constitution, or government of secondary education, although there are excep- or other courses which callbe obtained in any tions to this. Three states require teachers in the institution and which, therefore, would not be state teachers colleges or state colleges (formerly classified here as specialonly eight states actually teachers colleges) to hold certificates. require special courses: Arizona, Louisiana, Ne- Changes in these provisions between 1964 and vada, Oklahoma, Texas, Washington, Wisconsin, 1967 may reflect incipient trends. For example, four and Wyoming. Of these, Nevada, Oklahoma, states (California, Kansas, Kentucky, andRhode Washington, and Wyoming permit validationof Island) joined the states requiring certification of the required special course by examinationin lieu nursery school teachers; Delawareand North of a course. Only four states, therefore,(Arizona, Carolina were added to the states requiring certi- Louisiana,Texas, and Wisconsin)requirea fication of kindergarten teachers. formal, special course as prerequisite to initial It may be surmised that the Head Start pro- certification.Texaswillallow the incoming grams and emphasis on thenecessity of extending teacher a year in which to complete the course. public education downward to the preschool years The practice of requiring special courses for are influencing states both inestablishing such certification, which tends to be discriminatory for publicly supported schools and in requiring cer- out-of-state applicants, has shown a steady de- tification of their teachers. cline in recent years. In all but four of the states There was a decrease of two states (Minnesota in which such requirements remain, the discrimi- and New Jersey) in the number (from 12 to 10) natory features have been largelyremoved by of states requiring certification for publicjunior administrative flexibility, permitting the applicants college teachers.This probably is due to the to demonstrate competence by examinationin lieu tendency to make the junior college an integral of completion of a formal credit course. part of higher education rather than anextension of secondary education. SCHOOL PERSONNEL REQUIRED TO HOLD Also, the fact that only three states (District of CERTIFICA f ES Columbia, North Dakota, and Rhode Island) now require certificatesof teachers college teach- There are legal provisions in all states requir- ers probably reflects (a)the rapid transformation ing certain public school personnel to hold cer- of these institutions into general statecolleges tificates issued by the designated stateeducation and universities, and (b) the trend toward re- agency (almost always the statedepartment of moval of the governance of these institutions education or public instruction), but there are from the state boards of education. some variations regardingwhat personnel must For teachers in private or parochial schools, or hold them (see Table 16). both, 18 states (either by law or regulation) re- All states require teachers, administrators, and quire such teachers, at some school level orunder special school service personnel in the public ele- certain conditions, to hold certificates. The states mentary and secondary schools to holdcertifi- are Alabama, Alaska, Georgia,Iowa, Louisiana, cates. Although a few states do notissue cer- Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Nevada, tificates by name for the specialized fields,all New York, North Carolina, Ohio,Oklahoma,

26 Puerto Rico, South Dakota, Washington, and semester hours for teacher associates employed Wisconsin.Fourteen of these states legally re- under ESEA Title I. Michigan did provide certifi- quire elementary school teachers in private schools cation for teacher aides in the Bay City experi- to hold certificates (Alabama, Alaska, Georgia, ment, but research in that experiment resulted in Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, Nebraska, the recommendation that certification for such Nevada, North Carolina, Ohio, Puerto Rico, personnel was neither desirable nor necessary. South Dakota, and Washington). In New York, Wisconsin requires three years of college prepara- the provision applies only to the professional tion for theme-graders and study hall supervisors staff of private nursery schools in New York City and three years of experience for assistant moni- and is mandated by rules of the City Health tors for playground and special education. Department. In Wisconsin, regulations of the De- Florida reported that the state superintendent partment of Public Welfare require the principal has issued guidelines for adaptation or adoption by teacher in a private nursery school to hold a cer- school boards as local policy governing the use tificate.In West Virginia, an approved kinder- of teacher aides. Florida also reported that there garten must employ certificated teachers. Teach- is a plan to develop certification proposals for ers in accredited private or parochial schools in paraprofessionals engaged in instructional duties Illinois must meet requirements for certificates but no plan to issue certificates for noninstruc- but are not required to hold them. tional aides. A few states indicated that study of Twelve states, an increase of three over 1964 the problem is under way, but most reported that (Georgia, Michigan, and North Carolina), by law no plans are being considered for certification of or regulation require high school teachers in pri- aides not directly involved in instruction. vate and parochial schools to hold state certificates(Alabama, Alaska, Georgia,Louisiana, ADULT EDUCATION TEACHERS Michigan, Nebraska, Nevada, North Carolina, Twelve states reported special certification plans Ohio, Puerto Rico, South Dakota, and Wash- for adult education teachers (Alaska, California, ington). Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Indiana, The predominant practices regarding certifica- Michigan, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, Ver- tion of teachers in privately supported and con- mont, and Washington), as follows: trolled schools are to require it only in case a Alaska. Adult education teachers must meet school seeks accreditation by the state or to issue requirements for the appropriate vocational cer- certificates upon the voluntary request of teach- tificate. ers.Twenty-seven states follow these practices California. A Standard Designated Subjects at one or more school levels,in which cases Adult Education Credential is issued, requiring teachers in these schools must meet the same high school graduation and four years of appropri- requirements as those in public schools. ate education beyond high school or four years of Twelve states (California, Connecticut, Dela- appropriate experience in the subject to be taught, ware, District of Columbia, Hawaii, Mississippi, or a combination thereof. Missouri, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Texas, Utah, Delaware. For teaching adult basic education, and Wyoming) report no provisions for certifica- including literacy education and preparation for tion of private and parochial school teachers. naturalization, a bachelor's degree in adult, ele- (See the section on reaction to state certifica- mentary, or secondary education or a liberal arts tion by teachers in Catholic schools, in the Intro- degree with a major in social studies or English duction, pp. 14-15.) is required. For general adult education, including academic and cultural education, vocational CERTIFICATION OF PARAPROFESSIONALS and technical education, and civic and public Five states indicated certification provisions affairs, a bachelor's degree in education or liberal for paraprofessionals or teacher aides. The Dis- arts with at least two years of training in the trict of Columbia requires such personnel to meet special field or three years of experience in the federal civil service standards. Georgia certifies special field, with additional training in techniques school lunch program directors. Iowa requires 60 of working with adults, is required.

27 District of Columbia. Special licenses are is- California. Cuban refugees must meet certifi- sued; the requirements were not reported. cation requirements applicable to non-Cuban refu- Florida.Teachers holding valid elementary, gees. However, the State Department of Educa- secondary, or junior college certificates may be tion has made a special effort to interpret require- issuedcertificates for general adult education. ments to a group of Cubans in the Miami area. Teachers of special nonvocational courses for The Standard Designated Subjects Teaching Cre- adults are required to hold a valid certificate in dential lends itself well to Cubans who are inter- the subject taught. A temporary certificate may ested in teaching Spanish. be issued to nondegree teachers for special adult Florida. A temporary or provisional certificate classes; the requirements are high school gradua- may be issued to a Cuban citizen refugee or an tion, 48 months of work experience in the field, individual admitted to the United States as a and recommendation of the county superinten- refugee by presenting evidence of completion of a dent. Temporary certificates for teachers of aca- bachelor's degree, signing an oath that he is a demic noncredit courses for adults requirea refugee from the prevailing government of his bachelor's degree, a score of 500 on the NTE, native country and that he will uphold the prin- 800 ontheGraduateRecordExamination ciples of the U. S. Constitution, and presenting (GRE), and recommendation ofthe county from the employing superintendent a request that superintendent. the applicant be certified and evidence that he is Indiana. A plan is being developed. not a security risk. The certificate is renewable on 6 semester hours. Michigan. A certificate is issued requiring the recommendation of the district superintendent. Iowa reported that a special program has been in operation since 1963 in conjunction with the Oklahoma. Teachers of adult education in pub- State Department of Public Instruction, the Uni- lic schools must hold a valid certificate with an versity of Iowa, and the U.S. Office of Education. appropriate approval credential. A full description of the Iowa plan was published Oregon. Adult educators are issued a certifi- in the 1964 Edition of the Manual. cate in the area of competency on request of the Kentucky has no special plan, but Cubans with school district. proper credentials can qualify under the Profes- Rhode Island issues a certificate valid for serv- sional Commitment plan. ice in adult education for endorsed subjects. The Michigan institutions have some leeway in rec- certificate may have additional endorsements upon ommending certificates for Cuban refugees. recommendation of the employing superintendent and approval of the chief of the Division of Adult Montana has no special certification plan, but Education. For certain subjects, certificates may a special teacher education program was con- be issued to persons of demonstrated competency. ducted by the College of Great Falls, August Vermont. Adult education teachers must be 1964 through August 1965, for about thirty Cuban refugees. eligible for an elementary certificate and complete a one-week course for teachers of adultbasic New Hampshire has no special plan. Evalua- education. tion of credentials by the U.S. Office of Education is the basis for determining eligibility for certifica- Washington.Adult education teachers must have experience or preparation in the subject and tion of refugees. recommendation of thedistrict superintendent. New Jersey. School districts wishing to employ refugees may present a special appeal to the commissioner of education. PROVISIONS FOR REFUGEE TEACHERS Ohio requires evaluation of foreign credentials Four states (Florida, Iowa, Ohio, and Pennsyl- by an approved Ohio teacher education institu- vania) reportedspecial provisions for Cuban tion, completion of deficiencies, and recommenda- refugee teachers for the teaching of Spanish. Sev- tion of the institution. eral other states commented on procedures by Pennsylvania.Special summer institutesat which such teachers can be certified. Kutztown State College, in cooperation with the

,,,,,..4f1.12£".'A. State Department of Public Instruction, prepare required of typical teacher education students. No Cuban refugees to teach Spanish. mention was made of existing or projected use West Virginia. Evidence of college graduation of proficiency examinations. and satisfactory scores on the NTE and on Mod- ern Language Association (MLA)examinations CERTIFICATION OF TEACHERS IN FEDERAL are required of refugee applicants. TEACHER-RELATED PROGRAMS Wyoming. Several Cuban refugees have been certified on the basis of education equivalent to In an effort to ascertain developments in cer- that required of all applicants. tification and preparation for several categories of personnel which are usually connected with RETIRED MILITARY PERSONNEL public school programs under federal grants or personnel with teacher-related backgrounds, states Only five states (Kansas, Kentucky, Nevada, were asked to report on existing orprojected Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island) reported some practices. special provision for certifying or preparing retired military personnel who are college graduates. Peace Corps Returnees Several states reported some adaptation of requirements. The replies indicated that 10 states had formal California has an informal plan. Certain insti- or informal plans for Peace Corpsteachers (Cali- tutions have teaching internship programs which fornia, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Michigan, lend themselves to preparation of such personnel. Missouri, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Florida. A temporary certificate is available Vermont, and Washington). They reported as on a bachelor's degree. follows: Kansas. Service time is excluded from tk re- California. Eighteen months of foreign service cency requirement. A returning veteran mayhave in the Peace Corps that included half-time service a previously held certificaterenewed on request. as a teacher is acceptable in lieu ofall professional Kentucky. The Professional Commitment type education requirements, including student teach- certificate is applicable to such personnel. ing, for the standard elementary, secondary, and Michigan. Leeway is allowed institutions in junior college credentials. This experience is also recommending such personnel for certification. acceptable for meeting the fifth-year requirement Nevada. Evaluation and advisement are left unless it is necessary to take course work beyond to institutions. the bachelor's degree to complete requirements for New Jersey has no formal plan but school dis- a major or minor. Peace Corpsapplicants must tricts may present a special appeal to the com- meet the following requirements: a bachelor's or missioner of education in individual cases. higher degree, a credential major or minor, 45 Pennsylvania. An interim certificate is issued semester hours in general education, and for ele- and candidates must complete full requirements mentary teachers,a 3-semester-hour specified while teaching. The allowance of credit for ex- math course. perience in the service is left to institutions. District of Columbia. The Cardozo Project in Rhode Island. Two years of experience in a Urban Teaching is an internship program for military teaching assignment is accepted in lieu Peace Corps returnees; it also involves a master of of student teaching. arts in teaching program. Washington.Student teaching is required of Kentucky. The Professional Commitment type those without teaching experience. certificate is applicable to Peace Corps teachers. It is obvious from the above reports that few, Michigan. Institutions are not required to en- if any, states have systematic plans to evaluate force fully the approved teacher education pro- fully the college preparation of retired military gram in recommending certification forPeace personnel, their service teaching and related ex- Corps teachers. However, teaching experience in perience, and essential knowledge acquired dur- the Peace Corps may not apply on requirements ing years of military service and to equate them for permanent certification but does apply on withspecificcourseand creditprescriptions extension of provisional certificates.

29 the Missouri. A one-year certificate willbe issued California.If the program is a part of participating to a Peace Corps returneeif he holds a degree public schools, or of private schools Children's and meets teaching and academicfield or sub- in the state public funds program, a ject requirements and enters into a"Teacher's Center Permit is required. Academic Contract" with a college tocomplete Connecticut. There are no plans as yet to cer- determina- requirements for regular certification;the institu- tificate Head Start personnel, pending and type of tion may waive student-teachingrequirements. tion of effectiveness of the program New York added a full-time staffmember lo personnel needed. work with the Peace Corps and encourage re- District of Columbia. Special exemptions(pre- requirements) turnees to teach in the state. sumably from regular certification Pennsylvania. An interim certificate is provided are given to graduatingseniors and special quotas for returnees who have a collegedegree but no to out-of-state applicants. be able course work ineducation, pending completion of Michigan. Head Start teachers would regular certification requirements. Someinstitu- to apply their experiencetoward requirements for tions allow credit toward certificationrequirements permanent certification. for some training and experience inthe Corps. Oklahoma. Head Start teachers must hold an hold Rhode Island. Two years of servicewith the elementary certificate; assistant teachers must Peace Corps will waive thestudent-teaching re- a valid certificateof some kind. Vermont. Head Start teachers must hold orbe quirement. have some Vermont. In an informal plan, thecandidate eligible for elementary certificates, and will be judged on an individual basis and a pro- background in early childhood education, gram mapped out based onliberal evaluation of complete a one-week special course. There are no teachers. his training and experience. certification specifications for assistant Washington. If the candidate holds a degree, West Virginia has no special certification pro- uni- he can be issued a temporarycertificate if revisions for Head Start teachers. Two state for them. quested by the school district.This applies to versities have developed training centers other groups alsoretired military personneland The state encourages employment ofprofession- out-of-state teachers. ally educated teachers. Wisconsin. A special plan is underconsidera- Job Corps Teachers tion, possibly certification underprovisions for Virtually no special provisions or plans were nonprofessional personnel. Corps reported for certification of teachers in Job TYPES OF CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY THESTATES programs. The usual practiceis emergency or temporary certification, generallyavailable to sub- The types of certificates issued toschool per- standard teachers.California reported that one sonnel by the states have beenclassified in this in-state institution has a special program forsuch Manual and preceding editions in threecategories. personnel. Ob%o reported that temporarycertifi- The classifications are arbitrary and are not nec- cation is available during the in-servicetraining essarily considered definitive by the states.The period and gull certification upon completionof three categories used herein are: (a)According an approved college program.Several other states to the term or duration ofvalidity.Inthis cate- reported that provisions for Peace Corpsand gory, classifications arelife, permanent, limited, retired military personnel were applicable toJob continuing, and provisional or probationary(tem- Corps teachers. porary or short-term).(b) According to levels of preparation. The nomenclature used inthis cate- Head Start Teachers gory usually includesregular, standard, profes- The predominant reply to the question con- sional, and emergency or substandard.(Limited cerning certification of Head Start teachers and and permanent certificates are used in somestates assistant teachers was that they must meet the to denote levels of preparation aswell as terms same requirements as regularteachers in the pub- of the certificates).(c) According to authoriza- lic elementary schools. Some comments: tion of teaching position or assignment.The types here are usually blanket or general (with no area, As a general rule, conditions for issuance of teaching field, or subject specified on the certifi- life certificates by the respective states are re- cate), endorsed (each authorized teaching area, ported in the footnotes to Table 17. field, or subject is endorsed on the certificate), and special-field (one certificate on which sepa- Blanket Certificates rate special fields may be endorsed). (See Table 17.) Twelve states issue blanket, or general, high school certificates which do not carry endorse- Life and Permanent Certificates ments of teaching fields and subjects which the holder is qualified to each according to the re- Twenty-seven states issue life or permanent cer- quirements of the given state. This is a decrease tificates; Michigan and Nebraska joined the list of two states (Oregon and Arizona) from the of 25 in the 1964 Manual. The permanent cer- number reported in 1964 and a decrease of four tificate usually is not a life certificate but remains since 1961. valid only as long as the holder teaches continu- There appears to be some movement away from ously or is not out of teaching beyond a specified the blanket certificate. Obviously, the controversy number of years. Of the 27 states, 5 issue this over the misassignment of teachers is influencing type (Connecticut, District of Columbia, Georgia, states toward the endorsed field, subject, or area Louisiana, and South Dakota). This number (27) practice. is a net increase of 4 over that listed in the 1961 The blanket certificate does not mean, as is Manual. The definite trend away from the life or often interpreted, that a holder is authorized to permanent certificate, evident in earlier editions teach any and all fields.All states have teach- of the Manual, now appears to have come to a ing-field prescriptions which applicants must meet halt, and perhaps to be reversed. in order to be legally assigned to teach a particular Twenty-seven states reported that they did at field. In some states (Alaska, Kansas, and Utah), one time issue life certificates but that the practice these prescriptions are set forth in the certification has now been discontinued. The states so report- regulations; sometimes they are included in ac- ing, with dates of discontinuance, are as follows: crediting requirements of the state (Alaska, Colo- Arizona (1921); Arkansas (1939); Colorado rado, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Nebraska, Nevada, (1961); Connecticut (1959, issues permanent North Dakota, Vermont, and Washington). In certificates); Florida (1939); Georgia (1951, is- Alaska the requirements are contained in both sues permanent certificates); Idaho (1948); Illi- certification and accrediting regulations.Okla- nois (1955); Kansas (1947); Louisiana (1947, homa uses accrediting regulations and state-aid issues permanent certificates); Maine (1947); regulations to enforce the requirements. Maryland (1916); Mississippi (1954); Montana The enforcement of the teaching assignment in (1954); Nevada (1955); New Hampshire (1948); the case of the blanket certificate is usually left New Mexico (1956); North Carolina (1930); to the employing school officers and to the accred- Oklahoma (1950); Oregon (1937 and 1943); iting authorities, sometimes aided by regulations South Carolina (1945); South Dakota (1956, for allotment of state financial aid. now issues permanent certificates); Tennessee (1953); Utah (1935); Vermont (1934); Wash- Endorsed Certificates ington (1938); and Wyoming (1952). In some of these states, teachers in service at the time of In regard to high school credentials, the pre- discontinuance of the life certificate may still claim dominant practice among the states is the issuance the right to a life certificate under laws or regula- of endorsed certificates. One or more teaching tions existing at that time. fields or subjects, for which the holder meets the Michigan discontinued life certificates in 1939 specified preparation requirements, are endorsed but restored them in 1967. New York issues on the certificate as evidence to the employing permanent certificates whichit now classifies school official of the qualifications of the teacher as life. for assignment. Forty-four states issue this type

31 I

of certificate on which the academic teaching fields Colorado uses the NTE common examination are endorsed; and 41 states endorse special fields for issuing the Type "A" Certificate, requiring a as well on the high school certificate, while 12 score at or above the 75th percentile. Very few states issue a separate certificate for each special teachers achieve certification through this means. field. Occasionally, Connecticut uses MLA exams to establish competence in the foreign language. ENFORCEMENT OF TEACHING ASSIGNMENTS In Delaware, the NTE may be used by degree applicants for validation of work from an unac- The states depend upon a variety of processes credited college, in lieu of course work foran to assure against the misassignment of teachers. additional endorsed teaching field, to complete Usually a given state employs more than one, so requirements for a major teaching field if the it is difficult to pinpoint accurately what proced- deficiency is within 6 semester hours and the appli- ures are used by what states to enforce proper cant has three years of teaching experience, or in teaching assignments. lieu of refresher credits. The MLA exams may be A summary of the reports of state certification used for the last three provisions above and are directors reflects that 15 states use the possible required to validate preparation in a foreign coun- loss of state accreditation of schools to assure try and competency in the language. proper assignment; 14 states use endorsed certifi- The District of Columbia requires examinations cates to record specified areas of competence of for all applicantsNTE common and area ex- a given teacher; 11 states may withhold funds to aminations in all appropriate areas; local examina- districts which practice misassignment; 16 states tions are used where NTE does not have exams in check (often by computer) required reports on such special areas as trade and industrial educa- teachers employed and the subjects or areas to tion. which they are assigned against their area of con- Florida uses examinations as prerequisites for centration. Other procedures used by a few states regular certification. The examinations used are are: provision for emergency or limited use of NTE (a score of 500 or higher is required on the misassignment (6 states); superintendent is under oath to abide by laws and regulations (1 state); common examination) or the GRE Verbal and Quantitative Abilities Tests (a score of 800 or salaries of misassigned teachers may be withheld more is required). In addition, the State Depart- (3 states); provisions of the law (6 states); school ment of Education administers its own examina- visits (1 state); warning to school (4 states); and tion as a prerequisite for certification of candidates placing school on probation (1 state). (for temporary certification) with less than 61 It should be repeated that virtuallyno state semester hours of college credit. Also, scores on depends on any one of the above varied procedures the above examinations are, by state law, pre- for enforcing teaching assignments but may use requisite for eligibility for a continuing contract. several. Georgia requires NTE examinations for issuance of the six-year specialist certificate and for grant- THE USE OF EXAMINATIONS IN CERTIFICATION in-aid study. California uses the NT/3 common and area Maine permits initial applicants to submit satis- examinations for renewal of provisional (emer- factory scores on the NTE in lieu of a maximum gency) credentials. A passing score on the MLA of 9 semester hours of course work. For superin- examination may be offered in lieu of foreign tendents, an examination in school law may be language course work required for the Standard taken in lieu of a course in the subject. Designated Subjects Teaching Credential ina New York permits use of proficiency examina- Modem Foreign Language. Also, a special Edu- tions in lieu of some specific course requirements cational Testing Service exam is used in the selec- for certification. tion of specialist reading teachers. California re- North Carolina uses the NTE common and ported that it appeared to be moving toward area examinations as prerequisites for certification. greater use of tests for certification purposes. Effective July 1, 1967, all certificates or ratings

32 based on a bachelor's degree or less require a Florida; Georgia, for one certificate; North Caro- score of 475 on both the common and the appro- lina; and South Carolina) use qualifying examina- priate area examinations.If either score is be- tions for certification. West Virginia and Texas tween 425 and 474, a one-year nonrenewable use the NTE for evaluation purposes only.In probationary certificate is issued. For certificates addition, examinations are used in several states based on the master's degree, a minimum score of to validate degrees from unaccredited institutions 550 on both the common and appropriate area and to renew emergency certificates. A total of exams is required. Certificates based on six years nine states use proficiency examinations to enable of preparation require minimum scores of 625. applicants to substitute scores on certain subjects These requirements are to be increased July 1, in lieu of course credit (California, Connecticut, 1968, when minimum scores on the common and Delaware, District of Columbia, Maine, New area exams will become 500 for certificates based York, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and Wyoming.) on the bachelor's degree, 600 for the master's, and 650 for six years of preparation. STATE PROCEDURES FOR ACCREDITING Pennsylvania uses the MLA Proficiency Tests TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS as prerequisites for foreign language certificates. Occasionally, in the case of persons educated in Twenty-nine states reported that they have de- foreign institutions, the NTE is used to validate veloped and are using formal standards for ac- that work. crediting institutions for teacher education, while South Carolina has used the NTE for many 20 have not. Three states (Delaware, Maryland, years to enable teachers to raise the level of their and Vermont) reported that state standards are in certificates and as a prerequisite for initial certi- process of development. Four states (NewYork, fication or for adding endorsed fields. Oregon, South Dakota, and Utah) have developed The Texas State Board of Education approved standards since the 1964 report. (See Table 18.) in February 1967 an experimental five-year pro- Only two states (Arkansas and Idaho) reported gram proposed by the State Board of Examiners complete reliance upon regional accreditation or to require all teacher education seniors to take dependence upon regional standards for evaluat- the NTE. At present,itis contemplated that ing institutions.Nine states use the suggested these scores will be used for institutional self- standards in U.S. Office of Education Circular evaluation and study by the agency. No cut-off 351 2 developed by a committee of NASDTEC, scores are to be used now. This implies that, if while 14 states rely somewhat upon NCATE the use of NTE proves satisfactory, passing the standards. Twenty-five states reported the use of examinations eventually will become a prerequisite a special committee appointed by the stateboard for certification. of education or other body (e.g., state board of Vermont permits the use of satisfactory scores examiners or accrediting commission) as visita- on the NTE or MLA exams in lieu of some re- tion teams, and 16 states apparently use individual quirements. staff members or staff committees for visitation West Virginia requires all senior teacher educa- and evaluation of institutions. There seems to be tion students to take the NTE common and one a developing shift among the statestoward (a) optional examination for evaluative purposes only. deriving their own standards, (b) making greater Also, a few liberal arts graduates are certified use of NCATE and regionalstandards, and (c) provisionally on the basis of the NTE scores. increasing the use of special committees and state Wyoming uses a state examination to permit staff in evaluation of in-state institutions. candidates to substitute a passing score for a required course in Wyoming and U.S. Constitu- 2Perkins, Mary Ellen, chairman, Accrediting Stand- tions. ards Revision Committee. Proposed Standards for State Approval of Teacher Education. (A project of the Na- tional Association of State Directors of Teacher Educa- Summary tion and Certification, assisted by the U.S. Office of Edu- cation.)Circular No. 351 revised. Washington, D. C.: From the above, it appears that six states (Colo- Office of Education, U.S. Department of Health, Educa- rado, for one certificate; District of Columbia; tion, and Welfare, 1967. 43 pp.

,44.51e01.1011.1.11,..,111, I

Descriptions of procedures used in selected in the State Department. The supervisor sends to states are as follows: the applying institution six sets of schedules in keeping with the programs for which approval is California. The State Board of Education (by desired. Five sets, properly filled out by the insti- statutory authority) appoints a state accreditation tution, must be returned to the supervisor within committee of up to 20 members. The committee 60 days of receipt. The sixth set is retained by administers the accreditation program through the institution. A five-member committee ap- visiting committees, which usually use standard pointed by the supervisor of teacher education and procedures. The committee recommends for or certification (who serves as chairman) reviews the against accreditation to the State Board which schedules, visits the institution, and evaluates the then grants or denies it. Programs are accredited teacher education programs. The state superin- rather than institutions, and completion of a pro- tendent of education uses the report of the visiting gram leads to certification. In reality, thestand- committee in making recommendations to the ards used are the certification requirements. The State Board of Education, which takes appropri- schedules are guides to institutions for the devel- ate action. opment of application reports. Florida. Determination of whether an institu- Massachusetts accepts degrees and course cred- tion meets State Board of Education regulations its from (a) nationally or regionally accredited is a function of a visiting committee, with ap- institutions,(b)institutions approved for cer- proval by the Board.Individual programs are tification by their own state departments of checked and approved by the state director of education, and (c) any in-state institution whose tea-;her education and certification. degree-granting powers have been approved by Indiana. An institution submits a self-study the Massachusetts Board of Collegiate Authority. and completes a questionnaire, then a visiting team Other Massachusetts colleges may apply to the inspects the institution and writes a report. The Board of Education for approval. If after investi- Teacher Training and Licensing Commission of gation through a process similar to that used by the State Board of Education acts after reviewing regional accrediting agencies a college is approved the two reports. by the Board, its course credits are accepted. Iowa. Formal action is taken by the State Board Maryland. A visiting team composed of staff of Education once every five years. Institutions file members of the State Department of Education reports on each program in terms of Iowa "Pro- and from three to five consultants, usually from gram Standards." Non-NCATE-accredited insti- another state, reviews and observes the college tutions make a self-evaluation in terms of NCATE program, facilities, policies, andpractices relating Standards and Guide for Accreditation of Teacher to teacher education and evaluates thestaff.Its Education. A formal visit is then made by a team recommendations go to the State Board of Edu- of staff members of the State Department of Public cation. Instruction. The publication of a list of approved Minnesota. A visiting committee of seven eval- institutions indicates the areas of approval. uates an institution on the basisof standards Kentucky. The Division of Teacher Education approved by the State Board of Education.Ap- and Certification invites the institution to make a proval is granted by the Board uponrecommenda- study, over a period of a year or more, on the tion by the visiting committee. basis of the criteria and standards used. A visiting committee then spends two days at the institution Mississippi. A college accrediting commission of Colleges and makes a formal report to the Division. Pro- of the state or the Southern Association college. visional accreditation only is given, this for two, and Secondary Schools must approve the The teacher education program is thenreviewed four, or more years upon agreement to strengthen certain areas. Revisitation is done by the original and approved by the State Board of Education. committee. Oregon. A visiting committee, selected from a Louisiana. An institution desiring full approval panel of names submitted by professional groups, must file the appropriate application with the reports and recommends to theState Board of supervisor of teacher education and certification Education, which takes final action.

34 Oklahoma. The accrediting procedure includes pletiorofdieinstitutionalrequirements; the visitation and evaluation by a visiting team, rec- minimum requirements for certification of the ommendation by the State TEPS Commission State Board of Education prevail. Applicants from based on the team's report, and approval by the Michigan institutions must satisfactorily complete State Board of Education. a program approved by theState Board of Educa- tion. THE APPROVED-PROGRAM APPROACH Minnesota. The approved institution recommends by special form the person who has com- As used in this Manual, the approved-program pleted the teacher education program to the State approach refers to certification of an applicant Department of Education. Certification is auto- largely on recommendation ofthe preparing matic. college that he has completed a program in a New Jersey.Institutions submit curriculums specified field or area which is approved by the for approval by the State Department of Educa- state department of education. Thisimplies that tion.Periodically, the institutions submit names the particular program has received prior ap- of students who have completed the approved cur- proval and that certification is automatic upon riculums successfully, together with recommenda- recommendation of the institution. This proce- tions for certification. Certificates are sent to the dure is of course, restricted to in-state institutions. institutions for distribution, normally at com- The processing of credentials from out-of-state mencement. institutions is generally done individually. New York. Candidates who complete approved In 1967, a total of 46 states reported use of programs are recommended forcertification by the approved-program approach in somedegree. name and subject area or levelonly. Certificates Only 6 states in 1967 reported no use of this are issued on this basis alone toabout half of the approach (Alaska, D.C., Hawaii, Idaho, Massa- approximately 26,000 persons certified each year. chusetts, and Mississippi). (See Table 19.) The states vary widely in their interpretation THE RECIPROCITY PICTURE and application of the approved-program approach Only 11 states reported in 1967 that they are to certification, as illustrated by thefollowing members of a regional reciprocity compact or descriptions: agreement. These states (Connecticut, Delaware, Kentucky. After the Advisory Committee on Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hamp- Teacher Education, the Council on Public Higher shire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Education, and the State Board of Education have Mode Island, and Vermont) form the Northeast adopted guidelines for program development, the Reciprocity Compact.It is now clear that all Division of Teacher Education and Certification other regional compacts have fallen into disuse. works with the colleges in developing the pro- The Northeast Compact has undergone several grams. The program for each typeof certificate is revisions. It originally embraced the New England submitted by an institution and reviewed. When states, New York, and New Jersey but was later the program meets the guidelines, the directorof extended to Delaware, Maryland, and Pennsyl- teacher education and certification recommends vania.Apparently the pri,sent provisions apply official approval by the State Board of Education. only to elementary teachers, as evidenced by the Students who follow and complete the approved following resolution of the Pennsylvania Depart- program may be recommendedfor certification ment of Public Instruction: by the college. An applicant who has graduated from a program Michigan uses a combination of the approved- in elementary education with at least a baccalaureate program method for certificationand investiga- degree from a regionally or nationally accredited in- tion of individual credentials. The institutional stitution in the states of Connecticut, Delaware, recommendation for a teacher's certificate is re- Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, quired in all instances. For out-of-state applicants, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, or Vermont, the institution presents a form making such a shall be issued a Pennsylvania Provisional College recommendation and providing evidence of corn- Certificate in Elementary Education, provided the

35 STATES WHICH USE THE APPROVED TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAM PROCEDURE IN APPROVING APPLICATIONS FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES

New England Middle iation States leges Association cf d Colleges an ondary Seconda. Schools

Waste College Associatio

States which use the approvedprogram approach 0States which do not

program is approved by the State Department of Indiana. "We give full reciprocity to an NCATE Education in the state in which the institution is graduate for his major area." located. Kentucky. "NCATE is the only agency which To the question, "What role,if any, does applies common standards on a nationwide basis NCATE accreditation serve in aiding reciprocity withoutpartiality.We look upon NCATE- in your state?" the states responded as follows: accredited institutions with more assurance than 13 states replied "none," 13 replied "some," 24 any other system affords." replied "significant," and 2 did not answer. Thus, Oregon. "Four-year programs of all NCATE- 37 states report "some" or "significant" use of accredited institutions are recognized on a recipro- NCATE accreditation to expedite the free move- cal basis." ment of qualified teachers across state lines. (See Texas. "Graduates of NCATE-approved insti- Table 20.) tutions are accepted as qualified teachers. (Statu- Among the states reporting that the use of tory requirement of Texas and 'U.S. Constitution NCATE accreditation is significant, the following must be met for permanent certificate.)" comments will indicate the general nature of the use: Also, three states (Colorado, Oklahoma, and Alabama."If a college official certifies that Wyoming) reported that they adhere to the the applicant completed the NCATE-approved NASDTEC recommendation, the essence of which program for teacher education, a certificateis is as follows: 4ssued." Graduates of colleges and universities which at Delaware. "NCATE graduates are accepted the time of the applicant's graduation are fully ac- automatically without penalty if they are fully credited by the National Council for Accreditation recommended by their institutions." of Teacher Education should be eligible for a regu-

36 ROLE SERVED BY THE NATIONAL COUNCIL FORACCREDITATION OF TEACHER EDUCATION IN AIDING RECIPROCITY

New England Middle iation States feges Association of d Colleges an condary Nortl west As Seconda Schools Seco S

North Central sociation of

Weste lieges and Col leg ndary Schools Associatio

them D. C. iation o conda School P. R.

Hawaii 11100.4.

Significant

Some III None

No reply

the covering the area or levelof crease of 27 overthe 1,173 total reported in lar teacher certificate It is the largest teaching for which thecandidate is recommended 1964 Manual. (See Ch. IV.) 1,218 institutions were by his preparing institutionand which is supported number since 1957, when by the transcriptprovided by the institution.It reported. should be assumed thatthis policy applies only to Thirteen states in 1967 reported netgains in the applicants who havegraduated from the regularly the number of teachereducation institutions: Cali- approved teacher education programthat is speci- fornia (2), Connecticut (1),Florida (5), Iowa fically accredited by NCATE.It should be assumed (1), Missouri (7), Nevada(1), New Mexico that this policy will notapply to statutory provisions Carolina (7), North states relating tosuch (1), New York (9), North that are in effect in some Dakota (1), Ohio (1), andRhode Island (1). requirements as audiovisual aids,conservation, state Furthermore, the policy New York led the stateswith an increase of 9, history and government increase in the num- should relate at present only tothe certification of largely accounted for by an teachers and should not apply tothe certification of ber of private liberal artscolleges offering teacher school service personnel such asadministrators, su- education. Five states reporteddecreases in the pervisors, and guidanceworkers. number of approved teachereducation institutions: Illinois (2), Kentucky(10), Maine (2), NUMBER AND TYPES OFTEACHER EDUCATION Minnesota (1), and Pennsylvania(4). The de- INSTITUTIONS ACCORDING TOCONTROL crease in Kentuckyresulted from the dropping of AND ACCREDITATION junior colleges from the list. and universities in the As to the types of colleges,according to func- The number of colleges approved for teacher United States offering teachereducation programs tion and control, which are In 1967, the states education, among the total of1,200, 19 are teach- has varied from year to year. public and 11 private), 305 are reported a total of 1,200such institutions, an in- ers colleges (8 37

4.- universities (151 public and 154 private), 207 percent are nationally accredited. The raw per- are public general (or state) colleges, 598 are centages at this point may be misleading, however, privateliberalartscolleges, 31are technical as the 449 NCATE-accredited institutions pro- schools, 39 are junior colleges, and 1is un- duce the preponderance of the nation's teachers classified. each year. The shift from the single-purpose state teachers According to the latest data available,3 the per- college or college of education, which has been centage of the nation's annual total of new gradu- gathering momentum since about 1950, is now ates prepared for teaching coming from NCATE- almost complete, with 8 left. ..Only in six states accredited institutions has steadily increased since (D.C. (1), Illinois (2), Kansas (1), Missouri the Council began accrediting teacher education. (2), North Carolina (1) and Oregon (1) ) do Elementary SchoolHigh School state teachers colleges by our definition remain. To Year Teachers Teachers indicate the rapidity of this shift, the 1964 Manual reported 35 public (and 12 private) teachers col- 1955 60.5% 59.8% leges (total, 47); 113 public and 13 private (total, 1958 65.1 63.3 126) were reported in the 1957 Edition. 1961 71.3 67.4 1964 74.1 73.7 Correspondingly, there has been a significant increase in recent years in the public universities The proportions of the 1964 supply produced and state general colleges approved for teacher by various types and governances of institutions education. The number of public universities has are given in Table 5. Of the total coming from jumped from 79 in 1957 to 151 in 1967, an these institutions, teachers colleges produced 5.1 increase of 72. (Many of these were, of course, percent, general colleges 53 percent, and univer- formerly state teachers colleges or state colleges, sities 41.9 percent. Public institutions produced and perhaps most began as normal schools.) State 67.9 percent of the graduating teachers; non- colleges increased from 145 in 1957 to 207 in public institutions, 32.1 percent. 1967, a gain of 62. (Most of these were formerly The NEA Research Division reported that state teachers colleges.) NCATE-accredited institutions in 1964 produced The number of private liberal arts colleges with 73.8 percent of the total of new teachers in that approved teacher education programs increased year. Of the total new graduates prepared for from 511 in 1957 to 598 in 1967, a gain of 87; elementary school teaching in 1964 (74,964), and private universities from 127 to 154, a gain 74.1 percent were from NCATE institutions; the of 27. state percentages ranged from 10.4 in South Caro- The number of junior colleges approved for lina to 100 in Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming. Of teacher education declined from 181 in 1957 to the total new graduates prepared for high school 39 in 1967, a net loss of 142. Twenty of the re- teaching in 1964 (116,427), 73.7 percent came maining 39 junior colleges approved for teacher from NCATE-accredited institutions; the state education are in Wisconsin; these were established percentages ranged from 9 in South Carolina to many years ago as county teachers colleges. 100 in Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming.4 With regard to the types of accreditation held In California, New York, and Texasthree by the 1,200 teacher education institutions in large teacher-producing statesthe percentages of 1967, all, of course, are accredited or approved new elementary teachers coming from NCATE- by their respective state departments of education; accredited institutions were 65.2, 83.9, and 68.8 1,062 are accredited by their regional associations, respectively. The percentages of high school teach- leaving 138 institutions holding only state ap- ers produced by NCATE-accredited institutions proval or accreditation. A total of 449 are accredited by the National Council for Accreditation 3 National Education Association, Research Division. Teacher Supply and Demand in Public Schools, 1964.65. of Teacher Education. Research Report 1965-R10.Washington, D. C.: the Thus, about 89 percent of the 1,200 institutions Association, June 1965. pp. 19-21. hold regional accreditation, while only about 37.5 4/bid. See Tables 6 and 7, pp. 22 and 23.

38 in the three states were 76.0, 78.5, and71.6 re- as the professional accrediting body for teacher spectively. In only three states (Alaska,Dela- education, the new constituency being: NEA, ware, and Hawaii) arethere no institutions ac- NCTEPS (6); AACTE (7); NASDTEC (1); credited by NCATE.5 CCSSO (1); NSBA (1); and representatives of scholarly societies (3). WHITHER NCATE Another review of NCATE occurred in 1960 by the NCA. Criticisms of NCATE procedures The establishment of the National Councilfor continued, and when the Carleton College and Accreditation of Teacher Education in 1952,in University of Wisconsin controversies occurred which major organizations of the teachingprofes- in 1961 and 1962, new criticisms arose based on universities sion and the preparing colleges and the structure, standards, and processes of NCATE. joined to claim the same right that all other recog- Then Conant's criticisms appeared in 1963 and nized professions have-in this case theestablish- 1964. The National Commission on Accrediting teaching-touched ment of a national process for began another review.As a result, in 1966 off violent reaction in some quarters. The original NCATE adopted a new constitution which pro- structure of NCATE provided formembership as vided for a majority representation of higher edu- follows: NEA, NCTEPS (6); American Associa- cation institutions and a 22-member body. A tion of Colleges for Teacher Education (AACTE) Coordinating Board was established and charged (6); NASDTEC (3); CCSSO (3); andNational with the responsibility of supervising the budget School Boards Association (NSBA) (3). and the review of NCATE policies and procedures. Not until 1954 was NCATE inbusiness with Authority was lodged in AACTE for the continu- the employment of a secretariat.But then the ing evaluation of standards and the developing of skirmishing broke out anew, with theNCATE new standards. AACTE also is tohold annual structure, objectives, and processessubjected to meetings for interested individuals and institutions critical review by the National Commission on discuss Accrediting (NCA). The criticism at this time to voice concerns and criticism and to problems. was too much representationfrom the state legal authorities and too little from the liberal arts fields. Finally, in 1956 the NCA recopizedNCATE 5 lbid., p. 20.

TABLE 5.-NUMBER AND PERCENT OFGRADUATES PREPARED FOR TEACHING IN 1964, BY TYPE AND CONTROL OFINSTITUTION

Graduates Teachers Colleges General Colleges Universities Total Prepared for Teaching Public Private Public Private Public Private Public Private 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Elementary school 3,755 609 25,457 14,678 20,857 7,465 50,069 22,752 Percent of total 5.2 0.8 35.0 20.1 28.6 10.3 68.8 31.2 High school 4,456 147 31,178 21,044 32,692 12,034 68,326 32,225 Percent of total 4.4 0.1 30.7 20.1 32.7 11.9 67.3 32.7 GRAND TOTAL8,211 756 56,635 35,722 53,549 19,499 118,395 55,977 PERCENT OF TOTAL 4.7 0.4 32.5 20.5 30.7 11.2 67.9 32.1 C.: Source:National Education Association, Research 1964-65. Research Report 1965-R10. Washington, D. Division. Teacher Supply and Demand in PublicSchools, the Association, June 1965. Table 5, p. 20.

39 A capsule summary of the successive reorga- stituency of these advisory groups includes rep- nizations follows: resentatives from the major segments of the teaching profession, including in many instances NCATE Structure liberal arts professors. A few groups have lay 195419561966 representation. Typically, the designation of these Representatives of the orga- groups is advisory council, committee, or com- nized profession 6 6 6 sion on teacher education and certification. There Representation of the orga- are,however, variations in thestructure and nized associations of teacher designations of these groups.There are state education institutions 6 7 10 boards of examiners in New Jersey and Texas. Representatives of the state The state TEPS commissions serve the advisory education legal authorities6 2 2 function in four states (Maryland, Vermont, Wis- Representatives of local edu- consin, and Wyoming). In Indiana, the advisory cation legal authorities 3 1 1 body is a commission made up of six members of Representatives of the aca- the State Board of Education, demic disciplines 0 3 3 The idea for creating advisory groups from the teaching profession originated in the early 1930's Totals 21 19 22 and was implemented by the respective state de- Since the Council's inception NCATE-accred- partments of education, under the leadership of ited institutions, as mentioned previously, have thestatedirectorsofteacher education and been the prime source of the new supply of certification. teachersthe teacher education graduateseach The philosophy back of this movement was (a) year. to democratize the process of establishing and en- The number of teacher education institutions forcing state requirements in teacher education- accredited by NCATE in selected years isas certification by involving representation from the follows: major segments of the teaching profession; (b) Year Number to bring about a reasonable degree of decentrali- zation of the process, in an effort to make it more 1955 284 0 flexible without doing violence to the established 1957 291 standards. 1959 317 1961 363 1963 414 PROFESSIONAL PRACTICES ACTS 1967 449 The 1964 Edition of the Manual reported what TEACHER EDUCATION-CERTIFICATION ADVISORY appeared to be a developing new trendthe legal COUNCILS, COMMITTEES, AND COMMISSIONS establishment of professional practices commissions in Florida and Kentucky. In this edition, All but three states (District of Columbia, Mis- four additional states(Alaska, North Dakota, souri, and Puerto Rico) in 1967 have advisory Oklahoma, and Oregon) report such acts. Three bodies on teacher education and certification. others (Kansas, Nevada, and Washington) were Eleven states (Alaska, California, Colorado, Flor- reported to be seeking such legislation in the 1967 ida, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, New Hampshire, meetings of their legislatures. The professional New Jersey, Oregon, Texas) have advisory bodies practices acts are designed to vest in the teaching created by law. Alaska, California, Illinois, and profession certain responsibilitiesin regard to Kentucky each have two advisory bodies, one in teacher education, certification, revocation of cer- each state created by law. tificates, and standards of practice. In all other states, the advisory groups are extralegal or voluntary (Hawaii and Nevada have 'Number of institutions transferred from AACTE to NCATE accreditation.For subsequent years, see A two groups), typically created by the state board Manual on Certification Requirements for School ?er- of education and appointed by the state commis- sonnel in the United States (1955, 1957, 1959, 1961, sioner or superintendent of education. The con- 1964, and 1967 editions), or the NCATE Annual Lists.

40 - N . ' r;

Two units of the NEA whosemajor assign- within the respective states.All but three states body, and ments are interrelated havedeveloped suggested already have some form of advisory professional eleven of the existing groups areestablished by criteria for the legal establishment of B; two of the practices commissions 7 andprofessional stand- law (as reported for Appendix professional practices ards boards 8 and the suggestedresponsibilities eleven created by law are in these proof each as a means by which theteaching profes- commissions). The essential point responsibility and ac- posals is to vest in law theclear recognition of sion may assure adequate attendant re- countability for the competent performanceand teaching as a profession, with the ethical behavior of its members. sponsibilities and accountabilities. As advocated by the TEPS andPR&R Com- The Oregon law, passed in1965, creating a Commission, missions, the regulation of standardsfor the pro- Teacher Standards and Practices the functions fession involves two categories:standards of prep- would seem to merge into one group for profes- aration and standards of practice.The former is advocated by the NCTEPS and PR&R professional contemplated as being within the purviewof pro- sional practices commissions and fessional standards boards and thelatter assigned standards boards. included de- to professional practicescommissions. The docu- The 1964 Edition of the Manual ments cited define a professionalpractices act as tailed descriptions of theprofessional practices Only the nature of "a legislative action identifyingthe responsibility acts in Florida and Kentucky. constituency of the for the establishment and applicationof standards the assigned functions and the of practice for all members of theteaching profes- two resulting commissionswill be repeated. sion who hold authorization toteach by state license." A professional practicescommission is Florida defined as "a legally recognized groupcomposed The Florida professional practices act,which be- of individual representatives ofthe teaching pro- 1963, provides for the with standards came effective on July 1, fession who are authorized to deal creation of a professional practicescommission of and practice of ethics, competence,and academic nineteen members nominated by theteaching pro- freedom where protective or disciplinaryaction fession and appointed by the StateBoard of Educa- may be needed." 9 tion. A member must be certified toteach in Florida A professional standards boardis defined by or be a memberof a higher education facultyand the Joint Committee on ProfessionalStandards must have practiced inthe state for at least five Boards as "a nonpolitical,legally recognized years immediatelypreceding appointment. agency, assigned responsibilityfor (a) develop- Membership of the Floridacommission will in- ing requirements and policies governingaccredi- clude four each of elementary andsecondary school issuance teachers; one elementary and onesecondary school tation of teacher education institutions, superintendent; one and revocation of licenses, andassignment of per- principal; one supervisor; one sonnel; and (b) conducting studies toimprove 7 National Education Association,National Commis- standards of licensure, accreditation, andassign- sion on Teacher Education andProfessional Standards ment." 10 and Commission onProfessional Rights and Responsi- The commissions and boards, it appears, are bilities, Joint Committee onProfessional Practices Regu- lations.Professional Practices Regulations:A Plan for designed to serve as legally recognizedadvisory or Action. Washington, D.C.: theAssociation, 1965. 30 pp. action bodies, in two distinct categoriesof respon- 8National Education Association,National Commis- sibilities, to the chief state educationagencies. As sion on Teacher Education andProfessional Standards. in "Guidelines for Professional StandardsBoards." Wash- such, they are duly constituted juries of peers ington, D.C.: the Commission,January 1967.14 pp. teaching to bring the weight and judgmentof the (Multilithed) organized profession to bear on providing compe- 9 National Education Association,National Commis- and ethical prac- sion on Teacher Education andProfessional Standards tent practitioners and competent Rights and Responsi- conditions. and Commission on Professional tice under professional working bilities, op. cit., p..3. Of course, the big problem with respect tothese " National Education Association,National Commis- two professional bodies is tobring about their sion on Teacher Edwation andProfessional Standards, coordination and integration with existingbodies op. cit., p. 4. 41 representative each from the State Department of ...This Commission, in administering these cri- Education, the public junior colleges, and the state teria, shall have the authority to reprimand or warn university system; and two representatives each from members of the profession.Further, the Commis- the Florida Education Association and the Florida sion shall have authority to make recommendations State Teachers Association. [The associations merged to the State Board of Education in cases involving in 1966.] suspension or revocation of certificates and to make The commission's initial responsibility will be to any other recommendations to the State Board and develop criteria of professional practices in areas to local boards of education which would promote including but not limited to (a) ethics and profes- improvement of the teaching profession. This Com- sional performance, (b) preparation for and con- mission shall have the authority to subpoena wit- tinuance in professional service, and (c)transfer nesses and place them under oath. and assignment of teaching personnel. Excerpts from the laws of Kansas and North Kentucky Dakota are given below.

The Governor shall appoint a Professional Prac- Proposed Kansas Professional tices Commission of twelve members nominated by Teaching Practices Act the teaching profession and submitted by the Super- intendent of Public Instruction to the Governor. Section I.It is the intent and purpose of the Each of the following organizational units shall legislature that the practice of teaching and its re- submit a panel of three names from each of which lated services, including administering and super- the Governor will select one: the Kentucky Associa- visory services, shall be designated as professional tion o: School Administrators, the Kentucky Asso- services. Teaching is hereby declared to be a pro- ciation of Secondary School Principals, the Kentucky fession in Kansas, vith all the similar rights, re- Association of Elementary School Principals,the sponsibilities, and privileges accorded other legally Kentucky Association of Educational Supervisors, recognized professions. the Department of Higher Education, the Kentucky Section 2.(a) There is hereby established the Vocational Association, the Kentucky Association Professional Teaching Standards Advisory Board, of Pupil Personnel Workers, and the Kentucky As- herein called "standards board." The standards board sociation of Guidance Counselors. The Department shall have twenty-three (23) members, twenty-one of Classroom Teachers shall submit a panel of twelve (21) of whom shall be appointed by the State Board members from which the Governor will select four. of Education from a list of forty (40) or more names The term "classroom teacher" for the purpose of submitted to the state board by the Kansas State this act shall mean any person for whom certifica- Teachers Association, hereinafter called"teachers tion is reiuired as basis of employment in the public association. "... schools of Kentucky, with the exception of any Section 5. The standards board shall have the fol- personnel identified with professional groups named lowing responsibilities and duties: in this act other than the Department of Classrocm Teachers.Terms will be overlapping and for a (a) To develop, by and with the advice and con- period of three years, with members drawing by sent of the teachers association as the representative lot at the first meeting to determine the length of body of the teachers of Kansas, and to adopt (after the term for each member. No member may suc- approval thereof by the state board) the rules and ceed himself more than once.This Commission regulationsforprofessionalstandardsgoverning would have the authority to select its own chairman, teacher pretraining selection, teacher preparation, ad- establish procedures for the development of stand- mission to and continuance in the practice of teach- ards, adopt the rules and regulations under which it ing, and professional employment practices; operates, and secure legal and other services neces- (b) To confer on a professional advisory basis sary to its function. with the State Board of Education on all other ...The Commission is given the initial responsi- matters concerning education and the teaching pro- bility of developing, through the teaching profession fession; and itself, criteria of professional practices in areas in- (c) To make recommendations to the State Board cluding but not limited to: (1) contractual obliga- of Education, Board of Regents, institutions of higher tions, (2) transfer and assignment of teaching per- education, local boards of education, the legislature, sonnel, (3) admission to and continuance in pro- state officials, and other individuals or groups re- fessional service, and (4) ethical performance. garding matters to improve education.

42 Section 6. The practices commission shall exer- state to be a profession affected by high public in- cise preventive, disciplinary, and protective functions terest, and that it is in the best interest of the state and shall, subject to approval of the State Board of that such profession be recognized and that it accept Education, determine the final disposition of cases its professional responsibilities in the development arising under rules and regulations adopted under and promotion of high standards of ethics, conduct, this act involving the iss..ance, continuance, suspen- and professional performance and practices. For the sion, revocation, or reinstatement of teachers' and purposes of this act, the "profession of teaching" or administrators' certificates and professional employ- "teaching profession" shall mean persons engaged in ment. The practices commission shall make recom- teaching in the public schools and persons providing mendations to the state board on such other matters related administrative, supervisory, or other services and measures as may be necessary to improve in the public schools requiring certification from the education. department of public instruction. (a) The practices commission shall Section 7. Section 2. Teachers' Professional Practices Com- have responsibility, power, and authority, using the mission. There is hereby created a Teacher's Pro- assistance of the teachers association, to investigate problems relating to the teaching profession, includ- fessional Practices Commission consisting of nine members [by amendment, a majority of whom must ing the matters specified [above]. ... (b) The practices commission shall have the re- be classroom teachers] appointed by the Governor sponsibility, power, and authority to conduct hearings from a list of nominees submitted by the North relating to any case arising under this act or the Dakota Education Association. The list of nominees rules and regulations adopted pursuant thereto. shall include at least three nominees for each posi- (c) Rules and regulations relating to hearings by tion upon the commission, and the Governor, in his the practices commission shall be developed and discretion, may request the submission of additional recommended by the practices commission for adop- nominees. The term of office of members of the tion by the state board. The same shall provide for commission shall be three years commencing on a reasonable notice.For the purpose of any in- July 1 of the year of appointment, except that origi- vestigation or hearing which the practices commis- nal appointments shall be for staggered terms of sion conducts, such commission shall have power to one, two, and three years in order that the terms of conduct such hearing, administer oaths, take deposi- three members of the commission shall expire each tions, issue subpoenas, compel the attendance of year thereafter. Vacancies shall be filled for an un- witnesses and the production of books, papers, docu- expired term in the same manner as original appointments, and testimony. If any person shall refuse to ments. No person shall serve for more than two con- obey any subpoena so issued, or shall refuse to testify secutive terms as a member of the commission. ... or produce any books, papers, ordocuments, the practices commission or any member thereof may Section 3. Duties of Commission and Superinten- present a petition to the district court of the county dent of Public Instruction. It shall be the auty of the in which any hearing or investigation is being con- commission to develop and revise, consistent with ducted, setting forth the facts, and thereupon such state law, professional codes or standardsrelating court shall, in a proper case, issue its subpoena to to ethics, conduct, and professional performance and such person, requiring his or her attendance before practices of persons engaged in the profession of such court and there to testify or to produce such teaching in the public schools. In the development books, papers, and documents as may be deemed of such professional codes and standards, the com- necessary and pertinent by thepractices commission mission shall solicit the assistance of members of or member of it. Any person failing orrefusing to the teaching profession and representatives of school obey the subpoena or order of the said court may be administrators, school board officers, and other in- proceeded against for contempt in the same manner terested citizens. The commission shall recommend as for refusal to obey any other subpoena ororder such professional codes and standards as it may of the court. approve to the superintendent of publicinstruction, who after a hearing thereon may, consistent with North Dakota Professional state law, approve or revise such codes and standards Practices Act (SB 272) as he deems proper and in the best interestof the Section 1.Responsibilities of the Teaching Pro- public and the profession, and thereafter shall prom- fession. The legislative assembly hereby declares the ulgate such approved or revised codes and standards profession of teaching in the public schools of this as regulations in accordance with chapter28-32.

43 .sosersroZttlffre

requiring Section 4.Complaints Against Teachers.The Colorado. Possible consideration of commission shall accept and investigatecomplaints a fifth year of preparation;there is serious opposi- against any member of the teachingprofession en- tion to the idea among teachers. gaged in teaching in the public schoolsin regard to Connecticut. Reduction in number ofendorse- violation of regulations promulgated inaccordance ments; simplification ofrequirements, with greater pertaining with section 3 of this act or otherwise emphasis upon institutional responsibilityand ad- conduct or perform- to his personal or professional ministrative integrity in school systems. ance, or such investigation maybe made upon its own motion. Followingsuch investigation the com- Delaware. Probable increase in requirements mission may dismiss such complaint asunfounded, for applicants coming throughapproved programs issue a written warning and reprimand, or,following or reciprocity agreements,with emphasis upon an opportunity forsuch teacher to informally appear areas of studyinstead of credits. before the commission, file a formalcomplaint with Florida. Certification requirements for parapro- the superintendent of publicinstruction requesting fessionals who give instructional assistance; greater the revocation of the teacher'scertificate of the possible therefor. emphasis upon fifth-year programs and teacher involved and stating the reasons teacher educa- of its investi- movement toward a five-year basic The commission shall make the results of gation fully available to the superintendentof pub- tion program; significant changes in content emphasis on lic instruction in such cases. Uponreceipt of such teacher education programs; greater formal complaint, the superintendent ofpublic in- continuing education for teachers, preschooledu- struction shall proceed as providedin sections 15- cation, and preparation of teachers forvocational 36-16 and 15-36-17 and in accordancewith section and technical education. 15-36-15. Georgia.Greater emphasis on content in teacher education and less on methods and mate- MAJOR TRENDS IN CERTIFICATION rials; more emphasis on internship. Hawaii. Reciprocal certification. The state directors were asked to reportmajor Kansas. Internship will become common;teach- trends they had observed or possiblechanges they ers will become moreinvolved in policy develop- believed to be upcoming in their states.Twelve ment. states did not reply. Kentucky.Teachers who have completed a Of the 40 states which did report,the following recognized teacher education programwill not be categories of trends or possible changes weresug- subjected to "current requirements" if incontinu- gested by the directors (Note: Eachdirector re- ous service sincegraduation; establishment of a ported on more than one category.) :student Certification Review Committee toadjust require- teaching (10); certification of kindergartenteach- ments in accordance with competenceof the indi- ers (5); administrativecertificates (4); reciprocity vidual, in cases of career teachersfrom other (7); fifth-year requirements (8);special certifi- states. cates (10); increased subjectspecialization (7); Louisiana. Higher academic requirements. other (19). Some of the state responses are as Maine. More emphasis on studentteaching or follows: internship. A Alaska. Updating of special educationcertifi- Maryland. Greater flexibility in requirements. cates (school psychologist andpupil personnel). Massachusetts.Adoption of the approved- Arkansas. Inauguration of a fifth-yearplan; program approach. certification of kindergarten teachers;improve- Michigan. Probable adoption of a newcertifi- ment of student teaching orprovision of some cation code, specifying live yearsof preparation form of internship; moving closer toNCATE for permanent certificationand increasing re- approval. quirements in general educationand student state California.Possible pressures to reduce basic teaching; probable appointment of a new requirements for elementary teachers from five to advisory commission on teachereducation and four years because of the current teachershortage. certification.

44 Minnesota. Possible state direction and com- istrators; possible new category of certification for pensation for student teaching. educational specialists; possible shift from individ- Mississippi.Certification of teacher aides. ual certification for community college teachers to Missouri.Possible fifth-year requirement for the institution accreditation approach. the permanent certificate. West Virginia. Improvement of student teach- Montana. Certification of school psychologists. ingthere are two additional staff people in this area. Nebraska. Special services certificate. Wisconsin.Progress toward certificationin Nevada. Endorsement on a single certificate major fields only in secondary schools; possible of areas of specialization. subject matter specialization for elementary school New Hampshire. Possible new requirements in teachers. special education, assistant superintendency, guid- Wyoming.Regulations will be revised; reci- ance, and early childhood education. procity agreements; change to data processing; New York. Reduction in number of different changes in subject area endorsements. certificates and provision for more flexibility for employing school officers; requirement of com- REQUIREMENTS FOR ISSUING mon or similar general education backgrounds for EMERGENCY CERTIFICATES all teaching positions. Ohio. More mathematics; junior high school Arizona, Hawaii, Kansas, Massachusetts, Mon- certification; an increase in teaching area re- tana, New York, North Carolina, NorthDakota, quirements. and Oregon reported that emergency certificates Oklahoma.Certification based on thefifth are not issued. Maine reportedthere are no re- year; discontinuance of temporary certificates; quirements defined for issuing emergency certifi- certification of school nurses based on completion cates. But some of these replies must be qualified. of an approved program with a bachelor's de- In Montana and New York, some type of emer- gree; six years of preparation for elementary and gency authorization may be issued. secondary principals; certification of audiovisual The replies of the states concerning the require- media supervisors ments for issuing emergency credentials or authorizations are as follows: Oregon. Possible legislation mandating certification prescriptions for persons with the bachelor's Alabama. On request of the employing superin- degree and teacher-training programs in VISTA, tendent; applicant must submit all college credits the Peace Corps, or the Armed Forces. on a state form. Pennsylvania. Automation of teacher certifica- Alaska. Issued only after August 1 when an then only tion processes and records emergency is considered to exist, and at the request of the employing administrator. Rhode Island.Certification requirements for Issued to teachers who have earned between 90 public nursery school and other preschool teachers. semester hours and a bachelor's degree; valid for South Dakota.Degree requirement forall one year; reissuable only on requestand with teachers; provision for MAT and other fifth-year presentation of 6 semester hours earned during the programs with full-year internships. life of the certificate. Utah. Greater involvement of the professional Arizona has no provisions for issuing emergency organization. certificates. Virginia. Increased requirements in secondary Arkansas.All candidates who cannot meet school teaching fields; greater emphasis upon and fully the requirements for standard certification uniformity in student teaching; more flexibility in are issued one-year certificates.Such teachers general education requirements. must earn 6 semester hours of approved credit Washington. Teacher education and certifica- toward removing the deficiency. tion requirements for teachers of young children; California. The current academic requirement improvement in preparation standards for admin- for provisional (emergency) certificates authoriz-

45 TABLE 6.TOTAL NUMBER OF EMERGENCY CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY THE STATES 1945-46 TO 1966-67, AND RATIOS TO AND PERCENTAGES OF TOTAL NUMBER OF TEACHING POSITIONS

Total Number Ratio of Percent Number of of Emergency Teachers Emergency Teachers Years Emergency Classroom to Total of Are of Teachers Teachers Employed Teachers Total Teachers

1 2 3 4 5

1945-46 113,053 831,000' 1in 7 13.6 1946-47 127,016 834,000a in 7 15.2 1947-48 112,401 861,000a 1in 8 13.0 1948-49 105,267 865,178 1in 8 12.1 1949-50 95,146 904,439 1in 10 10.5 1950-51 75,079 927,617 in 12 8.1. 1951-52 69,848 962,864 1in 14 7.3 1952-53 69,626 992,583 1in 14 7.0 1953-54 78,850 1,032,138 1in 13 7.6 1954-55 80,674 1,080,329 1in 13 7.5 1955-56 79,403 1,133,093 1in 14 7.0 1956-57 86,616 1,190,865 1in 14 7.3 1957-58 94,732 1,237,943 1in 13 7.7 1958-59 94,010 1,292,723 1in 14 7.3 1959-60 93,543 1,354,958 1in 14 6.9 1960-61 96,799 1,403,336 1in 14 6.9 1961-62 91,522 1,459,285 1in 16 6.2 1962-63 91,556 1,509,281 1in 16 6.0 1963-64 83,200 1,577,777 1in 19 5.3 1964-65 82,700 1,648,184 1in 20 5.0 1965-66 84,127 1,710,319 1in 20 4.9 1966-67 90,500 1,788,000 1in 20 5.1

* U.S. Office of Education figures which do not include Information for 1963-64 to1966-67 from Hobson, principals and supervisors but do include some non- Carol J. and Schloss, Samuel.Fall 1964/1965/1966 instructional personnel. Statistics of Public Elementary and Secondary Day Sources:National Education Association, Research Schools.U.S. Department of ILalth, Education, and Division.Estimates of School Statistics.Washington, Welfare, Office of Education, 0E-20007. Washington, D.C.: the Association. Research Report 1960-R15, p. 12; D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965/1966/1967. and Research Report 1962-R13, page 12. ing full-time teaching is a bachelor's degree. A a year. Requirements are a bachelor'sdegree and bchool district must secure the approval of the enrollment in a planned program which will lead State Board of Education to employ a teacher to recommendation by an approvedinstitution. with the provisional, certificate. Inability of the superintendent to find a certifiable Colorado.Available only tofill emergency candidate suitable to the position must be attested vacancies upon request of school district officials; to. seldom are any issued upon less than two years Delaware. Written notice from the local chief of college. school officer that a fully qualified person cannot Connecticut. Nont, are issued except to experi- be found. A temporary one-year emergency cer- enced teachers from other statesperhaps 10-15 tificate may be issued after August 15 to a non-

46 degree applicant who has at least two years of Massachusetts. None are issued. college and three years of successful teaching Michigan. A 90-day substitute teaching permit experience. is issued on the recommendation of a superin- District of Columbia. Bachelor's degree and 6 tendent of schools who is unable to locate a quali- semester hours in secondary education forsecon- fied teacher for the position. A State Board spe- dary school appointment;bachelor's degree and cial certificate, valid for one year, requires 120 12 hours for elementary school appointment. credit hours, including 15 in education. Florida. One-year certificates may be issued, Minnesota. Two years of elementary prepara- with rank based on highest academic degree held; tion are required for emergency elementary teach- issued also to nondegree applicants, or to those ers, including S hours in methods;the bachelor's who have not filed the required scores on NTE or degree is required for secondary teachers. GRE. Each temporary certificate after the first Mississippi. The Class B permit requires 90 requires recommendation of the county superin- semester hours, not more than 66 of them from a tendent and completion of 6 credit hours (waived junior college. The 60-hour substitute certificate superintendent). upon emergency statement by the allows the holder to teach only 60 days during a Georgia. Applicant must previously have held school year. or been qualified for a valid certificate. Missouri. A bachelor's degree and a "Teach- Hawaii does not issue emergency certificates. er's Academic Contract" outlining requirements Illinois. Bachelor's degree. for full. certification are required. Indiana. Elementary, bachelor's degree; sec- Montana. Emergency certificates are not issued. ondary, bachelor's de gee with 15 semester hours School a4;-;strators may request the state culler- in the subject area. intendent to issue an emergency authorization Iowa. Tc-liance depends on the particular situ- (valid one year) to an available person who meets State Board requirements for teaching in the emer- ation. gency situation on evidence that aqualified per- Kansas. Emergency certificates have been dis- son is not available. continued. The one-year certificate is an upgrading of previous types issued on less than a degree Nebraska. Issued on request from the employ- during the past 50 years and is in no manner ing school; the applicant must be within 9 semester emergency. hours of meeting requirements for regular certification. Kentucky. Each school district sets minimum standards depending on the local teacher shortage. Nevada. Emergency certificates are issued upon Minimum standards range upward from 64 semes- the request of a county superintendent to fill a ter hours. vacancy for which a qualified person cannotbe found. Louisiana. Temporary certificates, authorizing employment in positions for which candidates are New Hampshire. The provisional certificate not regularly certified, are valid for one school requires a degree and 6 semester hours in pro- session only and may be issued upon recommenda- fessional education; the applicant must earn 6 tion of the employing superintendent and verifica- hours each year until requirements are completed tion that no qualified applicant is available. (elementary, 24; secondary, 12). Maine. No requirements are defined. New Jersey. Issued on 90-semester-hour credit minimum. Maryland.Provisional and substitute certificates are emergency certificates. The provisional New York does not issue emergency certificates. certificate is issued to applicants who have two or Approval is given to a superintendent of schools more years of college whenteachers qualifying and board of education when a list of those not for the standard professional certificate are not holding certificates is filed with the State Educa- available. tion Department. 47

4-N North Carolina. No emergency certificates are Utah.Issued on declaration of employing issued. Emergency salary ratings are based on superintendent that a better prepared teacher is 90 or more and 60-89 semester hours. not available. Each request is handled on its own North Dakota. Emergency certificates were dis- merits. continued five years ago. Vermont. Two years of approved study be- Ohio. Elementary, 56 semester hours, includ- yond high school. ing 6 in professional education; secondary, 110 Washington. Temporary certificates, valid one semester hours, including 6 in professional educa- year and nonrenewable, forspecific positions are tion and 6 in each teaching field. Emergency cer- issued to holders of the bachelor's degree who have tificates are issued only on verification by a super- substantially completed a teacher education pro- intendent that a qualified and suitable teacher is gram for provisional certification,,when a fully not available. qualified teacher is not available, upon recommen- Oklahoma. The State Board of Education may dation of a superintendent. Emergency substitute issue a certificate under extenuating circumstances; certificates are also issued for a specific position a temporary (one-year)certificate is not an emer- upon recommendation. gency certificate unless it has tobe issued by the West Virginia. Issued on two, three, and four Board of Education. years of college credit and 12 semesterhours in Oregon. Emergency certificatesrestricted cer- the subject taught; renewable each year on 6 hours tificates for elementary teachers--fall into four toward professional certification. categories, the lowest requirement being a two- Wisconsin. Emergency certificates must be re- education course. year terminal elementary teacher quested by the employing superintendent. Candi- All categories are valid for one year and require dates must enroll in an approved program to recommendation of the employing superintendent. Restricted certificates are also issued for substitute remove deficiencies. and adult education teachers. Wyoming. Minimum of 100 semester hours, Pennsylvania. Superintendents issue emergency eligibility for endorsement in a subject area, and certificates, valid for 90 school days. To be valid verification that a qualified teacher is not available. for the remainder of the school year, the certificate must be "extended" by the statecertification EMPLOYMENT ELIGIBILITY IN LARGE CITIES office. Emergency certificates are supposed to be "extended" if the person has at least 120 credit Several cities among the various states are au- hours. thorized by law to issue certificates to their teach- Rhode island. Issued on a written statement ers.Usually, the state certification requirements from a superintendent to the State Board of Edu- must be met, but the cities with suchauthorization cation that an emergency situation exists. can enforce additional requirements.In addition, South Carolina. A college degree and at least most cities prescribe requirements for applicants 6 semester hours in the subject area in which a to be placed on the employment eligibilitylists. permit is requested. The typical requirement is to achieve prescribed South Dakota. State Board of Education policy scores on such national examinations asthe NTE, permits the director of certification to apply ad- both common and area,. and the GRE, or on ministrative judgment to each situation. local examinations. Tennessee. Two years of college. Table 7 indicates the requirements of 25 of districts Texas. Issued upon the request of an employ- the nation's largest city and county school ing superintendent or notarized statement thathe largest in terms of pupil population. (Hawaii is unable to find a fully qualified teacher for a and the District of Columbia are included on the particular assignment. A person employed on a NEA, Research Division's Stratum I list of25 permit must have a minimum of 90 semester largest school districts but are notincluded here hours of college credit. since they are part of the regular survey ofstates.)

48 TABLE7.REQUIREMENTS FOR EMPLOYMENT ELIGIBILITY IN 25 OF THE LARGEST (IN TERMS OF ENROLLMEN T) CITY ANDCOUNTY SCHOOL SYSTEMS

Hold Appropriate Required Examination State Certificate Requirements as Prerequisite for School or Meet in Addition to Employment, System Requirements State Certificate NTE (or other)

1 2 3 4 Atlanta, Ga. Yes Yes 425 common, 430 areal Baltimore (City), Md. Yes Yes 550 common Baltimore County, Md. Yes Yes Boston, Mass.2 Yes Yes Locale Chicago, Ill. No 3 Local' Cleveland, Ohio (no reply) Columbus, Ohio Yes No Dallas, Tex. Yes Yes Common, areas Detroit, Mich. Yes Yes° Houston, Tex. (no reply) Indianapolis, Ind. Yes No Jacksonville (Duval Co.), Fla. Yes? Common, areal Los Angeles, Calif. Yes Yes Local Yes Yes Common, area 8 Miami (Dade Co.), Fla. Yes 9 Yes Common, area9 Milwaukee, Wis. Yes No Montgomery County, Md. Yes No New Orleans, La. Yes Yes 475 common, 470 areal° 1 New York, N. Y. Yes 11 Local12 Philadelphia, Pa. Yes Yes Common, area 13 Pittsburgh, Pa. Yes Yes Common, area 14 Prince Georges County, Md. Yes No San Diego, Calif. Yes No San Francisco, Calif. Yes Yes Common, area 18 St. Louis, Mo. Yes Yes 550 common, areal°

1 Examination policy may be waived for one year s.h. of accredited graduate work with a minimum grade for applicant with a college B average; satisfactory NI E of B; preference is given to holders of master's degree scores are required for second year ofemployment. (major, 30 s.h.; minor, 18). 2 Candidates must hold appropriate certificate, take Florida. certificate requires specified scores on the two exams (major and minor), and be interviewed. NTE (500 on the common) or GRE (800). Four SucceSsful candidates are issued a certificate of certifi- alternate equivalence Plans are maintained for deter- cation, valid for three years, and their names are placed mining rates of pay on the basic salary schedules (Ranks on the eligibility list. 1, 2, and 3), as follows:(a) score of 500 on the 3 Certificates are issued by the Chicago Board of Edu- appropriate NTE area exam; (b) composite score of cation. Appointments are made in order of merit from 950 on common and area exams; (c) composite score eligible lists established by examinations. of 950 on the NTE area exam and the quotient ob- Regular certificates are obtained by examinations tained by dividing 1.6 into the GRE score; (d) satisfac- conducted by the Chicago Board of Examiners, includ- tory completion of 12 s.h. of appropriate credit in an ing a written paper or papers in major and minor fields, accredited institution during any period of unbroken an oral interview, and a practical exam in certain areas contractual service. of the and practical arts where specific skills and 'Composite score of 1000 is required.If no area abilities are required. Exams do not apply to temporary exam is involved, 500 on the common isrequired. Ap- certificates. plicants may be employed provisionally on a composite 3 Required for both teaching and administrative posi- score of at least 850, or 425 on the common, and must tions. retake the NTE for continued employment after the ° Graduates of nonaccredited colleges must present 6 first year in order to be eligible for tenure. 49

Am...PIIMINNIMEN..mINI. 'State certification requires a score of 500 on the spection test, field test, appraisal test, rating of training NTE common. Dade County uses exams for eligibility and experience, and physical and mental examinations. of teachers, higher salary ratings, including a scaled The written, supervision, and group interview tests are minimum score of 50 on the "English Expression' sub- mandatory. Applicants may be officially excused from test of the common, or a minimum score equivalent to taking each of the other tests when originally called, upon the 21st percentile on the Verbal Abilities section of submission of appropriate evidence satisfactory to the the Graduate Record Examination Aptitude Tests. Also, Board of Examiners. candidates must achieve a scaled score of at least 550 'First-class districts in Pennsylvania are required by on the NTE area exam. law to make appointments by examination (except in " Applicants are selected for employment through a industrial arts an 1 music). Exams are used also for merit procedure with a 1000-point grading scale, in- promotional positions. One-year appointments may be cluding interview, evaluation of scholastic achievement, made in fields of shortages, pending passing of the re- and NTE scores. A minimum score of 70 is required quired exams. for selection; weighted minimum scores are as follows: "The examination policy may be waived for one year interview, no points; scholastic achievement, no points; for an applicant with a college B average; satisfactory NTE scores, 40 points. NTE scores are required for second-year employment. Applicants must meet minimum state requirements When eligibility lists are exhausted teachers may be for specific positions.The appropriate license must be appointed without meeting the examination requirements. obtained from the New York City Board of Examiners. Applicants must score at least as high as the latest na- Appointments are made from eligibility lists resulting tional norms on the NTE. from competitive examinations conducted by the Board. " Elementary teachers are required to make a score "Examinations for a particular license may include of 530 on "Early Childhood," and "Education in the any or all of the following: written test,oral English Elementary School." Minimum scores on area exams test, interview test, group interview test, teaching test, for secondary teachers range from 260 to 610, accord- performance test, supervision test, conference test, in- ing to field.

50 =

TABLE 8.MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR LOWESTREGULAR TEACHING CERTIFICATES*

Elementary School Secondary School

Professional Directed Professional 1 Directed Degree or Education Teaching Degree or Education Teaching Number of Required, Required, Se- Number of Required, Required, Se- Semester Semester mester Hours Semester Semester mester Hours Hours Hours (Included in Hours Hours (Included in State Required (Total) Column 3) Required (Total) Column 6) 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alabama B 27 6 B 21 6 24 C B 18 C Alaska B 5a Arizona B 24 6 22 6 18 6 B 18 6 Arkansas B 15b California 5 20b 180CH 5 120CH Colorado B AC AC B AC AC Connecticut B 30 6 B 18 6 Delaware B 30 6 B 18 6 C District BC 15 C 5' 15 Florida B 20 6 B 20 6 6 B 18 6 Georgia B 18 ACt Hawaii B 18 ACt B 18 Idaho B 20 6 B 20 6 Illinois B 16 5 B 16 5 Indiana B 27 8 B 18 6 Iowa B 20 5 B 20 5 Kansas B 24 5 B 20 5 Kentucky B 24 8d B 17 8d Louisiana B 24 4 B 18 4 Maine B 30 8 B 18 6 Maryland B 26 8 B 18 6 Massachusetts Be 18 2 1r 12 2 Michigan B 20 5 B 20 5 Minnnota B 30 6 B 18 4 Mississippi B 36 6 B 18 6 Missouri B '20 5 B 20 5 Montana B AC AC B 16 AC Nebraska 60f 8 3 B AC AC Nevada B 18g 4 B 18 4 New Hamp. B 30 6 B 18 6 New Jersey B 36h 6h B 24h 6h B 18 6 New Mexico B 24 6 ...i New York B 24 .._i B 18 North Carolina B 24 6 B 18 6 North Dakota 64i 16 3 B 16 3 Ohio B 28 6 B 17 6 21k 6 B 21k 6 Oklahoma B ...1 Oregon B 20 __I B' 14 Pennsylvania B 36n 6 B 18 6 Puerto Rico 68 53 6 B 29 5 Rhode Island B 30 6 B 18 6 Sixth Carolina B 21 6 B 18 6 600 15 3 B 20 6 South Dakota 4 Tennessee B 24 4 B 24 Texas B 18 6 B 18 6 Utah B 26 8 B 21 8 B 18 6 B 18 6 Vermont 4-6 Virginia B 18 6 B 15 BP AC AC BP AC AC Washington 6 West Virginia B 20 6 B 20 Wisconsin 64q 26 8 B 18 5 Wyoming B 23 C B 20 C

:7717=1111111111.1=11011.0 TABLE 8 FOOTNOTES

LEGEND: means not reported. AC means ap- *For a three-year certificate; for a five-year certificate, proved curriculum; B means a bachelor's degree of speci- the requirement is 30. fied preparation; 5 means a bachelor's degree plus a fifth The practice-teaching requirement is 150 clock hours, year of appropriate preparation, not necessarilycomple- 90 of which must be in actual classroom teaching. tion of the master's degree; C means a course; CH means A provisional elementary (N-6) certificate is issued clock hours. upon compk -'ion of the bachelor's degreewith 24 * Professional requirements listed are the basic require- in education and 300 clock hours of practice teaching. ments for degree or lowest regular certificates. Some Credit fo practice teaching is optional with the col- variations from the professional requirements as stated legem -aitimum for 300 clock hours is 10 s.h. in this table may be found in the requirements for A provisional high school certificate is issued for the specific certificates listed for the respective states in academic fields based upon completion of the bache- Chapter II. lor's degree with 18 s.h. in education; 8 of these are to *Secondary certificate: master's degree or 30 s.h. of be in methods and practice teaching. A minimum Of graduate credit. Secondary-temporary: bachelor's de- 80 class periods of practice teaching is required. gree and completion of an approved program;valid ,3oth certificates are valid for five years; nonrenew- for five years only (grades 7-12). able; holder must complete requirements fo_ r the per- Includes 8 s.h. (elementary) and 6 s.h. (secondary) manent certificate. units for directed teaching. The requirement is ac- I Bachelor's degree will be required effective July 1, tually stated in clock hours, however. 1969. Bachelor's degree for elementary and junior high k For the standard certificate; for the temporary certifi- school; master's degree for senior and vocational high. cate, the revirement is 12. t Not included in Cols. 3 and 6, I Required, but there is no specific hours requirement. d A teacher who has taught successfully for four or more Provisional certificate only; for standard certification, years is required to take only 4 s.h. of practice teach- a fifth year must be completed within five yearsafter ing or a seminar of 4. A teacher who has had two provisional certification. years of successful experience may take a seminar n Eighteen in professional education and 18 in elemen- dealing with professional problems instead of the 8 tary content subjects. s.h. in practice teaching. ° Effective July 1,1968, all teachers in independent Completion of the bachelor's degree or graduation school districts must have a certificate based on a from an approved four-year normal school. bachelor's degree. Provisional teaching certificates are issued for spe- *Provisional certificate only; for standard certification, cifically endorsed grades, subjects, fields, and areas in after designated classes of =hoot districts upon evidence of a fifth year must be completed within six years partial completion of an approved teacher education provisional certification. program, generally at least 60 s.h., including specified q Bachelor's degree must be completed within seven amounts of general and professional education. years. TABLE 9.SPECIFIC MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FORELEMENTARY SCHOOL CERTIFICATES BASED ON DEGREES* Directed Teachnig Degree or General Professional Required, College Years Education Education Semester Hours State of Preparation Required, Required, (Included in Required Semester Hours Semester Hours Column 4) 5 1 2 3 4

Alabama B 59 27 6 Alaska B -- 24 C Arizona 0 40 24 6 6 Arkansas B . 48 18 California 5a 45 20 180CH Colorado B AC AC AC Connecticut Bb 75 30 6 6 Delaware B 60 30 . District Bc NS 15 C Florida B 45 20 6 Georgia B 40 18 6 Hawaii B 100 18 Ae Idaho B 42 20 6 78d Illinois B 16d 5 Indiana B 73 27 8 Iowa B 40 20 5 Kansas B 50 24 5 Kentucky Be 451 24 8g Louisiana B 46 24 4h Maine B 64 30 8 Maryland B 80 26 8 Massachusetts Bi .. 18 2 Michigan B 20 5 Minnesota B NS 30 6 Mississippi B 48 36 6 Missouri B 46 20 5 Montana a AC AC AC Nebraska B AC AC AC Nevada B -- 18i 4 New Hampshire B -- AC 6 New Jersey B 30 36 6k New Mexico B 48 24 6 New York B1 75 24 North Carolina B 48 24 6 3 North Dakota B AC I 16 Ohio B 60 28 6 50 .21`n Oklahoma B 6n Oregon B -- 20 Pennsylvania B 60 36° 6 Puerto Rico B 16 20 6 Rhode Island B 30 6 South Carolina 13 45 21 6 South Dakota B 60 20 6 Tennessee B 40 24 4 Texas B 60 18 6 Utah B AC 26 8 Vermont B AC 18 6 Virginia B 59 18 6 Washington BP AC AC AC West Virginia B 40q 20 6 Wisconsin B 401. 26 8 Wyoming B 40 23 --. 53

,.t. A,3.4 . It*, - 41? TABLE 9 FOC/MOTES

LEGEND: means not reported; AC means ap- dealing with professional problems instead of the 8 proved curriculum; B means completion of the bachelor's s.h. in practice teaching. degree; 5 means the bachelor's degree plus a fifth year of kThe specified requirement in clock hours of actual appropriate preparation, not necessarily completion of teaching and observation is 90, 45 of which must be the master's degree; C means a course; NS means not in actual teaching. specified; CH means clock hours. Completion of the bachelor's degree or graduation * Professional requirements listed are the basic require- from a four-year normal school approved by the State ments for degree or lowest regular certificates. Some Board of Education. variation from the professional requirements as stated For a three-year certificate; for a. five-year certificate, in this table may be found in the requirements for the requirement is 30. specific certificates listed for the respective states in kThe practice-teaching requirement is 150 clock hours, Chapter IL 90 of which must be in actual classroom teaching. *For the standard certificate; a bachelor's degree for the Five years required for the permanent certificate. A conditional certificate. provisional certificate is issued, upon completion of For the provisional certificate; five years for the stand- the bachelor's degree with 24 s.h. in educationand300 ard certificate. clock hours of practice teaching. Credit for practice For elementary and junior high school. teaching is optional with the collegemaximum for t Not included in Col. 4. 300 clock hours is 10 s.h. The provisional certificate is valid for five years; nonrenewable; holder must com- dBachelor's degree with a total of 120 s.h., including 78 in general education and 16 in professional educa- plete requirements for the permanent certificate. tion; the remaining 26 can be in either. in For the standard certificate; for the temporary certificate the requirement is 12. For the provisional certificate; five years for the standard certificate. Required, but there is no specific hours requirement. Plus 13 s.h. in general academic subjects (English, *Eighteen in professional education and 18 in content social science, mathematics, art, music). subjects for the elementary schools. gA teacher who has taught successfully for four or /1 For the provisional certificate; five years for the stand- more years is required to take only 4 s.h. of practice ard certificate. teaching or a seminar of 4. A teacher who has had q The state requires 85 s.h. of "nonprofessional" credit. two years of successful experience may take a seminar Recommended.

/a,-ri7,-7,-,A7,ftks"7:77"..""011,01.1111111111.IF TABLE 10.SPECIFIC MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR SECONDARY SCHOOL. CERTIFICATES BASED ON DEGREES* Directed Teaching Degree or General Professional Required, College Years Education Education Semester Hours of Preparation Required, Required, (Included In State Required Semester Hours Semester Hours Column 4)

1 2 3 4 5

Alabama B 44 21 6 Alaska B -- 18 C Arizona 5a 40 22 6 Arkansas B 48 18 6 California 5b 45 15 120CH Colorado B AC AC AC Connecticut Bc 45 18 6 Delaware B 60 18 6 District 5d NS 15 C Florida B 45 20 6 Georgia B 40 18 6 Hawaii B 100 18 ACt Idaho B -- 20 6 Illinois B 42 16 5 Indiana Be 50 18 6 Iowa B 40 20 5 Kansas ,i.B 50 20 5 Kentucky to 45 17 8g Louisiana B 46 18 4h Maine B 64 18 6 Maryland B -- 18 6 Massachusetts B' -- 12 2 Michigan B -- 20 5 Minnesota B -- 18 4 Mississippi B 48 18 6 Missouri B 25 20 5 Montana B AC 16 AC Nebraska B AC AC AC Nevada B -- 18 4 New Hampshire B 18 6 New Jersey B -- 24i 6j New Mexico B 48 18 6 New York 5k 60 18 6 North Carolina B 48 .,.18 6 North Dakota B -- 16 3 Ohio B 100 17 6 Oklahoma B 50 211 6 ...n Oregon B m -- 14 Pennsylvania B° 60 18 6 Puerto Rico B -- 29 5 Rhode Island B -- 18 6 South Carolina B 45 18 6 South Dakota B -- 20 6 Tennessee B 40 24 4 Texas B 60 18 6 Utah B AC 21 8 Vermont B AC 18 6 Virginia B 48 15 4-6 Washington BP AC AC AC i West Virginia B 409 20 6 r Wisconsin .. B 18 5 Wyoming B 40 20 C

55 morilermaseeStrak.:04

TABLE 10 FOOTNOTES

A master's degree is required forthe permanent cer- LEGEND: means not reported;AC means ap- completion of the bachelor's tificate. proved curriculum; B means for the stand- degree; 5 means the bachelor'sdegree plus a fifth year For the provisional certificate; five years of appropriate preparation, notnecessarily completion of ard certificate. the master's degree; C means a course;CH means clock A teacher who has taught successfullyfor four or hours; NS means not specified. more years is required totake only 4 s.h. of practice who has had * Professional requirements listed arethe basic require- teaching or a seminar of 4. A teacher two years of successful experience maytake a seminar ments for degree or lowestregular certificates. Some instead of the 8 variation from the professionalrequirements as stated dealing with professional problems in this table may be found in therequirements for s.h. in practice teaching. specific certificates listed for therespective states in The specified requirement in clock hoursof actual which must be Chapter II. teaching and observation is 90, 45 of in actual teaching. Secondary certificate: five years of collegepreparation. comple- Completion of the bachelor's degree orgraduation Secondary-temporary: bachelor's degree and by the State tion of an approved program; valid forfive years only from a four-year normal school approved (grades 7-12). Board of Education. The practice-teaching requirement is150 clock hours, Between October 1, 1966, and October 1,1967, Cali- classroom teaching. certification of sec- 90 of which must be in actual fornia will permit preliminary is issued for aca- ondary teachers with a bachelor's degree,ompletion kA provisional high school certificate work at the demic field? based upon. completion of abachelor's of student teaching, 6 s.h. of postgraduate be in meth- upper-division or graduate level, 14 s.h. inthe major, degree with 18 s.h. in education; 8 are to required with aca- ods and practice teaching. A minimumof 80 class and 12 in the minor (minor not The provi- demic major in subject commonly taught).A master's periods of practice teaching is required. subject commonly taught in the sional certificate is valid for five years;nonrenewable; or higher degree in a for permanent public high schools is acceptable in lieu ofthe student holder must complete requirements teaching, major, minor, and postgraduaterequirements certification. for purposes of meeting requirementsfor preliminary ' For the standard certificate; for the temporarycertifi- certification.Secondary preliminary certificationis cate the requirement is 12. granted only if a statement of intention toemploy is m For the provisional certificate;five years for the stand- submitted by a California public schooladministrator. ard certificate. Course work requirements for the initialissuance of Required, but there is no specific hoursrequirement. this credential increase 6 s.h. on October 1of each Twenty-four s.h. of postbaccalaureatework required year. for permanent certification. *For the provisional certificate; five years for thestand- For the provisional certificate; five yearsfor the standard certificate. ard certificate. a A master's degree is required for the permanent cer- *The state requires 100 s.h. of"nonprofessional" credit. tificate for senior and vocational high school. ir Patterns for general education mustbe approved by in his office. t Not included in Col. 4. the state superintendent and be filed

56 TABLE 11.MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS IN DEGREES AND SEMESTER HOURS FOR ADMINISTRATIVE CERTIFICATES*

. .,

Elementary SChoot. Secondary School . . . State Principals Principals Stipprintindeni.i...... _-_,..

1 2 3 . ,.

Alabama M M M. ,

Alaska M M . ,M , . Arizona M + 24 M + 24 . :.M. +.36 Arkansas M M California 6 years° 6 years° .7 yearsa Colorado M M MA- 30 . Connecticut M + 6h M + 6h -/t4 + 9h -- Delaware M M M + 30, or 60 District W(NC) Mc(NC) Me(NC) Florida M ,M NC . . Georgia MO Ma . Md.. Hawaii M + 20 M + 20 . . M + 20 Idaho M M - 14 - Illinois , MC Me 1 Indiana Mf. Mf. Ed. Sp. - Iowa M M M t 30 . Kansas M M M tg Kentucky M M M + 30 Louisiana M M M Maine Bh 13 th NO M M M +.30 Maryland . Massachusetts M ti M +' M +I- Michigan NC NC NC' '7 Minnesota Bi k B + 6k MI- Mississippi . M M M Missouri M M M + 30m Montana M M M. Nebraska Mn Mn Mn Nevada M M 1 New Hampshire M M M + 30 ., New Jersey M M , . M New Mexico M° M° M°. New York M M M + 30 North Carolina MPA Mm -.M North Dakota 18 B M -:- Ohio M M. M.+ 30 . Oklahoma Mr Mr Mc-

Oregon M + 22 . M + 22 M -1- 30 Pennsylvania M + 15s M + 15° M + 40t Puerto Rico B + 30 B + 30 B + 30, Rhode Island mu mu ,k.iii South Carolina M M M + 1 yr. South Dakota M M M Tennessee M M M Texas M + 30 M + 30 M + 30 Utah M + 30 M + 30 M + 30 Vermont B + 18 M M Virginia Mv(NC) Mv(NC) Mv(NC) Washington M + 14 M + 14 M + 30 West Virginia M M M + 30* Wisconsin B t° Mx Mx Wyoming M + 15 M .+ 15 M + 30

57;

OVINIIIIMIMIIINg.110 !--1C...' -- -

> 4 TABLE 11 FOOTNOTES 3Y: " LEGEND: B means completion of the bachelor's de- dents, a master's degree including or plus 18 s.h. in gree. M does not necessarily mean that completion of professional education. a master's degree is required; in some instances it means Effective September 1,1967.Principals: M + 1036 completion of five college years of specified preparation. for standard certificate; specialist degree for profes- Ed.Sp. means specialist in education (six years). NC sional certificate. Superintendents: M + 16 for stand- means no certificate issued. ard and specialist degree for professional certificate. * Professional requirements listed are the basic require- Professional certificate required before eighth year in ments for degree or lowest regular certificates. Some administration. variation from the professional requirements as stated The provisional certificate is granted on 60 s.h., in- in this table may be found in the requirements for cluding 6 in specified areas. Each renewal requires specific certificates listed for the respective states in additional credits. Chapter IL k Effective September 1, 1967, elementary and secon- Including a master's degree in an academic subject dary principals must have earned a master's degree plus matter area. Certain requirements may be waived if 1036 graduate s.h. and institutional recommendation a person has a doctor's degree and the State Board to qualify for a standard certificate; specialist degree of Education finds him to be an outstanding school for the professional certificate. administrator. Effective September 1, 1967, master's degree plus 16 b Fcr the initial certificate. For the standard certificate graduate s.h. and institutional recommendation to for elementary or secondary school principals, a mas- qualify for a standard certificate; specialist degree for ter's degree and 15 s.h. are required; for superintend- the professional certificate. ents, a master's degree and 30 s.h. Effective Septem- Sixth-year NCATE-approved graduate program deal- ber 2, 1968: M+15 (30 for standard), M +15 (3i; ing with the superintendency. for standard), M +30, respectively. Or 36 graduate s.h. in an approved program. Provi- Although this table shows basic requirements for ad- sional administrative and supervisory certificate re- ministrators, D.C. does not issue administrative cer- quires verification of status in appropriate graduate tificates. program.This credential cannot be endorsed for Provisional certification is granted on the basis of the superintendent. T-4 certificate (bachelor's degree) plus 15 q.h. of Including 20 s.h. in administration. appropriate graduate study. 'One certificate issued to principals in elementary and The new administrative certificate, first issued in 1966, and the only one issued after July 1, 1968, has three secondary schools. endorsements: General Supervisory for supervisors and Optional six-year program. curriculum directors; General Administrative for prin- r For a provisional certificate; additional 30 &h. of cipals and assistant superintendents; and Superinten- graduate credit required for a standard certificate. dent. The first and second endorsements require a Additional 15 s.h. required for permanent certification. master's degree in an approved program with some Doctorate or 70 s.h., including the master's degree. specific requirements and two years of teaching. The superintendent endorsement requires graduation from Master's degree or 36 graduate s.h. an ,approved sixth-year program or a doctor's degree No separate administrative certificate is issued, but the with some specific requirements and two years of master's degree is required for endorsement for all teaching and two years of administration or super- three fields. vision. w Effective 1968. Valid for five years; an additional 30 s.h. is required For elementary principals in schools of 6-10 teachers, for renewal. a bachelor's degree and a course in administration; *For superintendents of districts with elementary and in schools of 11 or more teachers, a master's degree secondary schools, M +18; for superintendents of one- with 16 graduate s.h. in specifier) education courses. level districts, M + 6. For secondary principals, a master's degree with speci- For principals, a bachelor's degree and 6 graduate s.h. fied courses in education. For superintendents, a mas- in administration and supervision.For superinten- ter's degree with specified courses.

Pty:+10141,-"' TABLE 12.ALLOCATION OF CERTIFICATION AUTHORITY, WITHLIMITATIONS, AND APPROVAL OF INSTITUTIONS FOR TEACHER EDUCATION Certification Authority Approval Vested in: Authority I for Teacher State Education State State Board Limitations of Authority Programs Legislature Board and Other Specified by Law Vested in' Agencies State Board 6 1 2 3 4 Yes Alabama x Age . Alaska x Age; citizenship No Arizona x Age; citizenship; U.S. and Arizona Con- Yes stitutions; chest x-ray; oath Arkansas x Age; health certificate; x-ray Yes California xi xI ....2 Age; citizenship; degree; oath; evidence Yes of identification and good moral character Colorado x3 x None Yes Connecticut x None Yes Delaware x4 x4 Oath; also see footnote No. 5 Yes District x Age ; citizenship No Florida x Age; citizenship; health certificate; Yes character certificate; recommendation by graduating institution; oath; teacher examination Georgia x None Yes? Hawaii x See footnote No. 8 Yes Idaho x Age; citizenship; graduation from a Yes four-year high school or equivalent course x10 Illinois x x9 Age; citizenship; pass course in U.S. ' Yes history or government; good health; good character; general educational qualifications Indiana x x Pay taxes; pass physical examination; oath Yes x11 Age; physically competent and morally fit Yes Iowa _11 Kansas x14 See footnote No. 12 YesI3 Kentucky x14 Age; good moral character Yes15 Louisiana x16 None Yes x17 Ate; evidence of good moral character Yes,. Maine x17 Maryland x17 Citizenship Yes'* Massiohusetts x See footnote No. 19 No2° Michigan x Age; citizenship Yes Minnesota x None Yes Mississippi x21 None Yes Missouri x x21 General health ctificate Yes Montana x Age; citizenship; oath; health certificate Yes Nebraska x x Maximum required for initial certificate Yes Nevada x Age; citizenship; oath; U.S. and Nevada Yes Constitutions; Nevada school law New Hampshire x None Yes New Jersey x Age; citizenship; course in health Yes New Mexico x Age; citizenship; health certificate Yes New York x x23 Age; citizenship Yes North Carolina x Age Yes North Dakota x _24 Age; citizenship; oath No Ohio x None Yes Oklahoma x See footnote No. 25 Yes Oregon x Age; citizenship; academically, physically, Yes and morally fit _26 Pennsylvania x Age; citizenship No Puerto Rico x See footnote No. 27 No 'Rhode Island x None Yes South Carolina x None Yes,... South Dakota x Age; citizenship; oath Yes`* Tennessee x Age Yes Texas x Age; citizenship; oath; Texas and U.S. Yes Constitutions; moral character certified; ability to speak and understand English Utah x None Yes Vermont .x Age Yes Virginia x Age; citizenship; degree; physical and Yes29 moral fitness Washington x Age; citizenship; oath; health certificate; Yes Washington state history and government West Virginia x Age; citizenship; mental, moral, emotional Yes fitness; college graduation yes12 Wisconsin x3° See footnote No. 31 Wyoming x I Wyoming and U.S. Constitutions No 59

INk

Tvy TABLE 12 FOOTNOTES

I General requirements of new credentials weredefined of Certification and Accreditation of theState Depart- by legislative enactment. ment of Education. 'County boards may process requests for emergency "Citizenship; good health; sound moralcharacter; certificates and may issue student-teaching,teacher bachelor's degree or graduation from an approved aide, and 90-day temporary teaching certificates. normal school; requirements as to s.h., etc., may not become effective until three years after theirmoral= Authority is usually delegated to the ColoradoState gation by the Board of Education. Board of Education, except for statutoryprovision. "There isno statutory authority inMassachusetts for The City of Wilmington, which issues its own cer- state accreditation. Tae State Board ofEducation has tificates. the power and authority, however, to approvefor cer- The professional status certificate wasestablished by tification purposes courses and programs in (a)insti- law. tutions which are regionally or nationallyaccredited, Upper age, 50. (b) institutions the degree-granting powers ofwhich / The Georgia State Board of Education providesfor have been approved by the Massachusetts Boardof the establishment of standards and courses ofstudy for Collegiate Authority, (c) other institutions the pro- the education of teachers, the approval ofinstitutions grams of which have beenevaluated and approved by offering satisfactory planned programs, and thecerti- the State Board of Education. fication of their graduates. " The Missouri State Board of Education hasbroad Teacher must be possessed of the ideals of democracy; powers. Also, five state colleges,Lincoln University, and and the University of Missouri grant their ownteach- knowledge of American history and institutions; County ability to read, write, and speak the English language. ing (life) certificates to their B.S.E. graduates. superintendents are authorized to issne third-grade Refers to the Illinois State Teacher CertificationBoard, (one-year) certificates by examination. which is appointed by the state superintendent ofpub- sign all "A Montana provisional certificate may be granted to lic instruction. (County superintendent must the employing district. certificates before issuance is complete.) a noncitizen if requested by 'Buffalo and New York City issue certificates totheir " Chicago Board of Education certifies itspublic school teachers, but teachers must meet requirements estab- teachers. lished by the state commissioner of education. 11 Board approves on recommendation of the state su- 51 Diplomas of oraduates in education from statecol- perintendent. leges are accredited as certificates, "Must grant a certificate to B.S.E. graduatesof the "Must be a graduate of an approved four-year insiitu- three state teachers colleges. tion. Authority is delegated to the OklahomaState "State superintendent certifies on standards recom- Board a Education. mended by the state superintendent and approvedby '6 Emergency certificates are issued by the county or the Kansas State Board of Education. district superintendent's office for a limited time;other- " State Board, upon recommendation of theKentucky wise, authority is not shared. Interim collegecertifi- Council on Public Higher Education, whichis the cates are requested by the county and district super- legal agency. intendents. of Teacher "Establishes minimum academic requirements for all " The function is performed by the Division citizen; Education and Certification. certificates; not less than 18 years of age; U.S. physically able to practice as a teacher. commis- "Statutes vest certification authority in the The University of South Dakota performs thisfunc- sioner of education; in practice, the Maine StateBoard recommendation of the tion for junior colleges. approves regulations upon authority commissioner. "The Virginia State Board of Education has to accredit colleges in general, not forteacher educa- 11 Baltimore City is excepted by law from state certification as such. tion and certain other state requirements. State regu- with lations apply to all other areas of Maryland. " Wisconsin has no state board; authority is placed the state superintendent. in- " The Maryland State Board of Education approves 11 Minimum requirement of two college years of prepa- stitutions for teacher education. The Board acts onthe recommendation of the state superintendent of schools, ration. who in turn secures information through theDivision " Authority delegated to the state superintendent ice.

TABLE 13.GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FORTEACHING CERTIFICATES

Oath Recom- of mendation Fee General Al le- Must (College RequiredHealth U.S. giance Secure or Minimum for Certifi- Chest Special State Citimn- or Employ-Employing Age Certify cate X-ray Course ship Loyalty ment Officer) Required cate RequiredRequiredRequired 10 8 9. aI/ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 No No No Yes 17 $2.00 No Yes No Alabama No Alaska Yes No No No 18 5.00 No No Yes Yes No No 18 8.00 No Yes Yes Arizona No Arkansas No No No Yes 18 none Yes Yes Yes' Yes No No 18 10.00 Yes No Yes2 California No Colorado No Yes No3 Yes none 5.00 No No Connecticut Yes No No Yes 18 none No No Yes4 No Yes Yes5 Yes none none Yes Yes6 No Delaware No District Yes Yes No Yes none none Yes Yes No . Florida Yes Yes No Yes 207 5.00 Yes No No No No8 Yes none none No No No Georgia No Hawaii Yes No No Yes none none Yes Yes Yes9 Yes No Yes 18 5.00 No No No Idaho 4.0012 Illinois Yes Yes10 No Noll 19 No No Yes13 No Indiana No Yes No Yes none 5.00 Yes No Yes14 Iowa No No No Yes 18 2.00 No No No Yes No Yes none 5.00 No No No Kansas No Kentucky No No No Yes 18 l none No No No No No Yes none none No No Yesb Louisiana No Maine No No Yes16 Yes 17 none No No17 Yes Yes Yes Yes18 18 none No No No Maryland No Massachusetts Yes19 No No No none none Yes No No Michigan Yes Yes No Yes 18 nont20 No No No Minnesota No No No Yes none 3.00 Yes No Mississippi Yes Yes No Yes 18 none Yes No No Missouri No No Yes21 Yes none none Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes 18 2.0022 Yes Yes2:: No Montana No Nebraska Yes Yes No Yes none 2.00 No No Nevada Yes24 Yes No No 18 $1.-$3. Yes Yes Yes25 New Hampshire No Yes Yes Yes none none No No No New Jersey Yes Yes No No 18 5.00 No No No New Mexico Yes No No Yes 18 1.00 Yes Yes No New York Yes26 No27 No No 18 5.00 No No No North Carolina No No No Yes 18 none No No28 No North Dakota Yes29 Yes No Yes 18 $3.-$5. No No No Ohio No No No Yes none 2.00 No No No Oklahoma Yes30 No Yes31 Yes none 1.00 Yes No Yes32 Oregon Yes Yes No Yes 18 5.00 No Yes No Pennsylvania Yes33 No No Yes 18 none Yes No No Puerto Rico Yes Yes Yes No 18 none Yes Yes No Rhode Island Yes34 No Yes Yes 19 none Yes No No South Carolina Yes No No Yes 18 none Yes Yes No South Dakota Yes Yes No Yes 18 $5.-$10. No No No Tennessee No No No Yes 18 2.00 No No No Texas Yes Yes No Yes 18 $2.-$3. No Yes Yes35 Utah No No No Yes none 5.00 No No No Vermont No Yes Yes36 Yes 19 none No No No Virginia Yes No Yvs Yes 18 none No No No Washington Yes37 Yes No38 Yes 18 1.00 No Yes Yes39 No West Virginia Yes No No Yes 1 18 1.00 No No Yes none 5.00 Yes40 Yes40 Yell Wisconsin No No No Yes43 Wyoming Yes42 No Yes Yes none none Yes No 61 TABLE 13 FOOTNOTES

'Filing for declaration of intention will qualify for Out-of-state applicats. citizenship. "A registration fee of $2 is charged for initial certifica- A course in the U.S. Constitution is required for re- tion and $2 for each year of validity. newal of the standard certificate. 23 Can use Mantoux test. 'Except for vocational and some special service cer- "Or have filed declaration of intention. tificates. 23 Nevada school law and Constitution and U.S. Con- U.S. history (or acceptable equivalent). stitution (by credit or c.....4-ation). `Except for graduates of Delaware colleges. "Two -year teaching permit may be issued to an alien ' Not prerequisite but required by law sometime during unable to get declaration of intention due to quota. the first year and each year of employment. The alien must get first preference papers. Or bachelor's degree from an accredited institution. " Required of aliens eligible for a teaching permit. E idence of employment is now required for issuance " Required for employment but not for certificate. of the provisional four-year certificate based on the " Or declaration of intention. bachelor's degree, unless the applicant has been certifi- " Or first papers. cated previously in Georgia. n For temporary certificate only. Or first papers. " An oath is required before teaching is begun but not " Oklahoma history (credit or examination) and 6 s,b. before issuance of the certificate. of American history and government. " New administrative certificate is issued only to gradu- " May be waived for exchange and foreign language ates of approved programs and needs recommendation teachers. of the institution. " May be waived when noncitizen applicant has not been "Four dollars to the state; $1 to the county superintend- a resident for the period required to apply for citizen- ent for issuance, and $2 for registration, making a ship provided employment is not contrary to law; total of $7. waiver may not be extended beyond normal period "American history and/or government. required to obtain citizenship. " American history or American government. " Texas and federal governments; one year to complete. 23 American history, biological and physical science; 8" Required of nonresidents. Louisiana history for elementary teachers only. 32 Or declaration of intention. " Required only of out-of-state, initial applicants who " Required of nonresidents. apply under reciprocity. Washington state history and government or Pacific 17 Not required for certification, but the law requires a Northwest history and government (may be satisfied chest x-ray every two years; responsibility of employ- by examination). ing superintendent. " Health certificate must be filed with employing board ' Recommendation of employing officer. of education, not with the State Department. " A noncitizen may obtain a temporary certificate, valid Cooperatives required of teachers of economics, social six years, to teach his native language provided he andagriculture;conservation required of meets all other certification requirements and presents studies, a certified copy of his declaration of intention to be- teachers of science and social studies. come a citizen. " Or first papers. Out-of-state applicants are charged a fee of $3 for 43 U.S. and Wyoming Constitutions (may be satisfied by investigating credentials. credit or examination).

' ;,!. !'; . , c.' ' TABLE 14. -BASIC AND MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR AUTHORIZATION TO TEACH AN ACADEMIC FIELD OR SUBJECT English Language Mathe-matics Science PhysicalScience Chemistry Physic I Biological Biology I GeneralScience ScienceSocial Alabama State 1 BR30 MR 2 18 BR24 I MR 3 18 BR24 1 Mr 4 18 BR30a I MR 5 18 BR24 I MR 6 IS ",24BR MR 7 18 24BR MR 8 18 BR24 9 MR 18 BR24 MR 10 18 BR30a II MR 18 BR30 MR b 12 18 Alabama State 13 ArkansasArizonaAlaska° 24"30,16 241816 301816 1816 301816 1816 243016 241816 243016 241816 24'3016 241816 243016 241816 243016 241816 242916 24 1816 243016 241816 24a3016 24"18,16 AlaskaArkansasArizona ConnecticutColorado*Californiaa 24,3018a 2030, 241818: 20 18 - 2418b18a, 2018, 2418a 20 2418 b 20 2418c 2018c1-8" 24d18",18,, 201-8e 2418c18e 2018" 24,18' 201-8' 1 30121.24185 21,20-d 30,2418a 203018m-- ConnecticutColoradoCalifornia GeorgianDelawareHawaiiFloridaDistrict _ 363036a 24b24---,-b " 2724a30"2430 272424 24a30,,2130 14180- 30- 33 - 3230 24- 2320i 8" 12e 232018f-- 12g 3230 24--- 232024h- , -- 303618 2424k-- 36333030' 202433 - GeorgiaHawaiiFloridaDistrictDelaware Indian.;IllinoisIdaho 40,,2430 2420 402030 242020 20a30,, 2420- 4030 2420 402430 2420 15- 4030 b 2024_b 4030 b 24 0 402430 2420- 4030 2024 2430- 2420 402430 24c24 IndianaIllinoisIdaho Kentucky"'KansasIowa*" _ 30"48r,24a15 2415 6 24 ,c24a241'48,-,If 24181512 2440,1815" 1218 48d24d151", b 15-d12e 24d15" A -d12- 2424d15`,-, 121812e15 2424d15', 12e1218-15_ 24d1215", 1212"15_ 2424"I5c, 1815.12e 40,24"151,,13 c 15. 6e 48124156 2415p-- 6" KansasIowaLouisianaKentucky MichiganMassachusettsaMarylandMaineLouisiana _ 243024bM1518 2430 9 24a30cM1518 3018 9 2430r,1,,1318._ 3018 9 36c50"151818, 36-- 9 1518 -- 9 2430'151812,, 2430 9 2430'151812, 2430 9 V.b18-15 -- 9 2430b1815-b I 2430 -- 9 M1518- m 9 36d2e501815 3650m 9 MassachusettsMarylandMaineMichigan MontanaNebraskaMissouriMississippi*Minnesota *a 2430 24::'1130-m 24a24"18a 182024-m 24c3024Ma 202418-m 243230Mb- 203218dm- 243016Mb- 201816-m 2410a15"16,- 18"107,15,16 2415b16r,-,10a 1618"Ion- 243015c16 2018"15-16m 2410"15,,16 18"10b15,16 2432,15' 20,3218"15- 2430Mb 20.243018c NebraskaMontanaMissouriMississippiMinnesota NewNevada* MexicoHampshireJersey' 2430M18 24-1812 2430aM3018 24-1812b 2430M18 24-1812 -243030aM 2430-_12c 24M18- 2418-_12c 24M18 241812'---_ 2AM18- 241812c-_ 2418M 2418- 2418M 24 18-_12c 24bM 18 1812".%8 30e7430M. 243012c NewNevada JerseyMexicoHampshire NorthNew York Carolina 3636a 36 3024 24 30 1., 48 2442 42 2442 42-- 2442 42 24 " 4236 36 NorthNew York Carolina OregonOklahomaOhioNorth Dakota" 2824a16 28241816- 20a24b16 2020a16- 28"1216 --, , 121816 -36"16 A 451816- 16- 8 21'16.. 8 1236b- 1218-1516 361612c 1211516 b -3-6-16 18I5c16 3616- 8 18-1516 8 3616- 21"161816, 28"36,16-- 2845'1816- OregonOklahomaOhioNorth Dakota PuertoPennsylvania Rico 3036 36 .30 24a , 3024a 2430 2430 3040 4030- 4030- 4030 24 24 24 24 3024 3024 24 24 24 24 3036 3630 PennsylvaniaPuerto Rion ' Texas TennesseeSouthSouthRhode Carolina DakotaIsland 2418a 24242418 242424a18 241818 2418a1815 2418a1815 48a32:3018- 48323018- 2418a 2418 2424"1612- , 241612 2424a1216 24241216- 2418 b 2418 -24241216- 241216 24c48a18:16c18 48'241618 4836,30,36d15" d 48363015 TexasTennesseeSouthSouthRhode Carolina DakotaIsland VirginiaVermont*Utah _ M243026 2415- 2424'26M 2415- 30:26,,18a 1815 42- 42 - 42 -42 30c2616 1615- 30c2616- 1615 42- 42 30r,421 6" 4216m- 24c48c42M 24c42m 48d4230dM 423.0%.m A VirginiaVermontUtah m m M -_ Wisconszn,WestWashington*" Virginia 2236a 2224 30 2224 22,.24b24 2218 54,,--- _54: 18c--. 54 ou22 22. 2240u 22- - 4022Mb 22 3q,--" 18 've54c 5418 WisconsinWestWashington Virginia OS Wyoming' 30 18 30"22, 18 mM-mM 30' 30dA 'AmMmM,m18" 30 18c - 30'--. 18"-=- 30 -18c 30 - 30 Wyoming - , - '; - - - - TA tat 14 FOOTNOTES

LEGEND: BR means the basic requirement for The standard junior college credential major re- teaching a subject full time, for a major fraction of the quires a master's, doctor's, or other postgraduate de- school day, or in the highest classification of schools. gree approved by the State Board of Education in MR means the minimum requirement for teaching a a subject matter area (not professional education). subject part time, for a minor fraction of the school No minor is required if the major is in an academic day, or in the lowest classification of schools. means subject commonly taught in the public junior college. not reported. M means a major; m means a minor. If desired, the minor must consist of 20 s.h. in a single subject or academic interdepartmental group, * The high school certificate is of the blanket type for including 12 upper-division or graduate s.h. in one academic fields; authorized teaching fields are not subject. With a nonacademic major, a 20-s.h. minor endorsed on the certhicate. Where teaching require- is required in a single academic subject or inter- ments are listed, these are enforced by the employing departmental group, including 12 upper-division or school qfficer or by accrediting regulations. graduate s.h. in one subject. The holder is authorized Alabama to teach any subjects listed as majors on the credential. Subjects listed as minors may be taught only by This work must includebiology,chemistry, and physics. resolution of the district governing board of trustees. A major in social science must include at least two fields. Colorado Including 5 s.h. in the specific subject taught. Alaska " Including physics and chemistry. Teaching-field preparation must meet the standards of In science, including 10 in chemistry. the Northwest Association of Secondary and Higher d In science, including 10 in physics. Schoolsa major or minor of 16 and 12 s.h. re- In science, including 10 in biological science. spectively. In science, including 10 in biology. Including biological and physical science. Arkansas May include not more than 6 s.h. in speech and Connecticut journalism in any combination. " Must include 6 s.h. in U.S. history, 6 in European In addition to an introductory course. history, and 9 chosen from at least three of the fol- " A provisionalcertificatein mathematics may be lowing fields: economics, sociology, political science, granted on the basis of 12 hours, including calculus; geography. additional content preparation must be completed before issuance of the standard certificate. California For the first science; for each additional science, 12 s.b. The standard elementary, secondary, and junior col- d Including 12 s.h. in one science and a course in each lege credentials require completion of an academic of two others. major or minor. No minor is required if the major is academic. The standard elementary credential requires an aca- Delaware demic major to authorize teaching of all elementary Or 30 s.h. if freshman English was waived by the school subjects. With a nonacademic major, the cre- college. dential holder is restricted to teaching only the sub- " Minimum requirements for permission to teach up to ject areas listed as majors and minors on the creden- three classes along with classes in the certificated tial. Twenty-four s.h. of upper-division or graduate subject. work in an academic single subject or interdepart- In addition, a demonstrated proficiency of at least mental group constitute a standard elementary creden- "good," as measured by criteria of the Modern Lan- tial major. The minor (if required or desired) re- guage Association. quires 20 s.h. in a single subject or interdepartmental d Plus 6 s.h. each in physics, chemistry, and math. group, except that when the major is nonacademic in Minimum requirement to teach up to two classes or a subject commonly taught in the elementary schools, sections, plus 6 s.h. in biology, physics, and/or college- 12 of the 20 s.h. must be upper-division or graduate level math. work. Plus 6 s.h. each in chemistry, biology, and math. The standard secondary credential major requires Minimum requirement to teach op to two classes or 24 s.h. of upper-division or graduate work in a single sections, plus 6 s.h. in math. subject, at least 6 of which must be graduate. The P'r'. 6 s.h. each in chemistry and elective science. minor (if required or desired) requires 20 s.h. in a Minimum requirement to teach up to two class .: or single subject or interdepartmental group, except that sections, plus 3 s.h. in chemistry. when the major is nonacademic in a subject commonly I Including two semesters in each field of biology, chem- taught in the secondary schools, 12 of the 20 s.h. must istry, and physics. be upper-division or graduate work. The holder is lim- " For partial teaching assignment of up c o three classes ited to teaching subjects listed on the credential, except or sections, 18 s.h., including two semesters in each by special resolution of the local governing board with of chemistry, physics, and biology. a report to the State Department of Education. I Thirty s.h. in specified areas.

64 TABLE 14 FOOTNOTES (continued) Minimum requirement, including two semester courses Kentucky in U.S. history, for permission to teach up to three Specialization requirements for certification may be sections or classes along with certificated area. completed under one of four options (see below) in accordance with these definitions: Area of concentra- Florida tionconcentration usually.48 s.h., in accordance with For the first language; 18 for the second. an approved plan designed to insurewoll-remnded specialization in the area. Majorminimum of 24 s.h. in accordance with scope and sequence appropri- Georgia ate for the subject; majors in English and in certain BR and MR refer to requirements for listing fields on approved combinations require 30 s.h. Minormini- the certificate. mum of 18 s.h. in accordance with scope and sequence; b Teachers of grades 9-12 must meet the BR. Teachers a minor in English and in certain approvedsubject of grades 7-8 may hold an elementary school cer- combinations requires 24 s.h. tificate. Specialization Option 1, an area of concentration. Specialization Option 2, two majors.Specialization Hawaii Option 3, one major and two minors. Specialization In addition to solid geometry and trigonometry and Option 4, one major and one minor when credit in both including a course in teaching mathematics. in 48 s.h. (54 when English is includt4 as a major). Where two numbers are listed, the first is for the Illinois area of concentration, the second for themajor. The requirement for a special certificate in any field Single numbers refer to majors only. is 32 s.h. b Area in English: ,!8 s.h., 30 of which must be dis- Ten s.h. in the subject, with 24 in the field of physical tributed among grammar, composition, and literature, science. and18 among speech, dramatics, and journalism. May be a minor of 16 s.h. in history provided the Area in foreign languages: 48 including at least applicant has a total of 24 in social science. 18 in the leading language, 12 in each of two others, and 6 in electives. Iowa d Area in natural science: 48 s.h., including at least 12 each in biology, chemistry, and physics, with at least Iowa actually issues two authorizations: a general 15 in one of the three, plus 3 s.h. in geology and the certificate and an approval statement. Institutions are remainder in electives. Area in physical science and authorized to file programs of teacher education speci- mathematics: 48 s.h., including at least 15 each in fying higher than minimum standards. When such such inchemistry, physics, and mathematics. programs are approved, students attending No separate certification in general science. A teacher stitutions must meet the institutional standards, even qualifies for general science if certified in the science though they exceed the minimum state standards, in area of concentration or in chemistry, physics, or order to secure "regular approval." Teachers devoting urged biology as the major or minor subject. a major portion of time to a subject area are f Area in social studies:, 48 s.h., including 18 in, history to have.30 s.h. of preparation in it. and 6 each in political science, economics, sociology, b Standards require 15 s.h. in the field, with some credit and geography; remainder in electives. in the subject taught. ' Deduction from BR: 3 s.h. for two years of high Louisiana school training in the language taught. Deduction from BR: 1 s.h. for each high school unit Twenty-four in the first language, 18 in the second. in advanced algebra, trigonometry, or solid geometry; b Six s.h. each in biology, chemistry, and physics gives total deduction not to exceed 3 s.h. authorization in general science. An additional 6 Standards require 15 s.h. in the field, with 6 in each in any one of the three gives authorization in that one. science subject taught. Including U.S. history and government. t Standards require 15 s.h. in the field, with preparation in both physical and biological sciences. Maine 'Standards require 15 s.h. in the field, with 6 in each In academic fields, the general certificate requires a socir.il studies subject taught. 30-hour major and 18-hour minor or a 50-hour area in English, mathematics and science, or social studies. Kansas Thirty s.h. if major, 18 if minor. ' The 24 s.b. are required for teaching English in com- Latin, French, Spanish, German: 30 s.h. if major, 18 prehensive and standard schools. A journalism teacher if minor. must obtain the 24 but must include 6 in journalism d Math and science: 50 s.h. for the broad field; both or other subjects in the field. subjects may be included. b Only 15 required for authorization in Latin. A second language may be taught with 15 s.h. in the Maryland field. A single language; 18 s.h. are acceptable if thesappli- d Twenty-four s.h. in the field, including 12 in the spe- cant completed 2 or more ui.....4ts of the language dur- cific subject. ing the last three years of se,coneRry school. Twenty-four s.h. in the field, but 6 in a specific sub- b Eighteen s.h. are acceptable if the applicant com- ject. pleted 3 or more units of senior high school mathe- 5, :,4,1447tO 11, (re's. S.

TABLE 14 FOOTNOTES (continued) matics and the 18 are composed entirely ofgenerally Montana recognized college mathematics content. 'Ten s.h. in the subject, plus certificateendorsement Including at least 18 in one of biology, chemistry, or in either science or physical science; orcertificate physics and 6 each in the other two. Ajunior high endorsement in the subject, which is based on com- school teacher may substitute 6 s.h. inphysical or pletion of a college approved teaching major orminor earth science for the physics. A seniorhigh school (minimum, 20 s.h.). teacher who has in addition to the aboverequirements b Ten s.h. in the subject, plus certificate endorsementin 15 s.h. in another science may be assigned toteach science; or certificate endorsement in biology orbio- science. logical science. Including 18 in history (6 in U.S. history), 6 in economics, and one course each in sociology,political Mebraska science, and geography. BR is now an endorsement on the teachingcertificate. b Eighteen in the specific language. Eighteen in the field and preparation in eachsubject Massachusetts certificates taught. All secondary school and special subject Including 8 in the specific. science taught, cxcept general have the same requirements: 18 s.h. in themajor field science requires at least one course each inphysics, or fields (for authorization toteach full time) and 9 in minor subject fields (for authorization toteach chemistry, and biology. min" or fields up to 50 percent of total teachingtime). New Hampshire All secondary school and special subject certificates Thirty in the area, 18 in the specific subjecttaught. are special certificates inthat a certificate is issued appli- In the specific language. for each subject or field requested (assuming the bit taught. applicant e Twelve in the area, 6 in the subject to cant meets all the requirements). Thus, an d Twelve in the area, covering physical andbioiugiehl who qualifies in two major fields may applyfor and receive two certificates, one for each field. science. Minor fields are recorded in the office of the Divi- Thirty in the area, 6 in the subject to be taught. sion of Teacher Certification and Placement but are New Jersey not recorded on the teacher's certificate. aFor permanent certification, the .18 s.h. mustbe raised to 24. No further requirement in the30-s.h. fields. Minnesota One s,h. per unit of high school credit is allowed, not New York to exceed 3 s.h. Total preparation must include work (notnecessarily Major or minor concentration in general area; some separate courses) in advanced writing;concepts, proc- college credits in the specific subject are required.A esses, and media ofcommunication; development, major if over half -time is spent teaching aspecific structure, and function of theEnglish language; im- subject; minor if half-time or less. provement of reading; literarymaterials for adoles- Secondary school teachers certified to teach after cents; American, English, and worldliterature; oral September 1, 1966, with minor preparation in science, composition (public speaking, argument, ordiscus- mathematics, English,socialstudies,and modern sion); and oral interpretation (of prose,poetic, or foreign languages, shall within seven years after the dramatic literature). initial certification acquire a college major in order b All certificates issued for a specific science carry valid- to continue to be certificated to teach inthe subject ity for general science. or field. North Dakota The high school certificate is of theblanket type for Mississippi academic fields; majors and minors appear onthe cer- * Or 12 s.h., phis 2 high school units. tificate. Teaching assignments are enforcedby. accrel- b Eight s.h. in mathematics may be applied toward itation. Each high school teacher ofsubjects in the meeting requirements in physics if the applicant meets academic fields shall teach only in thefield or fields requirements for endorsement in all areas of science. indicated in which he has the equivalentof a college minor. Sixteen s.h., or the number ofcredits required by the North Central Associationfor determining a Missouri for in- * Or 18 s.h., plus 2 or more high schoolunits in the minor in any field, is considered the standard same language. terpreting this requirement. b Plus 9 in other science. *Fifteen in any biological science, plus 9 in other sci- Ohio teach biology, zoology, Latin, 15; French, Spanish, or German, 20. ence; the applicant may then and physics. or botany. b Must include basic courses in chemistry An applicant may teach general science in grades9-12 Or basic courses in biology, zoology, andbotany. physics, biology, and with 5 s.h. each of biological science, chemistry, and d Must include basic courses in physics, plus 9 of other science. An applicant may chemistry. teach grades 7-9 with 5 s.h. each of biological science, Well distributed among history,economics, sociology, chemistry, and physics. political science, and geography.

66 et, I:

TABLE 14 FOOTNOTES (continued) Oklahoma b Thirty in a sequential program, starting withanalytics Or language arts. or calculus. A maximum 6-hour deduction is allowed for appropri- Thirty in chemistry, physics, or biology, or 48 in sci- ate high school credit in meeting minor teaching as- ences, including at least 18 in eachof two of chemistry, signment requirements. None allowed for certification; physics, and biology. the rule applies only to assignment outside the major Thirty in history, or 48 in social studies, including 18 teaching field. in history and one year of U.S. history. One college course is required in each subject taught. A maximum of 3 s.h. may be deducted from the total Virginia :A hours required for either intermediate algebra, solid a Must include 3 in calculus. geometry, or trigonometry omitted in college because b Must include a course in general biology. of work completed in high school. Courses in basic Must include at least three of the science fields. mathematics, business mathematics, and methods of Authorization to teach history and social studies re- teaching mathematics are excluded toward meeting the quires 15 in history and 15 in two of economics, geog- above requirements. raphy, and sociology. d Distributed among physical and biological sciences. Washington Oregon a Graduates of Washington institutions now obtain a pro- * Required in each language taught. visional teaching certificate which is valid for teaching kjii Must include 4 in chemistry. K-12. TMS should not be interpreted to mean that e Must include 4 in physics. holders of these certificates have not met certain re- it Must include 6 in U.S. history, 6 in history of Western quirements in major and minor subject fields.State or world civilization or equivalent courses, and work Board of Education accreditation of junior and senior in geography, economics, sociology, and political sci- high schools is one of the controls which influence ence. assignment of teachers to their proper fields. Begin- ning teacher assignments are limited to levels and sub- Pennsylvania jects recommended by the institution. a Also pass four-skills part of MLA proficiency test. West Virginia Rhode Island *A comprehensive field of 53 s.b., includingEnglish, * May include up to 3 s.h. of speech. speech, and journalism, is the minimum requirement b Must include at least 18 in the specific area; remaining for persons qualifying in a single area of specialization. 6 may be in math* or other sciences. b Teachers of chemistry, physics, and biology are also Must include at least 6 each of biology, chemistry, and prepared to teach general science.Every science physics; remaining 6 in math or science. teacher must have a foundation of 8 hours each in d Must include at least 18 in history. chemistry, physics, and biology. Must include 24 of American and Europeanhistory South Carolina and 6 each in government, sociology, and geography. Calculus must be included. Wisconsin South Dakota * With a minor of 22 in one subject and onefull-year 4- *At least 10 in the science taught. course of at least 8 s.h. in the otherthree. Subjects ,At With at least 3 each in zoology and botany. included are chemistry, physics, biology, and earth The preparation must be in at least two fields. science. A minimum of 6 s.h. of mathematics shall be d At least 5 in each subject taught, except American his- a prerequisite. tory, 8. With work in at least three sciences. Tennessee At least 22 in history and one full-year course in sociology, economics, political science, andsocial geography. Or 18 and 2 high school units. Must include three areas. Must include both biology and physical science. Wyoming Must include 12 of history and 6 each of sociology, a Certificates usually are endorsed by fields sincefew geography, economics, and government. teachers in the state teach a particular subject for a major portion of the day. However, individual subject Texas endorsements are available for teachers with the re- a The composite science and general science fields must quired 24-30 s.h. Minor teaching fields are not en- have major emphasis in biology and include at least dorsed on the certificate.Accreditation enforces a 3-6 s.b. in chemistry, physics, and earth science. minimum of 18 in each minor taught. b Must have major emphasis in history and include at b Six-hour deduction allowed for high school workif least 3-6 s.h. in government, economics, geography, proficiency is indicated in transcript of credits. and sociology. Endorsement in science requires 30, including 8 each in physics and chemistry and 12 in biology. 1 Vermont d Eight each in physics, chemistry, and additional physi- *Latin, 24; modern languages, 24 beyond the first-year cal sciences. rt introductory course. Eighteen of biological science and 8 of chemistry. 44, 67 s?

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t TABLE 15 FOOTNOTES

LEGEND: BR means the basic requirement for teach- division or graduate, or 20 in an academic interdepart- ing a subject full time, for a major fraction of the school mental group, including 12 upper-division or graduate day, or in the highest classification of schools. MR means in one subject. The holder is authorized to teach any the minimum requirement for teaching a subject part subjects listed as majors or. credential.Subjects time, for a minor fraction of the school day, or in the listed as minors may be taught by resolution of district lowest classification of schools. means not reported. governing board of trustees. AC means approved course. B means a bachelor's degree. b Four years of appropriate education beyond high M means a major; m means a minor. MIS means master school graduation or four years of appropriate success- of library science; BLS means bachelor of library science. ful experience obtained after high school graduation in NR means no requirement. VR means vocational re- the subject to be named on the credential, or any com- quirement. bination of experience and education. For a credential authorizing teaching in an academic subject matter * The high school certificate is of the blanket type for area, the education shall be at the college or university academic fields and, in some instances, for special level. fields; authorized teaching fields are not endorsed on the certificate. Where requirements for teaching are Connecticut listed, these are enforced by the employing school officer or by accrediting regulations. Business (commerce) is considered a secondary field. (Secondary business education, 30 &h.) Arkansas For the provisional certificate, 18 in library science and Agriculture, home economics, and industrial arts are 17 in "broad cultural fields" (not defined); for the checked by the state supervisor of the particular serv- standard certificate, 30 in library science. ice involved. For teaching academie subjects customarily taught in secondary schools in adult education classes, require- California ments are the same as for those for secondary school a The standard elementary, secondary, and junior college subject preparation. credentials require completion of an academic major or minor. No minor is required if the major is aca- Delaware demic. a Grades 1-12. The standard elementary credential requires an aca- b Plus 18 in professional education, or a valid teaching demic major to authorize teaching of all elementary certificate. school subjects. With a nonacademic major, the holder is restricted to teaching the subject matter areas listed A major in dramatic arts and speech, with a minimum as majors and minors on the credential. Twenty-four of 36 s.h. s.h. of upper-division or graduate work in an academic d Including one 3-s.h. course in directing if major teach- ; single subject or interdepartmental group constitute a ing assignment is in dramatic arts and speech. Mini- standard elementary credential major. The minor (if mum of 16 s.h. if the area is taught as a minor assign- required or desired) requires 20 s.h. in a single subject ment. or interd:partmental group, except that when the major For adult basic education; B or three years of experi- is nonacademic in a subject commonly taught in the ence in a special field for general adult education. .s elementary schools, 12 of the 20 s.h. must be upper- division or graduate. Florida The standard secondary credential major requires 24 a Major must be agriculture. s.h. of upper-division or graduate work in a single sub- b With certification in English, 6. ject, at least 6 of which must be graduate. The minor High school graduation and 48 months of work experi- (if required or desired) requires 20 s.h. in a single sub- ence, or institutional training and 24 months of expe- ject or interdepartmental group, except that when the rience. major is nonacademic in a subject commonly taught in the secondary schools, 12 of the 20 must be upper- division or graduate. The holder is limited to teaching Georgia single subjects listed on the credential, except by special Basic and minimum requirements refer to the listing of resolution of the local governing board with a report fields on certificates. to the State Department of Education. b Bachelor's degree from a college approved for training The standard junior college credential major requires teachers of vocational agriculture or vocational home a master's, doctor's, or other postgraduate degree ap- economics. proved by the State Board of Education in a subject a Included in the broad field of English. matter area (not professional education). No minor is For certification as teacher-librarian, 12. required if the major is in an academic subject commonly taught in the public junior college, but if desired, Hawaii it must consist of 20 s.h. in a single subject or academic interdepartmental group, including 12 upper- a Plus a course in the teaching of agriculture. division or graduate s.h. in one subject. With a non- b Not listed separately. academic major, one minor is required consisting of 20 Minimum of 12 in health, 16 in physical education, and s.h. in a single academic subject, including 12 upper- ' a course in the teaching of physical education.

69 -7.7.:;=4" - ' 3-tT:=,_

TABLE 15 FOOTNOTES (continued) Idaho certain approved combinations require 30 s.h. Minor a Endorsement also must be approved by Life vocational minimum of 18 s.h. in accordance with scope and agriculture supervisor for vocational education. sequence; a minor in English and in certain approved b Endorsement also must be approved by the home eco- subject combinations requires 24 s.h. nomics supervisor for vocational education. Specialization Option 1, an area of concentration. Specialization Option 2, two majors.Specialization Illinois Option 3, one major and two minors. Specialization If English major or minor, 8. Option 4, one major and one minor, when credit in both is 48. b Section 21-11, General Certificate. "The State Teacher Where two numbers are listed, the first is for the Certification Board may issue a general certificate for area of concentration, the second for the major. Single part-time teachers of junior college and adult education numbers refer to majors only. subjects. Such certificate shall be for not more than Before a teacher with less than a minor of 18 can be eight clock hours per week and the subject named in assigned to a subject, approval must be secured by the the certificate. The requirement is proof that the appli- local school superintendent from the head of the cant is a recognized specialist in his occupational field Bureau of Instruction of the State Department of and that the employing board make the request." Education. Iowa " Area in agriculture: completion of vocational agricul- Iowa actually issues two authoricat;ons: a general cer- ture curriculum which includes a minimum of 60. tificate and an approval statement. Special certificates Area la art: 18 distributed among drawing and paint- with the subject or service area endorsed thereon are ing, design, sculpture and ceramics, history and appre- available in the following areas: art, industrial arts, ciation of art, and methods. education of exceptional children, music, physical edu- d Area in commerce (business education): 48 distributed cation, and librarianship. These certificates require at among business education subjects, with a degree of least 30 s.h, of preparation in the area endorsed specialization in one. thereon. The holders of blanket certificates are also ° Area in home economics: completion of vocational required to have 30 s.h. of preparation in any area just named to which they devote more than half-time, ex- home economics curriculum which includes 60 s.h. cept that no authorization for the education of excep- Area in industrial arts: 48 distributed among general tional children is given on less than 30 s.h. shop, woods, metals, graphic arts, drafting, crafts, elec- b Nonvocational. tricity and power, and transportation. g A teaching major or minor in a speech-dramatics com- For teaching half-time or less, 15; for more than half- time, 30. bination is issued, but a major is not recognized in journalism, speech, or dramatics as individual subjects. d Standards require 15 in the field, with some credit in Teaching minors are issued in these subjects. A speech- the subject taught, except that preparation in shorthand dramatics combination must include 8 s.h. in the lesser and typewriting must include "advance preparation" of the two subjects. beyond the beginning course. h An approved minor in library science is sufficient to The requirement is 6 when the teacher also has 15 in validate a provisional or standard teaching certificate English. for librarianship until the standard librarianship certifi- g For more than half-time service, a certificate endorsed cate is obtained. for librarianship is required. Area in music: minimum of 48, including applied Kansas music; music theory; conducting, 2; musicology; methods, 4; and electives. Each institution plans its own * The requirement for vocational agriculture is higher. course distribution. b In the specific subject. The requirement for vocational home economics is Louisiana higher. Thirty-three gives authorization in health, physical, d In English, including 6 in any subject taught in this and safety education; 20 gives authorization only in field. physical education (including coaching). In secondary schools, 24 to teach vocal music plus 24 b No official laws or minimum requirements for adult to teach instrumental music. education. By informal agreement, superintendents g In English, including 6 in speech. employ teachers with regular certificates, or if they are not available, at least individuals with college degrees. Kentucky Specialization requirements for certification may be Maine completed under any one of four options (see below) A valid general eiementary or secondary certificate in accordance with the following definitions: Area of may be endorsed to authorize service as a librarian for concentrationconcentration usually 48 s.h., in ac- the particular level covered by the general certificate cordance with an approved plan designed to insure when the applicant presents 18 s.h. in approved library well-rounded specialization in the area. Majormini- science. The regular school librarian's certificate is mum of 24 s.h. in accordance with scope and sequence based on a bachelor's degree from an approved pro- appropriate for the subject; majors in English and in gram for the preparation of school librarians.

70 TABLE 15 FOOTNOTES (continued) Maryland Ohio Listed as business education. Special certificates are issued only for art, library sci- and hearing- o Included in English requirement. ence, music, physical education, speech, speech therapy. ° Fifty for a special certificate. Massachusetts Thirty for a special certificate. All secondary certificates and special subject certificates have the same requirements: 18 in the major field or Forty for a special certificate. fields (to teach full time) and 9 in minor subject fields Oklahoma (authorized to teach minor fields up to half-time). Bookkeeping and clerical practice: MR, 26; BR, 18. All secondary and special subject certificates are spe- Business education: MR, 30; BR, 18. cial certificates in that a certificate is issued for each ° Instrumental and vocal music: MR, 46; BR, 18. In- subject or field requested (assuming the applicant meets strumental music: MR, 40; BR, 18.Vocal music: all the requirements). Thus, an applicant who qualifies in two major fields may apply for and receive two cer- MR, 40; BR, 18. tificates, one for each field. Pennsylvania Minor fields are recorded in the office of the Divi- Must hold a certificate. sion of Teacher Certification and Placement but are not recorded on the teacher's certificate. Tennessee ° Teachers in the adult civic education, program are re- Program approved by State Boardfor Vocational quired to have special certification by the Division of Education. Civic Education. ° Valid,for grades 1-12. Must include 12 distributed amongintroduction to Minnesota business, accounting, typewriting, businesslaw, eco- A major if over half-time is spent teaching a specific nomics, and business mathematics. Also,provision for subject, a minor if half-time or less. endorsement in individual areas. ° Approved college minor. Must be distributed with not more than 10in one area to apply on the minimum. Missouri ° Endorsement for teacher-librarian, 12. a General. Public school music endorsement. Instrumentalmusic, ° A person certificated in English may teach journalism. 42. In speech or dramatics, or both, with a minimum of 5 g Including health, 12, physical education, 12. in the subject taught, plus 9 in other English which must include 5 in composition. Texas For vocational agriculture; when notvocational, 48. all-level en- Nebraska ° Art is considered a secondary field. For dorsement, 48, covering all areas in arteducation. BR is now an endorsement on the teaching certificate. Commerce (business education) is considered a sec- Eighteen in the field, including preparation in each ondary field and requires 24 for secretarial science.The subject taught. composite field covering all areas of businesseducation requires 48. New Hampshire For vocational home economics; when notvocational, Plus 6 in methods of teaching the specialty on the ele- 48. mentary and secondary levels. Speech is considered a secondary field. Forall-level ° AC or 30 in the area, 6 in the subject taught. speech-drama endorsement, 48 in the major areasin Twelve in the area, 6 in the subject taught. speech and drama. Or bachelor's degree, plus 6 in professional education. Utah Minimum for a single subject within the field. New York Certification in high school English is needed to teach Virginia journalism. B.S. in agricultural education from aschool approved ° Plus performance standards in piano, voice, and sight for training vocational agriculture teachers, two years reading. of farm experience, and student teaching in the area. No defined preparation is required. The applicant must Cannot use collegiate certificate. hold a regular public school teaching certificate or ° Must include design, 9; modeling, ceramics, sculpture, have sufficient training and experience and the recom- and handicrafts, 9; history and appreciation, 6. mendation of the local superintendent of schools. Business education: stenography, 15, including shorthand, 9; typewriting, 6; bookkeeping, 12; office organi- North Dakota zation and practice, 6; basic business, 12, including Majors and minors are shown on certificates. Place- business management and organization, business law, ment is enforced by accrediting regulations. and/or finance.

71 ..9...../1104 TABLE 15 FOOTNOTES (continued) Bachelor's degree from a college approved forthe culture, 50; art, 40; home economics, 50;industrial preparation of vocational home economics teachers. arts, 40; music, 50. The teacher of aspecial subject position Specific courses are required. would find it difficult to secure a satisfactory without holding a special certificate. b Valid for grades 1-12. Washington Graduates of Washington institutions nowobtain a Approved by the supervisor of vocational education on provisional teaching certificate which is valid forteach- an individual basis. that ing K-12. This should not be interpreted to mean Wisconsin holders of these certificates have not met certain re- No teacher may continue to teach a specialsubject with quirements in fields of concentration or in major and jour- minor subject fields; State Board of Education accred- less than a major of at least 34 s.h. (exceptions: itation of junior and senior high schools is one of the nalism, library science, and speech). controls which influence assignment of teachers to their Wyoming proper fields. Beginning-teacherassignments are lim- Certificates usually are endorsed by fieldssince few ited to levels and subjects recommended by the institu- teachers in the state teach a particularsubject for a tion. major portion of the day. However, individualsubject b On recommendation of the school district. endorsements are available for teachers with the required 24 or 30 s.h. Minor teaching fields are not en- Accreditation enforces a West Virginia dorsed on the certificate. Endorsements in a single subject are given for the fol- minimum of 18 in each minor field taught. lowing fields if specified requirements are met: agri- b Must be part of the English endorsement.

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* TABLE 16 FOOTNOTES

*Only if accreditation is desired, or, in Maine,if the a teacher assigned to grade7, 8, or 9 who meets the school desires to receive public funds for tuition. requirements for a high school teacher's certificate or the requirements for an elementary schoolcertificate, *Children's Center Permit required. plus subject matter requirements for a highschool doctor's °Noncertified teachers who hold a master's or certificate. degree in an academic subject field maybe employed local school com- in junior colleges for an aggregate total ofthree years n Only in junior colleges operated by a without holding a credential, after which they mustbe mittee; at present there are only two. regularly certificated. 4 In private schools only. children of `Applies to state institutions operating educational pro- " All private elementary schools enrolling grams. compulsory school age have to be accredited to op- ° Refers now to kindergarten-elementary. erate. " Rules of the Department of Health in NewYork City ° Only in Class 2 public junior colleges, of which there require that professional staff of a private nursery are only three remaining. school hold state teaching certificates. Statevoluntar' Teachers in recognized private and parochial schools registration of private nursery schools requiresthe must meet requirements for certification and recogni- staff to be certified. tion, but they do not need actual possession of a cer- Only if teaching in the campus school. tificate. " An approved kindergarten must employteachers who Unless child completes it before age 7. hold professional elementary teachingcertificates. Certificates are not required of private school teachers 11 Rules of the Department of Public Welfarerequire the but are issued upon request to such teachers who meet principal teacher in a private or parochial nursery requirements. school to have a license attesting to themeeting of " The junior high school teacher's certificate is issued to state qualifications.

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4!".1.,,.* -, "".-TT: ,j1WISM."1111111.11111111riall.,11141.11.11114 ' 'N, ' ;r: s

TABLE 17.--TYPES OF CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY THE STATES Separate Academic Special Certificate General Fields Fields Issued Life or Blanket Endorsed on Endorsed on for Each State or Permanent High School High School High School Special Certificate Certificate Certificate Certificate Field

1 2 3 4 5. 6 Alabama Yes' . No Yes Yes No Alaska Yes2 Yes No No No Arizona No No Yes Yes No Arkansas. No No Yes Yes No California Yes No Yes Yes No Colorado No Yes Yes Yes No Connecticut Yes3 No Yes4 Yes4 No Delaware No5 No No No Yes District Yes6 No Yes No Yes Florida No No Yes Yes No Georgia Yes? No Yes Yes No Hawaii Yes8 No Yes Yes No Idaho No No Yes Yes No Illinois No Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Indiana to Iowa Yes9 Yesto No Nom No Kansas Nol I Yes Yes12 No12 No Kentucky Yes13 No Yes14 Yes No Louisiana Yes15 No Yes Yes No Maine . No Yes No No Yes Maryland No No Yes Yes No Massachusetts Yes16 No17 Yes No Yes Michigan Yes No Yes Yes No Minnesota Yes18 No Yes Yes No Mississippi No19 No Yes Yes Yes" Missouri Yes21 No Yes Yes No Montana No No Yes Yes No Nebraska Yes Yes Yes Yes No Nevada No Yes No No No New Hampshire No No Yes Yes No New Jersey Yes No Yes Yes Yes New Mexico No No Yes Yes Yes New York Yes No Yes No Yes22 North Carolina No No Yes Yes No Yes23 Yes Yes24 Yes No North Dakota 26 Ohio Yes25 No Yes Yes Oklahoma No No Yes Yes No27 Oregon No28 No Yes Yes No Pennsylvania Yes29 No Yes Yes No Puerto Rico Yes" No Yes Yes Yes Rhode Island Yes31 No Yes Yes No South Carolina No No Yes Yes No South Dakota Yes32 No Yes Yes No Tennessee No No Yes Yes No Texas Yes33 No Yes Yes No34 Utah No Yes No No No Vermont No Yes No Yes35 Yes35 Virginia No No Yes Yes No Washington No Yes Yes Yes No West Virginia Yes36 No Yes Yes No Wisconsin Yes37 No Yes Yes Yes Wyoming No No Yes Yes No

75 TABLE 17 FOOTNOTES

Class AA certificate is issued for life, based on 30 s.h. 1. Only major and minor fields or areas of concentration beyond the master's degree in a planned program lead- are shown on the certificate. ing toward the doctor's degree. The applicant must Type A and B certificates are valid for life for continu- have completed enough work to be within one year of ous service. the doctor's degree. " All certificates are permanent. 'Applicant must have a master's degree and five years " No certificates are issued which would cover all fields, of successful teaching experience in Alaska. but certificates entitled "Social Studies," "General Sci- the 3 After three years of successful teaching and completion ence," etc., cover a number of academic fields. In of 30 s.h. beyond the bachelor's degree; valid as long first five years under the Massachusetts certification as the holder does not LeaveConnecticut public school law, 1951-56, all certificates issued were general and teaching for five consecutive years. covered all subjects and areas under the certification law at present, except special class, librarian, and psy- Connecticut has no high school certificate as such; the chologist. provisional certificate may be endorsed for all teach- secondary, or specialfor " The applicant must have five years of experience in ing fieldselementary, public schools in Minnesota, at least one of which must which the applicant is eligible. have been within the two-year period preceding appli- 5The professional status certificate may be renewed pro- cation. (Experience on a limited, provisional, or un- vided the teacher is employed at least three school graded elementary school certificate does not apply.) years during the five-year term of the certificate in the " Life certificates are issued to administrators who have position for which the certificate was issued. completed the Ed.D. in administration. A permanent teacher may continue until retirement; 5) Special fields are endorsed on one type of special sub- appointed permanently after a two-year successful ject certificate. probationary period. 21 Bachelor's degree is required. 7 Five years of professional certification based on a 23 Original teaching certificates are extended to other teacher education program from an approved college, fields. plus five years of teaching experience. The certificate is valid as long as the teacher remains in service. Life 23 Eighteen months of successful teaching experience in certificates may be reinstated by two courses-10 q.h. North Dakota is required after issuance of the profess or 6 s.h. sional certificate. 'When a teacher has served ten years while holding a " Only majors and minors are shown; also elementary or professional certificate and has the recommendation of secondary field. the district superintendent based on evidence of effi- "Sixty-four months of teaching (24 on provisional and ciency and satisfactory professional spirit, the Board 40 on professional certificate) and a master's degree or may at its discretion recommend that such a teacher be s.h. of graduate credit. granted a life certificate. Renewal of certificates.. All 24' If the holder teaches below the seventh grade, he must professional and provisional certificates are valid with- obtain a special certificate issued for each field. out renewal for the period the teacher remains in active 5' Art, health and physical education, music, speech, vo- service. cational subjects, special education, and different types The permanent professional certificate, which never of professional school service. expires, is issued to teachers with a master's degree in 28 Life certificates are issued to teachers who were issued an approved program of preparation and four years of one-year certificates based on graduation(elementary, successful experience. prior to February 25, 1943; secondary, prior to Sep- "Except for certain special subject or special service tember 1, 1937) and who have 30 months of teaching certificates, such as art, industrial arts, music, physical experience. education, education of exceptional children, and libra- A degree and 24 postbaccalaureate credits earned dur- rianship, all Iowa certificates carry no subject endorse- ing the first six years of actual teaching. ment. However, every high school teacher does receive The applicant must have worked satisfactorily in the a list of subjects which he is approved to teach. An- public or accredited private schools of Puerto Rico for nual reports from the schools are checked to guarantee a period of not less than 50 months,30 of which must adherence to such approval standards. _have been in the teaching category for which the life n Former life certificates are in use. certificate is to be issued. " Trade and industrial arts is an exception. Kansas alfo 31 For teachers, three years of service in Rhode Island has in use a music e"adai certificate which was fcr- after certification and a master's degree or equivalent. merly issued. Endorsement is for information only. For administrators, three years of service in Rhode " Since September 1, 1935, all life certificates for demon- Island after certification as an administrator and 15-30 tary, secondary, and administrative positions have re- s.h. of additional work beyond the master's degree, or quired completion of a five-year program, including equivalent. the ma refs degree, and three years of successful teach- 32 Applicant must have five years of successful teaching ing. At present, all standard administrative certific ates experience in South Dakota on a certificate backed by are on a continuing basis and require a program of 30 the bachelor's degree; a master's degree or 30 s.h. of s.h. beyond the master's. graduate credit, the majority of which is in professional

7,47-7".1111111111F'' TABLE 17 FOOTNOTES (continued) teaching; 15 If eligible for a genialteaehing certificate, endorse- education or the subject field the applicant is otherwise subject cer- and an official transcOnt showing 6 s.h. or9 q.h. of ment is made on the certificate; credit earned within five years of the dateapplication tificate is issued for each field. is made for a permanent certificate (does notapply if " Professional certificate,master's degree, and five years master's was earned within ten years ofapplication of teaching experience; also as thirdrenewal of a first- date). class certificate, which means fifteen yearsof experi- " Completion of the bachelor's degreefrom an approved ence and 24 s.h. afterinitial certification. institution and recommendation of the preparingcol- Proof of at least three yearsof successful teaching in Wisconsin. The applicant musthave been fully quali- lege. scholls and must pos- "Special endorsement on the certificate for vocational fied and a teacher in the public trades sess a license based onthe bachelor's degree. The state agriculture, homemaking, distributive education, period in in- and industries, and for school nurse,librarian, and spe- superintendent may extend the probation dividual casts. (The certificate isvoid after five suc- cial education; all-level certificates are issuedfor spe- of duty for which cial subjects of art, health and physicaleducation, cessive years of nonperformance licensed. Counselors may not securelife cartificates.) music, and speech-drama.

77 TABLE 18.STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES USED BY STATES FOR ACCREDITING TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

Procedures Used in Accrediting Standards State Standards USOE State Circular Special State Yes No State Regional NCATE 351 Committee Staff

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Alabama x Alaska x Arizona x x x Arkansas x x California Colorado x x x Connecticut x x x Delaware (In process) x District x Florida x x x x x x Georgia x x x Hawaii x 4. Idaho x x Illinois x x Indiana x Iowa x x x x Kansas x Kentucky xl xl Louisiana x Maine x x Maryland (In process) x Massachusetts Michigan x x Minnesota x Mississippi x x' Missouri x x x Montana x x x Nebraska x2 x2 Nevada New Hampshire x x New Jersey x New Mexico New York x North Carolina North Dakota x Ohio x Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania x x x x x Puerto Rico x Khode Island x x x South Carolina x South Dakota x x x x Tennessee x 1 GAUD x3 Utah x x x x x Vermont (In process) Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin x Wyoming x

tt, 2 0

ice ppqq

, TABLE 19.EFFECTIVE DATES OF DEGREE REQUIREMENT FOR LOWEST REGULAR CERTIFICATES, METHODS OF APPROVING APPLICATIONS FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES, AND ACCREDITATION REQUIRED FOR ACCEPTANCE OF CREDENTIALS FROM OUT-OF-STATE INSTITUTIONS Year Degree Requirement Method Used in Approving Applications Accreditation Made Effective for Teachers' Certificates Required for Acceptance Approved of Teacher I Credentials Processing Education Combination from State Elementary High Individual Program (of Columns Out-of-State School School Credentials Procedure 4 and 5) Institutions

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Alabama 1955 1939 Yes Yes Yes SR,N Alaska 1961 1929 Yes No No SR Arizona 1936 1921 Yes Yes Yes SR,N Arkansas 1963 1963 Yes Yes Yes SR California 1930 19051 Yes Yes Yes SR2 Colorado 1961 1923 Yes Yes Yes SR,N Connecticut 1940 19223 Yes Yes Yes4 SR Delaware 1934 --5 Yes Yes6 Yes? SR,N8 District 1930 19109 Yes No No SR Florida 1951 1951 Yes Yes Yes R Georgia 1950 193910 Yes Yes Yes SR Hawaii 1941 1941 Yes No No -- Idaho 1955 191511 Yes12 No No SR Illinois 1943 192913 Yes14 Yes Yes14 S Indiana 1940 192915 Yes Yes Yes R,N Iowa 1960 1935 No16 Yes No16 SR 17 Kansas 1959 1915 Yes Yes Yes SR,N18 Kentucky 1960 1935 No Yes Yes S,RN Louisiana 1940-194719 1924 Yes Yes Yes SR" Maine 1963 1935 Yes Yes Yes S,R,N Maryland 1936 1916 Yes Yes Yes SR Massachusetts21 1956 1956 Yes No No S,R,N22 Michigan 1956 1939 Yes23 Yes Yes S,R,N Minnesota 1961 24 Yes Yes Yes SR,N Mississippi 1956 1956 Yes No25 Yes SR,N Missouri 1961 1974 Yes Ye:: Yes S,R Montana 1967 1934 No Yes No SR,N26 Nebraska DNR 1938 No Yes I Yes27 SR,N Nevada 1957 -- Yes Yes Yes SR,N New Hampshire 1948 1935 Yes Yes Yes S New Jersey 1948 1933 Yes28 Yes29 Yes S,N New Mexico 1957 1920" Yes Yes Yes SR New York 1936 1936 Yes Yes Yes SR North Carolina 1939 1931 Yes Yes Yes S,R,N North Dakota DNR31 _32 Yes Yes33 Yes34 SR,N Ohio 1942-1953 1926 Yes35 Yes Yes S Oklahoma 1957 1957 Yes Yes Yes S Oregon 1955 193736 Yes Yes Yes SR,N37 Pennsylvania 1939 1939 Yes Yes Yes SR,N Puerto Rioo DNR 1945 Yes Yes Yes R Rhode Island 1932 1932 Yes '.'es Yes SR,N38 South Carolina 1953 1921 Yes Ties Yes S South Dakota DNR39 __4o Yes Yes Yes S,R,N Tennessee 1953 1914 Yes41 Yes42 Yes S Texas 1955 1955 Yes Yes Yes S,R,N Utah 1942 1896 Yes Yes Yes SR,N Vermont 1952 1927 Yes Yes Yes SR44 Virginia 1942 1935 Yes Yes No S,RN Washington 194246 191846 Yes Yes Yes SR,N West Virginia 1957 1928 Yes47 Yes Yes S Wisconsin DNR 1932 Yes48 Yes Yes SR,N49 Wyoming 1962" 1930 Yes Yes Yes S

Itrst-. TABLE 19 FOOTNOTES

means not reported. DNR meansde- plete" applications delineating "major"and "minor" LEGEND: recommended. gree not required. S meansstate accrediting alone re- teaching fields for which applicants are quired; R means regional; SR means stateand regional; " If not accredited by NCATE, theinstitution must pro- S,R means state or regional; S,R,N means state,regional, vide other evidence of excellence of theteacher educa- or national; SR,N means stateand regional or state and tion program; the present practice is torequire the fil- national.. ing of an institutional self-evaluationmade in terms been required for of NCATE standards. When an institution notaccred- The bachelor's degree has always "list," the holders of the secondary school credential.A fifth year ited by NCATE is thus placed on Iowa's 1905 for institu- prescriptions of the state in which the college is located of preparation has been required since for such a tional recommended credentials. are honored, thus making it unnecessary college to modify its in-state approved program to meet 20r acceptance of work toward credentials by a recog- exact prescriptions of Iola. nized graduate school. "State accreditation is accepted iftlie state has adopted 31922 was the first year of compulsorycertification. a guide or standards for such accreditation andpub- Holders of permanent normal certificates were ex- ,lishes an official list of its accredited institutions. The cepted. Elementary and high schoolteachers now are statement of the state official is accepted as evidence required to complete a fifth year of preparationwithin of qualification. If the state does not qualify on this a ten-year period afterbeginning teaching. basis, the institution must be regionally or nationally Program basis for in-state colleges only. accredited. Actual date is not known, but it was prior to 1921. "1940 and 1947 both have been listed as dateswhen Graduates of NCATE-approved institutionsand ele- the minimum degree requirement became effective. mentary education graduatesapproved under the This apparent discrepancy is explained by the fact that Northeast Reciprocity Compact. the above dates are the ones when the requirement 2A standard certificate is granted to anapplicant fully applied to teachers of the majority and minority races certified in another state who has three yearsof satis- and that, until 1947, teachers holding a certificate factory experience in the field of thecertificate and based upon two years of college could apply for a has the total credits required byDelaware but not higher certificate with experience in the two-year "col- necessarily the specifics. lege preparation series," whereas teachers applying for accredited, the applicant is first certificates in 1940 had to present degree require- *If the institution is not ments. given a temporary certificate andis required to be admitted to a graduate school and to earn6 s.h. of 2° And graduation from an approved teacher education satisfactory graduate credit before he isconsidered for program. a regular certificate, or tovalidate college work by 21 From 1951 to September 1, 1956, a bachelor's degree making a successful score on the NTE. or three-year diploma from an approvednormal school °The bachelor's degree has been required since1910, was accepted. Since September 1,1956, a four-year the master's for a permanent high schoolcertificate diploma from an approved normal school may be since 1930. accepted, as well as a bachelor's or higher earned academic degree. "Approximate date. " Private normal schools and colleges not regionally or From 1915 to 1947, specialists'certificates, based on nationally accredited or approved for certificationby two years of specialized training, werealso issued. the state in which located must be approved by the These were valid in such areas as art, music,home Massachusetts State Board of Education. economics, mechanical arts. "For out-of-state applicants. "The law requires that in-state institutions must recom- 2' Actual date is not known. mend. Applications still are checked individuallyby Mississippi is moving toward this procedure. the certification office. 23 Out -of -state certificates are not accepted. Out-of-state "Applies to standard certificate only. institutions, accredited as shown in the College Blue 1 For out-of-state, non-NCATE applicantsand graduates Book, may make evaluations, but occasionally certifi- of nonapproved programs inIllinois.Out-of-state cationisrefusedif discrepancies from Montana's NCATE and entitlement applications are honored for standards seem too great. being three years after graduation. A procedure is 27 For renewals and conversions only. developed to issue an Illinois certificate to an applicant who possesses an equivalent certificateissued by 23 For out-of-state applicants. another state. 2) For in-state teacher education programs. The bachelor's degree has been required since 1929, 3° Actual date is not known. the master's degree since 1946. A fifth year of prepa- 31 A bachelor's degree will be required beginningJuly 1, ration must be completed within a five-year period 1969. after beginning teaching. 32 The degree has been required for yearsfor persons Transcripts are required for applicants from all out-ofteaching in accredited high schools. state institutions except those which, likein-state institutions, have made special arrangements to file "com- 33 For in-state teacher education programs. 81 TABLE 19 FOOTNOTES (continued) "For out-of-state applicants. " Credentials from an NCATE-approved institution are accepted automatically if the candidate has assurance ' For out-of-state applicants. of a position in this state and his assignment is in his " The bachelor's degree has been required since 1937, major field; institutions not regionally or nationally master's or 30 s.h. of graduate credit since 1943. The accredited are evaluated on the basis of Vermont re- fifth year of preparation must be completed within a quirements. Credentials from institutions covered by five-year period after beginning teaching. the Northeast Reciprocity Compact are accepted on 37 Oregon requirt., regional and national accreditation for the basis of state and national reciprocity. out-of-state applicants.In-state colleges must have "In four state-supported colleges. regional accreditation, plus state or national accredita- ' Elementary and secondary school teachers are initially tion. certified upon completion of the bachelor's degree; 'Graduates of baccalaureate programs in elementary both are required to complete a fifth year within a six- education in institutions in the New England and Mid- year period after beginning teaching. dle Atlantic states shall be eligible for standard certifi- " But college recommendation is required. cation in Rhode Island provided the program is ap- For out-of-state applicants. Patterns accepted with all proved by the State Department of Education in the in-state institutions; only college recommendation is state in which the institution is located and the institu- needed. tion is accredited by a regional or national accrediting 42 0 ut-o f-sta te graduates of programs that are state ac- agency." Adopted by the Rhode Island State Board of credited only may be required to present evidence of Education, June 14, 1956. 5 s.h. of graduate work in an NCATE-approved pro- ' The degree will be required effective July 1, 1968. gram. ° Actual date is not known. 53 Prior to the 1964 Edition of the Manual, Wyoming effective 1956. The ' If applicant entered preparation prior to 1953. was reported at the degree level entry was corrected in the 1964 Edition.Actually, '2If applicant entered preparation after 1953. 1956 was the year the State Board of Education passed ° Procedures are now in the process of change. the regulation that a degree would be required by 1962.

82 TABLE 20.ROLE SERVED BY NCATE IN AIDING RECIPROCITY, AS REPORTED BY STATE DIRECTORS OF TEACHER EDUCATION AND CERTIFICATION Role Served by NCATE State Significant Some None No Reply

1 2 3 4 5 Alabama x Alaska x Arizona x Arkansas x California x Colorado x Connecticut x Delaware x District x Florida x Georgia x Hawaii x Idaho x Illinois x Indiana x Iowa x Kansas x Kentucky x Louisiana x Maine x Maryland x Massachusetts x Michigan x Minnesota x Mississippi x Missouri x Montana x Nebraska x Nevada x New Hampshire x New Jersey x New Mexico x New York x North Carolina x North Dakota x Ohio x Oklahoma x Oregon x Pennsylvania x Puerto Rico x Rhode Island x South Carolina x South Dakota x Tennessee x Texas x Utah x Vermont x Virginia x Washington x West Virginia x Wisconsin x Wyoming x TOTALS 24 13 13 2

83 Chapter II

CERTIFICATIONREQUIREMENTS FOR TEACHERS, SUPERVISORS, ADMINISTRATORS, AND SPECIAL SCHOOL SERVICE PERSONNEL

Thematerials in tutions approved by some official accrediting body. this chapter are arranged by states and territories Each state sets its own standards regarding the in alphabetic order. In each case the general re- institutions whose credits and degrees it will honor. quirements which apply to all certificates are given 3. Where credit hours or experience are set first; they are not repeated for each certificate forth as conditions for certificates or renewals, which follows. To conserve space it has been there is an implied responsibility for the applicant necessary to omit minor details relating tocertifi- to validate the credit or experience by transcript, cate renewal and conversion and to present the signed statement, or other appropriate means. requirements of some of the specialized certificates 4. Practically all states expect applicants to use and those with substandard requirements in out- official state forms in applying for a certificate. It line form. Detailed requirements for these may would be wise to write the state director of certifi- be had y writing to the director of certification or cation for the official application form. other administrative unit, whose name and address is given for each state. 5. Several states specify that fees for granting Certain requirements and practices were found certificates must be paid by money order or cash- to be so common that it seemed uneconomical of ier's check. Applicants should remit by one of space to repeat them. The following are of this these two means. type: 6. All requirements were in effect January 1, 1. Most states set forth their course require- 1967, unless otherwise specified. ments in semester hours (s.h.) of credit. A few 7. Statements in this chapter concerning ac- states use quarter hours (q.h.). Where the word creditation of institutions refer to state(state "hours" is used alone in this Manual, it means department of education or comparable agency), semester hours. regional (one of the six regional accrediting associ- 2. All states require that credits and degrees ations), or national (National Council for Ac- presented as a basis for certification be from insti- creditation of Teacher Education).

Alabama

State Certification Officer. W. Morrison Mc- twelve years and are renewable on 8 graduate Call, Director of Teacher Education and Certifi- hours or six years of use. Certificates are required cation, State Department of Education, Montgom- of administrators, supervisors, special school serv- ery, Alabama 36104. ice personnel, and teachers in public or private General Requirements. Minimum age, 17. Fee, elementary and secondary schools. They must be $2 for all certificates and renewals. Class B cer- recorded in the office of the county or city super- tificates are issued for a term of eight years and intendent of schools. are renewable on 8 hours of graduate or undergraduate credit or four years of use of the certifi- Credentials to Accompany Application. State- cate. Class A certificates are issued for ten years ment of age, official transcript of college work on and are renewable on 8 graduate hours or five official state forms, recommendation of preparing years of use. Class AA certificates areissued for institution or last employer.

410112MICEM1110FamOsworm CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS foundations, 3; materials and methods, 6; student teaching, 6). Administrators 6. CLASS A ELEMENTARY PROFESSIONAL.1 Re- quirements: Eligibility for certificate 5; master's 1. CLASS A SUPERINTENDENT-PRINCIPAL PRO- degree in elementary education. FESSIONAL. Requirements: Eligibility for a Class B 7. CLASS AA ELEMENTARY PROFESSIONAL.1 Re- Professional certificate; completion of an NCATE- quirements: Eligibility for certificate 6; completion approved program for administrators, or a mas- of a sixth-year program. ter's degree with 18 hours of resident graduate 8. CLASS B SECONDARY PROFESSIONAL. Valid credit in such areas as foundations of education, for teaching grades 7-12. Requirements: Bach- school organization and administration, curricu- elor'sdegree from an Alabama or NCATE- lum development, supervision, and school finance; approved program, or bachelor's degree including three years of teaching or administrative experi- general education, 44 (English, literature, and ence during the five years preceding application. speech, 14; social science, 12, with 3 in each of 2. CLASS AA SUPERINTENDENT-PRINCIPAL PRO- two areas chosen from history, economics, politi- FESSIONAL. Requirements: Eligibility for Class B cal science, sociology, cultural anthropology, or or Class A Professional certificate;completion of geography; science, 12, with a full-year course in a two-year NCATE-approvedgraduate program, either biological or physical science and credit in or a master's degree plus 30hours in advanced the other; mathematics, 3; psychology, 3); pro- study in curriculum development, school law, pub- fessional education, 21 (including human growth, lic finance, school plant, research, personnel ad- development, and learning, 3; principles, philoso- ministration, and school administration. phy, and foundations, 3; materials and methods in 3. CLASS A SUPERVISOR PROFESSIONAL. Issued major or minor, 3; student teaching in major or with endorsement for supervision of instruction or minor, 6); specialization, 24-30 in the major (ex- attendance in elementary and/or high school. Re- cept agriculture, 50; home economics, 42 if minor quirements: Eligibility for certificate 5 or 8; mas- is in home economics, 45 if not; distributive edu- ter's degree; 8 graduate hours in supervision, or cation, 33 and one year of work experience; trades for attendance supervisor, 8 in social work, school and industries, 24 and three years of work experi- attendance, and related subjects; three years of ence) and 18 in the minor. experience as a teacher, supervisor, or administra- 9. CLASS A SECONDARY PROFESSIONAL.Re- tor during the five years preceding application. quirements: Eligibility for certificate 8; master's 4. CLASS AA SUPERVISOR PROFESSIONAL. Re- degree, including 6 hours each in the teaching field quirements: Eligibility for certificate 3; completion and secondary education. of an appropriate sixth-year graduate program. 10. CLASS AA SECONDARY PROFESSIONAL. Re- quirements: Eligibility for certificate 9; completion Teachers: Elementary and Secondary of a sixth-year program. 11. CLASS B ELEMENTARY-SECONDARY PROFES- 5. CLASS B ELEMENTARY PROFESSIONAL.1 Valid SIONAL. Valid for teachers of art, industrial arts, for teaching grades 1-6. Requirements: Bachelor's degree from an Alabama or NCATE-approved health and physical education, music, or speech, program, or bachelor's degree including general and for persons perforating special services such correction- education, 59 (English, literature, and speech, 14; as librarian, speech therapist, speech social science, 18, with 3 in each of three areas ist, guidance counselor, or recreation director, Requirements: Bachelor's degree chosen from history, economics, political science, grades 1-12. from an Alabama or NCATE-approved program, sociology, cultural anthropology, and geography; education, science, 12, with a full-year course in either bio- or bachelor's degree including general logical or physical science and credit in the other; 44 (same as certificate 8); professional education, mathematics, 3; psychology, 3; art, 3; music, 3; 21 (human growth, development, and learning, 3; health and physical education, 3); professional principles, philosophy, and foundations, 3; mate- education, 27 (including human growth, develop- May be endorsed for nursery school or kindergarten, ment, and learning, 3; principles, philosophy, and or both, with appropriate credit.

86 rials and methods, 4; student teaching, 6; electives, rials, methods, and curriculum, 3; electives, 6 5); specialization, 24-30 in the major and an (including 3 each in two areas chosen from arts academic minor of 18. and crafts for atypical children, adapted physical 12. CLASS A ELEMENTARY-SECONDARY PROFES- education, multiple deviations, language develop- SIONAL. Requirements: Eligibility for certificate ment, and student teaching). 11; master's degree, including 6 hours each in the b. PHYSICAL DISABILITY.Medical aspects of special field and professional education. crippling and special health conditions, 3. 13. CLASS AA ELEMENTARY-SECONDARY PRO- C. MULTIPLE DISABILITIES(including cerebral FESSIONAL. Requirements: Eligibility for certifi- palsy). Same as a and b combined, except one cate 12; completion of an appropriate sixth-year elective, 3. program. d. PARTIALLY SEEING. Educational procedures for partially seeing children, 3; anatomy, physiol- Special School Service Personnel ogy, and hygiene of the eye, 1-3;student teaching, 3. 14. CLASS A COUNSELING AND GUIDANCE PRO- e. BLIND. Nature and needsof blind children, FESSIONAL. Requirements: Eligibility for Class B 3; educational procedures or the blind, 3; Braille, Professional certificate; two years of successful 4; anatomy, physiology, and hygiene of the eye, 3; teaching experience; master's degree in approved student teaching, 3. curriculum, including at least 18 hours in philoso- f. BLIND AND PARTIALLY SEEING. Same as d phy, organization, and administrative relationships and e combined. of guidance services, appraising, assessing, and un- g. SPEECH THERAPY. Phonetics, languagede- derstanding the individual, individual counseling, velopment, foundations of speech and hearing educational and occupational information, and disorders, including anatomy and physiology, 6; group guidance procedures. pathologies in oral communication and educa- 15. CLASS AA COUNSELING AND GUIDANCE PRO- tional procedures, 12; audiometry and hearing FESSIONAL. Requirements: Eligibility for certifi- rehabilitation, 6; clinical practice under a super- cate 14; completion of a sixth-year program, in- visor certified by the American Speech and Hear- incrcon.e.:at;nrs 200 clockIinurc NW: ch riing super.iiced practice. 16. CLASS A SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST PROFES- h. DEAF AND SEVERE HEARING DISABILITIES. SIONAL. Requirements: Master's degree; eligibility Three s.h. each in education and psychology for for a Class B Professional certificate; two years of the deaf, speech reading, audiology, anatomy and successful teaching experience; 27 hours in such physiology of hearing and speech, auditory train- areas as human growth and development, person- ing, speech development for hearing handicapped, ality assessment, group dynamics, and social psy- teaching language to hearing handicapped, teach- chology, testing and counseling practicums, group ing reading to hearing handicapped, speech path- testing, individual testing, statistics and research ology or correction, student teaching, and elec- methods, special techniques in counseling, guid- tives. ance, and psychotherapy,and proficiency in ad- 19. CLASS A SPECIAL EDUCATION.Require- ministration and interpretation of intelligence tests. ments: Eligibility for certificate 18; master's de- 17. CLASS AA SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST. Require- gree in special education or endorsement area, ments: Eligibility for certificate 16; completion of including an internship, 3, and specified courses. a sixth-year program in clinical orschool psychol- 20. CLASS AA SPECIAL EDUCATION. Require- ogy, including practicums. ments:Eligibility for certificate19; approved 18. CLASS B SPECIALEDUCATIONPROFES- sixth-year program. SIONAL.Requirements: Eligibility for Class B Professional teaching certificate; a survey course Other Certificates Issued in education of exceptional children, 3; area of endorsement as follows: 21. TYPE III DAY TRADE CERTIFICATE. Valid a. MENTAL RETARDATION. Nature, needs,and for four years for day trade or itinerant instructors psychological tests for mentally retarded, 3; mate- in state trade schools or high school trades and industries programs; renewable on experience. and industrial education, Type I on an additional Requirements: High school graduation and seven 30 s.h. in general and professional education. years of experience in the occupation taught, or 22. NONPROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATE WITH EN- graduation from an approved trade school or high DORSEMENT IN TRADES AND INDUSTRIES. Require- school trade program and three years of experi- ments: Bachelor's degree and three years of ence. Proof of experience must be submitted on appropriate work experience. Renewable on addi- the State Vocational Education Qualification Form tional credit and convertible on completion of to the director of the Vocational Education Divi- required credit to Class B Secondary Professional sion. Type II certificate issued on 12 s.h. in trades certificate with a major in trades and industries.

Alaska

State Certification Officer. Mrs. Roberta Dow- lum construction, educational measurements, and ell, Supervisor of Certification, State Department guidance. of Education, Juneau, Alaska 99801. General Requirements. Minimum age, 18. Ini- Teachers: Elementary and Secondary tial fee, $5; each renewal, $5.Certificates are required of administrators, supervisors, and teach- 3. ELEMENTARY. Valid for teachers of grades ers in public schools, kindergarten through high K-8. Requirements: Bachelor's degree; profes- school, and in accredited private and parochial sional education, 24, including a course in ele- schools. All certificates must be recorded in the mentary student teaching and 8 s.h. in methods. office of the commissioner. Initial certificates are Two years of full-time elementary teaching may issued for five years unless otherwise specified and be substituted for student teaching. The last 6 are renewable on payment of the fee and recom- hours presented for certification purposes must mendation of the previous administrator. have been earned within six years preceding ap- Credentials to Accompany Application. Tran- plication. A teacher who holds a bachelor's de- script of credits from an accredited institution, gree but lacks specific courses for a regular certifi- evidence of employment, notarized experience cate may be issued a provisional certificate for one record, fee. year, renewable for one year. If after two years the deficiencies are not completed, an emergency CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS certificate may be issued on a year-to-year basis, but the teacher may not progress on the salary Administrators scale. 4. SECONDARY. Valid for teachers of grades 1. ADMINISTRATIVE. Valid for superintendents 7-12. Requirements: Bachelor's or higher degree; or high school principals in incorporated districts professional education, 18, including a course in or superintendents in rural systems with five or secondary student teaching and 3 hours in meth- more teachers. Requirements: Six years of suc- ods. Two years of full-time secondary teaching cessful experience as a regularly certified teacher may be substituted for student teaching. The last or three years as a high school principal or as 6 hours presented for certification purposes must superintendent; master's degree; 30 hours in edu- have been earned within six years preceding ap- cation, including courses in school administration, plication. Provisional certification as in certificate supervision of instruction, school finance, curricu- 3. The minimum qualifications for secondary cer- lum construction, educational measurements, and tification are as required of high school teachers guidance. by the Northwest Association. 2. PRINCIPAL.Valid for principals in incorporated districts or rural schools with three or Other Certificates Issued more teachers.Requirements: Three years of successfulexperienceas a regularlycertified School nurse, professional, provisional, special teacher; master's degree; 30 hours in education, education, emergency, vocational guidance coun- including courses in school supervision, curricu- selor.

88 Arizona

State Certification Officer. John A. Freestone, school administration,supervision, curriculum, Director of Teacher Education and Certification, school finance, and Arizona school law. State Department of Public Instruction, Capitol 4. COUNSELOR-GUIDANCE. Requirements: Cer- Building, Phoenix, Arizona 85007. tificate 6 or 8; three years of teaching or two General Requirements. Minimum age, 18. Ini- years of approved clinical or work experience; tial fee, $8; renewal, $3. Certificates are required master's degree in an approved program, including of administrators, supervisors of nonspecial in- 15 hours in guidance and counseling courses. struction, and teachers in public schools, kindergarten through junior college, and of teachers in Teachers: Elementary and Secondary accredited private and parochial schools. Certifi- Requirements: cates must be recorded in the office of the county 5. ELEMENTARY- TEMPORARY. Bachelor's degree, including general education, * superintendent.Standard certificates are issued 40 (communication, behavioral sciences, science for five years unless otherwise specified and are renewable for five years on 5 hours of approved and mathematics, humanities, health); academic major, 30, or academic minor, 18 and 12 in an upper-division or graduate study or on continuous additional field of specialization; professional edu- teaching. cation, 24 (psychological and philosophical foun- Credentials to Accompany Application. In-state dations, curriculum and methods, student teach- graduates are certificated on the basis of a state- ing in grades 1-8 or two years of experience); ment from the preparing institution of satisfac- Arizona and U.S. Constitutions; electives. tory completion of an approved program bearing 6. ELEMENTARY. Requirements: Master's de- on the certificate requested. Out-of-state gradu- gree in an approved program or 30 graduate hours ates of NCATE or regionally accredited institu- in an appropriate program developed by the insti- tions are accepted if they substantially meet the requirements after the transcript of credits is tution's committee on teacher education. Requirements: evaluated. Evidence of U.S. citizenship and oath 7. SECONDARY-TEMPORARY. Bachelor's degree, including general education, 40 of allegiance are also required. (communication, behavioral sciences, science and mathematics, humanities, health); teaching major, CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS 30; professional education, 22 (psychological and Administrators philosophical foundations, curriculum and methods of the special field, student teaching in grades A general administrative certificate is required 7-12 or two years of experience); Arizona and of any administrator responsible directly to a U.S. Constitutions; electives. school board. 8. SECONDARY. Requirements: Master's degree 1. SUPERINTENDENT. Requirements: Hold cer- in an approved program or 30 graduate hours in tificate 6 or 8; three years of public school experi- an appropriate program developed by theinsti- ence; completion of a program for the superin- tution's committee on teacher education. tendency, including 30 hours beyond the master's 9. SECONDARY, VOCATIONAL SUBJECTS.Re- degree level and appropriate preparation in ad- quirements: Bachelor's degree; professional edu- vanced school administration. cation, 18.Field of concentrationagriculture, 2. SECONDARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL.Require- 60; home eclnornics, 40; business and distributive ments: Certificate 8; three years of teaching ex- education and trade and industrial education, see perience; master's degree, plus 24 graduate hours Arizona State Plan for Vocational Education. in school administration, supervision, curriculum, 10. SPECIALIZED SERVICE (special education, school finance, and Arizona school law. speech and hearing clinician, school psychologist). 3. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL. Require- a. SPECIAL EDUCATION.Requirements:For ments: Certificate 6; three years of teaching expe- temporary certificate, bachelor's degree, includ- rience; master's degree, plus 24 graduate hours in ing 18 hours in special education. For regular

-.110.16111111.1.1..7111*,/. certificate, master's degree or 30 graduatehours sional education, 18, including 6 instudent teach- in an appropriate area. ing in home economics; homeeconomics, 30 b. SPEECH AND HEARING CLINICIAN.Require- (including family, child guidance, home manage- and textiles). ments: For temporarycertificate-30 hours ment, food and nutrition, clothing required speech courses. For regularcertificate- 60 hours in required speech courses. Special School Service Personnel c. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST.Requirements: For 14. LIBRARIAN. Requirements: Certificate5 or psychometrist, master's degree in schoolpsychol- 6 if in elementary school; certificate 7 or8 if in ogy with specified courses.For assistant school secondary school; 18 hours in libraryscience, in- psychologist, master's degree, plus 50graduate cluding courses in organization andadministra- hours in school psychology withapproved se- tion of a library, cataloging andclassification, quence of study.For school psychologist, 70 reference materials for library, literature forchil- doc- graduate hours in school psychology or a dren or adolescents. The basic certificatewill be torate in psychology, education, orschool psy- stamped to indicate qualification as aschool study. chology, with an approved sequence of librarian. 11. SPECIAL ENDORSEMENT IN MUSIC.Re- in the quirements: Bachelor's degree; 40 hours Other Certificates Issued major, with methods courses on elementaryand secondary levels. Provisional certificates, valid for one year, are 12. SPECIAL ENDORSEMENT IN ART.Require- issued for all the above certificates(except ad- ments: Same as for certificate11. ministrative).If all deficiencies are removed in 13. SPECIAL CERTIFICATE IN HOME ECONOM- one year, thecertificate is extended for a five- ICS.Requirements: Bachelor's degree; profes- year period.

Arkansas supervisor State Certification Officer.Curtis R. Swaim, 6 or 7; three years of experience as a Assistant Commissioner for InstructionalServices, or five years as ateacher; master's degree which State Department of Education,Little Rock, Ar- includes 20 hours in administration.(Experience the five-year kansas 72201. and degree must have been earned in Minimum age,18; period preceding application.) General Requirements. Valid for Certificates are required of 2. SECONDARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL. maximum age, 72. for certificate and must six years. Requirements: Eligibility professional employees of public schools 7; three years of experience as asecondary be filed with the appropriate countysupervisor. teacher, supervisor, or administrator;master's de- A health statement from a physician mustbe filed gree, with 20 hours inadministration and super- with the employing school superintendent. vision of secondary education inaddition to those State- Credentials to Accompany Application. required for certificate 7. (Experienceand prepa- ment of age, recommendation(on application ration must have been earned inthe five-year form) of the preparing institution orlast employ- transcript (may be period preceding application.) ing school official, and official 3. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL.Valid for mailed direct by the institution). six years. Requirements: Eligibilityfor certificate 6; three years of experience as anelementary CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS teacher, supervisor, or administrator;master's degree, with 18 hours inadministration and super- Administrators vision of elementary education inaddition to 1. SUPERINTENDENT. Valid for six yearsfor those required for certificate 6. (Experienceand school officials whose duties are mainlyadminis- preparation must have been earned in thefive- application.) trative.Requirements: Eligibility for certificate year period preceding

90 Teachers: Elementary and Secondary psychology related to elementary education, 12, subject matter, 12, and electives, 6. 4. ELEMENTARY. Valid for teachers of all sub- 7. SECONDARY MASTER'S CERTIFICATE.Re- jects in grades 1-8 for six years. Requirements: quirements: Qualification for certificate 5; mas- Bachelor's degree, including general education, ter's degree, including professional education and 48 (English, 12; natural sciences and/or mathe- psychology related to secondary education,6, matics, 11; social science, 12; physical education, subject matter in teaching fields, 18, and elec- health, and safety, 6; electives, not in major field, tives, 6. 7); professional education, 18 (including study 8. SPECIALIZED SERVICES (counselor, speech of the school; the learning processes; teaching; therapist, teacher of mentally retarded or physi- and student teaching, 6); specialization, 24 (pub- cally handicapped). lic school art, 3; public school music, 3; geogra- a. COUNSELOR. Requirements: Master's degree phy, 3; American history and government, 6; in counseling; certificate 5; two years of teaching children's literature, 3; mathematics, 6). and one year of work experience; 15 hours of 5. HIGH SCHOOL. Valid for teachers of en- guidance (9 graduate), including principles and dorsed subjects in grades 7-12 for six years. Re- practices, analysis of the individual, occupational quirements: Bachelor's degree, including general and educational information,counseling tech- and professional education as for certificate 4, niques, and administrative relationships in guid- except that prescribed areas must be in the sec- ance. ondary field and methods and student teaching b. SPEECH THERAPIST. Requirements: Bache- must be in major or minor area.Specialization lor's degree, including general education require- as follows: ments for certificate 4 or 5; professional educa- a. GENERAL ACLDEMIC SUBJECTS.Art, 24; tion, 18 (study of the school, the learning proc- commerce, 21; English, 24; foreign languages, 18; esses, and 200 clock hours of clinical practice); librarianship, 15; mathematics, 18; physical edu- required speech courses, 18. cation, 21; public school music, 24; science, 24; C. TEACHER OF MENTALLY RETARDED OR PHYS- social studies, 24; speech, 24. ICALLY HANDICAPPED. Requirements: Certificate 4 or 5 and specialized professional courses, in- b. VOCATIONAL SUBJECTS. Agriculture,75; cluding education of exceptional children,3; home economics, 72; industrial education, 48. nature and needs of physically handicapped or 6. ELEMENTARY MASTER'S CERTIFICATE. Re- mentally retarded, 3; methods for area, 3; speech quirements: Qualification for certificate 4; mas- and language development, 3; directed teaching ter's degree, including professional education and in special education, 6; appropriate electives, 6.

California

State Certification Officers.Carl A. Larson, college, and must be recorded in the office of the Chief, Bureau of Teacher Education and Certifi- county superintendent.Initial certificates are is- cation; Eli Obradovich, Consultant in Teacher sued for two years unless otherwise specified and Education; Edward G. Price, Supervising Certi- are renewable for varying periods upon completion fication Analyst; Blair E, Hurd, Coordinator of of specific requirements. Teacher Recruitment, State Department of Edu- Credentials to Accompany Application.In- cation, 721 Capitol Mall, Sacramento, California state graduates are certificated on the basis of a 95814. statement from the preparing institution of satis- General Requirements. Minimum age, 18. Fee, factory completion of an approved program bear- $10; each renewal, $10. Certificates are required ing on the certificate requested, or by direct ap- of administrators, supervisors, pupil personnel plication to the state verifying completion of workers, school nurses, librarians, and teachers in requirements.Out-of-state graduates are certifi- all public schools, kindergarten through junior cated on direct application to the state verifying

91 ;.0

completion of requirements. Transcript of record, higher degree; a year of postgraduate work, in- evidence of U.S. citizenship or intention to be- cluding general education, 45 (including a year come a citizen, health certificate, personal identi- of English, plus composition, and mathematical fication (fingerprint) cards, application form, and theory, 3) selected from five of the academie verification of school experience, as appropriate, areas of humanities, social sciences, natural sci- are also required. ences, mathematics, fine arts, and foreign language; professional education, 20 (psychological CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS foundations; historical, philosophical, or sociological foundations; elementary school curriculum Administrators and methods; and student teaching, 180 clock hours, on&-half in grades K-6); an academic 1. STANDARD ADMINISTRATION. Valid for the major, 24-28, or an interdepartmental major, 24, same period as the basic teaching certificate. Re- and a minor, 20. Either the major or minor must quirements: Hold certificate 3 or old-type kinder- be academic. No minor is required when the garten-primary, general elementary, junior high, major is in an academic subject commonly taught general secondary, or junior college credential; in the public schools. When the major is aca- seven years of college, including three postgradu- demic, the applicant may offer, in lieu of the ate years; master's degree in an academic area; minor, specialized preparation in librarianship, five years of teaching experience; advanced pro- deaf or hard-of-hearing, mental retardation, ortho- fessional education, 24 (legal and financial aspects pedically handicapped, speech and hearing handi- of education, school management, education and capped, or visually handicapped. school administration in the community, staff development, personnel management, curriculum b. SPECIALIZATION IN SECONDARY TEACHING. development, evaluation, research, and supervised Validity unlimited. Requirements: Bachelor's or field experience). higher degree; a fifth year of postgraduate work; general education, 45 (as in certificate 3a); pro- 2. STANDARD SUPERVISION(healthservices; pupil personnel services; library services; trade, fessional education, 18 (student teaching, 120 technical, and industrial; special education; ele- clock hours, one-half in grades 7-12, or appropri- mentary; secondary; junior college; special sub- ate teaching experience; and 9 hours which include jects; instructional aids; elementary principalship; psychological foundations; historical, philosophi- secondary principalship; and junior college prin- cal, and sociological foundations; and curriculum cipalship, president, or director). Valid for the and methods of secondary teaching); a minor, 20, same period as the basic teaching or service cer- and a major, 24 (including 6 graduate hours). tificate.Requirements: Hold certificate 3, 4, or No minor is required when the major is in an 5; five years of teaching or service experience; six academic subject commonly taught in the public years of college, including two postgraduate years schools. Valid for grades 7-12 in a subject matter (except for trade and technical), including pro- major or minor or in special education if such fessional education, 12 (administration of school preparation has been met for the minor. The systems, personnel administration, development local governing board may authorize teaching out- and evaluation of instructional and service pro- side a major or minor upon formal resolution grams, and specific courses in the area of super- and reporting such to the State Department of vision); master's degree in an academic area (for Education. principalship). C. SPECIALIZATION IN JUNIOR COLLEGE TEACH- ING. Validity unlimited. Requirements: Master's Teachers: Elementary and Secondary or higher e43gree in a subject matter area commonly taught in the public schools, or in librarian- 3. STANDARD TEACHING CREDENTIAL (elemen- ship if used in lieu of the minor; subject matter tary, secondary, junior college, librarianship, ex- minor, 20. No minor is required when the major ceptional children). is academic. The credential authorizes teaching a. SPECIALIZATION IN ELEMENTARY TEACHING. the major and minor in grades 13 and 14 if the Validity unlimited. Requirements: Bachelor's or minor is in librarianship or special education.

92 Teaching other minors requires district board practical experience and college or university resolution. preparation and verification of eminence. d. LIBRARIANSHIP. Requirements may be substituted for the minor): Specialized courses, 24 Special PLhoo1 Service Personnel (basic reference work and bibliography, selection of materials, technical services, classification and 5. STANDARD DESIGNATED SERVICES CREDEN- cataloging, school library organization and ad- TIAL (health and pupil personnel services). Va- ministration, literature appropriate for elementary lidity unlimited. and secondary students, and 90 clock hours of a. SPECIALIZATION IN HEALTH (clinical psy- supervised field experience). chologist, dental hygienist, dentist, nurse, oculist, e. TEACHER OF EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN. Re- optometrist, etologist, physician, podiatrist, psy- quirements (may be substituted for the minor): chiatrist).Requirements: Five years of college Specialized courses appropriate to the area (in- preparation with a bachelor's or higher degree cluding student teaching)deaf and severely and an appropriate valid license, certificate, or hard-of-hearing, 30; mentally retarded, 22; ortho- registration issued by the authorized California pedically handicapped, 22; speech and hard-of- agency. Additional specialized requirements for hearing, 37; visually handicapped, 22. school nurses. 4. STANDARD DESIGNATED SUBJECTS TEACHING b. SPECIALIZATION IN PUPIL PEK'CNNEL SERV- CREDENTIAL (aviation flight instruction; aviation ICES (child welfare and attendance; school psy- ground instruction; basic military drill; business chometry; school psychology; counseling, includ- education; modem foreign language; adult edu- ing rehabilitation counseling; and social work). cation; public safety and accident prevention, in- Requirements: Graduate cause work, 60, with a eluding driver education and training; vocational master's or higher degree in social work, rehabili- trade and technical teaching; persons of outstand- tation counseling, counseling, or psychology; or ing eminence). Requirements range from an ap- registration as a certified psychologist by the Cali- propriate Federal Aviation Agency license and fornia Board of Medical Examiners and specifi- militaryrecommendation throughappropriate cally required course work for each area.

Colorado

State Certification Officers. Otto G. Ruff, Di- and institutions of higher learning for purposes rector of Teacher Education and Certification; of certification in Colorado. Eleanor L. Casebolt, Supervisor of Teacher Cer- Credentials to Accompany Application. Appli- tification, State Department of Education, 414 cation form, which includes personal data, expe- State Office Building, Denver, Colorado 80203. rience reference (if applicable), and institutional General Requirements. Fee, $5.Certificates recommendation sections; official transcript suffi- are required of all teachers, principals, supervi- ciently clear for microfilming, with degree nota- sors, and superintendents in the public schools; tion; fcc. not required for public junior college instructors, instructors in adult education programs, or pro- CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS fessional employees in private, parochial, and de- Administrators nominational schools.Certificates must be registered in the office of the county superintendent 1. SCHOOL ADMINISTRATOR CERTIFICATE, TYPE at no charge. D. Endorsed for superintendents and secondary Renewals are dependent upon application, pay- and elementary school principals; later for other ment of the statutory fee, and submission of proof specialties in administration. Valid for ten years. of having earned 6 Or more hours of credit during Requirements: Graduate degree with specializa- the preceding five-year period. tion in school administration in a prescribed pro- Colleges and universities accredited by NCATE gram; institutional recommendation. A sixth year or a regional association are deemed to be stand- of preparation is required for superintendents.

93 Three or more years of experience in education or subjects, such as auto anddiesel mechanics; while certificated is required. radio, television, and electronics; subjects in the building trades; subjects identified with industry. Ira s arts and Secondary Valid for five years. Requirements: Completion of a program of preparation in a Lade or voca- 2. TEACHER CERTIFICATE, TYPE A.EridOrSed tional or industrial field totaling five or more for grade level or teaching field or other educa- years, of which the formalpreparation (trade tional specialization.Valid for five years. Re- school, telhnical institute, etc.) portion shall not quirements: Bachelor's or higher degree in an exceed two years. approved program, including student teaching or Special School Service Personnel equivalent;institutional recommendation.The certificate may be issued under another plan to 5. SPECIAL. SERVICES CERTIFICATE, TYPE E. degree holders with five or more years of teaching Endorsed for nurse, social worker, speech cor- experience who achieve a satisfactory score on rectionist, psychologist, or librarian.Valid for the NTE or other examination selected by the five years. Requirements: Completion of a pro- State Board of Education. gram in the special service area;orientation to 3. PROFESSIONAL TEACHER CERTIFICATE, TYPE performance of the service in schools; institutional B. Endorsed as in certificate 2.Valid for ten recommendation. years.Requirements: Approved fifth year of NOTE: Completion of such specialties asguid- preparation with a teaching objective which may ance and counseling, variousspecial education result in the master's degree, though not neces- fields, speech correction, school psychology, school sarily;institutional recommendation; threeor librarianship, others, will usually and preferably more years of satisfactoryteaching experience be endorsed on certificates of Type A or B. En- while certificated. dorsement will be added without charge upon 4. VOCATIONAL TEACHER CERTIFICATE, TYPE C, completion of prescribed courses and recommen- Endorsed for secondary trade or vocational areas dation of the preparing college or university.

Connecticut

State Certification Officer. Willis H, Umberger, national accreditation or other evidence of qual- Chief, Bureau of Federal-State-Local Relations, ityof preparation by the preparing college, State Department of Education, Box 220, Hart- whose recommendation is required based on com- ford, Connecticut 06115. pletion of an appropriate program. Official trans- General Requirements. Minimum age, 18. No script of credits, application form, and evidence fee.Certificates are required of all professional of successful experience where appropriate are personnel in the public schools, nursery school also required. Application includes an affidavit of and kindergarten through grade 12; not required citizenship. of nonpublic school personnel. All certificates are issued by the State Department of Education CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS through the certification office, where all certifi- Administrators (through September 1, 1968) cates are recorded.Initial (provisional) certificates are issued for five years and arerenewable 1. SUPERINTENDENT (also required forassist- for five years on experience. The holder must ant superintendent or administrativeassistant). qualify for a standard certificate within ten years. Requirements: Eligibility to hold certificate 9,10, Credentials to Accompany Application. In-state 11, or 12; five years of public schoolexperience, graduates are certificated on the basis of a state- with at least three in administration orsupervision ment from the preparing institution ofsatisfactory (for administrative assistant, latter notrequired); completion of an approved program bearing on master's degree, plus 9 hours, the total to include the certificate requested.Out-of-state graduates at least 15 hours as part of aplanned program are certified on the basis ofregional, state, or approved by theinstitution,including public

94 school administration and supervision; recommen- methods in special subject orfield, child and curriculum, dation by an institution approvedfor the prepara- adolescent growth and development, administration. tion of superintendents. Forthe standard certifi- supervision, organization, and cate, three years ofsuccessful experience and 6. GUIDANCE (secondary).Requirements: Eli- completion of a 30-hour programin addition to gibility to hold certificate 10, 11, or 12(9, if it the master's degree, includingelementary and sec- includes grades 7 and 8); three yearsof success- ondary administration andsupervision. ful public school teachingexperience; master's 2. GENERAL SUPERVISOR OF INSTRUCTION.Re- degree with a major in guidancecovering five quirements: Eligibility for ateaching certificate phases of guidance; one year ofpaid nonschool and three years of successfulpublic school teach- work experience; recommendation by aninstitu- ing experience; master's degree,plus 6 hours, the tion approved for preparingguidance personnel. total to include at least 12hours as part of a For the standard certificate, three yearsof success- planned program approved bythe institution, in- ful experience. cluding public school administrationand super- institution approved vision; recommendation by an Administrators (after September 1, 1968) for the preparation ofadministrative personnel. For the standard certificate, three yearsof success- 7. SUPERINTENDENT (validalso for all other ful experience and completionof a 30-hour pro- administrative and supervisorypositions).Re- gram in addition tothe master's degree, including quirements: Eligibility to holdcertificate 9, 10, supervision, administration,curriculum, and child 11, or 12; eight years of experience,including five and adolescent growth anddevelopment. in public schools and three in aposition requiring 3. SECONDARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL.Require- certificate 8; 30 hours in addition tothe mas- ments: Eligibility forcertificate 10, 11, or 12; ter's degree, 15 of which mustbe at an approved three years of successfulpublic school teaching recommending institution and thebalance with experience; master's degree, plus6 hours, the total its approval as a planned program,including his- to include at least 9 hours aspart of a planned torical, philosophical, andsociological founda- program approvedby the institution, including tionsof education, psychologicalfoundations, secondary administration andsupervision; recom- curriculum development,administration and su- mendation by an institutionapproved for the pervision of school systems, and a coreof related preparation of administrativepersonnel. For the study in economics, sociology,political science, standard certificate, three years ofsuccessful ex- and the humanities. The totalsix-year prepara- perience and completion of a15-hour program tion must include 100 hours ingeneral education. in addition to the master'sdegree. For the standard certificate, three yearsof successful experience under theprovisional certificate. 4. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL.Require- ments: Eligibility for certificate9, 11, or 12 (ele- 8. INTERMEDIATE ADMINISTRATOR OR SUPER- mentary level); experienceand preparation ap- VISOR (valid for alladministrative and supervisory propriate to the level, as in certificate 3. positions except superintendent).Requirements: 12; five 5. SUPERVISOR OR CONSULTANT IN SPECIAL Eligibility to hold certificate 9, 10, 11, or Requirements: Eligibility for years of experience,including three in public FIELD OR SUBJECT. master's de- a teaching certificatein the field to be supervised; schools; 15 hours in addition to the three years of successful publicschool teaching gree taken at anapproved recommending institu- experience; master's degree, plus 6 hours,the total tion, including the first four areasrequired for to include at least 9hours as part of a planned certificate 7, with emphasis appropriate to ca- latter to be specified by the program approvedby the institution, including reer objective, the standard cer- public school supervision;recommendation by an recommending institution. For the under institution approved for preparingadministrative tificate, three years of successful experience 30 hours beyond personnel. For the standard certificate,three years the provisional certificate, and six-year program of experience and completionof a 15-hour pro- the master's degree; the total general education. gram in addition tothe master's degree, including must include 100 hours of 95 Teachers: Elementary and Secondary recommendation by the preparing institution. En- dorsement is based on a minimum of 35 hours in 9. ELEMENTARY. Requirements: Bachelor's de- the special subject or field (agriculture, art, health, gee, including general education,75 (6 each hi homemaking, industrial arts, library, music, physi- English and social studies, including U.S. history; cal education); library may include 17 hours in at least one course each in mathematics,science, broad cultural fields, with 12 additional in library fine arts; distribution of rest optional); profes- science required for the standard certificate. For sional education, 30 (foundations of education; the standard certificate, three years of successful educational psychology; curriculum and meth- experience and completion of a fifth year. ods; student teaching, 6); endorsement forvari- 12. SPECIAL EDUCATION. Requirements: Same school-kindergarten ous combinations of nursery basic preparation as for certificate 9 (if forgrades through grade 8, depending upon recommenda- 7-12); standard 1-8 or 1-12) or certificate 10 (if for grades tion of the preparing institution. For the 12 additional hours in specified areas foreach certificate, three years of successful experience type of special educationmentallyhandicapped, and completion of a fifth year of preparation. physically handicapped, blind, partiallysighted, 10. SECONDARY.. Requirements: Bachelor's de- deaf, speech correction, hearing conservation.For gree, includiog generaleducation, 45 (in addition the standard certificate, three years ofsuccessful to the teaching field and including 6each in Eng- experience and completion of a fifth year. lish and social studies, including U.S. history); professional education, 18 (foundations of educa- Special School Service Personnel tion;educational psychology; curriculum and methods; student teaching, 6). Valid in grades 13. SPECIAL SERVICES (reading consultant, psy- worker, 7-12 for the subjects endorsed, the requirements chological examiner, psychologist, social and nurse-teacher, dental hygienist-teacher). Require- for which are as follows: English, 30; history his social studies, 30 (15 in history, includingU.S. ments: Bachelor's degree, and thefirst four listed and European or world, plus three other areas require a master's degree with a program appro- psychologist from government, international relations, econom- priate to the certificate. The school provisional certifi- ics, sociology, geography); history, 18(including must have a sixth year for the U.S., European, or world); business education, cate, a seventh year for thestandard certificate. 30; languages, 18 in addition to 6 hoursintro- Details will be supplied on request. ductory; mathematics, 18; biological science, 18; earth science, 18; physics, 18; chemistry, 18; gen- Other Certificates Issued eral science, 21 (12 in one science, one coursein 14. VOCATIONAL EDUCATION. Requirements are each of two others). For the standard certificate, based on a combination of trade orindustrial three years of successful experience and comple- experience (eight years for trade instructor,three tion of a fifth year of preparation. years for related-subjectsinstructor) and educa- 11. SPECIAL SUBJECTS OR FIELDS.Require- tion (high school plus basic instructortraining for ments: Bachelor's degree, including general edu- trade instructor; two years of college,including cation, 40 (in addition to the teaching field and 30 hours in such technical subjects asmathe- including 6 each in English and social studies, matics, science, drafting, design, plus basicin- including U.S. history); professional credit same structor training, for related-subjectsinstructor). as secondary. Valid for grades1-12, 1-8, or 7-12 Secondary certificates are valid for endorsedsub- for the subject or field endorsed, on the basis of jects in vocational-technical schools.

Delaware

State Certification Officer. Elizabeth C. Lloyd, General Requirements.Certificates arere- Director of Teacher Education and Professional quired of administrators, supervisors, andteach- Standards, State Department of Public Instruction, ers in all publicschools, kindergarten through Box 697, Dover, Delaware 19901. high school.Initial certificates are issued for

2 major emphasis three years unless otherwise specifiedand may be ter's degree, plus 30 hours with converted to five-year professional statuscertifi- on curriculum development. cates on completion of threecontinuous years of C. ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANTIN CHARGE OF experience in Delaware in the certified area.The BUSINESS. Requirements:Eligibility for a teach- latter is renewable on teaching inDelaware for ing or administrative certificate,plus three years three years of the five-year period. of experience; master's degree withinternship in Credentials iv Accompany Application.In- school administration, or master's degreeand 30 state graduates are certificated onthe basis of a hours,including courses from Ilu--ee rcquired statement from the preparinginstitution of satis- areas. factory completion of the preparationrequired d. SCHOOL BUSINESS MANAGER.Requirements: for the certificate requested.Out-of-state grad- Valid teaching certificate; or bachelor'sdegree uates are certificated on thebasis of state and (business administration, accounting, orengineer- regional accreditation of the institutionand evi- ing); or business training or experienceapproved dence of completion of the preparationrequired. under criteria established by the StateAdvisory Transcript of credits, photograph,health certifi- Council on Teacher Education andProfessional cate, evidence of employment(for out-of-state Standards, including specialized courses,10-15 applicants), and student-teaching reportsfor re- (school business administration andaccounting). cent graduates (three yearsof successful teaching 3. SECONDARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL.Require- experience will be accepted in lieuof student ments: Eligibility to hold asenior high school teaching but not in lieu of the 6credits) are also teaching certificate; three years ofexperience as a required. There is reciprocity with nopenalty for secondary school teacher or two yearsof teaching institution-recommended graduates ofNCATE- and one year of internship orapproved equal, approved programs and of elementaryeducation such as an assistant principalship;master's de- graduates of state and regionallyapproved pro- gree in anNCATE-approved graduate program grams in the elevenNortheastern states; and for in secondary administrationand supervision, or applicants with a valid certificate,three years of master's degree with a minimum of15 hours in successful experience, and the totalnumber of courses in schooladministration, supervision, and credits required in Delaware but notnecessarily curriculum development. (For aprincipal serving the specific course areas required. as chief schoolofficer, a course in school business management is required.) CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS 4. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL.Require- ments: Same as for certificate 3, exceptthat the Administrators applicant must be eligible for certificate6, teaching experience must be in the elementaryschool, 1. CHIEF SCHOOL OFFICER. Required for the and specified courses must be inelementary local chief school officer in districts employing 12 or more teachers inboth elementary and sec- school administration. Eligibility for a ondary schools. Requirements: Eligibility to hold 5. SUPERVISOR. Requirements: be certificate 3 or 4; completion of 60 hours of an Delaware teaching certificate in the area to NCATE-approved program for chief school offi- supervised; master degree in the area tobe su- cer, or master'sdegree in school administration, pervised, or a master's degree in another area plus 30 hours in a program plannedfor chief with 30 graduate hours in the area tobe super- experi- school officers. vised; five years of successful teaching ence in the area tobe supervised; 9 graduate 2. ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT. hours in supervision. a. ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENTOR GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT. Requirements:Same Teachers: Elementary and Secondary as for certificate 1. b. ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT IN CHARGE OF 6. ELEMENTARY. Required for grades1-6 and Bachelor's CURRICULUM. Requirements:Eligibility for a valid for grades 7-8. Requirements: teaching certificate; three years of teaching; mas- degree, including general education, 60(includ- 97 ing English, 8-12; social science,4-6; laboratory 11. SPECIAL FIELDS. Requirementsfor teach- science, 6-8; fundamental conceptsof mathe- ing music, art, and health andphysical education schools: Bache- matics, 2-3); professional education,30 (includ- in both elementary and secondary education, 40; pro- ing human behavior, curriculum,methods, evalu- lor's degree, including general ation, student teaching, and specialmethods in fessional education, 18 (in areasof human be- specialty in both teaching reading). havior, methods of teaching the Requirements: elementary and secondary schools,student teach- 7. KINDERGARTEN-PRIMARY. subjects); specializa- Same as for certificate 6, exceptthat professional ing, and general professional preparation must be on the appropriatelevel. tion, 40. Requircincrits for teaching industrial arts or 8. JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL.Requirements: Cer- Bachelor's de- tificates 6 and 9 are valid for grades 7and 8, ex- business education in high school: cept that where accelerated courses areoffered to gree; generaleducation, 60; professional educa- certain students and senior highschool graduation, 18 for business education and21 for indus- tion or college admissioncredit is assigned to trialarts(including required areas of human teaching, and these courses, the course must betaught by a per- behavior, special methods, student specialization, 42 son holdingcertificate 9.Also, certificate 6 is general professional education); valid in grades 7 and 8 for teachingmathematics for business education and 30 forindustrial arts. only on the basis of 21 hoursin mathematics 12. TEACHERS OF EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN.Re- courses and for teachingscience only on the basis quirements for teachers of trainableand educable of general science in certificate 9.Certificate 9 is mentally retarded, partially sighted,socially and/ required for teaching grade 9. or emotionallymaladjusted, orthopedically handi- 9, SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL ACADEMIC SUBJECT capped: Certificate 6 (or 9 for teen-agementally MATTER AREAS. Requirements:Bachelor's degree, retarded), including or plus coursesin specialized including 60 hours in general education and18 professional preparation. in professional education (with not morethan 6 in Requirements for teaching home-boundand human behavior, and courses in foundationsof hospitalized: A teaching certificate appropriate to education or tests and measurements,methods, the level of assignment; two years ofsuccessful and student teaching).Specialization: English, classroom teaching experience; 10 hoursin child 36; mathematics, 30; biology, 24, plus6 in chem- behavior,exceptionalchildren,measurements, istry; chemistry,18, plus 6 each in physics, and abnormal psychology or mentalhygiene. biology, and mathematics; physics, 18, plus6 each mathematics; foreign in chemistry, biology, and Special School Service Personnel language, 30; social studies, 30;dramatic arts and speech, 36. 13. LIBRARIAN. Requirements:Bachelor's de- 10. sECONDARY VOCATIONAL SUBJECTS.Re- gree with 18 hours inprofessional education, or quirements: Bachelor's degree, includinggeneral a valid teachingcertificate; 30 hours in library sci- education, 40; professional education, 18(includ- ence, or master's degreein an approved program. ing areas of human behaviorand methods and 14. VISITING TEACHER. Nocertificate required. student teaching in the field coveredby the cer- Only persons who have had eitherteaching or tificate). Specialization: agriculture,30 (and two social work experience, preferablyboth, are em- years of successful farmexperience since age 14); ployed as visiting teachers. distributive education, 18, plus one year ofwork 15. READING SPECIALIST. experience in the distributive field;home eco- a. SPECIAL READING TEACHER.Requirements: nomics, 42, plus homemakingexperience. For graduation; two Elementary or senior high school teaching cer- industrial education, high school teaching ex- industrial experience in the tificate; three years of successful years of approved perience; 15 hours in specializedprofessional trade to be taught; two years ofsuccessful teaching experience; 48 hours ofspecialized training preparation. Same for teaching vocational subjectsand 12 in aca- b. READING CONSULTANT. Requirements: 15a, plus two years of experience demic subjects. as for certificate

98 as a special reading teacher or one yearin a 19. SPEECH AND HEARING THERAPIST.Require- reading center or clinic; master's degree or equiv- ments: Bachelor's degree, including18 hours in alent with 12 graduate credits in psychology, 2-3 professional education and 24 inspecialized in clinical analysis of reading retardation, and preparation. one course in supervision. 20. SCHOOL NURSE. Requirements:Registered nurse in Delaware; 18hours in public health 16. DRIVER EDUCATION. Requirements: Senior schoolnursing,childdevelopment, sociology, high school teaching certificate; 12 hours in driver mental health, and family nutrition. and safety education; Delaware driver's license. 21. ADULT EDUCATION TEACHER. Requirements i7. bc.iii-x-ii. Esmir,o7 ic.Ivr "P. DqvCITOLOGICAL for teaching adult basic education: Bachelor's de- EXAMINER. Requirements: Bachelor's degreefor gree in adult, elementary, orsecondary education; psychological examiner, master's degree for school or liberal arts degree with amajor in social studies psychologist; 35 hours of specialized professional or English.Requirements for teaching general preparation for an examiner and 66 for a psy- adult education: Bachelor's degree ineducation chologist, including clinical practice. or liberal arts and at least two yearsof training 18. GUIDANCE COUNSELOR.Requirements: in a special field; or three years of experiencein Standard teaching certificate; two years of success- a special field andadditional training in techniques ful teaching experience; master's degree or equiva- of working with adults. lent in guidance; 8-12 hours in four required areas 22. sarool. SOCIAL WORKER. Requirements: of specialized professional preparation on either Master's degree in social work; two years of ex- the undergraduate or graduate level; nine graduate perience in a children's agency or in teaching; courses in four major areas ofspecialized profes- experience in supervision and in orientation to sional preparation. school philosophy is recommended.

District ofColumbia

Public Schools Licensing Officer. William H. years, the license becomesinvalid. A license be- Jenkins, Chief Examiner, District of Columbia comes a life certificate when the holder,appointed Public Schools, 1411 K Street, N.W., Washington, to position, gains permanent status after a pro- D.C. 20005. bationary period. General Requirements. No fee.Properly su- Procedures for Securing License. Licenses are pervised teaching experience may be substituted issued on the basis of credentials plus examina- for student-teaching credit. To fulfill the bache- tions; applicants may be placed on probationary lor's degree requirement for the several licenses, status prior to completion of examinations and the candidate may submit such a degree conferred some license requirements, provided a contractis by an accredited teachers college as a result of a signed and everything is completed within two four-year professional course satisfactory tothe years. The credentials must includeoriginal tran- Board of Examiners or by other accredited col- script of credit, birth certificate or equivalent, and lege; the required master's degree must, in each two character references.Examinations consist instance, have been earned in an accredited in- of (a) written and, where required, practical stitution. Licenses are required of all teachers in examinations covering subject matter in the area elementary and secondary schools and in teachers and at the level to be taught; (b) oral examination colleges, and of special school service personnel for whom certification standards have beenestab- covering all or any part of credentials submitted, lished. A license makes the holder eligible, for all or any part of materials covered by the written two years, for appointment to anappropriate examination, and personal fitness for the position position in the public schools of the District of sought; (c) physical examination, including chest Columbia; if appointment is not made within two x-ray.

99 CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS 5. TRADES AND INDUSTRIAL OCCUPATIONS AND RELATED SUBJECTS. Requirements:Vocational Taachers: Elementary and Secondary education, 6; three years of full-timewage-earning satis- 1. ELEMENTARY (preschool andK-6). Re- trade or industrial experience; additional quirements: Bachelor's degree; Professionaledu- factory experience or college preparation. cation, 15 (including student teaching or a year education of teaching experience, principles of Special School Service Personnel appropriate to the teaching level,education psychology, and tests and measurements);specializa- 6. SPEECH CORRECTIONIST.Requirements: tion as follows: Bachelor's degree; speech sciencesand speech a. REGULAR TEACHER.In addition to or as arts, 24; course in methods ofteaching speech and part of the 15 hours inprofessional education, speech correction; 200 clock hoursof supervised there must be preparation in materialsand meth- practice or a year of experience in speechtherapy. ods of language arts (including reading),social 7. HEARING THERAPIST. Requirements:Bache- studies, mathematics, science, andrelated sub- lor's degree; speech and hearing courses,24; jects; or specialization in preschool orelementary course in speech correction orhearing therapy; education. 200 clock hours of supervised practice or a year b. ART, MUSIC, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, FOREIGN of experience. LANGUAGE, MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE,Specializa- 8. READING CLINICIAN.Requirements: Mas- tion, 30, including methods and materials. ter's degree; appropriate major, 30, with atleast (mentally, education- c. SPECIAL EDUCATION 12 in reading, reading disabilities, andremedial socially handi- ally, visually, hearing, physically, reading techniques. capped). Area of specialization, 6. Bach- 9. LIBRARIAN.Requirements for elementary 2. JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL. Requirements: profes- 15 (as out- and junior high school: Bachelor's degree; elor's degree; professional education, educa- follows: sional education, 15, including elementary lined in certificate 1); specialization as teaching BUSINESS, ART, MUSIC, tion and educational psychology; student a. ACADEMIC SUBJECTS, library experience; li- PHYSICAL or one year of teaching or INDUSTRIAL ARTS, HOME ECONOMICS: brary science, 18. Requirements for seniorand 30, including meth- EDUCATION. Specialization, vocational high school, Teachers College,and ods and materials. laboratory schools; Master's degree; professional b. SPECIAL EDUCATION (as outlined incertifi- (or subject, 24; area of education, 15, including secondary education cate 1c). Major field or elementary education for TeachersCollege and specialization, 6. Re- laboratory schools) and educational psychology; 3. SENIOR AND VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL. student teaching or experience; libraryscience, quirements: Master's degree; professional educa- 30. tion, 15 (as outlined in certificate 1); specializa- Requirements: tion as follows: 10. COUNSELOR (all levels). Master's degree in guidance and two yearsof a. ACADEMIC SUBJECTS, BUSINESSAND DISTRIB- work, or UTIVE EDUCATION, ART, MUSIC, INDUSTRIALARTS, teaching, counseling, pupil personnel industry; Speciali- appropriate experience in business or HOME ECONOMICS, PHYSICAL EDUCATION. with 30 hours in counseling zation, 30, including methods and materials. or master's degree (including guidance and research, 9;psychology, b. SPECIAL EDUCATION (educationally, visually, 9; societal forces, 6) and two yearsof experience. -hearing, physically, socially handicapped). Major field or subject, 24; area of specialization, 6. 11. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST. Requirements: C. DRIVER EDUCATION. D. C.driver's license; Master's degree in psychology, including courses satisfactory driving record; courses in driver edu- in projective techniques and individualtesting; or cation, first aid, and safety education. master's degree with 30 hours in psychology(in- individual test- 4. MILITARY SCIENCE.Requirements: Two cluding projective techniques and years of active duty; reservecommission in United ing) and 15 in education; in either case, one year States Army; satisfactory college preparation. of teaching or experience aspsychologist or in

100 pupil personnel work, or two semestersof super- Other Certificates issued vised internship or externship. 14.TEMPORARY CERTIFICATESforelementary SOCIAL 12. ATTENDANCEOFFICER, SCHOOL and secondary teachers are issued onthe bache- WORKER. Requirements:Master's degree in social established require- field work place- lor's degree and/or other work; credits in education and ments; valid until June 30 nextfollowing appointment, or one year of paidprofessional experience. ment. 13. CENSUS SUPERVISOR, CHILD LABORINSPEC- Requirements: Bachelor's degreewith a 15. SUBSTITUTE TEACHING CERTIFICATES are TOR. other estab- major in elementary or secondaryeducation, busi- issued on a bachelor's degree and/or lished requirements, for per diememployment. ness administration,economics, or sociology. Florida experience; mas- State Certification Officer.Ray V. Pottorf, tificate; three years of teaching Assistant Director, Certification,State Depart- ter's degree, including 24 hoursin curriculum, administra- ment of Education,Tallahassee, Florida 32304. educational supervision, and school General Requirements. Minimum age,20, or tion. Valid for an earned bachelorsdegree from an accredited 2. SECONDARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL. institution of higher learning. Initial fee,$5. Cer- ten years.Requirements: Eligibility to hold a tificates are required of administrators, super- graduate certificate; three years ofteaching experi- visors, and teachers in all publicschools, kinder- ence; master'sdegree, including 18 hours in sec- and educa- garten through junior college,and of personnel in ondary curriculum, administration, accredited private and parochial schools.Initial tional supervision. certificates are issued for five years unlessother- 3. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL.Valid for wise specified and may be extended forfive years ten years.Requirements: Eligibility to hold a teaching expe- on 6 hours from anapproved Florida junior col- graduate certificate; three years of hours in ele- lege or accredited four-year institution. rience; master's degree, including 18 Credentials to Accompany Application. In-state mentary curriculum,administration, and supervi- graduates are certificated on the basis of a state- sion. Requirements: Same as for ment from the preparinginstitution of satisfactory 4. SUPERVISOR. completion of an approved program bearing on certificate 1, except that five yearsof experience the certificate requested.Out-of-state graduates is required. are certificated onthe basis of completion of an NCATE-approved program. Also required are Teachers: Elementary and Secondary transcript of credits, evidence of U.S.citizen- 5. ELEMENTARY. Requirements:Bachelor's de- ship, health certificate, character certificate, rec- gree, including generaleducation, 45 (6-12 each ommendation from the institution whichgranted in English, social science, humanadjustment, sci- the latest degree, a score of 500 orhigher ence and mathematics,and humanities, and the granted the latest degree, a score of500 or higher remainder selected from foreignlanguage, music, on the NTECommon Examination or 800 or speech and dramatics, homeeconomics, agricul- higher on the GRE Verbal andQuantitative ture, industrial arts,geography, and the fields Abilities Test, evidence of three years ofexperi- listed as required); professionaleducation, 20 ence for a certificatecovering administration and (psychological foundations, 3;sociological foun- five years for a certificate coveringsupervision. dations, 3; elementary curriculumand materials, 6; methods, 2; student teaching,6); specialization, school art, CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS 21 (children's literature, elementary science, health and physicaleducation, music, Administrators social studies, and arithmetic). 1. SUPERVISING PRINCIPAL. Valid for tvn years. 6. GENERAL SECONDARY.Requirements: Bach- Requirements: Eligibility to hold a graduate cer- elor's degree, including generaleducation, 45 101 (6-12 each in English, science andmathematics, specific secondary fields are issued to personswith social studies, human adjustment, andhumanities a bachelor's degreefrom an accredited institution and applied arts); professionaleducation, 20 who do not qualify for a graduate orpostgraduate (secondary curriculum and materials ofinstruc- certificate. These certificates may not beextended tion, 6; psychological foundations, 3;sociological or reissued. foundations, 3; methods, 2; student teaching,6); 9. TEMPORARY CERTIFICATES arevalid for One field of concentration, 30 (in most areas)? year in elementary andsecondary schools and 7. SECONDARY, VOCATIONAL SUBJECTS.Re- are issued on the basisof a bachelor's degree from quirements: Same as certificate 6; field of concen- an institution notaccredited by one of the na- trationagriculture, bachelor's tlegrice; home eco- tional or regional agencies. The candidate must meeting Ir.-- nomics, 36.2 complete 6 hours annually toward quirements for the graduate certificate. Other Certificates issued 2 Specific requirements are not enforcedif the apple . 8. THREE-YEAR PROVISIONAL CERTIFICATES cant presents a statement ofcompletion of an approved valid Ain elementary schools and othersvalid in program.

Georgia

State Certification Officers. H. TitusSingletary, 2. ADMINISTRATOR'S PROFESSIONALFIVE-YEAR. graduate Jr., Associate State School Superintendent;Mary Valid for seven years; renewable on two Ellen Perkins, Coordinator of TeacherEducation; courses. Requirements:Eligibility for a four-year 10 hours in Ted R. Owens, Supervisor of Certification,State certificate; master's degree, including of learn- Department ofEducation,Atlanta,Georgia the nature of the learner and psychology 161/2 in 30334. ing and school program and problems, and General Requirements.Certificatesare re- elementary and secondary administration, quired of all teaching and leadership personnelof 3% in research; three years ofschool experience. public and accredited nonpublic schools,grades 3. ADMINISTRATOR'S LIFE PROFESSIONALSIX - 1-12. YEAR. Requirements:Eligibility for a five-year Credentials to Accompany Application.In- certificate; additional 30 graduate hours;institu- state graduates are certificated onthe basis of a tional recommendation; required scores on appro- statement from the preparinginstitution of satis- priate NTE taken at an approved center;five years factory completion of an approved programbear- of experience. Total graduate workshould include ing on the certificate requested.Out-of-state 10 hours in nature of the learner andpsychology graduates are certificated on the basis ofregional of learning, 3% in school programand problems, and national accreditation, home stateapproval, major portion of 33% in administrationand the or other evidence ofquality of preparation. Offi- remainder in related subjects, and 61/2 inresearch. cial transcripts are also required. 4. CURRICULUM DIRECTOR'S PROVISIONAL.Va- lidity and requirements same as forcertificate 1, CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS except 10 graduate hours incurriculum (3% ) and supervision (61/2 including supervisionof Administrators teaching). Valid for 1. ADMINISTRATOR'S PROVISIONAL. 5. CURRICULUM DIRECTOR'S PROFESSIONAL principals,assistant principals, superintendents, Validity and requirements same as and assistant superintendents for one year; re- FIVE-YEAR. for certificate 2, except 161/2 hours insupervision. newable on two graduate courses toward professional certification. Requirements: Eligibilityfor 6. CURRICULUM DIRECTOR'S PROFESSIONALSIX- for certifi- a four-year certificatein any field; 10 graduate YEAR. Requirements are the same as s.h., with 3% in administration; one yearof cate 3, except three years ofexperience and 33% school experience. hours in supervision.

102 Teachers: Elementary and Secondary Physics-231/2; may include 6% inchemistry, Business-30, in- Valid for three calculus, or analytic geometry. 7. PROVISIONAL FOUR-YEAR. cluding 3% each in typing, shorthand,and ac- Requirements: Bachelor's years; not renewable. counting or bookkeeping. IndustrialArts-331/4, degree; all requirements for ateaching field (ex- including 3% each in drafting,woods, metals, cept this certificate notissued for early elemen- electricity-electronics, and power mechanics or vocational subjects other tary, grades 7-9, or graphicarts. Vocational(agriculture, home all requirements than distributive education), or economics, distributive, DiversifiedCooperative for certificate 8 within two courses;superinten- Training, trade and industrial)approved pro- dent's statement of intent to employ. recommendation. General Valid for five gram and institutional 8. PROFESSIONAL FOUR-YEAR. home economics-331/3, including3% each in years; renewable on twoadditional courses. Re- home management and residence, and6% in education, quirements: Bachelor's degree; general child development, including observationand ex- 40 (English, science, social science,mathematics, agriculture 20 (hu- perience in nursery school. General related subjects); professional education, 33% in four areas chosen fromagricultural man growth anddevelopment, curriculum and economics, agricultural engineering, agronomy, substi- 'methods, student teaching or approved horticulture, animal husbandry, dairyhusbandry, tute); teaching field as follows: poultry; plus 26% in five areas of sciencechosen (K-3). Approved pro- a. EARLY ELEMENTARY from bacteriology, botany, chemistry,entomology, gram and institutionalrecommendation. genetics, geology, physics, plantpathology, soils, b. ELEMENTARY K-8. Coursesfor elementary studies, sci- zoology. teacher, 20 (language arts, social e. LIBRARIAN (grades1-12). Approved pro- ence/math, creative arts, health andphysical edu- gram and institutionalrecommendation. cation, with maximum of 6% in any onearea). f. SPECIAL SUBJECTS (grades1-12).Art Approved program and institu- c. GRADES 7-9. 331/3, including 20 in drawing, painting,graphics, tional recommendation. crafts, sculpture, 3D, history, andappreciation. d. GRADES 7-12. English-30,including gram- Music-40, including 3% each inhistory and mar and compositionand English and American appreciation or methods. Healthand physical such courses literature, with maximum of 10 in education-30.Special educationspeech cor- as speech, journalism,reading, drama, radio/TV. rection, 28 and 200 clock hours ofclinical prac- another Speech (may be added to certificate in tice; mentally retarded, 33%; deafand hard of drama field)-30 selected from general speech, hearing, 28; crippled children, 331/2;emotionally and theater, discussion and debate,oral interpreta- disturbed, approved program andinstitutional language, 13% tion. Foreign languagefor any recommendation. in senior or graduate courses.Modern language Requirements: and 9. PROFESSIONAL FIVE-YEAR. 30 each language, including grammar Eligibility for certificate 8; master'sdegree with conversation, composition, pronounciation and approved courses or program.This certificate is and culture and literature; 6% allowed for history also issued for reading specialistsand teachers of competency, foreign resi- courses, high school visually impaired. dence. Latin and Greek-20 ineach, including .Valid for pronounciation, and 10. TEACHER SPECIALIST SIX-YEAR. grammar and composition, seven years; renewable on two courses.Require- history and cul- literature; 6% allowed for related ments: Eligibility for certificate9, approved sixth- Second language ture or high school competency. year progam; required scores onNTE. 20. Social sciences-33% , including6% each in 20 and 6% in American and European history; or Special School Service Personnel related social science. Mathematics-30,including 3% each in algebra, geometry,calculus; may 11. COUNSELOR. Requirements: For the pro- include 6% in physics. Science-30,including visional certificate, valid one year andrenewable 6% each in biology, chemistry,and physics. on two courses,eligibility for certificate 8, 10 Biology-231/2; may include 6% inchemistry. appropriate graduate credits, and one yearof Chemistry-231/2; may include 6% inbiology. experience. For the professionalfive-year certifi- 103 cate, eligibility for certificate 8, master's degree, required scores on the NTE and GRE taken at and three years of experience. For the professional an approved center; three years of school or six-year certificate, eligibility for the professional other appropriate experience. five-year, an approved sixth-year program, institu- 14. SCHOOL LUNCH DIRECTOR, PROVISIONAL tional recommendation, required scores on the FOUR-YEAR. Valid for three years, renewable on NTE taken at an approved center, and three years 131/2 hours.Requirements: Bachelor's degree of experience. with a major in home economics education, food 12. VISITING TEACHER.Requirements: Same science, nutrition science, dietetics, institutional as for certificate 11. A six-year certificate is is- management, elementary education, business ad- sued on a two-year master's degree program in ministration, biological sciences, chemistry, or school social work. physics, with specified courses or evidence of 13. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST. Requirements: membership requirements of the American Die- Eligibility for certificate R nranyundergraduate tetic Association; three years of experience in major in psychology and 13 V3 hours in profes- teaching or school or other food service manage- sional education; master's degree; approved sixth- ment. A five-year certificate is issued on a mas- year program and institutional recommendation; ter's degree and three years of experience.

Hawaii State Certification Officer. Leonard T. Mura- rience, including one in Hawaii; 20 hours above yama, Director of Certification, Personnel Admin- the professional teacher's certificate in adminis- istration, State Department of Education, Hono- tration, curriculum, and supervision; one semester lulu, Hawaii 96804. of a special training program. General Requirements. Certificates required of all public school teachers are provisional, based Teachers: Elementary and Secondary on a bachelor's degree, or professional, based on 2. KINDERGARTEN TO GRADE 6. Requirements: five years of preparation.Administrators must At least 12 hours dealing with elementary educa- be eligible for the appropriate professional teach- tion. ing certificate. 3. SECONDARY. Requirements: For professional Credentials to Accompany Application. Official teacher's certificate endorsement: Agriculture- transcript of college preparation. 46 hours in the field; science, 26; a course in teaching agriculture. Art-36 hours in the field; one CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS course in teaching art.Commercial subjects business and economics, 36; 'two wu_rses in teach- A. PROVISIONAL CERTIFICATE. Requirements: ing shorthand, typewriting, bookkeeping. Coun- Bachelor's degree, including 18 hours in educa- seling-30 hours in the field; three years of teach- tion, plus student teaching (or two years of experi- ing and/or counseling experience. English-36 ence). Secondary teachers must have a major, 24, hours in the field; a course in teaching English. aid minor, 12. Health and physical education-36 hours in the B. PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATE. Valid without field; a course in the teaching of each. Home eco- renewal during continuous service. Requirements: nomics-45 hours in the field; art and science, 29; Bachelor's degree, plus 30 hours, including a mini- a course in teaching home economics. Industrial mum of 24 in education, at least 6 of which must arts-36 hours in the field; a course in teaching be graduate, plus student teaching (or two years industrialarts.Languages-24 hours in the of experience). language taught (if less than two years of high school preparation, 30 required; for Latin, the Administrators requirement is 20 or 26); a course in teaching 1. PROFESSIONAL ADMINISTRATOR'S CERTIFI- the language; second language requirement, 6 CATE. Requirements: Professional teacher's cer- hours less. Mathematics-24 hours at the college tificate; five years of teaching or supervisory expe- level; a course in teaching mathematics. Music

104 36 hours in the field; a course in teaching music; 6. BLIND. Requirements:Professional teach- ability to play a musical instrument. Biological er's certificate; two years of regular teaching ex- science-32 hours in the field; a course in teach- perience; course work directly related to the blind, ing science.Physical science-32 hours in the 12; related subjects, 6. field; a course in teaching science. Science-36; 7. HARD-OF-HEARING AND DEAF. Requirements: a course in teaching science.Social studies-36 Professional teacher's certificate; 22 hours dis- hours in the field, including a course in teaching tributed among anatomy and physiology of the social studies (American history, 6; world his- ear and speech mechanisms,teaching speech to tory, 6; government, 3; and a course in eco- the deaf and hard-of-hearing, teaching language nomics). Speech-30 hours in the field; a course to the deaf and hard-of-hearing, teaching speech in teaching speech; at least 6 credits in upper- reading to the deaf and hard-of-hearing, and meth- division English courses. ods of auditory training; two years of teaching 4. TECHNICAL SCHOOL PROFESSIONAL TEACH- experience. ER'S CERTIFICATE. Valid for teachers of trade and related subjects.Requirements: Four years of Special School Service Personnel technical school or college training; one year of 8.SCHOOL LIBRARIAN. Requirements: Profes- trade experience; professional education, 30, in- sional teacher's certificate, with a minimum of 26 cluding 18 approved for trade and industrial hours in library science and relate-4 courses. teachers. (Note: Requirements for trade teachers (Note: The holder of a professional teacher's cer- only involve considerably less college training ) tificate may have the field endorsed on it if he has completed 26 hours in library courses.) 5. SIGHT-SAVING.Requirements: Professional teacher's certificate; two years of teaching experi- 9. REGISTRAR. Requirements: Hold certificate ence; 18 hours in organization andadministration 3; two years of secondary teaching experience; of sight-saving classes, methods of the teaching professional education must include courses in field, anatomy, physiology, and hygiene of the eye, organization and administration, tests and meas- and clinical observation in a demonstration class urements, guidance, curriculum, and related sub- and in an eye clinic. jects.

Idaho

State Certification Officer.Dorcey S. Riggs, credits with the application and evidence of citi- Director of Teacher Education and Certification, zenship and/or age when requested. State Department of Education, Room 205, State House, Boise, Idaho 83702. CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS General Requirements Minimum age, 18; high school graduation; U.S. citizenship.Initial and Administrators renewal fees, $5. Certificates are required of administrators, supervisors, and teachers in all pub- 1. ADMINISTRATOR'S CERTIFICATE. lic schools, grades 1-12, and of personnel in a. SUPERINTENDENT ENDORSEMENT.Valid for accredited private and parochial schools. Certifi- five years; renewable for five years. Requirements: cates must be recorded annually in the office of Eligibility for certificate 3 or 5; three years of the district or county superintendent. successful and acceptable educational experience, Credentials to Accompany Application. Appli- including at least one year as a principal or county cants prepared within the state or in out-of-state or district superintendent, or four yearsof experi- institutions are certificated on the same basis. In- ence as a school or collegeteacher; master's de- stitutions must have state and regional accredita- gree or approved sixth-year programin adminis- tion. The applicant must submit a transcript of tration, including 12 hours in supervision of in-

105 struction, guidance, administration, measurements 3); general education, 42 (English, including and evaluation, school law, and school finance;3 composition, 12; social studies, including Ameri- hours each in elementary and secondary education. can history or government, 12;science, 8; music b. SECONDARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL ENDORSE- and art, 3; electives, 7). MENT. Valid for five years;renewable for five 6. OUT-OF-STATE CERTIFICATE ENDORSEMENT. years. Requirements:Eligibility for certificate 3; A certificate issued by another state, currently master's degree or approved sixth-year programin valid, may be endorsed for the period of validity, administration, including 12 hours in supervision not in excess of five years, providedissued for of instruction, guidance, administration, measure- teaching the same field and level the holder will ments and evaluation, and schoollaw; 2 hours teach in Idaho. The applicant must have attended each in principles of secondary education and sec- an accredited institutionapproved by the Idaho ondary curriculum; three years of successful ex- State Board of Education and satisfy minimum perience as a secondary teacher or principal. requirements and total credits for Idaho certifica- C. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PRINCIPALENDORSE- tion. A fee of $1 per year for each year of en- MENT. Valid for five years;renewable for five dorsement is required. years. Requirements:Eligibility for certificate 5; master's degree or approved sixth-year program Special School Service Personnel in administration including 12 hours in supervision 7. GUIDANCE. Valid for five years;renewable. of instruction, guidance, administration, measure- Requirements: Hold a valid Idaho teaching cer- ments and evaluation, and school law; three years tificate; two years of teaching experience; master's of successful experience as an elementary teacher degree; 18 hours in guidance, including 12 at the or principal. graduate level covering major aspects ofguidance, including principles, organization, techniques, oc- Teachers: Elementary and Secondary cupational analysis, and counseling. 2. ADVANCED SECONDARY. Valid for five years; 8. ENDORSEMENT FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL EXAM- 20 hours renewable for five years. Requirements:Eligibil- INER. Valid for five years; renewable on ity for certificate 3; master's degree,including 8 earned toward the school psychologist endorse- hours in education and 8 in teaching field or serv- ment. Requirements: Master's degreein psychol- related area, training ice area. ogy, education, or closely educational grades 7- to include psychological foundations, 3. STANDARD SECONDARY. Valid for foundations, psychological methods (6 under- Re- 12 for five years; renewable for five years. graduate hours permitted), school organization quirements: Bachelor's degree; professional edu- and program of exceptional child, diagnosticand cation, 20 (including student teaching, 6;methods remedial instruction, special education, organiza- and materials, 3; educational psychology orchild tion and administration of guidance services,120 growth and development, 3; foundations or princi- clock hours of internship. ples of education, 3); preparation in twofields, Re- with not less than 30 in the major and 20in the 9. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST ENDORSEMENT. quirements: Master's degree in psychology, edu- minor. cation, or closely related area; two years oftrain- 4. ADVANCED ELEMENTARY.Valid for five ing beyond the master's, including areas aslisted years; renewable forfive years.Requirements: in certificate 10; 300 clock hours ofinternship. Eligibility for certificate 5; master's degree with a major in elementary education. Other Certificates Issued 5. STANDARD ELEMENTARY. Valid forgrades 1-8 for five years; renewable for five years. Re- Provisional Certificatesare issued to elementary quirements: Bachelor's degree; professional edu- and secondary teachers on 64 and 105 semester cation, 20 (including student teaching, 6;methods hours respectively, including 9 in professional and materials, including language arts, 6;educa- education (3 in methods). Valid for three years; tional psychology or child growth and develop- renewable on 18 hours toward meeting requirement, 3; foundations or principles ofeducation, ments for certificate 3 or 5.

106 Illinois

State Certification Officer. Robert L. Brissen- b. GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE (principals, assis- den, Secreary, State Teacher Certification Board, tant principals, assistant or associate superinten- 105 State 0± Ike Building, Springfield, Illinois dents, junior college deans, and similar positions). 62706. Educational administration and supervision, 20; General Requirements.Minimum age,19; two years of teaching experience. good character; good health; U.S. citizenship. A C. SUPERINTENDENT. Master's degree, plus 30 fee of $4 is charged for evaluation of credentials hours in a program for the preparation of super- and establishment of entitlement, paid to the State intendents (professional education, 16); two years Certification Board, and $3 for issuance and regis- of administrative or supervisory experience in tration of certificate, paid to the county superin- public schools. tendent.Certificates must be registered or renewed annually with the county superintendent. Teachers: Elementary and Secondary All certificates except the provisional are valid for four years, and renewable indefinitely for All standard elementary, high school, or special four-year periods on the basis of successful teach- certificates are issued on the basis of graduation ing and professional growth. Certificates are re- from an approved program in an Illinois institu- quired of professional employees of public schools. tion or an out-of-state institution accredited by State certificates are not valid in Chicago, whose the NCATE. Graduates of other institutions or Board of Education certifies Chicago teachers. programs must meet minimum requirements as Credentials to Accompany Application. State- specified below. ment of age and citizenship; official college tran- 3. STANDARD ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CERTIFI- script; Institutional Credit Blank and college rec- CATE. Valid for teaching grades K-9. Require- ommendation for the type of certificate to be ments: Approved program (see above), or bache- issued from graduatesof NCATE-accredited lor's degree, including general education, 78 (lan- colleges. guage arts, 9; science, 7; social science, including American history and/or government, 7; humanities, including music and art, 7; mathematics, 5; CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS health and physical education, 3; additional work Administrators in above fields or in psychology other than educational, 40); professional education, 16 (educa- 1. ALL-GRADE SUPERVISORY CERTIFICATE. (Un- tional psychology, including human growth and til July 1, 1968). Valid for teachers and super- development, 2; appropriate methods and tech- visors, grades K-14. Requirements: Master's de- niques, 2; history and/or philosophy of education, gree, including professional education, 20 (admin- 2; methods of teaching reading, 2; appropriate istration and/or supervision, 11; philosophy of student teaching, 5; electives in above fields or in education or American public education; educa- guidance, tests and measurements, and instructional psychology; counseling and guidance); four tional materials, 3). years of elementary or secondary teaching experi- 4. STANDARD HIGH SCHOOL CERTIFICATE. Valid ence; at least 10 hours of work on the other level for teaching grades 6-12.Requirements: Ap- must be included in professional education. proved program (see above), or bachelor's de- 2. ADMINISTRATIVE CERTIFICATE.Valid for gree, including general education, 42 (language teachers, supervisors, and administrators, grades arts,9; science and/or mathematics, 6; social K-14. Requirements: Master's degree, meeting science, including American history and/or gov- requirements for specified endorsement as follows: ernment, 6; humanities, 6; health and physical a. GENERAL SUPERVISORY (supervisors, curricu- education, 3; additional work in above fields and/ lum directors, and similar positions).Profes- or psychology other than educational, 12); pro- sional education, 16, including curriculum and fessional education, 16 (educational psychology, research, 8; two years of teaching experience. including human growth and development, 2;

107 ..A.

appropriate methods and techniques, 2;history subjects, grades 11-12. Requirements: Bachelor's and/or philosophy of education, 2; appropriate degree, with a major and minor in separate fields. student teaching, 5; electives in the abovefields and/or guidance, tests and measurements,and Other Certificates Issued instructional materials, 5); specialization, 48-72 (a major of 32 or three minors of16-24 each). Provisional certificates corresponding tocertifi- Courses in general education may becounted cates 3, 4, and 6 may be issued onthe bachelor's toward a major or minor. degree. These certificates are valid for two years 5. JUNIOR COLLEGE CEkTIFICATE FOR GRADES and may be renewed for two-year periods onevi- 13 AND 14. Requirements: Master'sdegree with dence of 8 hours of credit earnedduring the a major in each teachingfield specified.Certifi- period. The requirements for thecorresponding cation is required only in Class 2 publicjunior standard certificate must be met by theend of colleges, of which there are three. the second renewal period. r. 6. a. STANDARD SPECIAL CERTIFICATE.Valid Other certificates which are availablefor ap-' 1 for teaching subject(s) named in gradesK-14. propriate training or experience asspecified by Requirements: Same as certificate 4, exceptthat the State Certification Board are aProvisional the applicant should be prepared toteach both Vocational Certificate, a Provisional Foreign Lan- elementary and secondary levels. guage Certificate, aGeneral Certificate for part- b. SPECIAL CERTIFICATE, GRADES 11-12.Valid time teachers of junior college andadult educa- indefinitely, for not more than 10 hours weekly, tion subjects, a Temporary Certificate forTeach- when the county superintendent certifies that no ing Trainable Mentally Handicapped,and a Sub- regularly certified teacher is available for elective stitute Certificate.

Indiana

State Certification Officer. Carl F. Scott, Direc- from communicable disease and fromaddiction to tor, Division of Teacher Educationand Certifica- drugs are required to complete certification. tion, State Department of Public Instruction,Indi- anapolis, Indiana 46206. CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS General Requirements. Fee, $5.Certificates are required of all teachers,administrators, and Administrators supervisors in elementary and secondary schools Renewable and teachers in special state schools (schoolsfor 1. SUPERINTENDENT, PROVISIONAL. and, upon completing three years ofsuccessful the blind and the deaf, schools of correction)and 4.1 preced- vocational trade schools, and of special school experience as a superintendent within the ing ten-year period, convertible to a permanent service personnel for whom certification standards .4" certificate. Requirements: Eligibility to hold cer- have been established. Certificates are issued for five-year terms and must be filed with the super- tificate 4 or 5; five years of expuience as an administrator, supervisor, principal, orteacher, intendent of the employing corporation. degree with Credentials to Accompany Application. In-state three within the past ten years; Ed.Sp. graduates must have institutional recommenda- 60 or more hours of graduate credit. tion. Out-of-state graduates must submitofficial 2. SECONDARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL, PROVISIONAL. evidence of a baccalaureate degree from an ac- Renewable on 30 hours of graduate work beyond credited, school, a transcript of all credits, a $5 the master's degree and three or more yearsof evaluation fee, and a letter stating on which level successful experience as an administrator or (elementary or secondary) certification is desired. teacher; convertible to a professionalcertificate Oath of allegiances to U.S. and Indiana Constitu- on completing three yearsof experience as a tions and a health certificate showing freedom teacher or administrator, at least one ofthem in

108;

7:7

i* , -;7";."^"..t.,..^""" . some secondary administrativecapacity, and 60 to a professional certificate onthree years of expe- hours of graduate credit, one-half or more in edu- rience and a master's degree.Requirements: cation. Requirements: !Eligibility to holdcertifi- Bachelor's degree, including social studies,15; cate 5; three years of successfulexperience as a science, 15; mathematics, 8; English, 15; arts, principal or teacher within the past ten years; 10; human growth and development, 10;profes- master's degree, including 20 hours in secondary sional content and methods, 19; studentteach- administration and supervision. ing, 8. 3. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL,PROVI- 5. PROVISIONAL SECONDARY. Valid forteach- SIONAL. Convertible to a professionalcertificate ers of endorsed subjectsin grades 7-12; converti- on 30 additionalgraduate hours. Requirements: ble to a professional certificate with amaster's Eligibility to hold certificate 4; three years of suc- degree and three years of successful teaching ex- cessful experience as a principal, supervisor, or perience. Requirements: Bachelor's degree,inteacher within the last ten years; master's degree, cluding general education, 50; professionaleduca- including 20 hours in elementary administration tion,18; specialization, one major area (40 and supervision. hours), or one major area (40 hours in abroad Teachers: Elementary and Secondary field, such as social studies, businesseducation, 4.GENERAL PROVISIONAL ELEMENTARY.Valid etc.) and either a second major area or one or for teaching all subjects in grades K-6;convertible two minor areas (24 hours in asubject).

Iowa

State Certification Officers.Orrin Nearhoof, and NCATE accreditation or otherevidence of Director, Division of Teacher Educationand quality of preparation, in either casehaving com- Certification; Tom Orr, Consultant inTeacher pleted a program equivalent to thatapproved Education and Certification; Robert Glass,Con- within the state bearing on the certificate re- sultant, Certification and Approval; HowardHam- quested. NCATE - approved programs areconsid- mond, Consultant, Teacher Education, StateDe- ered equivalent to those approved within the state. partment of Public Instruction, DesMoines, Iowa Also required: transcript of credits, evidenceof 50319. experience, if any, and recommendation of the General Requirements.Minimum age,18. preparing institution.Important: Persons pre- American government or American history,2 pared outside the state and seeking initialcertifi- hours. Initial fee, $2, each renewal, $2.Certifi- cation in Iowa should write a letter indicatingthe cates are required of adininig::..tors,supervisors, type of service for which acertificate is desired, and teachers in all public schools, kindergarten enclosing complete official transcript(s), 'itemiz- through junior college, and in private and paro- ing experience, if any, and listing all certificates chial schools for children of compulsoryschool held in other states, if any. age. Certificates mustbe recorded in the office of the county superintendent.Initial certificates CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS are issued for ten yearsunless otherwise specified and are renewable for ten years oncomple- Administrators, Supervisors, and Teachers tion of 6 approved credit hours and one yearof experience. 1; PERMANENT PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATE. Credentials to Accompany Application.In- Valid for life. Endorsed for elementary teacher, state graduates are certificated onthe basis of a secondary teacher, elementary-secondaryteachers statement from the preparing institutionof satis- of special subjects, special service personnel, ele- factory completion of an approved programbear- mentary supervisor, elementary-see....ondary super- lag on the certificate requested.Out-of-state visor in a special subject or service area,elethen- graduates are certificated on the basis ofregional tary principal; secondary principal, orsuperid- 109 tendent. Requirements: Hold certificate 2; mas- administration; four years of experience. Super- ter's degree in an approved program; four years intendent meet requirements for a professional of experience. teaching certificate; master's degree in school 2. PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATE. Requirements administration; 30 hours of approved study be- for endorsement: Elementary teacherapproved yond the master's; four years of experience. bachelor's degree program. Secondary teacher approved bachelor's degree program. Elementary- Other Certificates Issued secondary teacher of special subjects or special service personnelapproved bachelor's degree 3. SUBSTITUTE CERTIFICATE.Valid for six expired program in the subject orservice, except that years for the service designated on an endorsement for service as a school psychologist certificate; limited in use to replacement of a reg- requires a master's degree with a major in psy- ularly certificated teacher who began the school than 90 days in an aca- chology and two years of teaching experience. year and for not more Elementary supervisionmeet requirements for demic year.Requirements: Hold an Iowa or elementary teacher; master's degree, with em- other regular certificate that has expired but is phasis on supervision; four years of experience. subject to renewal. Elementary-secondary supervisionmeet require- 4. TEMPORARY CERTIFICATE. Valid for one ments for elementary-secondary teacher orservice year for endorsed service;renewable on experi- personnel; master's degree, with emphasis on su- ence and 8 hours of creditearned toward regular pervision in a subject or service area; four years certification.Issued (a) to holders of expired of experience.Elementary principalmeet re- regular Iowa certificates; (b) to applicantswho quirements for a professional teaching certificate; are qualified except for adeficiency of 6 hours or master's degree in elementary education,with less; (c) to elementary teachers with 100hours emphasis on administration; four years of experi- of college work, plus 8 in elementary professional ence.Secondary principalmeet requirements education; and (d) to cover emergency situations for a professional teaching certificate; master's where regularly certificated teachers are not avail- t4 degree in secondary education, with emphasis on able.

Kansas

State Certification Officers.F. Floyd Herr, schools). Certificates must be registeredwith the Director, Division of Accreditation, TeacherCer- clerk of the board of education. tification, and Adult Education; Gladys Iske, Cer- Credentials to Accompany Application. Official tification Specialist II; Edna Umholtz,Certifica- transcript and recommendation by thepreparing tion Specialist I; Wilma Clarke, CertificationSpe- institution; personal and character references. cialist I; State Department of Public Instruction, Topeka, Kansas 66612. CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS General Requirements. No minimum agespeci- fied.Fee, $5 for tht initial certificate,$5 for Administrators renewal or additional certificates. A "C" average is required in college work submitted forcertifi- 1. ADMINISTRATOR I. Valid for three yearsfor cation or renewal.Certificates are required of assistant superintendents, principals, juniorcol- administrators, supervisors, and teachers in public lege deans, and general supervisorypersonnel; elementary and secondary schools, inaccredited renewable for three:. and five-year periods on private elementary and secondary schools,and in specified credit and experience.Requirements: special state schools (schools for the blindand Eligibility for certificate 6 or 7; graduate degree, deaf, schoolsofcorrection, vocationaltrade 30 (administration and supervision, curriculum

110 -;

degree, in- and program development,psychology, guidance experience. Requirements: Bachelor's and evaluation, and school lawand finance, 15; cluding general education, 50 (oraland written academic fields, 5); two years ofadministrative communication and foreign language, 12;physical 12; social or teachingexperience. and biological science and mathematics, science, 12; electives in physical andmental health, three years for 2. ADMINISTRATOR u. Valid for philosophy, board human behavior, general religion, principals and deans responsible only to a professional districts with music, art, and above areas, 14); of education and superintendents of and learning, renewable as in cer- education, 24 (pupil development only one leTTel of education; 6; school and society and teachingprofession, 6; tificate 1. Requirements: Eligibility forcertificate elementary school instruction, 8,including 5 in (administration and 6 or 7; graduate credit, 36 directed teaching; electives, 4); elementaryschool supervision, curriculum and programdevelop- content and methods, 15 inaddition to profes- ment, psychology, guidance, andevaluation, school sional education. law and finance, and group dynamicsand human relations, 21; academic fields, 5). 7. SECONDARY THREE-YEAR CERTIFICATE.Valid for three years for teachers ofgrades 7-12; re- Valid for three years 3. ADMINISTRATOR III. newable as in certificate 6. Requirements:Bache- districts with for chief school administrators in lor's degree, including general education,SO (same both elementary and secondary schools; renew- 6); professional education, 20 Eligibility as in certificate able as in certificate 1. Requirements: (pupil development and learning, 6;school and for certificate 6 or 7; graduate credit,48 (admin- society and teaching profession, 6;secondary in- istration and supervision, curriculum and program struction, 8, including 5 in directedteaching). development, psychology, guidance, andevalua- REQUIREMENTS. tion, school law and finance, groupdynamics and 8. SUBJECT AND FIELD in a subject, human relations, and plant design andoperation, Twenty-four hours in a field and 6 18, mathematics, 18, 24; academic fields, 6). except driver education, and Latin, 15 in the field, with noSubject require- CER- 4. ELEMENTARY PRINCIPAL PROVISIONAL ment; special education,18-60, depending on the TIFICATE. Valid for three yearsfor elementary service, plus experience. principals, supervisors, and directors;renewable once on 16 graduatehours in administration and Special School Service Personnel supervision. Requirements: Eligibilityfor certifi- 9. SECONDARY SCHOOL COUNSELOR I(STAND- cate 6; master's degree,including 8 hours in ele- ARD) and SECONDARY SCHOOL COUNSELORII mentary school organization,,administration, and (MINIMUM). Valid for three years andrenewable supervision; two years of teaching experiencein as in certificate 6.Requirements for Counselor an accreditedelementary school. I: Eligibility for certificate 7; two yearsof experi- approved by the 5. ELEMENTARY PRINCIPAL FIVE-YEARCER- ence; preprofessional courses recommending institution, 15; master'sdegree, TIFICATE.Valid for five years for elementary least school principals, supervisors, anddirectors; re- including guidance courses, 18 (including at newable for five-year periods on 6 hoursof addi- 2 each in the basic course; tests andmeasurements; infor- tional credit. Requirements: Eligibility forcertifi- occupational, educational, and sociological cate 4; three years of elementaryadministrative mation; counseling theory andtechniques; super- experience; 24 hours in elementary school organi- vised practice; program planning);institutional Requirements for Counselor zation, administration, supervision,curriculum, recommendation. of experi- guidance and child development, andmaintenance. II: Eligibility for certificate 7; one year ence; preprofessional coursesapproved by the Teachers: Elementary and Secondary recommending institution, 15; graduateguidance 6. DEGREE THREE-YEAR ELEMENTARY.Valid courses, 12 (including atleast 2 each in the basic for three years for teachers in gradesK-9; renew- course and three ofthe areas listed ablve); insti- able for five-year periods on specifiedcredit and tutional recommendation. 111 Kentucky

State Certification Officer.Sidney Simandle, 2. PROVISIONAL CERTIFICATE FOR SUPERVISION. Director, Division of Teacher Education andCer- Validity and requirements same as for certificate 1. tification, State Department of Education,Frank- 3. STANDARD CERTIFICATE FOR LEADERSUP. fort, Kentucky 40601. Valid for continuous service. Requirements: Four General Requirements. Minimum age, 18.Cer- years of experience as aprincipal, supervisor, or tificates are required of administrators, super- superintendent; master's degree, plus 30 hoursof visors, principals, and teachers in allpublic graduate work in a program planned by the insti- schools, kindergarten through high school,and tution and approved by the State Board ofEdu- in accredited private and parochialschools. Cer- cation. tificates must be recorded in the office of the em- 4. PROVISIONAL CERTIFICATE FOR SCHOOL BUSI- ploying superintendent.Initialcertificates are NESS ADMINISTRATOR. Valid forfour years; reissued for ten years unless otherwisespecified newable once on 8 hours selected from curriculum and may be extended upon completion of a for certificate 5. Requirements: Bachelor'sde- planned fifth-year program.Unless otherwise gree, including an 18-hourplanned program based specified, standard certificates, based on the mas- on requirements forcertificate 5. A teaching cer- ter's degree, are issued for ten years and aresub- tificate is not required. ject to life extension on three years ofexperience. 5. STANDARD CERTIFICATE FOR SCHOOL BUSI- Persons who completed preparation ten or more NESS ADMINISTRATOR. Valid forcontinuous serv- years prior to the date ofapplication for certifica- ice, provided the holder is not inactivefor more tion may be certified on condition that12 gradu- than four years. Requirements: Master'sdegree; ate hours will be completed within two years.This graduate or undergraduate program shouldinclude requirement may be reduced by the amountof history and philosophy of education, school orga- graduate credit completed during the ten years nization and administration (two courses), school prior to application and by 4 hours for each year law, business law, principles of accounting(twoof teaching experience during the ten years. course sequence), governmental orpublic school Credentials to Accompany Application.In- accounting, public finance and taxation, public state graduates are certificated on thebasis of a school finance, school plant planning, and office statement from the preparing institution ofsatis- and personnel management. A teachingcertificate factory completion of an approved program bear- is not required. requested.Out-of-state ing on the certificate NOTICE OF CHANGE IN CERTIFICATIONOF graduates are certificated on the basis of regional September 1, and KATE accreditation or other evidence of SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS. Effective 1970, administrators will be issued a Professional quality of preparation, in either case having com- Certificate for School Administration and Super- pleted a program bearing on the certificate revision endorsed for elementary schoolprincipal, quested. Also required: transcript of credits. secondary school principal, supervisor of instruction, director of pupil personnel, or superinten- CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS dent.Requirements: Eligibility for a standard Administrators teaching certificate based on the master's degree; additional appropriate graduate work, 15, except PROVISIONAL CERTIFICATE FOR PRINCIPAL- ,t . superintendents, 30. SHIP.Valid for four years; renewable on two years of successful experience and 8 graduate hours Teachers: Elementary and Secondary required' for certificate 3. Requirements: Eligibil- ity for certificate 6 or 8; three years of teaching 6. PROVISIONAL ELEMENTARY. Valid forteach- experience; master's degree, including supervision, ing grades 1-8. Requirements:Bachelor's 'degree, curriculum development, philosophy, research, including general education, 45 (communications school finance, pupil personnel, and other profes- and humanities, 18; mathematics andnatural sci- sional content. ence, 12; social science,12; health and physical

112 r.

education, 3); preprofessional education, a bal- Special School Service Personnel anced program of 12-18 hours in the foundations 12. LIBRARIAN. Until a master's degree pro- selected from general education and/or electives; gram is completed, regularelementary and sec- general requirements, 26 (school music, 4; school if 6; addi- ondary certificates are valid for librarianship art, 4; additional modem mathematics, the applicant has completed a minor inlibrary tional social science, 6; additional English, including children's literature, 6); professional educa- science. Requirements: tion, 24 (human growth and development and the 13. STANDARD LIBRARIANSHIP. master's curriculum, 3-6; introduction to education and/or Plan /eligibility for certificate 6 or 8; work school organization, 2-6; fundamental processes degree in library science, -including course teaching read- and learning materials, 6-12; student teaching, in child growth and development, ing, and fundamentals of elementaryeducation 8).8 Ifeligibility 7. STANDARD ELEMENTARY. Requirements: and of secondary education. Plan Eligibility for certificate 6; master's degree, infor certificate 6 or 8; master's degree,including books cluding 9 hours in professional education and 12 library science, 27 (library administration, in subject matter, plus 3 hours of electives with and materials selection, cataloging andclassifica- in teach- a master's thesis or 9without. tion, and library practice); course work educa- 8. PROVISIONAL HIGH SCHOOL. Valid for teaching reading, fundamentals of elementary growth ing grades 7-12. Requirements: Bachelor's de- tion and of secondary education, and child work may gree; general and preprofessionaleducation, same and development. The specific course undergraduate as for certificate 6; professionaleducation, 17 (hu- be completed at the graduate or man growth and developmentand the curriculum, level. 3-6; introduction to education and/or school orga- 14. PROVISIONAL CERTIFICATE FOR DIRECTOR nization, 2-6; fundamental processes and learning OF PUPIL PERSONNEL. Valid forfour years; re- materials, 2-6; student teaching, 8); specialization newable on three years of experience.Require- (a) area of concentration, 48, (b) two majors, ments: Eligibility for certificate6 or 8; three (c) one major and two minors, or (d) one major years of experience as ateacher or attendance 5.4 and one minor when credit in both is 48 exclusive officer; bachelor's degree; specific courses in pupil of methods courses. (Majors require 24 hours, personnel may be completed during the life of the except English, 30; arts, 33; combination ofsub- certificate if the applicant is deficient. jects, 30.) 15. STANDARD CERTIFICATE FOR DIRECTOR OF 9. STANDARD HIGH SCHOOL.Requirements: PUPIL PERSONNEL. Valid for five years;subject Eligibility for certificate 8; master's degree, in- to life extension on three years ofexperience. Re- cluding 9 hours in professional education and 12 quirements: Three years of experience as a director in nonprofessional, plus 3 knits of electives with of pupil personnel; master's degree asprescribed a master's thesis or 9without. for standard teaching or administrative certificates. a. SECONDARY VOCATIONAL SUBJECTS.A spe- 16. PROVISIONAL CERTIFICATE FOR GUIDANCE cial certificate is not issued. Requirements for the COUNSELING. Requirements:Eligibility for cer- general secondary certificate apply, provided a tificate 6 or 8; master's degree (including speciali- previously approved program of vocational sub- zation in philosophy, organization, andadministra- jects has been completed. tive relationships of guidance services;appraising; indi- 10. PROVISIONAL CERTIFICATE IN SPECIAL ED- assessing, and understanding the individual; is UCATION. Requirements: Bachelor'sdegree; gen- vidual counseling; educational andoccupational eral and professional education, same as for information; supervised practice; group guidance certificate 6,or 8; specialization, 12-30, depending on the specialty. A teacher who has' taught successfully forfotig" nir '11. STANDARD CERTIFICATE IN SPECIAL EDU- more years is required to takeonly 4 hours of +student teaching or a seminar of 4. k teacher who has had:two CATION. Requirements: Eligibility for certificate years of successfulexPesfience may take a, seminar 10; master's degree, including 9 hours inprofes- ing with professional prolilems instead of the 8hmiri in sional education and 12 in nonprofessional. student teaching. ;, 113

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(

ars, VIM WY. procedures); electives from general and/or pro- 20. TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION (ONE fessional education. YEAR). Requirements: Three years ofsuccessful 17. STANDARD CERTIFICATE FOR GUIDANCE journeyman experience in a recognizedtrade; a COUNSELING. Valid for continuousservice. Re- 2-hour course in teaching vocationalindustrial quirements: Eligibility fccertificate 16; addi- education must be completed if notpresented tional 24 graduate hours in a planned,approved when the certificate is issued.Renewable annually program. on experience and2 hours in trade and industrial 18. CERTIFICATE FOR SCHOOL PSYCHOMETRIST. or distributiveteacher education. Certificates 16 and 17 may be validated for a 21. PROVISIONAL HIGH SCHOOL CERTIFICATE school psychometrist when the applicant's planned WITH PROFESSIONAL COMMITMENT(ONE-YEAR). course work includesphilosophy, organization, Requirements: Bachelor's degree; minorin one and administrative relationships of guidance serv- teaching field; professional education,6, includ- ices. appraising, assessing, and understandingthe ing growth and development;admission to a individual; educational and psychological meas- teacher education program andwritten commit- children; super- urement and research; exceptional ment to finish at a minimumannual rate of 8 general vised practice in testing; electives from hours; written statement of employmentfrom the and/or professional education. school district indicating special supervisory serv- Other Certificates Issued ices to be provided. Renewableannually on 8 hours toward eliminating deficiencies and recom- 19.TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION(FOUR- YEAR). Requirements: Four years of experience mendat;on of the employer. in a program of trade and industrial or distributive 22. PROVISIONAL ELEMENTARY CERTIFICATE education, plus 24 hours in trade and industrial or WITH PROFESSIONAL COMMITMENT(ONE-YEAR). distributive teacher education (college graduate, Requirements: Same as for certificate 21, except 16). Renewable every four years on three years professional education, 9, relating to elementary of successful experience. education.

Louisiana basis of StateCertificationOfficers.Mildred Baird, of-state applicants are certificated on the Supervisor of Certification; James DeLee,Direc- completion of a bachelor's degree program in tor, Teacher Education, Certification,and Place- teacher education in a state and regiouaily ac- ment, State Department ofEducation, Baton credited institution and must be certificated by the Rouge, Louisiana 70801. state in which the institution is located. General Requirements. No minimum age specified. No fee. Certificates are required of all pro- CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS fessional personnel in public and private elementary and secondary schools, approved or unap- Administrators proved.Initial certificates are issued for three years. Higher certificates,valid for life for con- 1. SCHOOL SUPERINTENDENT.Requirements: tinuous service, are issued on completion of three Valid Louisiana certificate; five years ofsuccessful or, five years of successfulexperience. Additional experience as a parish (county) or citysuperin- teaching, administrative, and supervisory authori- tendent or assistant superintendent, state super- zations are endorsed on certificates whenspecific visor of instruction, parish supervisor,visiting preparation and experience requirements are met. teacher, principal of a state-approvedschool, pres- Credentials to Accompany Application. In-state ident or dean of a state-approved college,and/or graduates are certificated on the basis of a state- director of teacher training, three ofthem during ment from the dean of education at anapproved the five years preceding appointment tothe super- institution and on evaluation of transcript. Out- intendency; master's degree; 12 graduatehours in

114 professional education; resident of Louisiana for A person who has 6 hours in the subject areas at least five years preceding appointment. may be issued a, proviuional certificate for one 2. PARISH OR CITY SCHOOL SUPERVISOR. Re- year, renewable for one year on 6 additional hours quirements: Valid Louisiana degree certificate; and convertible to regular certification on comple- five years of successful school experience, three tion of the requirements. This certificate does not of them during the five years preceding appoint- authorize the holder to perform any service other ment to the supervisory position; master's degree; than parish school lunch supervision. 12 graduate hours in professional education. 6. scHoor. PRINCIPAL. Requirements: Valid 3. VISITING TEACHER. Requirements forthe Louisiana degree teaching certificate; three years minimum certificate:Valid Louisiana degree tea.41- of successful experience during the five years ing certificate and five years of successful experi- preceding appointment as principal; graduate ence, three of them during the six years preceding training in administration and supervision for the appointment as a visiting teacher (two years of appropriate principalship level(s); 'master's de- experience in guidance clinics, social case work, gree, including 12 hours of professional educa- and/or mental hygiene clinics may be substituted tion, for the principalship of any school of 300 for two years of school experience). Minimum enrollment or more or an approved high school certificates are valid for one year and renewable with or without an elementary department. on 6 graduate hours applicable to standard cer- 7. GUIDANCE COUNSELOR. Requirements: Valid tification. Requirements forstandard certificate: Louisiana degree certificate; three years of experi- Master's degree, including 12 hours in profes- ence as a teacher, counselor, supervisorand/or sional education, including 6 in principles of guid- administrator; master's degree, including 15 hours ance and visiting teacher work; 12 additional in professional courses (one each in organization hours, including at least one course each in psy- and administration of guidance, analysis of the chology, social work, and sociology. individual, educational and occupational informa- 4. DIRECTOR OF PARISH AND CITY MATERIALS tion, counseling, and principles of guidance (un- BUREAUS OR CENTERS and SUPERVISOR OF SCHOOL dergraduate course acceptable for the latter). A LIBRARIES. Requirements: Valid Louisiana certifi- person who meets the certificate and experience cate authorizing school library service; master's requirements may be issued an authorization to degree; 12 graduate and 18 undergraduate hours serve as a guidance counselor for one year, renew- in library science. Director of materials bureaus able on 6 hours applicable to the remaining re- or centers must have five years of successful quired areas. school experience, including three as a librarian; 8. SUPERVISOR OF STUDENT TEACHING. Re- supervisor of school libraries, five years as a quirements: Valid Louisianadegreeteaching cer- school librarian. tificate in the field or level of supervisory assign- 5. PARISH SCHOOL LUNCH SUPERVISOR. Re- ment; three years of experience in the field or quirements: Bachelor's degree; three years of level; master's degree, including 12 hours of pro- successful experience in education or school lunch fessional education, 6 in the field or level of or other quantity-food-service management (at supervisory assignment and 3 in appropriate su- least two years during the five years preceding pervision. employment as school lunch supervisor); 3 hours of supervised practice in school lunch or other Teachers: Elementary and Secondary quantity-food-service managementorthree years of experience; appropriate subject areas, 15 (hu- 9. ELEMENTARY (AND KINDERGARTEN AND man nutrition, 5; remaining 10 in four areas NURSERY Salome). Requirements: Bachelor's de- chosen from human nutrition, quantity (institu- gree; general education, 46 (English, 12;social tional) food purchasing, quantity cookery, quan- studies, 12, including 3 in U.S. history; science, tity (institutional)-food-service organization and 12, including 3 each in biological and physical management, and accounting, preferably food science; mathematics, 6; health and physical edu- cost accounting). A combination of two or more cation, 4); professional education, 24 (introduc- of the five areas into several courses is acceptable. tion, foundations, history, or philosophy, 3;. edu-

115 cational psychology or principles ofteaching, 3; business and economics, 12); vocationalagricul- student teaching at upper or lowerelementary ture, 50; distributive education,18 (technical and level, 4; professional educationappropriate to the professional, including student teaching);driver teaching level, 14, including 3 in childpsychol- education and traffic safety, 6; schoollibrary serv- ogy); elementary education, 22 (children'slitera- ice, 18; vocal music, 62; instrumentalmusic, 62; ture, 3; speech, 3; generalgeography, 3; Louisiana piano, 62; combination vocal andinstrumental history, 3; appropriate health andphysical educa- music, 82; art, 30; industrial arts, 36;vocational tion, 4; appropriate music, art,and/or industrial home economics, 42; health andphysical and arts, 6). Applicants withoutexperience may teach safety education, including coaching,33; physical in kindergarten or nursery schoolby adding 6 education, including coaching 20;health and hours in appropriate training and 3in appropriate safety education, 19; special educationblind,21; student teaching, Three years of successfulteach- partially seeing 16; crippled or specialhealth ing experience will be accepted inlieu of student problems, 18; mentally retarded, 18; sociallymal- teaching. A kindergarten or nurseryschool certifi- adjusted and emotionally disturbed, 18;ded, 26; cate will be granted on amaster's degree in an hard-of-hearing, 26; speech defective and hard-ofapproved early childhood education program. hearing, 39. Bachelor's de- 10. SECONDARY. Requirements: Requirements: education, 46 (same as for certifi- 11. TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL. gree; general Special certificate valid for a limited period,sub- cate 9); professional education,18 (introduction, ject to renewal, based initially on tradeand/or history, foundations, or philosophy, 3;educational psychology or principles of teaching, 3;student industrial experience. teaching 4; secondary. professionaleducation, 8, including 3 in adolescent psychology).Specializa- Other Certificates Issued tionEnglish, 12; speech, 18;journalism, 12; Valid for tine additional, 18; 12. TEMPORARY CERTIFICATE. first foreign language, 24, each secondary fields. Issued social studies, 12, including 3 in government; year in elementary and employing superintendent and science, 12, (the whole science courseshall in- on request of the certified clude 6 hours each in physics, biology, andchem- his statement that there is no regularly istry, and 6 in science field(s) ofcertification, teacher and the applicant is the best qualified per- provided the physics, biology, and chemistry re- son available for theposition. Renewable each quirements meet the requirements forgeneral year on the superintendent's requestand 6 hours science); mathematics, 12; business education,36 earned toward a permanent certificatefor the (typing, 6; shorthand, 9; accounting, 9;related position.

Maine of the State Certification Officers.J. Wilfrid Morin, Equivalencies are defined in the regulations Assistant Director, Division of ProfessionalServ- State Department of Education.Certificates are ices; Flora I. Brann, CertificationOfficer, State valid for five years unless otherwiseindicated and Department of Education, Augusta, Maine04330. are renewable onevidence of professional growth General Requirements. Minimum age,17.No and service or specific course work. fee. Certificates are required of allteachers and Credentials to Accompany Application.Official administrators in public schools,kindergarten transcript; birth certificate; professionaland char- through- high school. Holders of artsand science acter references.Out-of-state applicants must public degrees may substitute examinationsand certain submitevidenceof employment in Maine experience for a portion of the formal coursework schools, or if not yet employed, must request a and practice specified for thecertificates listed. certificate of eligibility based onevaluation of by a regu- Certification by equivalency involves atotal review credentials submitted, which is replaced of requirements, not a point-by-pointsubstitution. lar certificate.

116 +:$..(i.

CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS 7. SUPERVISOR, PROVISIONAL.Valid for instructional supervisors, curriculum coordinators, Administrators or subject supervisors in area orlevel named on certificate.Requirements: Valid Maine profes- 1. SUPERINTENDENT, PROVISIONAL. Valid for sional teaching certificate; professional graduate superintendents and assistant superintendents. Re- study, 12 (supervision, 3; curriculum and instruc- quirements: Master's degree in education or re- tion, 3; psychology, 3; testing, statistics, and related academic area, including professional educa- search, 3); three years of teaching experience in tion, 18 (required courses in school finance, per- one area or level. sonnel administration, and internship or practical 8. SUPERVISOR, PROFESSIONAL. Requirements: work experience; other courses distributed among Master's degree in education or an academic sub- evaluation and research, school plant, supervision, ject; two years of experience under certificate 7. public relations, school law, curriculum construction, and advanced methods); institutional recom- Teachers: Elementary and Secondary mendation; five years of teaching experience, including two as administrator or supervisor at both 9. ELEMENTARY, PROVISIONAL. Requirements: elementary and secondary levels (except that lack Graduation from an approved four-year program of experience at one level may be compensated and institutional recommendation; or bachelor's for by course work in curriculum and supervision degree including general education (50 percent of at that level); satisfactory knowledge of state curriculum) and professional education, 30 (the school law demonstrated by course work or ex- learner and the learning process; the educational amination. context or system; methods and techniques; super- 2. SUPERINTENDENT, PROFESSIONAL. Valid for vised or laboratory teaching, 8); or completion ten years. Requirements: Three years of experi- of a graduate program for elementary teachers, ence under certificate 1; anadditional year or 30 including professional education specified above hours in an approved program. and institutional recommendation. 3. SECONDARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL, PROVI- 10. ELEMENTARY, PROFESSIONAL. Require- SIONAL. Requirements: Eligibility for certificate ments: Graduate study, 30 (including subjects in 13 or 15; matriculation in an accredited graduate or related to elementary curriculum,15); four school; professional graduate study, 6 (secondary years of teaching experienceunder certificate 9. administration and supervision); three years of 11. JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL, PROVISIONAL.(Is- secondary school experience. sued until July 1, 1968.) Valid for teaching grades 4.SECONDARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL,PROFES- 7-9; not renewable. Requirements: Completion SIONAL. Requirements: Master's degree in educa- of an approved four-year program and 'institution or academic subject related to secondary cur- tional recommendation. riculum, including professional education, 12 (ex- 12. JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL, FIVE-YEAR STAND- cluding administration and supervision); two ARD. Requirements: Four years of experience years of experience under certificate3. under certificate11; professional junior high 5. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL, PROVI- school education, 6. SIONAL. Requirements: Eligibility for certificate 9 13. SECONDARY, PROVISIONAL. (Major and mi- or 10; matriculation in an accreditedgraduate nor teaching subjects named oncertificate, but school; professional graduate study, 6 (elementary valid for any academic subject.) Valid for teach- administration and supervision); three years of ing grades 7-12, general secondary subjects, and elementary teaching experience. special subjects prepared for in an approved pro- 6. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL, PROFES- gram. Requirements: Graduationfrom an ap- SIONAL. Requirements: Master's degree in educa- proved four-year program and institutional rec- don or academic subject related to elementary ommendation; or bachelor's degree, including curriculum, including professional education, 12 general education (50 percent of curriculum), (excluding administration and supervision); two teaching field preparation (major, 30, which may years of experience undercertificate 5. include special methods, 3, and minor, 18; or

117 i.

area of specialization, 50,which may include spe- perience; or 60 hours in education,including 20 cial methods, 3), and professional education,18 in closely related technical or scientificsubjects; (the learner and the learning process; the educa- or graduation from anappropriate two-year pro- rtional context or system; methods andtechniques; gram at an approvedvocational or technical in- supervised or laboratory teaching, 6). stitute); three years of wage-earningexperience completion of a short- 14. SECONDARY, PROFESSIONAL.Requirements: at the journeyman level; Graduate study, 30 (including subjectstaught in term preservice training programrequired at the or related tothose taught in secondary schools, discretion of the commissioner ofeducation. 15); four years of teaching experience under cer- 21. FIVE-YEAR VOCATIONAL TRADE AND INDUS- tificate 13. TRIAL SPECIAL CERTIFICATE.Requirements: Com- 15. SPECIAL SUBJECT TEACHER, PROVISIONAL. pletion of a 12-hour approved programof teacher- Valid for teaching agriculture, art,business and training courses and four years ofexperience un- commercial education, health, physicaleducation, der certificate 20. home economics, nursing care, industrial arts, or music in grades 1-12. Requirements:Graduation Special School Service Personnel from an approved four-year programand institu- 22. COUNSELOR, PROVISIONAL. Valid for coun- tional recommendation. selorsand guidancedirectorsinsecondary 16. SPECIAL SUBJECT TEACHER, PROFESSIONAL. schools. Requirements: Eligibility for certificate Requirements: Graduate study, 30(special sub- 13 or 14; master's degree (philosophy,organiza- ject, 15); four years of teaching experienceunder tion, and administrative relationships ofguidance certificate 15. services; appraising, assessing, andunderstanding 17. DRIVER EDUCATION TEACHER'S AUTHORIZA- the individual; counseling; educational and occu- TiON. Requirements:Valid Maine teaching cer- pational information; group guidanceprocedures; tificate; approved personal driving record;Maine supervised practice); two years ofsecondary driver's licence; approved 3-hour coursein driver teaching experience; one year of wage-earning ex- educationtakenwithinfiveyears preceding perience other than teaching or counseling. application. a. ELEMENTARY GUIDANCECONSULTANT. Re- 18. SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHER, PROVI- quirements:Eligibility for certificate 9 or 10; SIONAL. Requirements: Graduationfrom an ap- master's degree; (philosophy,organization, and proved four-year program and institutional rec- administrative relationships of guidanceservices, ommendation; or eligibility for certificate 9, 10, including elementary level; appraising,assessing, 13, or 14, and professional education, 12(his- and understanding the individual,including ad- tory, philosophy, and generaleducational prac- ministering intelligence tests; counseling;psychol- tices pertaining to excepticnnl children, 6;identi- ogy of humandevelopment; analysis of group fication and evaluation, methodblqgy ortraining, processes; supervisedpractice in elementary guid- and personal and vocational adjustmen:.pertaining ance and counseling); two yearsof elementary to exceptional children, 6). teaching experience. 19. SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHER, PROFES- 23. COUNSELOR, PROFESSIONAL.Requirements: study, 30 (spe- SIONAL. Requirements: Graduate Three years of experience under certificate22. experience cial education, 18); four years of Valid for under certificate 18. 24. SCHOOL LIBRARIAN, PROVISIONAL. librarians in elementary and secondaryschools. 20. VOCATIONAL TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL Requirements: Graduation from anapproved TEACHER SPECIAL CERTIFICATE.Valid for two four-year program and institutionalrecommenda- years for teachers ofnonacademic classes in ap- tion; or eligibility for certificate 9,10, 13, or 14, proved vocational trade and industrial programs. and library science, 18 (school libraryadministra- Requirements: Graduation from an approved section, books and materials, teachingthe use of the ondary school or possession of a statehigh school equivalency certificate; completion of alearning library, and classification and cataloging). experience in the industrial area (accepted ap- 25. SCHOOL LIBRARIAN,PROFESSIONAL. Re- prenticeship; or three years of wage-earning ex- quirements: Approved graduate study,30 (in re- 118 s) lated areas for previous graduates of approved Other Certificates Issued programs; for others, 12 hours inappropriate 28. SUBSTITUTE TEACHER. Valid for day-to- library science courses); four years of experience day elementary or secondary substitute teachers under certificate 24. (limited in use to not more than 60 days annually Requirements: 26. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST, PROVISIONAL. Re- in any one teaching position). Previous certification in Maine (use restricted to quirements: Master's degree or matriculation as certification). graduate study, area or level of this a doctoral candidate; approved Conditional certif sates may be issued upon 60 (educational foundations, education of the ex-. endorsement of a superintendent who wishes to ceptional, testing and clinical techniques, person- employ an applicant with four years ofcollege. alityand behavioraldevelopment, supervised These are valid for one year and renewable upon practice in testing and clinical techniques); one successful experience and completion of 6hours year of successful subcollegiate classroom experi- of approved study. ence or supervisedpractice in school psychologi- Persons performing professional referral serv- cal services, 6. ices, such as nurses, dietitians, dentists,physicians, 27. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST, PROFESSIONAL, Re- oculists, psychiatrists, and psychologists, maybe quirements: Doctor's degree; three years of ex- certified on the basis of appropriate valid state perience under certificate 26. licenses.

Maryland

State Certification Officers. W. T. Boston,As- CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS sistant Superintendent in. Certification andAc- creditation; Harold D. Reese, Assistant Director Administrators of Certification and Accreditation; M.Eleanor 1. ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION.Valid Metz- Rice, Supervisor of Certification; John C. for superintendents and assistantsuperintendents. ger, Assistant Supervisorof Certification, State Requirements: Completion of a standardfour- Department of Education, 301 West Preston year college course;eligibility for a teaching cer- Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201. tificate: master's degree; completionof a two- General Requirements. Minimum age, 18. No year program ofappropriate graduate work; four Certificates are required of administrators, fee. teaching experience. supervisors, and teachers in all public.schools, years of satisfactory kindergarten through senior high school, and must 2. HIGH SCHOOL SUPERVISION.Requirements: be recorded in the office of the countysuperin- Completion of a standard four-year college course; tendent.Initial certificaies are issued for three eligibility for a high school academicteaching years and are renewablefor seven years on evi- certificate; master's degree with 18 hoursin pro- dence of professional growth and completionof fessional courses, including high schoolsupervi- 6 hours of additional college work. The initial sion, curriculum, and guidance, and 12in content certificate is the standard professional certificate. courses; four years ofsatisfactory teaching expe- After ten years of teaching service the advanced rience in high school. professional certificate, based upon completion of Re- the master's degree or equivalent, is required. 3. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL SUPERVISION. quirements: Completion of a standard four-year Credentials to Accompany Application.Evi- teach- dence of employment and U.S. citizenship.In college course; eligibility for an elementary addition, a transcript of college credits must be ing certificate; master's degree with 18 hoursin sent by the college attended by the appliantdi- professional courses, including elementary super- rect to the local superintendent ofschools or to vision, curriculum, and guidance, and 12 in con- the Division of Certification and Accreditation, tent courses; four years of satisfactoryteaching Maryland State Department of Education. experience.

119 4. SUPERVISION OF SPECIAL FIELDS.Valid for years of successful teachingexperience). At least supervisors of art, business education,health edu- 6 hours of acceptable credit must havebeen cafion, home economics, industrial arts,music, earned within five years preceding issuance ofthe physical education, and other special subject areas. certificate. Requirements: Completion of a standardfour- 8. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHER, SPECIAL year college course;eligibility for a teaching cer- SUBJECTS. Requirements:Graduation from an tificate; master's degree; four years ofsatisfactory NCATE-accredited program in a special subject; teaching experience, two in the specialty;graduate or bachelor's degreein a special subject from an study should include 20 hours of content courses accredited institution in the NortheastReciprocity in the area(s) to be supervised and10 in pro- Compact area and possession of an in-forceele- fessional courses, including supervisionand cur- mentary school special certificateissued by one riculum development. of the Compact states; or bachelor'sdegree from 5. HIGH SCHOOL PRINCIPAL. Valid forprinci- an accreditedinstitution, including required pro- pals of state-aided high schools and schoolsrated fessional courses and minimum hoursspecified in as high schools by the statesuperintendent. Re- the state certification bulletin forspecial subjects. quirements: Completion of a standard four-year 9. TEACHER IN NURSERY SCHOOL, KINDERGAR- college course; eligibility for a high schoolteach- Requirements: Comple- hours in TEN, AND GRADES 1-3. ing certificate; master's degree with 18 tion of an NCATE-accredited programin early ad- professional courses, including high school childhood education; or bachelor's degree inearly ministration and supervision,curriculum and childhood education from an accreditedinstitu- guidance, and 12 in content courses; four years tion in the Northeast ReciprocityCompact area school. of satisfactory teaching experience in high and possession of an in-force nurseryschool, kin- 6, ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL. Require- dergarten, or primary grades certificateissued by college course; ments: Completion of a four-year one of the Compactstates; or bachelor's degree eligibility for an elementary teaching certificate; from an accredited institution, includinggeneral master's degree with 18 hours in professional education (in areas listed for certificate 7but no courses, including elementaryadministration and specific requirements), and professional educa- in supervision, curriculum and guidance, and 12 tion, 26 (parallel to requirements forcertificate content courses; four years ofsatisfactory ele- 7 but with curriculum methods and resource mentary teaching experience. courses in earlychildhood education and super- combination Teachers: Elementary and Secondary vised observation and teaching in a of nursery school or kindergarten andgrades 1-3 7. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHER. Require- or in nursery school orkindergarten and first ments: Graduation from an NCATE-accredited grade). elementary teacher education program; or bache- 10. JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL TEACHER. Validfor lor's degree in elementary education from an ac- teaching in junior high schools and issued to per- credited institution in the Northeast Reciprocity sons qualifying for highschool or elementary Compact area and possession of an in-force ele- certificates and meeting requirements for ahigh mentary school certificate issued by one ofthe school teaching field. Compact states; or bachelor's degree from an accredited institution, including general education, 11. yaw' SCHOOL TEACHER, SPECIAL SUBJECTS. 80 (including English, 12; social studies, 15,includ- Valid for teaching art, business education,health ing geography, 3, American history, 6, andother education, home economics, industrial arts, music, history, 3; science, 12, including biological, 4, and and physical education. Requirements:Comple- physical, 4; mathematics, 6; music, 2; art, 2; phys- tion of an NCATE-accredited program in the spe- ical education, 2); professional education, 26 (social area; or bachelor's degree in the special area cial, historical, and philosophical foundations, 3; from an accredited institution in theNortheast psychological foundations, 3; elementary school Reciprocity Compact area and possession of an curriculum, methods, and resources, 12; super-_ in-force high school certificate in the specialsub- vised observation and student teaching, 8, or two ject; as bachelor's degree from anaccredited insti-

120 tution, including 18 hours in secondary education ondary counseling experience; '24 hours of ad- and approximately 30 in the subject to be taught, vanced undergraduate or graduate work in the credit for methods in the subject area. following: principles and philosophy of guidance; 12. HIGH SCHOOL TEACHER, ACADEMIC SUB- theories and techniques of counseling; pupil analy- JECTS. Requirements: Completion of an NCATE- sis;tests and measurements; mental hygiene; accredited program in an academic area; or growth and development; major theories of voca- bachelor's degree in an academic area from an tional development and methods of collecting, accredited institution in the Northeast Reciprocity evaluating, filing, and presenting educational and Compact area and possession of an in-force high occupational literature (foregoing required); psy- school certificate in an academic area; or comple- chology of personality; biological and sociological tion of a standard four-year college course, in- bases of behavior; psychology of learning; prac- cluding professional education, 18 (including 6 ticum in counseling, including dircct supervision in supervised observation and student teach- of counseling witl_ students; organization and ad- ing), and the following credits in academic sub- ministration of pupil services programs; knowl- jects to be endorsed on the certificate: English, edge of communication media(required for 24; social studies, 36; mathematics, 24; language, elementary); methods of teaching reading (re- 24; chemistry, 24; biology, 24; physics, 24; high quired for elementary counselors who have not school science, 36 (including 18 hours in one taught elementary school or who have no course field of science and 6 in each of two others). work in reading). 13. VOCATIONAL HOME ECONOMICS AND VOCA- 18. LIBRARIAN(SECONDARY SCHOOL). Re- TIONAL AGRICULTURE TEACHERS. For details, see quirements: Master's degree in library science or the Maryland State Plan for Vocational Educa- bachelor's in library science based upon a previ- tion issued by the State Department of Education. ous bachelor's degree (including or plus a course 14. TEACHER IN EVENING AND PART-TIME in secondary curriculum or adolescent develop- CLASSES. For teachers in high school fields in ment and a course in the selection of books and evening school, requirements are the same as for materials for young people); or meet requirements high school teachers in regular day school. For for a secondary teacher's certificate and 18 hours teachers of vocational adult education in evening in library science (including philosophy and prin- school and part-time classes, the applicant must ciples of librarianship, organization and adminis- be an authority in the craft, technical field, or tration of libraries, reference, and selection of occupation in which he is engaged. (For details, books and materials for young people); or bache- see the Maryland State Plan for Vocational Edu- lor's degree plus or including 24 hours in a major cation.) For teachers of avocational subjects, the academic field, 18 in library science (including applicant must be an authority in the craft, tech- philosophy and principles of librarianship, or- nical field, or occupation in which he is engaged. ganization and administration of libraries, refer- 15. PUPIL PERSONNEL WORKER (VISITING ence, and the selection of books and materials for TEACHER). Requirements: Eligibility for any de- young people), and 15 in professional education gree teaching certificate; four years of satisfactory (including psychological foundations, social, his- teaching experience; 24 hours of advanced under- torical, or philosophical foundations, secondary graduate or graduate work, including human curriculum, and 6 in library practice). growth and development, 6; sociology, 6; counsel- 19. LIBRARIAN (ELEMENTARY SCHOOL). Re- ing techniques, 3; and 9 in guidance and biologi- quirements: Master's degree in library science or cal, sociological, and psychological sciences. bachelor's in library science based upon a previ- 16. TEACHER OF DRIVER EDUCATION. Require- ous bachelor's degree (including or plus a course ments: Qualify for some type of teaching certifi- in elementary curriculum or child development cate; 4 hours of credit, including 2 in driver edu- and a course in the selection of books and mate- cation and course work in first aid and general rials for children); or meet requirements for an safety education. elementary teacher's certificate and 18 hours in 17. SCHOOL COUNSELOR. Requirements: Two library science (including philosophy and princi- years of successful teaching or elementary or sec- ples of librarianship, organization and a3minis-

121 tration of Iliaties, reference, andselection of Other Certificates Issued books and materials for children); orbachelor's Other specialists for whom certificates areis- degree (including or plus 80 hours inacademic sued include teacher of modern foreignlanguages science (including content courses, 18 in library inthe elementaryschool,readingspecialist, philosophy and principles of librarianship, or- speech teacher, teacher of children with com- libraries, refer- ganization and administration of disorders,teacherofexceptional selection of books and materials munication ence, and the occupational and physicaltherapist, for children), and 15 in professionaleducation children, speech and hearing therapist, psychologist, super- (including psychological foundations;social, historical, or philosophical foundations;elementary visor of school psychologists, school transporta- curriculum; and 6 in library practice). tion specialist.

Massachusetts

State Certification Officers. JohnP. Mc Grail, sachusetts elementary or secondary teacher's cer- four- Director of Teacher Certification andPlacement; tificate; bachelor's degree or diploma from a David L Fitzpatrick, Senior Supervisor;Donald year normal schoolapproved by the Board of or graduatestudy W. Falvey, Supervisor, StateBureau of Education, Education;undergraduate education, 200 NewburyStreet,Boston,Massachusetts should include 6 hours in elementary organization, 02116. 6 in secondary education, and 3 in General Requirements. No fee. No person administration, and supervision of aschool sys- shall be eligible for employment by aschool com- tem. Courses in elementaryand secondary edu- preparing in- mittee as a teacher, principal, supervisor,director, cation must be those listed by the school librarian, superintendent, orassistant su- stitution in official letters or publications. perintendent unless granted a certificateby the 2. SECONDARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL. Require- Board of Education. This section shall notapply ments: Valid Massachusettssecondary teacher's from a to trade, vocational, temporarysubstitute, or ex- certificate; bachelor's degree or diploma the Board change teachers. The certificatesissued by the four-year normal school approved by graduate work Board of Education under theseregulations shall of Education; undergraduate or approved as be permanent certificates. should include 3 hours in courses Credentials to Accompany Application. Evi- preparation for administrative orsupervisory serv- junior high dence of U.S. citizenship; a physician'scertificate ice in secondary schools, including stating that the applicant is in goodhealth and schools. Require- free from disease or physical defectwhich might 3. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL. elementary teacher's interfere with his success as a teacher;evidence of ments: Valid Massachusetts from a a bachelor's degree orgraduation from a four- certificate; bachelor's degree or diploma approved by the Board of four-year normal school approved by theBoard year normal school graduate study Education in accordance withrequirements for of Educaticn: undergraduate or approved as the certificate requested; college transcriptsof un- should include 3 hours in courses dergraduate and graduate work covering areas preparation for administrative or supervisory serv- required for the certificate; names andaddresses ice in elementary schools. Bache- of at least three persons (not relatives)and names 4. GENERAL SUPERVISOR. Requirements: certificate of the two most recent employersqualified to give lor's degree; Massachusetts teacher's which cer- evidence of moral character. valid for service at the grade level for tification is authorized; 3 hours inundergraduate approved as preparation for CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS or graduate courses supervisory service, including work insupervision Administrators of instruction at the appropriate schoollevel(s). 1. SUPERINTENDENT OR ASSISTANT SUPERIN- 5. SPECIAL SUBJECT SUPERVISOR.Require- diploma from a four- TENDENT OF SCHOOLS. Requirements:Valid Mas- ments: Bachelor's degree or

122 year normal school approved by the Board of tion and 12 hours in secondary education (same Education; Massachusetts teacher's certificate in as certificate 9 except at the secondary level); 18 the special subject field; 3 hours in undergraduate hours in a major field. or graduate courses approved as preparationfor 11. TEACHERS OF SPECIAL SCHOOLS AND supervisory service, including work in supervision CLASSES. Requirements: Bachelor's degree or di- of instruction in the special subject field. ploma from a four year normal school approved 6. GUIDANCE DIRECTOR OR SUPERVISOR. Re- by the Board of Education, including 30 hours in quirements: Bachelor's degree or diploma from a education courses (covering industrial arts and/or four-year normal school approved by the Board crafts, psychology of subnormal and unadjusted of Education; teacher's certificate valid in Massa- children, methods in special class, educational chusetts for service in elementary or secondary measurements, student teaching); or three years school; 18 hours of guidance distributed among of classroom experience as a regularly appointed principles and practices, organization and admin- teacher, plus 12 hours (including psychology of istration, counseling, tests and measurements, oc- subnormal and unadjusted children, special class cupational information, placement or personnel methods, educational measurements,industrial administration. arts and/or crafts, domestic arts). 7. GUIDANCE COUNSELOR.Requirements: 12. SPECIAL SUBJECT TEACHERS IN ELEMEN- Bachelor's degree or diploma from a four-year TARY AND SECONDARY GRADES.Requirements: normal school approved by the Board of Educa- Bachelor's degree or diploma from a four-year tion; teacher's certificate valid for service in school normal school approved by the Board of Educa- to be served by the counselor; 12 hours of guid- tion; 12 hours in education, including 2 in student ance work, including principles and practices, teaching and the remainder in two or more ap- counseling, tests and measurements, and occupa- propriate courses chosen from philosophy of edu- tional information. cation, curriculum development in the special 8. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST. Requirements: Mas- subject field, methods and materials of teaching ter's degree with a major in psychology, or 30 the field, and educational psychology, including graduate hours with major emphasis in psychol- child ,or adolescent growth and development; 18 ogy; teacher's certificate valid for service in the hours in the special subject field. public schools of Massachusetts; work in psychology and growth of the normal child, psychology Special School Service Personnel and growth of the exceptional child, advanced psychology of learning, diagnosis of learning diffi- 13. TEACHERS OF SPEECH AND HEARING HANDI- culties, individual tests and measurements, group CAPPED. Requirements: Bachelor's degree ordi- tests and measurements, procedures in counsel- ploma from a four-year normal school approved ing, and abnormal psychology. by the Board of Education; Massachusetts elementary or secondary teacher'scertificate; 18 Teachers: Elementary and Secondary hours distributed among anatomy and physiology 9. ELEMENTARY TEACHERS IN K-8. Require- of the ear and speech mechanism, speech path- ments: Bachelor's degree or diploma from a four- ology, speech correction(including laboratory year normal school approved by the Board of clinical practice or student teaching), speech read- Education and 18 hours in education approved ing and auditory training (including laboratory for preparation of elementary teaches, including clinical practice or student teaching), phonetics, 2 in student teaching and covering at least two and diagnostic hearing testing; 12 hours in four areas chosen from educational psychology (in- areas selected from psychologyof the handi- cluding child growth and development), philoso- capped, principles of teaching handicapped chil- phy of education, methods and materials ili ele- dren, child development, adolescent development, mentary education, and elementary curriculum. guidance, educational tests and measurements, 10. SECONDARY TEACHERS. Requirements: mental hygiene. Bachelor's degree or diploma from a four-year 14. SCHOOL LIBRARIAN. Requirements: Bache- normal school approved by the Board of Educa- lor's or higher degree; degree in library science

123 or 18 hours in library science,including books distributed among at least four education courses for children, library organization, reference ma- selected from philosophy, psychology, methods, terials and classification and cataloging; 12 hours curriculum, guidance, and reading. Michigan (New certification code efiective July 1, 1967; write the StateDepartment of Public Instruction) State Certification Officers. John W. Porter, CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS

Assistant Superintendent for Higher Education; Teachers: Elementary and Seccndary Eugene C. Richardson, Consultant, Higher Edu- cation and Certification,State Department of 1. ELEMENTARY. Valid for grades K-8. Re- quirements: Bachelor's degree, including a major Public Instruction, Lansing, Michigan 48902. of 24 hours and two minors of 15 hourseach, General Requirements. Minimum age, 18. In- or four minors of 15 hourseach (at least two itial fee for out-of-state applicants, $3; none for minors must be in subject matter fields taught at graduates of Michigan institutions.Certificates the elementary level); professional education,20 are required of all teachers inpublic schools, (including history or philosophy of education or kindergarten through junior college, and of ele- equivalent; principles of teaching or equivalent; educational psychology; elementary methods; di- mentary teachers in private and parochial schools. rected teaching, 5). Certificates must be recorded in the office of the 2. SECONDARY. Valid for all special subjects eli- county superintendent if the teacher is to be in grades 7 and 8 and major and minor subjects gible for public school employment, or in the in grades 9-12. Requirements: Bachelor's degree, office of the superintendent in school districts of including a major of 24 hours and two minors of more than 10,000 population.Provisional cer- 5 hours each in subject matter fields taught at tificates are issued for five years and are renew- the secondary level; professional education,20 able on 10 hours of additional satisfactory credit. (including history or philosophy of education; principles of teaching or equivalent; educational Certificates become permanent on 10 hours of psychology; methods in major or minor subject; additional credit and three years of teaching directed teaching, 5). experience. 3. SPECIAL SUBJECTS IN ELEMENTARY AND Credentials to Accompany Application. Forms SECONDARY SCHOOLS. Requirements: Anapproved provided by the State Department of Public In- program for the specializedfield, including meth- struction include an application form to be pre- ods and directed teaching at both elementaryand sented through the college and all forms as re- secondary levels in that field. A subject may be endorsed on the secondary or elementary school quired by state law. Evidence of U.S. citizenship certificate. or first papers is also required.Applicants with Special certificates valid for one school year out:of-state preparation are certificated on the may be obtained on the recommendationof an basis of regional or NCATE accreditation to the employing superintendent of schools by persons extent thatcredit presented meetscertificate who have minor deficiencies for the provisional requirements. certificates described above.

Minnesota State Certification Officer.F. E. Heinemann, others, $3; permanent certificates, $10.Certifi- Director of Teacher Personnel, State Department cates are required of administrators,supervisors, of Education, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55101. and teachers in all public schools, kindergarten General Requirements. No minimum age. Ini- through secondary, and must be recorded in the tial fee for ungraded elementary schools, $2; all office of the county or local superintendent. Un-

124 less otherwise indicated, initial certificates areis- degree and 12 hours of special preparation for sued for two years and are renewable up to five supervision, including one course in supervision; years after renewal requirementshave been met two years of teaching experience in thefield to and for life after five years of experience in public be supervised. schools in Minnesota, at least one within the two years preceding application.Permanent certifi- Teachers: Elementary and Secondary cates are not issued to ungradedelementary, vo- 4. ELEMENTARY (REGULAR). Valid forteach- cational, recreation, or adult education teachers ers in K-6 (or throughgrade 8 if grades 7 and 8 or holders of provisionalcertificates. are part of the elementaryschool). Requirements: Credentials to Accompany Application.In- Bachelor's degree; professional education,30 (in- state graduates are certificated on thebasis of a cluding student teaching, 6). statement from the preparing institutionof satis- 5. SECONDARY. Valid for teachingendorsed factory completion of an approved programbear- subjects in grades 7-12. Requirements:ilaehe- ing on thecerfificat.3requested.Out-of-state lor's degree; professional education,18 (including graduates are certificated on the basis of regional 4 in observation and studentteaching).The and NCATE accreditation of the preparinginsti- holder may teach subjects or fields inwhich he tution and recommendation for certificationby has a major or, where the assignmentis for one- the college upon satisfactory completion of a pro- half time or less during the school day,subjects gram bearing on the certificaterequested. Tran- or fields in which hehas either a major or minor. scripts of in-state and out-of-state applicants for 6. SECONDARY (VOCATIONAL). Validfor teach- administrative and supervisory certificates are ex- ers of endorsed vocationalfields. Vocational cer- amined for eligibility.Required: transcript of tificates not based on a college degreewill be credits, statement attesting to physical compe- issued in the fields of trade and industryand for tence and moral fitness, andevidence of success- specific courses in the fields of agriculture,home ful experience. economics, and distributive occupations.Require- ments: Applicant must meetstandards of the CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS State Plan for Vocational Educationin the area to be taught. Administrators 7. TEACHERS OF EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN.Re- 1. SUPERINTENDENT. Requirements effective quirements: September 1, 1967: Valid teaching or supervisory a. VISUALLY HANDICAPPED.An elementary or certificate and three years of experience; master's secondary certificate valid for teachingsighted degree plus 16 graduate credits for the standard children, proficiency in typing; completion of a certificate, specialist degree for the professional program of preparation consistingof 20 hours in certificate. The standard certificate is valid for specified areas, of which 131/3 must begraduate; two years and renewable once forfive years on institutional recommendation. 8 hours earned toward professional certification. b. HEARING IMPAIRED.10 hours in specified The professional certificate must be secured be- areas in elementaryeducation; 26 hours in the fore the eighth year in administration. special field; institutional mommendation. 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY PRINCIPALS. C. EDUCABLE MENTALLY RETARDED.Bachelor's Requirements effective September 1, 1967: Mas- degree with a major for teaching mentally re- ter's degree plus 101/2 graduate credits for the tarded; or bachelor's degree with teachingcertifi- standard certificate, specialist degree for the pro- cate and approved minor in the area; orqualifica- fessional certificate. The standard certificate is tions for valid teaching certificate with two years valid for two years and renewable once for five of experience and a minor in the area. years on 8 hours earnedtoward professional cer- d. TRAINABLE MENTALLY RETARDED.Valid train- tification.The professional certificate must be certificate 7c with special preparation for secured before the eighth year in administration. able; or valid certificate 7c and approved program 3. SUPERVISOR. Requirements: Valid teaching in teaching trainable; or bachelor's degree,teach- certificate for a specific subject or field; master's ing certificate, and approved minor orequivalent 125 with courses in special education; orbachelor's year of field work in aschool setting, or master's school social degree with major in psychology,sociology, nurs- degree with one year of experience in degree in ing, or related field and approvedminor or equiva- work. Provisional certificatemaster's lent with courses in special education. social work and two years of experiencein social work with 4 C. CRIPPLED CHILDREN.Bachelor's degree with work; or master's degree in social of gradu- a major in elementary orsecondary education and hours in education courses; or two years of experience as a an approvedminor in the area; practiceteaching ate preparation and two years in the area required; or validgraded elementary social worker before July 1, 1963.Instikfional or secondaryteaching certificate with an approved recommendation. minor or equivalent in the areaand two years of 12. PUBLIC SCHOOL NURSE. Requirements: successful teaching experience. Registration as a licensed registered nursein f. EMOTIONALLY DISTURBED ANDSOCIALLY Minnesota; certification as a public health nurse; MALADJUSTED. Requirements:Certificate to teach baccalaureate degree in public health nursing;4 normal children; master's degreein this field; hours in specified education areas;institutional recommendation of an institution with an ap- recommendation. proved program. 13. AUDIOVISUAL.Requirements: Director g. SPEECH CORRECTION.Bachelor's degree with valid teaching certificate, two years ofexperience, a major in speechpathology. four courses in educational subjects, and10 hours 8. READING. Requirements:Valid teaching cer- in the field. Coordinatorvalidteaching certifi- tificate, approved program, andinstitutional rec- cate, two courses in educationalsubjects, and two ommendation. For elementary orsecondary re- courses in the field. medial or secondary developmentalreading 14. COUNSELOR. Requirements:Teaching cer- bachelor's degree, two years of teachingexperi- tificate; one year of experience; master'sdegree ence, and work inspecified areas. For reading program in counseloreducation or equivalent; in- consultantmaster's degree, three years of expe- stitutional recommendation; one yearof work rience, and work in specified areas. experience outside education. 9. DRIVER EDUCATION. Requirements:Teach- Requirements: of safety 15. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST. ing certificate; 51/3 hours in principles Certification by State Board of Examinersof education I and education and driver and safety Psychologists; certificate as educationalspecialist II (8 required after September 1,1968). hours) from for head in school psychological services (60 10. ATHLETIC COACH. Requirements approved graduate school; specified work,includ- football, basketball, baseball, track,hockey, or major or ing 6 hours in supervised practice. wrestling coach: Physical education Requirements: minor; or 6 hours in specified areas,including 16. RECREATION DIRECTOR. Full-time directorbachelor's degree withmajor principles of physical education. in recreation leadership.Part-time director teaching certificate and 6 hours inspecified recre- Special School Service Personnel ation areas, or student recreationmajor in prepa- and 4-6 in 11. SCHOOL SOCIAL WORKER.Requirements: ration with 6 hours in specified areas Standard certificateMaster's degreewith one professional recreation work.

Mississippi be registered State Certification Officer.Russell J. Crider, ployees of public schools and must Supervisor, Teacher Education, Certification,and with the appropriate county or citysuperinten- Placement, State Department ofEducation, Wool- dent of schools. State- folk Building, Jackson, Mississippi39205. Credentials to Accompany Application. General Requirements. Minimum age,18. No ments of U. S. citizenshipand of legal age; health transcript and fee. Certificates are required ofprofessional em- certificate from physician; official

126 recommendation to be sent directly by the pre- 5. ELEMENTARY, CLASS M. Valid as in certifi- paring institution. cate 4 but for ten years; invalid or renewable as in certificate2.Requirements: Eligibility for certificate 4; master's degree patterned for elemen- CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS tary teachers, including 11 hours in education (12 elementary). Administrators 6. SECONDARY SCHOOL, CLASS A.Valid for 1. ADMINISTRATOR, CLASS AAA. Valid for super- teaching endorsed subjects in grades 7-12 for intendents or assistant superintendents for life five years; renewable as in certificate 4. Require- during continuous service; invalid if the holder is ments: Bachelor's degree; general education as out of service for five consecutive years. Require- described in certificate 4; professional education, ments: Doctor's degree in school administration; 18 (educational psychology, 3; human growth five years of successful administrative experience. and develepinent, 3; general secondary' methods, 2. ADMINISTRATOR, CLASS AA. Valid for super- 3; other secondary methods, 3; directed teaching, intendents of schools or assistant superintendents 6). Specialization: Vocational agriculture, 63; art for ten years; invalid if the holder is out of service (grades 1-12), 30, and professional education em- for five consecutive years; renewable on 6 hours phasizing both elementary and secondary levels; earned after the certificate is issued.Require- business education, 34; distributive education, 27; ments: Master's degree, including 18 hours in English, 30 (including American and English lit- administrative and supervisory fields; two years erature, Shakespeare, and advanced grammar and of successful teaching experience; eligibility for effective writing); foreign language, 18 (may be Class A teacher's certificate. reduced 6 hours by 2 high school units); health 3. SUPERVISOR, CLASS AA. Endorsed for ele- and physical education (grades 1-12), 15 in each mentary or secondary principal, special subject area and professional education emphasizing both supervisor, and guidance counselor.Valid for elementary and secondary levels; vocational home ten years; renewable on 6 hours. Requirements: economics, 35, nonvocational, 30; industrial arts, Master's degree, including 12 hours in school 30; mathematics, 24 (15 in algebra, trigonometry, administration and/or supervision for the appro- analytical geometry, and calculus); music (grades priate level; two years of successful teaching 1-12), 28, and professional education emphasiz- experience; eligibility for Class A teacher's cer- ing both elementary and secondary levels; instru- tificate for the appropriate level. mental, vocal, or applied music, 44; (second endorsement in music will be granted on comple- Teachers: Elementary and Secondary tion of half the requirements in the second field); 4. ELEMENTARY, CLASS A. Valid for teachers science, 48 (biology, chemistry, physics); one of grades 1-9 for five years; renewable on 6 hours. science endorsement,32, including prescribed Requirements: Bachelor's degree; general educa- hours for the subject taught; general science en- tion, 48 (English, 12; fine arts, 3; health, 3; bio- dorsement, 32 in any science; social studies, 30 logical science, 6; physical science, 6; mathe- (including world, American, and state history, matics, 3; social studies, 12, including 6 in world economics, government, and geography); speech and/or American history and 6 selected from 24; special education (grades 1-12), 3 each in geography, political science, sociology, economics, psychology of exceptional children and speech philosophy, religion, general psychology, or social correction and 12 in the specialty, and profes- psychology; speech, 3); professional education, sional education emphasizing both elementary and 18 (child psychology, teaching reading, other secondary levels; trade and industrial education, language arts, directed teaching, Lnd electives); 27. specialization, a major in elementary education 7. SECONDARY, CLASS M. Valid as in certifi- (3 hours each in music, literature, science, mathe- cate 6 but for ten years; becomes invalid or is matics, art, and social studies for children). renewable as in certificate 2. Requirements: Eligi-

127 bility for certificate 6; master's degree, including and professional education as described in certifi- 15 hours in the endorsed subject. cate 6, except work must include both elementary 8. SPECIALSUBJECT FIELD,CLASS AA.(Art, and secondary levels; specialization, 24 (books music, health and physical education, exceptional and related materials for children and young children). Valid for teaching endorsed subjects people, 6; library administration, 6; electives, 12). in grades 1-12 for ten years; becomes invalid or 11. LIBRARIAN, CLASS AA. Valid for grades 1-12 is renewable as in certificate 2. Requirements: for ten years; renewable or becomes invalid as Master's degree, including 15 hours in the area of in certificate 2. Requirements: Class A teacher's Class A certificate endorsement. certificate; master's degree, including 24 hours in library science; or master's degree, including 15 Special School Service Personnel hours in library science, provided the applicant holds certificate 10 or has a fifth-year degree in SECONDARY 9. SCHOOL COUNSELOR, CLASS AA. library science. Valid for ten years; becomes invalid or is renewable as in certificate 2. Requirements: Certificate 4, 5, 6, or 7; master's degree, including 18 hours Other Certificates Issued in individual analysis, educational and occupa- 12. VOCATIONAL TRADES TEACHER, CLASS A. tional information, counseling process, and ad- Valid for five years; renewable on 6 hours. Re- ministrative relationships; two years of successful quirements. Minimum of 60 college hours, inteaching experience. cluding general and professional education as 10. LIBRARIAN, CLASS A. Valid for grades 1-12 required for certificate 6, plus 24 months of trade for five years; renewable as in certificate 5. Re- experience on the journeyman level in the trade quirements: Bachelor's degree, including general in which certification is desired.

Missouri

State Certification Officer.Paul R. Greene, CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS Director of Teacher Education and Certification, State Department of Education, Jefferson City, Administrators Missouri 65101. General Requirements. No minimum age or 1. SUPERINTENDENT. Requirements: Comple- fee.Applicant must furnish a health certificate tion of a two-year, NCATE-approved graduate to the employing school district but not to the program for superintendents. state office as prerequisite to certification. Certifi- 2. SECONDARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL.Require- cates are required of administrators, supervisors, ments: Hold certificate 6 or 7; master's degree, and teachers in public schools, including junior including 20 hours in administration end supervi- colleges, and in special state schools (schools for sion of the secondary school, with 2 hours each in the blind and deaf, schools of correction). The secondary school administration, supervision, and University of Missouri and the state teachers colleges are authorized to grant life certificates to curriculum construction. their graduates with bachelor's degrees in educa- 3. ELEMENT, 411Y SCHOOL PRINCIPAL. Require- tion; county superintendents are authorized to ments: Hold certificate 2 or 4; master's degree, issue third-grade certificates by examination. including 20 hours ;.1 administration and supervi- Credentials to Accompany Application. Official sion of the elementary school, with 2 hours each transcript of college work and institutional recom- in elementary administration, supervision, and mendation. curriculum.

128 yti, :-.14-i'-

4. GUIDANCE. Requirements: Master'sdegree, 7. SECONDARY VOCATIONAL SUBJECTS. Re- including general and professional education as quirements: Bachelor's degree, plus othervaried described in certificate 5, 6, or 7; two yearsof requirements. Applicants may write to the state experience as a teacher; minimum professional director of vocational agriculture, homemaking training to include seven areas. For furtherin- education, distributive education, or industrial formation, write to the state director ofguidance education. services. 8. SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHER. Require- ments: Bachelor's degree with professionaleduca- Teachers: Elementary and Secondary tion courses as in certificate 2, 4, 6, or 7.Appli- cants may contact the director ofspecial educa- in grades 5. ELEMENTARY. Valid for teachers tion for specific requirements. 1-8 (except departmentalized classes injunior high Requirements: Bachelor's de- schools) for life. Special School Service Personnel gree; general education,42 (English, 10, including 5 in composition, rhetoric, and grammar,and 2 in 9. LIBRARIAN.Requirements: Bachelor's de- children's literature; social studies, 12,including gree with general andprofessional education and 5 in American history and 2 each inAmerican a life teachingcertificate; concentration in library government and geogaphy;sciences, 8; art and science, 15. music, 4; health education, 2;mathematics, 2); professional education, 20 (educationalpzychol- Other Certificates Issued ogy, child psychology,child growth and development, etc., 4-5; history or philosophyof education, 10. SHORT-TERM (TWO-YEAR) ELEMENTARY organization and management, etc., 4-5; methods, OR SECONDARY CERTIFICATE. Theelementary cer- including teaching reading or language arts,4-5; tificate may be issued to a person having abache- student teaching, 5). lor's degree, but lacking some of thespecific 6. GENERAL SECONDARY. Requirements:Bach- courses required. Theapplicant must have a elor's degree, including general education,25 minimum of 5 hours of required professional in at least three areas selected fromEnglish, education with overall deficiencies of not more social studies, mathematics, sciences, or foreign than 24 hours. The secondary certificate maybe language; health, 2; professional education, 20 issued to a person having a bachelor's degreeand (educational psychology, adolescent psychology, being no more than 5 hours deficient inprofes- growth and development, etc., 4-5; history or sional education and no more than 5 in thesubject philosophy of education, high school administra- matter field, A two-year certificate maybe issued tion, curriculum, etc., 4-5; methods or techniques, if the applicant is fully qualified ineverything 4-5; student teaching in secondary schools, 5); except professional education, inwhich he must departmental concentration, 24 in all fields, except have a minimum of 8 hours for each type of driver education, 15. certificate. Montana

State Certification Officer. Vivian Allgaier, Di- Certificates are issued for two or five years and rector of Certification, State Department ofPublic are renewable on completionof appropriate credit Instruction, Helena, Montana 59601. and experience requirements. General Requirements. Minimum age, 18. Ini- Credentials to Accompany Request for Applica- tial fee, $2; $2 for each year of certificate validity. tion Materials. Legible transcripts of allcollege U.S. citizenship (qualified aliens. may be provi- work. Final application includes oath of allegiance sionally certified on request of the hiring district). Certificates are required of administrators, super- and health certificate, including tuberculin test, visors, and teachers in public elementary and and college or university recommendation. Expe- secondary schools, and in nonpublic elementary rience verification is required for certificate re- and secondary schools seeking state accreditation. newal.

129

Angriammipprir CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS ods in area to be endorsed; three years of successful elementary and/or secondary teaching ex- Administrators perience.

1. CLASS 3 ADMINISTRATIVE. a. SUPERINTENDENT ENDORSEMENT.Require- Teachers: Elementary and Secondary ments: Master's degree; eligibility for certificate 2. CLASS 2 TEACHING CERTIFICATE (STAND- 2 or 3; 16 graduate credits in professional educa- ARD). Requirements: Completed teacher education, including 8 each in elementary and secondary tion program, at bachelor's degree level, in an (if not covered in prior preparation), and courses accredited college; institutional recommendation; in school administration and finance, curriculum, completion of 8 or more credits within the pre- supervision, and student personnel; three years of ceding five years.Secondary endorsement re- successful elementary and/or secondary teaching quires a 30-hour teaching major, a 20-hour minor, experience. and a 16-hour professional sequence. b. ELEMENTARYPRINCIPAL ENDORSEMENT. Requirements: Master's degree; eligibility for cer- 3. CLASS 1 TEACHING CERTIFICATE (PROFES- tificate 2 or 3 with elementary endorsement; 10 SIONAL). Requirements: Eligibility for certificate graduate credits in professional education, includ- 2; master's degree or college-approved fifth-year ing 6 in elementary and courses in general and program; three years of successful elementary elementary school administration, curriculum or and / or secondary school experience. supervision, and student personnel; three years of successful elementary and/or secondary teaching Other Certificates Issued experience. C. SECONDARY PRINCIPAL ENDORSEMENT.Re- 4. CLASS 4 (SPECIAL). Issued for vocational, quirements: Master's degree; certificate 2 or 3 recreation, and adult education teachers present- with secondary endorsement, or equivalent, is- ing training and experience required by the U.S. sued prior to July 1, 1959; approved professional Office of Educataion or by special needs of these education, 10 graduate credits, including 6 in fields. secondary education, courses in school adminis- 5. CLASS 5 (PROVISIONAL). Issued to appli- tration, one course in secondary curriculum or cants for elementary endorsement who have a supervision and one in student personnel; three bachelor's degree and a partially completed pro- years of successful elementary and/orsecondary gram in elementary education from anaccredited teaching experience. institution.Issued to applicants for secondary d. SUPERVISOR ENDORSEMENT. Requirements: endorsement who have a bachelor's degree from Master's degree in special area to be endorsed or an accredited institution and a developedteaching in appropriate professional programs for general field in a subject commonly taught in high school endorsement; 10 graduate credits of professional but whose professional preparation may be ineducation in supervision, curriculum, and meth- complete.

Nebraska

State Certification Officer. Leonard Skov, Di- insufficient for eligibility for citizenship. Fee, $2. rector of Teacher Education; D. G. Hayek,Direc- Certificates are required of teachers, supervisors, tor of Certification, State Department of Educa- counselors, and administrators in all public, non- tion, Lincoln, Nebraska 68509. public, and state-operated schools. General Requirements. No minimum age speci- Any regular Nebraska certificate in force on fied. U.S. citizenship, except that provisional cer- January 1, 1964, may at its expiration, upon tificates may be issued to exchange students or application, be converted to a similar certificate other qualified aliens if there is a demonstrated described below when authorized by the State need for their services and if their residence is Board of Education.Or, until September 30,

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1968, such certificates may be converted to any the preceding five years and certificationby a certificate to which the holder's preparation en- standard institution that the applicant is enrolled titles him upon evidence of 8 semester hoursof and in good standing in a programleading to approved college credit earned within five years certificate 1 or 2; or request for issuance ofthe and since the issuance of the previouscertificate. certificate from the superintendent or schooldis- Credentials to Accompany Application. Legi- trict in which the applicant is to be employed, a standard ble transcripts bearing the seal of the issuing insti- valid certificate 5 or 6, certification by a institution that the applicant is in goodstanding tution; proof of citizenship. and has completed 75 percent of a programleading to certificate 1 (25 percent if at the samelevel CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS as the teachingcertificate held), recommendation by the institution, and written evidence ofability Administrators and intention to meet the requirements forcertificate 1 with endorsements appropriate tothe posi- 1. STANDARD ADMINISTRATIVE AND SUPERVI- by the SORY CERTIFICATE. Valid for ten yearsfor teach- tion to be filled. Certificates qualified for superin- ing, administration, and supervision, gradesX-12 second method may not be endorsed for tendency and may not be renewed but maybe (must be endorsed for superintendency).Require- extended for one year in cases of undue hardship ments: Eligibility for certificate 5;certification by upon approval of thecommissioner of education. a standard institutionof a master's degree or 36 hours of graduate credit toward a six-year program in administrationand/or supervision, a Teachers: Elementary and Secondary stated area of administrative or supervisory specialization, fulfillment of all appropriate standards 4. PRESTANDARD TEACHING CERTIFICATE.Valid of the institution, and completion of 6graduate for five years for teachers of grades K-12. Re- hours within the preceding three years.Reci- quirements: Bachelor's degree in an approved procity requirements: Possession of a validsimilar program; institutionalrecommendation; comple- certificate from another state which has similar tion of 6 hours of work within the precedingthre,!. requirements and evidence of either one year of years.Reciprocity requirements: Same as for successful experience under such a certificate or certificate 1, with specification of grade levels, 6 hours of approved graduate credit withinthe subjects, fields, and areas and evidence that expe- preceding three years. rience has been at the levels and in thesubjects 2. PROFESSIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE AND SUPER- for which certified. VISORY CERTIFICATE. Valid forlife (may lapse 5. STANDARD TEACHING CERTIFICATE.Valid after ten consecutive years of nonuse)for teach- for ten years for teachers of grades K-12.Re- three ers, supervisors, andadministrators, grades K-12 quirements: Same as for certificate 4, plus (must be endorsed for superintendency).Re- years of successful teachingexperience at appro- quirements: Eligibility for certificate 1;certifica- priate levels and in appropriate subjectswithin tion by a standard institution ofcompletion of a the preceding five years. six-year program for administratorsand/or super- 6. PROFESSIONAL TEACHING CERTIFICATE. visors, a stated area of administrative orsupervi- Valid for life (may lapse after ten consecutive sory specialization,fulfillment of all appropriate years of nonuse) forteachers of grades K-12. standards of the institution, and completionof 6 Requirements: Same as for certificate 4, plus a graduate hours within the preceding three years. master's degree or 36 hours of graduatework, Reciprocity requirements: Same as forcertifi- completion of an approved fifth-year programin cate 1. teacher education, completion of 6 hours ofwork 3. PROVISIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE AND SUPER- within the preceding three years; or certification VISORY CERTIFICATE. Validfor three years for by a state department of education or appropriate teachers, supervisors, and administrators.Re- agency that the applicant holdsthe highest teach- quirements: Evidence of having held aNebraska ing certificate issued within the state, the require- administrative and supervisory certificatewithin ments for which are similar to thoseabove.

, Other Certificates Issued contract intermittently up to 75 days perschool subjects, fields, or areas (except 7. PROVISIONAL TEACHING CERTIFICATE. Rural year in all grades, elementary, provisional junior elementary,4 and that certificates based upon less than baccalaureate commitment certificates are issued for three years preparation are valid only as endorsed). Require- for specifically endorsed grades, subjects, fields, ments: Evidence of having held an elementary or and areas in designated classes of school districts secondary prestandard teaching certificate or its upon evidence of partialcompletion of an ap- equivalent from another state based on at least proved teacher education program (minimum 60 60 hours of college credit. semester hours), including specified amountsof general and professional education. Such certifi- 9. SPECIAL SERVICES CERTIFICATE. Valid one cates are renewable on evidence ofcontinuing to ten years, depending upon rank.This certifi- work in the program. Provisional trades certificate is valid only as endorsed and its usein any cates for teaching instructional areas forwhich ordinary standard institutions provide inadequate other assignment is a violation of statute. Re- preparation are issued on evidence of valid li- quirements: Completion of a preparation program censes to practice or teachcommercially and on in the service area; orientation to the performance the request of a superintendent. of the service in schools to the appropriate degree. 8. SUBSTITUTE TEACHING CERTIFICATE. Valid for five years for replacing a regular teacher under 4 No longer initially issued, but can be renewed.

Nevada

State Certification Officer. E. A. Haglund, Su- CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS pervisor, Area Administration and Certification, Administrators State Department of Education, Carson City, CERTIFI- Nevada 89701. 1. ADMINISTRATIVE PROFESSIONAL CATE. Valid for five years forsuperintendents, General Requirements. Minimum age, 18. Fees assistant superintendents, and nonteachingprinci- are indicated for individualcertificates.Appli- pals and vice-principals. Fee, $3. Requirements: cants must take courses, or pass examinations Master's degree with 16 hours distributed among within one year, in U.S. Constitution (required if at least five fields selected frompublic school subject was not included in undergraduate pro- administration and organization, supervision of curriculum development,statistical gram) and Nevada school law and Constitution. instruction, methods, school finance, schoolhouseplanning, Certificates are required of all teachers and admin- and philosophy of education. istrators in public schools and of special school 2. ADMINISTRATIVE TEMPORARY CERTIFICATE. service personnel for whom certification standards Valid for three years. Requirements: Bachelor's have been established, and must be filed with the degree; 16 graduate hours distributed among fields county superintendent before the opening of the listed for certificate 1; three years of successful teaching or supervisory experience. school year. Certificates are valid as indicated and are renewatle on 3 or 6 hours ofcredit (depend- Teachers: Elementary and Secondary ing on the type of certificate) earned during the Valid for life of the certificate. 3. HIGH SCHOOL PROFESSIONAL. teachers of subjects in grades 7-12 for five years Credenticls to Accompany Application.Evi- with a bachelor's degree and for six years with a dence of legal age and citizenship; health certifi- master's. Fee, $3. Requirements: Bachelor's de- cate, including tuberculin, eye, and hearing tests; gree; 18 hours insecondary professional educa- oath of allegiance; official transcript of credits; fee. tion, including 4 in student teaching (or two

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7 years of successful teachingexperience in public science and two years of experience as a librar- high schools) and a major and a minor in recog- ian). Speech Correctionbachelor's degree, in- nized teaching fields. cluding English, 20, with at least 10 in speech; 4. ELEMENTARY PROFESSIONAL. Validfor psychology, 10, including abnormal psychology teaching grades K-8 for five years if based on a and psychology of speech handicaps. bachelor's degree and for six years if on a master's 7. COUNSELOR.Fee, $1.Requirements for degree. Fee, $3. Requirements: Bachelor's de- standard endorsement, valid for three years: Valid gree; 30 hours of professionaleducation, including certificate for level of counseling; one year of 6 in elementary methods and 4 in student teaching. teaching experience; one year of wage-earning 5. VOCATIONAL. Valid for five years. Fee, $3. experience other than teaching; 12 hours in princi- Requirements: Bachelor's degree; professional ed- ples and practices of guidance, analysis of the indi- ucation, 18 (methods and materials and student vidual, organization and administration of guidance teaching in the specialization); specialization for services, educational and occupational informa- acticulture, 60 (including animal husbandry, 20; plant production and soil, 20; economics, agricul- tion, and techniques in counseling. Requirements tural economics, rural sociology, marketing, 10), for professional endorsement, valid for five years: and two years of practical farm experience since same as for standard endorsement, pluscredit in age 14; specialization for homeeconomics, 45. supervised practice in counseling and group procedures and two years of teaching experience. SpecialSchool Service Personnel Other Certificates Issued 6. SPECIAL. Issued for two (nondegree), five (bachelor's), or six years (master's).Fee, $3. Certificatesare issued for the teaching of men- Requirements: Librarianbachelor's degree, in- tally retarded, orthopedically handicapped, and cluding library science, 24 (or 16 hours in library emotionally disturbed children.

New Hampshire

State Certification Officer. Janet G. Nute, Di- CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS rector of Teacher Certification, State Department of Education, Concord, New Hampshire 03301. Administrators General Requirements. No minimum age speci- 1. SUPERINTENDENT, PROFESSIONAL. Require- fied. No fee. Certificates are required of teach- ments: Eligibility for certificate 6. 7, or 8; mas- ers, administrators, supervisors, andspecial serv- ter's degree; total graduate work, 60, including ice personnel in public elementary and secondary professional education, 30 (school finance, per- schools, and in accredited private schools. Cer- sonnel, plant planning, curriculum development, tificates are issued for five years to persons who public relations,law,administration,business have three years of experience in their present management, and supervision), or completion of capacity, one in New Hampshire. They are re- a program approved by theNortheastern com- newable on recommendation of the superintendent missiorvrs of education; five years of public of schools (superintendents' by the commissioner school experience, including three in administra- of education) for five years on 6 hours in appro- tion and/or supervision. priate courses or equivalent. A person with three 2. ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT, PROFESSIONAL. years of experience who holds a master'sdegree Requirements: Master's degree; total graduate is excused from this requirement. work, 45, including 15 in course work required Credentials to Acconipcmy Application. Tran- for superintendents. script of credits; evidence of employment; infor- 3. ELEMENTARY OltSfat-4,(MTDARY PRINCIPAL. mation regarding applicant, including birthplace, Requirements: Eligibility for certificate 6, 7, or 8; age, address, college and universitytraining, edu- master's degree or equivalent, including profes- cational experience, and references. sional education (school administration, 3; school

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supervision, 3; curriculum development, 3;edu- Special School Service Personnel cation evaluation, 3); three years ofteaching 9. GUIDANCE COUNSELOR.Valid for school experience on the level to be administered. For counseling for more than 50% of theschool 30 addi- the professional or standard certificate, day. Requirements: Eligibility forcertificate 6, 7, tional graduate hours. equivalent; total graduate Eli- or 8; master's degree or 4. TEACHER CONSULTANT. Requirements: work, 30, including professionaleducation in degree gibility for certificate 6, 7, or 8; master's guidance, 21 (understanding theindividual, un- graduate work, 30, including or equivalent; total derstanding environmental opportunities,over- (schooladministration, professional education view of guidance program, techniquesof testing, school supervision, principles of learning, cur- individual counseling, group guidance,practicum riculum development, education evaluation, re- in counseling). For a minorassignment, guid- medial reading, teaching language arts,teaching ance counseling, 12.For a professional or stand- experi- number concepts); three years of teaching ard certificate, 30 additional graduatehours. standard certificate, ence. For the professional or 10. scHoor. LIBRARIAN.(Standard certificate 30 additional graduate hours. Requirements: Bachelor's Same or standard license.) 5. GUIDANCE DIRECTOR. Requirements: degree; library science, 24; professionaleduca- plus two years of experience as for certificate 9, tion, 6. as a guidancecounselor; graduate courses in (Permit.) Re- guidance 11. SCHOOL NURSE-TEACHER. organization and administration of a quirsinents: Graduation from an accreditedschool professional or standard cer- program. For the of -nursing; additional professionaleducation, 30 tificate, 30 additional graduate hours. (public health nursing, school nursing,family case work, child growth and development,special Teachers: Elementary and Secondary health problems, nutrition, healtheducation, edu- stand- cational psychology, principles ofeducation). 6. ELEMENTARY. (Standard certificate, Issued license.5) 12. SCHOOL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATOR. ard license, or provisional standard has granted Requirements: Bachelor's degree in a programfor only if the State Board of Education permission to a local or supervisory unionboard elementary teachers. New Hamp- certificate, to create the position. Requirements: 7. GENERAL SECONDARY. (Standard degree license.5) shire teaching credential, or bachelor's standard license, or provisional standard engi- Requirements: Bachelor's degree; secondaryedu- in business administration, accounting, or includes cation, 18 (supervised student teaching, 6);major neering; professional preparation which field, 30, with 6-18 hours in the subject tobe 12 hours covering school business management, school finance, school building (includingplan- taught. ning, construction, maintenance), schoollaw, and 8. SECONDARY, VOCATIONAL SUBJECTS.(Stand- ard certificate, standard license, orprovisional accounting. standard license.5) Requirements: Bachelor'sdegree; secondary education,18 (supervised student 5 The provisional standard license is an emergency teaching, 6). Specializationagriculture,gradu- license issued to liberal arts graduates who have amini- mum of 6 hours in professionaleducation courses. They ation from an approved program;distributive must acquire 6 hours in elementary orsecondary pro- edt cation, 30; home economics, 30;industrial fessional education course work each yearuntil the arts, 30. prescribed courses are completed.

New Jersey

State Certification Officer. Allan F. Rosebrock. General Requirements. Minimum age,18. Fee, Director, Teacher Education and Certification, $5. Certificates are required of publicschool ad- State Department of Education, 225 WestState ministrators, supervisors, elementaryand secon- Street, Trenton, New Jersey 08625. dary teachers, and special school servicepersonnel.

134 Under certain conditions, candidates preparedin 6. DIRECTOR, SCHOOL PERSONNEL SERVICES. Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, NewYork, Valid for supervisors or coordinators ofguidance and the New England states may becertified in in a school system. Requirements:Three years New Jersey without meeting the specificrequire- of teaching experience and six of guidance,includ- ments outlined for eachcertificate. ing teaching; bachelor's degree; generaleducation, dis- Credentials to Accompany Application. Evi- 30 (English, 6; social studies, 6; remainder dence of holding or having applied for U.S.citi- tributed among the sciences, art, mathematics, education, 40 zenship; evidence of legal age; oath of allegiance; and foreign language); professional (various phases of guidance, 18; specificpsychol- official transcript of credits. ogy, 10; 12 from amongsociology, administration, and curriculum). CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS

Administrators Teachers: Elementary and Secondary

1. SCHOOL ADMINISTRATOR. Valid for super- 7. ELEMENTARY. Valid for teachersof grades intendents. Requirements: A standardteaching K-8.Requirements: Bachelor's degree; general certificate or equivalent; three years of experience education, 30 (English, 6; social studies, 6; re- as assistant superintendent,principal,assistant mainder distributed among the sciences,art, principal, or supervisor; master's degree; total mathematics, foreign language); professionaled- preparation to include 32 hours inschool adminis- ucation, 30 (elementary principles ofeducation, tration and supervision (general, elementary,and curriculum construction, child growth anddevel- secondary administration and supervision;general opment, professionalized subject matterartfor curriculum construction; school buildingsanl fi- children, geography, health education, history, nance; electives). literature for children, mathematics forchildren, student 2. SECONDARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL. Validfor music for children, reading, the sciences); junior, senior, or combination high schoolprinci- teaching, 150 clock hours. pal; required in schools with twelve or moreteach- 8. SECONDARY. Valid for teachers ofendorsed ers. Requirements:Permanent state teaching cer- subjects in grades 7-12. Requirements:Bache- tificate or equivalent; master's degree;total prepa- lor's degree; general education, 30 (same as cer- ration to include 24 hours in schooladministration tificate 7); professional education, 18 (four areas and supervision (general administrationincluding chosen from methods and materials, educational finance, guidance, public relations,school law; psychology, health education, curriculum con- secondary administration, supervision,curriculum struction, foundations of education,guidance; construction, and electives). 150 clock hours of student teaching); specializa- home 3. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL.Required tion, 18 in one teaching field; 30 credits in and of principals in elementary schoolswith twelve or economics, industrial arts, music, science, (Eighteen-credit fields must be more teachers.Requirements: Same as for certifi- social studies. cate 2, except that specific cm usesand experience raised to 24 for a permanent certificate.) must relate to elementary schools. 9. SPECIAL SUBJECT FIELDS. Valid forteach- 4. SUPERVISOR. Valid for assistantsuperin- ers of art, business education,health and physical tendents and supervisors of i istruction.Require- education, home economics, industrial arts (gen- Re- ments: Same as for certificate2, except that edu- eral), recreation, and music, grades 1-12. cation courses must relate to generalschool ad- quirements: Bachelor's degree in anapproved ministration, supervision, find curriculum con- curriculum for the specific subject to beendorsed; certificate struction. general and professional education as in education, Requirements: 8; specialization, 40 (except business 5. SCHOOL NURSE SUPERVISOR. endorsed)._ Permanent New Jersey school nursecertificate or 12, plus 18 for each subject field equivalent; bachelor's degree; 14 hours ingeneral 10. VOCATIONAL SUBJECTS. Valid forteachers supervision, curriculum construction, andadmin- of vocational agriculture, businesseducation (vo- istration and supervision of school nursing. cational), distributive education, vocationalhome 135 economics, and vocational trades and industry in a. LIBRARIAN. Bachelor's degree and degree In federally approved vocational schools. Require- library science, total preparation to include gen- ments: Practical experience in the field; bachelor's eral education, 30; professional education, 12, degree in an approved curriculum in the field; plus 150 clock hours in student teaching. general education, 30 (same as certificate 7); pro- b. NURSE. Graduation from an approved fessional education, 18 (one course each in spe- school of nursing and one year of experience as cific methods and materials, educational psychol- a nurse, or bachelor's degree; for limitedcertifi- ogy, and health education; 150 clock hours in cate, professional education, 30 in school nursing, student teaching). specific methods and materials, specific curricu- 1 11. JUNIOR COLLEGE. Valid for teachers of lum construction, sociology, child growth and endorsed subjects in grades 13 and 14 but not development, public health education. required in all junior colleges.Requirements: C. PSYCHOLOGIST. Completion of an approved Master's degree; total preparation to include gen- 60-hour graduate program, including educational eral education, 30 (same as certificate 7); profes- foundations, 12, education of the handicapped, sional education, 18 (one course each in specific 6, testing and clinical techniques, 18, personality methods and materials, educational psychology, and behavioral development, 12; plus an extern - and health education); 150 clock hours in stu- ship of 450 clock hours. dent teaching; specialization, major for master's d. SCHOOL OCCUPATIONAL THERAPIST. Bache- degree in subject endorsed, at least 30 hours. lor's degree in an approved program; graduation 12. SPECIAL EDUCATION. Valid for teachers of from an approved school of occupational therapy. mentallyretarded,orthopedically handicapped e. SCHOOL PHYSICAL THERAPIST.Bachelor's and cerebral palsied, physically handicapped, deaf degree in an approved program; graduation from or hard-of-hearing, partially sighted,speech dean approved curriculum in physical therapy. fective, socially and emotionally maladjusted. Re- f. SOCIAL WORKER. Bachelor's degree, 24 hours quirements: State teaching certificate appropriate in education and social work, and three years of to the grade level; bachelor's degree, including 18 teaching or social work experience; or a master's hours of specialized professional education for a degree from an approved school of social work. limited certificate which may be converted to a permanent certificate on three years of teaching Other Certificates Issued experience. Special certificate: bachelor's degree and 30 credits in professional education, includ- Approximately fifteen other certificates, most of ing 18 in the specialty, and student teaching. them substandard in character, are issued. In the main, these relate to the vocational fields, includ- Special School Service Personnel ing industrial arts, agriculture, home economics, and vocational teachers for evening schools. A 13.SPECIAL SCHOOL SERVICES. Valid as en- new certificate entitled "Student PersonnelServ- dorsed. Requirements: ices" encompasses the guidance field.

New Mexico

State Certification Officers. La Mar W. Lamb, tificates are required of teachers, supervisors, and Director, Teacher Education, Certification, and administrators in public elementaryandsecondary Placement; Terry D. Horton, Assistant Director, schools and must be filed with the employing State Department of Education, Santa Fe, New school authority. Teachers certified in other states Mexico 87502. who do not meet New Mexico requirements but General Requirements.Minimumage,18. who hold a degree from a regionally accredited U.S.citizenship or declaration of intention. Fee, institution may be issued a New Mexico certifi- $1. Eight hours of credit must have been earned cate with the understanding that deficiencies will within the five years preceding application. Cer- be removed at the rate of 8 hours a year. Teach-

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ers certified on this basis must presentevidence 48 (including 6 each in four areas selectedfrom of employment in New Mexico at the time of humanities and/or social science; behavioralsci- application. ence; biological and/or physicalscience; foreign There are two plans under which New Mexico language; communicative arts; mathematics;fine regionally accredited institutions may elect to and practical arts; health, physical education, recommend graduates for certification. and/or recreation); elementary subject matter Plan I. Without state approval of the teacher areas, 24 (at least 2 each inarithmetic; arts and education program. In recommending graduates crafts; social studies; health, physical education, for certification, the institution will verifythat a recreation, and/or safety education; music;sci- degree has been awarded and that theapplicant ence; language arts and/orchildren's literature); is 18 years of age, possesses good moralcharac- subject matter specialization, 24 in one area or ter, and is free from mental orphysical disabilities 18 each in two areas; professional education,24 which would impair his effectiveness as ateacher. (student teaching, 6, and 18 in three areas selected It will not verify that the candidate has metthe from human growth and development,school intent of an approved program and will notverify counseling, methods and techniques, orientation, fields and areas of endorsement. psychology); institutional recommendation. Plan II.With state approval of the teacher 4. CONTINUING FIVE-YEAR ELEMENTARY CER- education program. In recommending applicants TIFICATE.Requirements: Eligibility for certifi- for certification, the institution will verifythat the cate 3; completion of 30 graduatehours in a applicant is 18 years of age, possesses good moral planned five-year program, a major portionof character, and is free from mental or physical which is in elementary school subject areas;total disabilities which would impair his effectiveness preparation should include general education,48 as a teacher. It will verifythat the candidate has (same as certificate 3, except 2 hours in twoad- met the intent of an approved programand will ditional areas), elementary education, 36,sub- verify fields and areas of endorsement. ject specialization, 36 in one area or 18 ineach. Credentials to Accompany Application.Offi- of two, and professional education,30; three cial transcripts to be sent directly by the prepar- years of experienceduring the preceding five ing institution. years. 5. PROFESSIONALELEMENTARY LICENSURE. CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS Valid for continuous service but becomesinactive after four years of nonuse. Requirements:Com- Administrators pletion of the five-year programculminating in a master's degree. 1. FIVE-YEAR ADMINISTRATIVECERTIFICATE. 6. FOUR-YEAR PROVISIONAL SECONDARYCER- Valid for superintendents (except elected county TIFICATE. Valid for teachingendorsed areas hi superintendents), principals, and supervisors. Re- grades 7-12.Requirements: Bachelor's degree; quirements: Master's degree, including profes- general education, 48 (same ascertificate 3); sional education, 20 (organization, administra- professional education, 18 (studentteaching, 6, tion, and supervision); three years ofteaching and 12 in three areas selected from areaslisted experience in the area of administrative endorse- for certificate 3); subject matter areas,48-60 ment. (first teaching field, 24, second, 24; orfirst field, 2. CONTINUING TEN-YEAR PROFESSIONAL AD- 24, second, 18, third, 18; or compositefield, 54); MINISTRATIVE CERTIFICATE.Requirements: Eli- institutional recommendation. gibility for certificate 1; approved sixth-year pro- 7. CONTINUING FIVE-YEAR SECONDARY CER- gram; five years ofadministrative experience. TIFICATE. (Endorsements require24 hours for a teaching field and 10 for a specific teaching area, Teachers: Elementary and Secondary except typing and shorthand, 5.)Requirements: 3. FOUR-YEAR PROVISIONAL ELEMENTARY CER- Eligibility for certificate 6; completion of 30cfrad- TIFICATE. Valid for teachers ofgrades 1-8. Re- uate hours in a planned five-year program, amajor quirements: Bachelor's degree; general education, portion of which is in secondarysubject areas; 137 s.

total preparation should include general educa- development); one year of experience or 3, hours tion, 48 (same as certificate 4), teaching fields, of student teaching in special education. 60 (one of 36 and one of 24), and professional 13. FOUR-YEAR VOCATIONAL AGRICULTURE CER- education, 28; three years of experience during TIFICATE. Valid for teachers in departments re- the preceding five years. imbursed from federal vocational funds.Re- 8. PROFESSIONAL SECONDARY LICENSURE. Va- quirements: Bachelor of science in agriculture, lidity same as for certificate 5.Requirements: including general education, 48 (same as certifi- Completion of the five-year program culminating cate 3); technical agriculture, 60 (including12 in a master's degree. each in animal industry, plant industry, agricultural economics, and agricultural engineering); 9. ONE-YEAR KINDERGARTEN CERTIFICATE. Valid for teaching in state-approved nonpublic agricultural education, 15 (methods in agricul- nurseries and kindergartens. Requirements: 60 tural instruction; methods in farm mechanics; college hours in the field and one year of kinder- student teaching, six weeks); professional educa- garten teaching experience. tion, 4 (psychology and orientation); institutional recommendation. 10. FOUR-YEAR PROVISIONAL ELEMENTARY 14. CONTJNUING FIVE-YEAR VOCATIONAL AGRI- CERTIFICATE WITH KINDERGARTEN ENDORSEMENT. Valid for teachers in state-approved public or non- CULTURE CERTIFICATE. Requirements: Eligibility for certificate 13; 30 graduate hours in a planned public kindergartens.Requirements: Eligibility for certificate 3; nursery, kindergarten, and pri- five-year program, total preparation to include mary education, 8 (theory, curriculum, content, general education, 48, technical agriculture, 18, agricultural or general education, 12, and profes- methods and materials). sional education, 28; three years of teaching expe- 11. FIVE-YEAR KINDERGARTENCERTIFICA'rE. rience during the preceding five years. Requirements: Graduation from an accredited institution; general education which includes physi- 15. PROFESSIONAL VOCATIONAL AGRICULTURE 5. cal and biological sciences, mathematics and LICENSURE. Validity same as for certificate philosophy, language and literature, social and Requirements: Completion of the five-year pro- degree. behavioral sciences, and fine arts; early childhood gram culminating in the master's education, 24 (growth, development, and learn- 16. FOUR-YEAR VOCATIONAL HOME ECONOMICS ing; mental and physical health, school, parent, CERTIFICATE. Valid for teachers in departments home, and community relationships and inter- reimbursed from federal vocational funds. Re- actions; curriculum, content, methods, materials, quirements: Bachelor of science in home eco- experiences, and resources; supervised experi- nomics, including general education, 48 (same as euce with children, 6; current problems,history, certificate 3); home economics subject matter, 36 and philosophy of education; administration and (9 each in clothing and textiles; foods and nutri- organization of schools; relationships to grades tion; family economics, management, equipment, 4-6): and furnishings; family health and relationships and child growth and development); teaching 12. SPECIAL EDUCATION CERTIFICATE.Valid for teachers of exceptional children in grades minor in a home economics area or a different K-12. Requirements: Eligibility for certificate 3, subject field, 18; professional education, 18 (student teaching, 6; home economics methods, 3; 9 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8; bachelor's degree, including spe- hours in three areas selected from human growth cial education, 18 for a minor teaching area, 24 for a major (education of exceptional children, and development, school counseling, methods and techniques, orientation, psychology); institutional materials and methods for exceptional children, remedial reading and/or language development, recommendation. and other courses distributed among education 17. CONTINUING FIVE-YEAR VOCATIONAL HOME of the mentally retarded, activity therapy, ab- ECONOMICS CERTIFICATE.Requirements: Eligi- normal psychology, mental deficiencies, guidance bility for certificate 16; 30 graduate hours in a and testing., nature and needs of the physically planned five-year program, total preparation to in- handicapped, social psycholOgy, and personality clude general education, 48 (same as certificate 4),

138

.v. 0, ^41. home economics subject matter, 18, home eco- information; techniques; group procedures; re- nomics or general education, 12, and professional search methods); recommendation of the insti- education, 28; three years of teaching experience tution in which a majority of the guidance courses within the preceding five years. were completed; one year ofteaching experience. 18. PROFESSIONAL VOCATIONAL HOME ECO- 23. PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL COUNSELOR LICEN- NOMICS LICENSURE. Validity same as forcertifi- SURE. Validity same as for certificate5. Require- cate 5.Requirements: Completion of the five- ments: Eligibility for certificate 3, 4,5, 6, 7, or 8; year program culminating in themaster's degree. master's degree; guidance credits, 45, including 42 graduate (see certificate 22; additional 21in 19. FOUR-YEAR VOCATIONAL DISTRIBUTIVE ED- behavioral sciences, education, and related areas); UCATION CERTIFICATE. Requirements:Bachelor's institutional recommendation; four years of expe- degree with a major in business administration, rience, including two in guidance and counseling. economics, business education, marketing or some phase of distribution, vocational education, or a 24. ONE-YEAR SCHOOL SOCIAL WORKER CER- related field,including general education, 48 TIFICATE. Requirements:Completion of the first (same as for certificate 3); technical subject mat- graduate year leading to a master's degreefrom ter,18(retailing,wholesaling,salesmanship, a school accredited bythe Council on Social Work marketing, credits and collections,advertising, Education, including understanding the individ- display, economics, accounting,or otherdis- ual, social work methods, field placement,social tributive subjects); professional education,18 welfare programs and community resources, and (secondary student teaching, 6; organization and research methods; two years of supervisedfull- administration, methods, conference-leading, co- time paid social work in a child welfare, cor- ordination techniques, work experience in high rectional, psychiatric, or family agency and a school, and vocational guidance, 6; secondary course in the foundations ofeducation, or a valid education, psychology, and adult education, 6); New Mexico teaching certificate and two years institutional recommendation; 36 months of work of experience. experience in a distributive occupation. 25. FOUR-YEAR SCHOOL SOCIAL WORKER CER- 20. CONTINUING FIVE-YEAR VOCATIONAL DIS- TIFICATE. Requirements: Completionof the aca- TRIBUTIVE EDUCATION CERTIFICATE.Require- demic requirements for a master's degree insocial ments: Eligibility for certificate 19; 30 graduate work in an institution accredited by CSWE; one hours in a planned five-year program, total prepa- year of full-time paidexperience as a school social ration to include general education, 48 (same as worker (may be acquired during the first yearof certificate 4), business administration, 18, distrib- employment in New Mexico). utive or general education, 12, and professional 26. PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL SOCIAL WORKER LI- education, 28; three years of teaching experience CENSURE. Validity same as forcertificate 5. Re- within the preceding five years. quirements: Certificate 25 and three yearsof 21. PROFESSIONAL VOCATIONAL DISTRIBUTIVE experience in school social work. EDUCATION LICENSURE. Validity same asfor cer- 27. LIBRARY SCIENCE. Validity same as forthe tificate 5. Requirements: Comp le'don of the five- teaching certificate held.Requirements: Valid year program culminating in amaster's degree. teaching certificate for the level of librarianship, plus 15 hours of professional library sciencefor Special School service Personne: holders of four-year certificates and 18 forholders of five-year and professional certificates. 22. FOUR-YEAR SCHOOL COUNSELOR CERTIFI- CATE. Requirements: Valid certificate3, 4, 5, 28. FOUR-YEAR SPEECH PATHOLOGY PROVI- 6, 7, or 8; bachelor's degree; courses in guidance SIONAL CERTIFICATE. Requirements:Master's de- and counseling, 24, including 21 graduate (prac- gree; recommendation ofthe speech pathology ticum, 3; remainder in theory, philosophy, and program director in which amajor portion of the principles; psychological appraisal of theindi- training was completed and approval of the dean vidual; psychology of careers and socioeconomic of education; general education, 48 (humanities

:039

I and/or behavioral science;biologicaland/or is completed and approval of the dean of educa- physical science; foreign language; communication; general education, 48 (as in certificate 28); tive arts; mathematics; fine and practical arts; behavioral and communicative sciences, 30 (as in health, physical education, and/or recreation; at certificate 28); professional education, 18 (in- least 6 in each of these four areas and 2 in two); cluding 3 in orientation and an audiology practi- behavioral and communicative sciences, 30 (well- cum in public school); specialization, 36 (24 in integrated program meeting minimum standards audiology and 6 in speech pathology). of American Speech and Hearing Association); 31. PROFESSIONAL AUDIOLOGY LICENSURE. Re- professional education, 18 (including 3 in orienta- quirements: Three years of experience under cer- tion and a speech pathology practicum in public tificate 30. school); specialization, 36 (24 in speech pathology and 6 in audiology). Other Certificates Issued 29. PROFESSIONAL SPEECH PATHOLOGY LICEN- Certificates may be endorsed for teaching art, SURE. Requirements: Three years of experience foreign language, health, physical education, and under certificate 28. recreation, industrial arts, and music in grades 30. FOUR-YEAR AUDIOLOGY PROVISIONAL CER- K-12 by the applicant's completing general re- TIFICATE.Requirements: Master's degree; rec- quirements for certification and 36 hours in the ommendation of the director of the audiology special field, including elementary and secondary program in which a major portion of the training student teaching and methods.

New York

State Certification Officen.Alvin P. Lier- CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS heimer, Director, Division of Teacher Education and Certification; John A. Granito, Chief, Bureau Administrators of Teacher Education; Vincent C.Gazzetta, 1. SUPERINTENDENT, PERMANENT. Valid for Chief, Bureau of In-service Education; Carl: continuous service; becomes invalid when the Mackey, Jr., Associate in Teacher Certification; holder is inactive for five consecutive years. Re- State Education Department, Albany, New York quirements: Graduation from an approved institu- 12224. tion, plus 60 approved graduate hours; total General Requirements. Minimum age, 18. Fee, preparation must include 30 hours related to $5.Certificates are required of administrators, school administration and supervision, including supervisors, and teachers in public schools, kin- 6 in general liberal study; five years of teaching dergarten through secondary school, and of spe- and/or supervisory experience in public schools. cial school service personnel for whom certifica- 2. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL, PROVI- tion standards have been established. Provisional SIONAL. Requirements: Valid elementary teaching certificates are issued for ten years unless other- certificate; three years of appropriate teaching wise noted, and are convertible to permanent cer- and/or supervisory experience; 6 hours in ap- tificatesadministrators (principals only) upon proved graduate courses, including 4 in elemen- completing 24 hours (bringing total to 30) of tary school administration. Total preparation for graduate study beyond provisional certfficate re- the permanent certificate must include an addi- quirements (with some specified minima) and tional 4 hours in elementary school administration. five years of total appropriate experience; teach- 3. SECONDARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL, PROVISIONAL ers upon completing 30 hours of graduate, study (in other than vocational schools).Require- beyond the bachelor's degree (with some specific ments: Valid secondary teaching certificate; two minima). years of teaching or supervisoryexperience; 6 Credentials to Accompany Application. Official hours in approved courses in secondary school transcript. administration. Total preparation for the perma-

140 4

nent certificate must include an additional4 hours 9. SUPERVISOR OF SHOP SUBJECTS (INDUSTRIAL in secondary school administration. ARTS), PROVISIONAL. Requirements: Validteach- ing certificate in shop subjects (industrialarts); 4. VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL PRINCIPAL, PRO- sub- VISIONAL. Requirements: Same as forcertificate three years of teaching experience in shop and jects; bachelor's degree, plus 6 hours of graduate 3, except that prior certificate, experience, hours professional preparation must be in vocational credit. Total preparation should include 6 supervi- education, and three years of experience is re- in approved courses in industrial arts quired. Total preparation for the permanent cer- sion. Total preparation for the permanent cer- in tificate must include 12 hours of vocational edu- tificate must include an additional 6 hours industrial arts supervision and 2 hours in voca- cation beyond provisional requirements. tional guidance. 5. TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL PRINCIPAL, PRO- 10. SUPERVISOR OFSHOP SUBJECTS(TRADES), ti VISIONAL. Requirements: Same asfor certificate 3, except that prior experience, certificate,and PROVISIONAL. Requirements: Valid teaching cer- professional preparation must be in vocational- tificate in trade subjects; five years of journeyman technical education, three years of experienceis experience; three years of appropriate teaching required, and the bachelor's degree must be in experience; bachelor's degree, plus 6 hours of architecture, art engineering, or applied science. graduate credit. Total preparation should include Total preparation for the permanentcertificate 6 hours in vocational school supervision.Total must include 12 hours ofvocational-technical preparation for the permanent certificate must school education oeyond provisional requirements. include an additional 6 hours in vocational .. supervision and 2 hours in vocational guidance. 6. ELEMENTARY SUPERVISOR, PROVISIONAL. Requirements: Valid elementary teaching certifi- Teachers: Elementary and Secondary cate; three years of appropriateexperience in elementary schools; 6 hours in approved graduate 11. ELEMENTARY,PROVISIONAL. Validfor courses.Total preparation should include 24 nursery school throughgrade 6. Requirements: hours in professional courses approved for teach- Bachelor's degree; general education, 75 (humani- ing common-branch subjects and 6 in appro- ties, 12; social sciences, 12; natural sciencesand priate courses in elementary school supervision. mathematics, 12); academic concentration,24; Total preparation for the permanent certificate professional education, 24 (sociological, philo- must include an additional 6 hours inelementary sophical, and historical foundations, 3; educa- supervision. tional and developmental psychology, 6;methods 7. SECONDARY SCHOOL SUPERVISOR,PROVI- and materials, 9; appropriate electives,6). With SIONAL. Requirements: Valid secondaryteaching the appropriate concentration and 3 hours in spe- certificate; three years of secondary school expe- cial methods, a certificate will be valid forteach- rience; 6 hours in approved graduate courses. ing in the nursery school through grade6 and an Toial preparation should include 6 hours in ap- academic subject in grades 7-9. propriate courses in secondary supervision. Total 12. ACADEMICSUBJECTS, PROVISIONAL.Valid preparation for the permanent certificate must for teaching grades 7-12 for five years.Require- include an additional 6 hours in secondary su- ments: Bachelor's degree, including 18hours in pervision. professional courses (at least 8 in the social, 8. VOCATIONAL EDUCATION SUPERVISOR, PRO- philosophical, and psychological foundations of VISIONAL. Requirements: Validteaching certifi- educational theory and practice, 8 in methods cate in the appropriate vocationalsubject; three and materials of teaching the subject inwhich years of teaching experiencein vocational schools; certification. is sought, and supervised observation bachelor's degree, plus 6 hours of graduate credit, and practice teaching).Total preparation must total preparation to include 6 hours in vocational include at least 80 class periods of supervised supervision. Total preparation for the permanent instructional experience in secondary school.Con.- certificate must include 12 hours in vocational tent preparation: English, 36;foreign languages, supervision. 24; mathematics, 18; social studies, 36; biology,

141

- _ . - 42; chemistry, 42; physics, 42; earth science, 42. certificate may be issued upon completion of an All specific science certificates include general additional 14 hours of appropriate preparation. science. 17. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST, PROVISIONAL. Valid for five years; convertible to the permanent cer- Valid 13. SPECIAL SUBJECTS, PROVISIONAL. tificate upon completion of 52 hours in appropri- for teaching agriculture, art, commerce (general ate preparation.Requirements: Five years of commercial subjects, stenography and typewriting, preparation, including 40 hours in appropriate accounting and business practice, merchandising preparation. and salesmanship, distributive occupationsub- 18. SCHOOL NURSE-TEACHER, PROVISIONAL. jects) health, homemaking, library, music, physi- Requirements: Current registration as a profes- speech, or cal education and hygiene, recreation, sional nurse in New York; 30 hours in specific other subjects offered in the public schools. Re- quirements: Bachelor's degree, including profes- courses. 19. DENTAL HYGIENIST-TEACHER, PROVISIONAL. sional education, 18 (student teaching and special Valid for five years; the permanent certificate methods in the special subject, 4 each; psychology of 12 hours of problems may be issued upon completion for teachers and history, philosophy, additional training. Requirements: Current regis- and/or principles of education, 2 each); technical tration as a dental hygienist in New York; 6hours preparation in special subject, 36, plus related in specific courses. subject area requirements. 20. MEDICAL SUPERVISOR, PROVISIONAL. Re- 14. TECHNICAL OR RELATED TECHNICAL SUB- quirements: License to practice medicine in New JECTS, PROVISIONAL.Requirements: Bachelor's York; one year of acceptable internship;three degree in architecture, art, engineering, or applied years of appropriate experiencein school medical science, including secondary professional educa- inspection or five years of approved experience in tion, 18; three years of experience related to the the practice of medicine and 6 hours inapproved subject for which the certificate is issued (one professional courses. The permanent certificate year of approved graduate study maybe accepted may be issued on 6hours of additional profes- in lieu of one year of experience). sional courses. 15. INDUSTRIAL ARTS, PROVISIONAL. Require- 21. ATTENDANCE TEACHER, PROVISIONAL.Re- ments: Bachelor's degree, includingprofessional quirements: Bachelor's degree, including 12hours education,18; technical preparation; 36, plus of appropriate preparation. Valid forfive years; prerequisites. nonrenewable; convertible to the permanent certificate upon completion of an additional 18hours Special School Service Personnel of appropriate courses.

16. GUIDANCE WORKER, PROVISIONAL.Valid Other Certificates Issued for five years. Requirements: Valid teaching certificate based on a bachelor's degree, plus 30 hours 22. TRADES, PROVISIONAL. Requirements:High in appropriate graduate study, including 16in school graduation and apprenticeship and journey- appropriate preparation; two years of approved man experience; 32 hoursin specific preparation; and appropriate teaching experience and one year pass a proficiencyexamination in the trade for of experience other than teaching. The permanent which the certificate is desired.

NorthCarolina

State Certification Officer. J. P. Freeman, Di- visors, and teachers in all public elementaryand rector, Division of Professional Services,State De- secondary schools, and (legally) in parochial and partment of Public Instruction,Raleigh, North other nonpublic elementary and secondaryschools. Carolina 27602. Certificates for teachers in public schools must General Requirements. Minimum age, 18. Cer- be filed with the county or city superintendent. tificates are required of administrators, super- Initial certificates are issued for five years and

142

Et* including are renewable forfive years on 6 credit hours, optional) with 14 hours in education, subsequently for five years on combinationsof foundations, organization and administration, cur- credit, experience, workshop, andtravel. riculum,supervision, and administrative field Credentials to Accompany Application.In- experiences. state graduates are certificated onthe basis of a 3. COUNSELOR.Requirements: Hold or be statement from the preparinginstitution of satis- qualified to hold a Class A teacher'scertificate; factory completion of an approved programbear- three years of teaching experience; one yearof ing on the certificate requested.Out-of-state ap- occupational experience; master's degree(sixth plicants are certificated on thebasis of regional year optional),including education, 6, psychol- and NCATE accreditation, home stateapproval, ogy, 6, counselingprocedures and techniques, 9, or other evidenceof quality of preparation. Offi- society and culture, 6, and supervisedpracticum cial transcripts are required of allapplicants. in counseling, 3. National Teacher Examinations ScoresRe- 4. SUPERVISOR.Requirements: Hold or be quired for Certification. Between July1, 1967, qualified to hold the graduate teacher'scertificate; and July 1, 1968, all certificates orratings re- five years of experience within the last eight years; quiring a bachelor's degree or less willrequire a master's degree (sixth year optional)with 12 minimum score of 475 on both the NTE com- hours in education, including supervision, cur- mon examinationand the appropriate teaching riculum, learning and the learning process, orga- area examination.A one-year nonrenewable nization and administration, and research. probationary certificate will be given ifeither 5. SUPERVISOR OF STUDENT TEACHERS.Re- score is between425 and 474. Certificates requirements: Hold or be qualified to holdi -gradu- quiring the master's degree will require amini- ate teacher's certificate; 6 graduatehours in edu- mum score of 550 onboth the common and the cation (emphasizing general supervision;methods area examinations.Advanced certificates will re- and techniques of supervising studentteaching; quire a minimum score of 625 on each. administrative,cooperatingschool,and com- After July 1, 1968, the minimum scoresbe- munity relationships of the student teacher;rela- come 500 on both the commonand area examina- tionship to the college, particularly thecollege tions for certificates based on the bachelor'sde- supervisor); one or more years of successful gree or less, 600 oneach examination for master's experience under college supervision; recommen- degree certificates, and 650 on each foradvanced dation of local administration(superintendent, certificates. supervisor, or principal) and collegesupervisor. 6. AUDIOVISUAL DIRECTOR. Requirements:Hold CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS or be qualified to hold ClassA teacher's certificate; three years of experience within the pastfive Administrators years; master's degree,including educational com- 1. SUPERINTENDENT. Requirements:Hold or munications, 9, foundations of education, 3, orga- be qualified to hold a teacher'scertificate and a nization and administration, 3, and curriculum principal's certificate; five years ofteaching and and supervision, 3. supervisory or administrativeexperience within 7. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST. Requirements: the last ten years; master's degreewith 18 hours Bachelor's degree; 60 graduate hours, including a in education,including foundations, organiza- master's degree and theoretical and experimen- tion and administration, curriculum,supervision, tal psychological foundations, 21, psychological and administrative field experience;related disci- methods and techniques, 21, education, 15, and plines, 12, Effective in 1973, amaster's degree supervised field experience, 350 clock hours. and 30 additional hours in an approved program for superintendents will be required. Teachers: Elementary and Secondary 2. PRINCIPAL. Requirements: Hold orbe qualified to hold a Class A teacher'scertificate; three 8. ELEMENTARY (CLASS A PRIMARY OR GRAM- Bachelor's degree; years of teaching orsupervisory experience within MAR GRADES). Requirements: founda- the last five years; master's degree(sixth year professional education, 24 (psychological 143

tt` r-,,-",,, ,1%., :, Th. :7-7,in-

lions, 6; sociological foundations, 6; elementary physical education, 36; science, 48; social studies, methods and materials, 6; teaching and practicum, 42; special education, 30; speech, 30; trades and 6); language arts, 12 (grammar and composition, industries, 36. 6; literature and children's literature, 6); social 11. SECONDARY AND SPECIAL SUBJECT (GRAD- studies, 14 (American history, 6; geography, 6; UATE). Requirements: Hold or be qualified to government, 2); science, 6; mathematics, 3; music hold certificate 10; three years of teaching experi- and. art, 9; health and physicaleuucation, 4. ence; master's degree, including 18 hoursin sub- 9. ELEMENTARY (GRADUATE). Requirements: ject(s) of certificate 10 and 6 in professional Hold or be qualified to hold certificate 8; three education. years of teaching experience; master'sdegree, in- 12. SPECIAL VOCATIONAL PROGRAMS. (Indus- cluding 12 hours of academic credit and 12 of trial cooperative training, distributive education, education. and introduction to vocations.) Requirements for 10. SECONDARY AND SPECIAL SUBJECT (CLASS provisional certificate: Bachelor's degree; forin- A).Requirements: Bachelor'sdegree; profes- dustrialcooperative training or distributive educa- sional education, 18 (psychological foundations, tion, two or more years of appropriate experience 4; sociological foundations, 6; curriculum materi- as a wage earner; for introduction tovocations, als and methods, 2; teaching and practicum, 6). recommendation of the state supervisor of diversi- Specializationagriculture, 48; art, 36; Bible, 21; fied and comprehensive vocational education. Re- business education, 36; home economics, 48; li- quirements for Class A certificate: 12 hours in brary science, 18; mathematics, 30; music, 48; professional education.

NorthDakota

State Certification Officer. Raymond W. Bangs, holder for an administrative credential; first-grade Director of Teacher Certification, State Depart- professional certificate; minimum of 16 hours in ment of Public Instruction, Bismarck, North administration covering both elementary and sec- Dakota 58501. ondary fields; four years of successful experience General Requirements.Minimum age,18. in education, two as an administrator. Fee, $3-$5.Full- and part-time teachers are 2. SECONDARY PRINCIPAL. Requirements: Mas- required to hold certificates issued by the state. ter's degree in secondary education (for schools Diplomas of graduates of schools of education of with over 200 enrollment, grades 9-12), or 16 state colleges are accredited as certificates, based graduate hours in secondary education (for schools on a statement or requisition from thecollege. with under 200 enrollment, grades 9-12). Iiiitial certificates are valid for three years. Cer- 3. ELEMENTARY PRINCIPAL. Requirements: tificates must be recorded in the office of the Master's degree in elementary education(for county superintendent. schools with over 500 enrollment, grades 1-8), Credentials to Accompany Application. State- or 8 graduate hours in elementaryeducation ment of age; evidence of U.S. citizenship or decla- (schools under 500 enrollment, grades 1-8). ration; oath of allegiance; professional and character references; record of college work from the Teachers: Elementary and Secondary registrar, to be supplied on a form furnished by the State Department. A transcript may be at- 4. FIRST-GRADE PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATE. tached to this form. Valid for three years for teaching all grades and subjects in elementary and secondary schools or majors and minors only in accredited high schools; CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS convertible to a life certificate on 18 months of successful teaching within the state after date of Administrators issuance.Requirements: Bachelor's degree, in- 1.SUPERINTENDENT. Requirements: Master's cluding 16 hours in professional education, in- degree in school administration qualifying the cluding student teaching,

144 by Special School Service Personnel mum of 33 hoursof preparation a outlined A major Requirements the superintendent of public instruction. 5. PUBLIC SCHOOL COUNSELOR. holder to teach in for standard credential: First-gradeprofessional in speech pathology entitles the certificate with 15 hours in specifiedguidance the field of specialty at all gradelevels. Specific courses and practicum;two years of teaching requirements: 18 hours in phonetics,anatomy, experience and one year of other workexperience. physiology and physics of voice,speech pathology, Requirements for professional credential:First- correction, therapy, clinical andlaboratory meth- grade professional certificate; master'sdegree with ods and research; 9 hours in alliedfields exclusive a minimum of24 hours of specified guidance of speech arts; 200 clock hoursof basic clinical courses and practicum; two yearsof teaching training experience and one year of other workexperience. 6. LIBRARIAN.Requirements: Bachelor's de- Other Certificates Issued professional certificate with 16 gree; first-grade CERTIFICATE. hours in education, with a minimumof 16 hours 9.SECOND-GRADE PROFESSIONAL (Will be discontinued July 1,1969.) Issued to of library science in accredited schools. graduates of two-year teacher-trainingcourses. 7. TEACHERS OF EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN,MEN- grades. The Requirements: Valid pro- Valid for teaching in elementary TALLY HANDICAPPED. diploma must include 16 hoursin professional fessional certificate, plus additionalrequirements set by the director of specialeducation. education. Based on first-grade 8. SPEECH THERAPIST.Requirements: First- 10. VISITING COUNSELOR. grade professional certificate, including amini- professional certificate.

Ohio

State Certification Officer. Maxon F.Greene, CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS Director, Division of Teacher Educationand Cer- Administrators tification, State Department of Education,Colum- bus, Ohio 43215. 1. PROVISIONAL SUPERINTENDENT. Require- General Requirements. No minimum agespeci- ments: Completion of a mastersdegree and cer- fied, Initial fee, $2; each renewal, $2.Certificates tificate of advanced study orequivalent in a are required ofadministrators, supervisors, teach- planned program, including continuousfull-time ers, and school employeesin pupil personnel serv- residence, 10; total graduate credits,60 (adminis- ice in all public and non-tax-supportedschools. trationone course each in general orelementary Certificates must be filed in the office of the super- and secondary educationaladministration, finance, intendent.Initial certificates are valid for four law, buildings, school-communityrelations, and years and renewable onsuccessful experience. staff personnel; supervision ofinstruction; curricu- Credentials to Accompany Application.In- lum; social and philosophical foundations;psycho- evaluation; stategraduates are certificated on the basis of a logical foundations; research and/or statement from the preparing institutionof satis- one professionallyrelateddiscipline, such as factory completion of an approved programbear- sociology, economics, publicadministration, or of experi- ing on the certificaterequested.Out-of-state business administration); 27 months graduates are certificated on evidence ofhaving ence as executivehead, assistant executive head, completed a pattern of teacher educationsubstan- principal, assistant principal,supervisor, or mem- tially equivalent to that required inOhio colleges ber of the staff of a school systemfor which an whose ad- in an institution approved for teachereducation administrative certificate is required, by the home state. A transcript of creditsis also ministrative or supervisory dutieshave required required. half-time or more. 145 2. PROVISIONAL SUPERVISORY. Requirements: 12).For kindergarten teaching, the program Master's degree; professional education, 15 (re- must include 6 hours in kindergarten methods search leading and interpretation, design, neces- and materials. sary statistics; elementary and secondary curricu- 7. SECOND.AaY, GENERAL. Valid for teaching lum; supervision; purpose and organization of the endorsed subjects in grades 7-12. Requirements: school; human growth and development); 45 Bachelor's degree, including general education, 30 months of successful teaching experience in the (science or mathematics, 6; social studies, 6; field for which the certificate is sought. literature or language, 6; fine or applied arts or 3. PROVISIONAL ELEMENTARY PRINCIPAL. Re- religion and philosophy, 6; excess credit in any or quirements: Eligibility for certificate 6; master's all of above, 6); professional education, 17 (in- degree; professional graduate credits, 12 (elemen- cluding human growth and development, school tary school administration, supervision, and cur- in relation to society, secondary curriculum and riculum); 27 mouths of successful teaching experi- methods, student teaching). ence, including 18 in elementary grades undo- a 8. SECONDARY, VOCATIONAL. Requirements: provisional or higher elementary certificate. Same general and professional education as for 4. PROVISIONAL SECONDARY PRINCIPAL.Re- certificate 7. quirements: Eligibility for certificate 7; master's degree; professional education (one course in each Special School Service Personnel of general or secondary educational administra- 9. LIBRARIAN. Requirements: Same general and tion; general or secondary supervision of instruc- professional education as for certificate 7; library tion; general or secondary curriculum; guidance; science, 30 distributed among bibliographic, tech- social, philosophical, or psychological foundations; nical, administrative, and field work. and research and/or evaluation); 27 months of 10. SCHOOL COUNSELOR. Requirements: Mas- successful teaching experience, including 18 at ter's degree, including course work in guidance, the secondary level. human growth and development, individual analy- Require- 5. PROVISIONAL EXECUTIVE HEAD. sis, counseling, guidance information, practicum; ments: Master's degree; professional graduate one year of teaching experience, one yearof em- credits (administrationone course in general ployment in a nonteaching field, and one year in or elementary and secondary educational admin- either teaching or nonteaching employment, or istration and two selected from law, finance, build- both. ings, and facilities; supervision; curriculum; so- 11. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST. Requirements: cial and philosophical foundations; psychological Master's degree; professional graduate credits, 24 foundations; research and/or evaluation); 27 (content of psychology, including human develop- monthsofsuccessfulteaching experience;9 ment, learning, and personality, 8; standardized months of satisfactory administrative or super- group measurement and evaluation, 2;statistics, 2; visory experience under the appropriate certificate. psychological study of children, including laboratory experiences, 8; psychology of counseling and Teachers: Elementary and Secondary therapy techniques, 2; role and function of the 6. ELEMENTARY.Valid for teaching grades psychologist in schools, 2) ; 9 months of success- 1-8. Requirements: Bachelor's degree, including ful, full-time internship in a school setting under general education, 60 (language arts, 12-18; social the supervision of a qualified school psychologist studies, 18-24; science, 8-12; heap a and physical at an approved institution. education, 3-6; arts and crafts, 4-8; music, 4-8; 12. VISITING TEACHER. Requirements: 20 hours functional arithmetic, 3-6); professional educa- of graduate credit in psychology, community orga- tion, 28 (understanding the learner, 3-6; teaching nization, pupil personnel work, social Case work, and the learning process, 9-12; purposes of edu- and administrative relationships; one year of cation in a democracy, 3-6; student teaching, 6- teaching experience.

146 Oklahoma

State Certification Officer. Ronald Carpenter, school law, finance, school buildings, public rela- Director, Division of Teacher Education and Cer- tions, school survey, and program planning tifier:Alen, State Department of Public Instruction, 2. SUPERINTENDENT, PROVISIONAL. Ifthe Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73105. holder of a provisional certificate fails to hold an General Requirements.Graduation from a administrative position during its three-yea Fried four-year accredited program. Fee, $1; renewal, of validity, he may have the certificate reinstated $1.Certificates are required of administrators, for one year by completing 8 graduate hours in supervisors, counselors, and teachers in all public an approved program for the standard certificate. schools and in accredited private and parochial Requirements: Two years of teaching, supervi- schools.Certificates must be recorded in the sory, or administrative elementary and/or second- office of the county superintendent for teachers in ary experience, provided both experience and dependent schools.Initial certificates are issued preparation cover both elementary and secondary for one year, renewable on 8 credit hours toward schools; valid Oklahoma standard elementary, the standard certificate; for three years, nonrenew- secondary, or life teaching certificate; master's able; or for five years, renewable on three years degree from a regionally accredited institution, of experience or 8 credit hours. College credit in with a minimum of 8 graduate hours in school American history and government and high school, administration and professional education. college, or examination credit in Oklahoma his- 3. SECONDARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL, STANDARD. tory are required for the standard certificate. Requirements: Certificate 4 and one year of experience during its period of validity; completion of Credentials to Accompany Application.In- 16 graduate hours in school administration beyond state graduates are certificated on the basis of the master's degree in high school administration, completion of an approved program bearing on curriculum, measurements, guidance, public rela- the certificate requested, recommendation from tions, and program planning. the institution, and final approval by the State Board of Education. Out-of-state graduates are 4. SECONDARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL, PROVI- certificated on the basis of regional accreditation SIONAL. Not renewable but may be reinstated for or state accreditation of the preparing institution, one year by completing 8 graduate hours. Re- having completed a program bearing on the cer- quirements: Two years of teaching, supervisory, tificate requested.Also required: transcript of or administrative experience;valid Oklahoma credits; evidence of U.S. citizenship or declara- secondary standard or life teaching certificate; tion of intention; health certificate; evidence of master's degree from a regionally accredited in- employment for the temporary certificate. Limited stitution, with 8 hours in school administration. reciprocity is granted to those who complete a 5. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL, STANDARD. four-year program in a college accredited by Requirements: Certificate 6 and one year of satis- NCATE at the time of graduation. factory experience during its period of validity; completion of 16 graduate hours in school administration beyond the master's degree, including CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS credit in elementary school administration, curriculum, measurements orstatistics,guidance, Administrators public relations, and program planning. 1. SUPERINTENDENT, STANDARD. Requirements: 6. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL, PROVI- Certificate 2 and one year of satisfactory experi- SIONAL. Not renewable but may be reinstated for ence during its period of validity; completion of one year by completing 8 graduate hoursin an 30 graduate hours in school administration beyond approved program for the standard certificate. the master's degree, including credit in general Requirements: Two years of satisfactory teaching, school administration, curriculum for elementary supervisory, or administrative experience; valid and secondary schools, measurements or statistics, Oklahoma elementary standard or life teaching

147 --'-=-4;eftetiffileriiSt'

certificate; master's degree from a regionally ac- 57; agricultural education, 14; American history credited institution, with a minimum of 8 gradu- and government, 6; science, 20; farm shop, 8; ate hours in school administration andprofes- credit in Oklahoma history.Distributive educa- sional education. tiontechnical field, 12; professional education, 12; professional improvement, 16.(Vocational 7. SCHOOL COUNSELOR, STANDARD.Require- certificates must be recommended by the state irrents: Standard or life teaching certificate; two vocational supervisor.) years of teaching experience;12 months of work experience; master's degrce with 22 hours of 12. PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATE. Effective Oc- work in specific areas. tober 1, 1967. Requirements. Bachelor's degree and Oklahoma standard or life teaching certifi- 8. SCHOOL COUNSELOR, PROVISIONAL. Require- cate; three or more years of satisfactoryschool ments: Standard or life teaching certificate; two experience at the appropriate level; additional years of experience; graduatecredit, 18. professional education, 8; additional specialized education, 8; additional electives, maximum of 16 Teachers: Elementary and Secondary (Standard) in appropriate professional education, specialization, or otho academic areas; all work must be 9.ELEMENTARY. Valid for teachinggrades for graduate credit culminating in a master's de- K-8. Requirements: Bachelor's degree, including gree or with a master's degreeotherwise obtained. general education, 50 (work in six areas selected 13. EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION (NURSERY from English, social studies, health and physical Effective Oc- education, science, mathematics, humanities, psy- AND KINDERGARTEN), STANDARD. tober 1, 1967. Requirements: Bachelor's degree; chology, foreign language, finearts,practical general education, 50 (including language arts, arts); professional education, including child de- social studies, mathematics, biological and physi- velopment, 21 (9 hours in student teaching, meth- cal science, art, drama, music, health and physical ods, and materials); specialization, 25 in specialeducation, psychology); professional education, ized education for elementary teachers, with work 21 (including child growth and development, so- in fine arts, science, arithmetic, social studies, cial foundations of education, and psychology language arts, health and physical education; aca- specific to early childhood education; student demic area of concentration, 18. teaching, 6, including nursery and kindergarten; 10. SECONDARY, WITH ENDORSEMENTS.Re- and work in history and philosophy of early cbil- quirements: Bachelor's degree, including general hood education, curriculum and methods of early education, 50 (same as for certificate 9); profes- childhood education, guidance in early childhood, sional education, 21 (9 hours in student teaching, and organization and administration of early methods, and materials). Specializationagricul- childhood education); specialized education, 21 ture, 24; art, 36; bookkeeping and clerical prac- (curriculum of early childhood educationplay, tice, 26; business education, 30; foreign language, play materials and equipment, art, music, litera- 24; health and physical education, 30; home eco- ture, science, and program planning; parentand nomics, 26; industrial arts, 30; language arts, 32: school relationshipsparent-teacher relationships, school librarian, 24; mathematics, 24; combined family life education, and family and human devel- instrumental and vocal music, 46; instrumental opment; health and nutrition; speech correction). music, 40; vocal music, 40; science, 30; social 14. SPECIAL EDUCATION. Requirements: Bach- studies, 30; speech, 24. Endorsed for a minor elor's degree; meet professional and general ed- teaching assignment on 18 hours. ucation requirements for standard teaching cer- 11. SECONDARY, VOCATIONAL SUBJECTS. Re- tificate; two years of teaching experience. Speech quirements: Bachelor's degree. Vocational home therapy-20; provisional,8.Slow learners economicsspecialization, 40; professional edu- specified areas, 6; related areas, 8; provisional cation, 17; related field, 10; U.S. history and gov- specified areas, 6. Sight conservationspecified ernment, 6; English, 8; health, 4.Vocational areas, 6, plus work in related areas;provisional agriculturetechnical and practical agriculture, specified areas, 6.

148 11232=1:SS2trisrerEa..---

Special School Service Personnel covering the course leading to the doctor's degree; endorsement as school psychologist by the pre- 15. LIBRARIAN. Requirements: Bachelor's de- paring institution. Provisional requirements: Com- gree with general and professional education as plete a minimum of 60 hours above the bachelor's in certificate 10; library science, 24. degree with emphasis on clinical psychology, in- 16. VISITING COUNSELOR. Requirements: Meet dividual testing, special education and guidance; all general requirements; two years of teaching endorsement by the preparing institution. experience; bachelor's degree; professional edu- 18. SCHOOL PSYCHOMETRIST, STANDARD. Re- cation, 18; graduate work in an accredited school quirements: Master's degree or equivalent with of social work, 8. emphasis on individual and group testing, educational measurements and statistics; certification 17. SCHOOL rSYCHCROGIST, STANDARD. Re- by the preparing institution of competency in in- quirements: Complete all course requirements, dividual and group testing.Provisional require- including an appropriate internship, for the doc- ments: Minimum of 20 hours of graduate credit tor's degree based on a program of studies em- beyond the bachelor's degree with emphasis on phasizing clinical psychology, individual testing, testing, measurements, and statistics; certification special education, and guidance; pass examination of competency by the preparing institution.

Oregon

State Certification Officers. Joy Hills Gubser, of-state applicants who are graduates of NCATE- Director of Teacher Education and Certification; accredited institutions are accepted on the same Grant Mills, Supervisor of Certification, State De- basis. An official transcript of credits is required; partment of Public Instruction, Public Service also completion of the form, "Report of Prepara- Building, Salem, Oregon 97310. tion for Teaching." Employment is not required General Requirements. Minimum age, 18. Ini- for certification. tial fee, $5; each renewal, $5.Certificates are required of all teachers in public schools, kinder- CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS garten through grade 12, and of all administrators. The teacher's certificate, health certificate, Administrators and contract must be recorded in the office of the county school superintendent each year prior to 1. SUPERINTENDENT, STANDARD, Valid for five teaching. Initial elementary school certificates are years; renewable on one year of use ifrenewal is issued for three years and are renewable for three applied for within five years of last administrative years upon verification of one year ofexperience experience during the period of the standard during the life of the certificate when application teaching certificate. A lapsed certificate may be for renewal is made within five years of the last reactivated on an additional 6 hours. Require- year of teaching; otherwise, 6 hours arerequired ments: Valid Oregon standard or five-year regu- for renewal. Initial secondary school certificates lar teaching certificate; five years of teaching and are issued for three years and arerenewable for administrative-supervisory (at least two adminis- three years on 8 hours applicable to the five-year trative-supervisory) experience; approved graduate master's degree; certificate. program of 30 hours beyond the Credentials to Accompany Application.Evi- institutional recommendation. dence of U.S. citizenship, good moral character, 2. PRINCIPALS, STANDARD. Valid and renew- mental and physical health, and such other evi- able as certificate 1.Requirements: Valid regu- dence as may be deemed necessary if so re- lar teaching certificate for the level to be admin- quested.In-state graduates are certificated on istered and three years of experience; approved the basis of a statement from the preparing institu- graduate program of 22 hours beyond the mas- tion of satisfactory completion of an approved ter'sdegree;institutional recommendation. A program bearing on the certificate requested. Out- basic certificate (valid two years; renewable once)

149

IfiA , is issued on partial fulfillment of requirements; a e. VISUALLY HANDICAPPED.Eligibility for cer- temporary certificate (one year; nonrenewable) tificate 4 or 5; 6 hours in special education and 2 is issued on the bachelor's degree, a regular teach- of student teaching; institutional recommendation. ing certificate, and three years of experience, at f. SPEECH CORRECTIONIST. Eligibility for cer- the request of the employing board. tificate 4 or 5; 18 hours in speech and hearing; 3. SUPERVISOR. Requirements: Basic teaching institutional recommendation. certificate; completion of standard teaching norm 7. SPECIAL SUBJECTS. Requirements: Certifi- (fifth year) in the area to be supervised; three cate 4 or 5; specializationart, 38; foreign lan- years of teaching experience;6 graduate hours guage, 40; health and physicaleducation, 31%; appropriate for supervisors. home economics, 36; music, 40; library, 20; industrial arts, 42. Teachers: Elentontary and Secondary 8. VOCATIONAL EDUCATION. Requirements: Cer- 4. ELEMENTARY. Valid in K-8, and in grade 9 tificate 5; specializaticaagriculture, 4634; dis- in regularly organized junior high schools. Re- tributive education, 28; trade and industrial and quirements: Bachelor's degrcc; 20 hours of edu- technical, 32; huine economics, 32. cation for teaching in elementary school and preparation in child gr3wth and development, Special School Service Personnel elementary methods, including teaching reading, and elementary supervised teaching. 9. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST. Requirements: Eli- 5. SECONDARY. Valid in grades 9-12, and in gibility for certificate 4 or 5; one year of teaching regularly organized junior high schools. Require- experience; master's degree; 64 hours of special ments: Bachelor's degree, plus 30 hours of upper- preparation in school psychology; institutional division or graduate work, including 24 in profes- recommendation. sional education (6 in educational psychology, human growth and development, and philosophy Other Certificates Issued school meth- or history of education; secondary 10. ELEMENTARY EMERGENCY CERTIFICATE. ods; secondary supervised teaching; two courses Valid for one year. Issued on less requirements selected from curriculum and instruction, guid- than for regular certification. ance and counseling, measurementand evaluation, 11. ONE-YEAR CERTIFICATE ON RECOMMENDA- social foundations of education, and improvement TION. Valid only in the school district forwhich of reading in the high school); complete teaching norms as established in "Standards forPublic it is issued for a specific assignment and given only the employing super- Secondary Schools in Oregon, 1956." upon the recommendation of intendent and in specific areas such as music and 6. SPECIAL EDUCATION. Requirements: Bache- art, such fields being specified annuallyby the lor's degree; specialization as follows: State Board of Education. The applicant must a. DEAF. Eligibility forCertificate A issued by present an official transcript showing evidenceof Conference of Executives of American Schools meeting the norm in the area in which he is to be for the Deaf. certificated. b. EXTREME LEARNING PROBLEMS. Eligibility for certificate 4; 16 hours in special education; 12. ADULT EDUCATION CERTIFICATE. Valid for recommendation of a city institutional recommendation. one year. Issued upon C. MENTALLY RETARDED.Eligibility for cer- superintendent of schools in a first-class district tificate 4 or 5; one year of teaching experience (or upon verification of adequatetechnical training for elementary level, student teaching in both and experience in the field(s) in which the appli- regular and special classes as part of preparation); cant is to instruct. institutional recommendation; 8 hours in special 13. DRIVER TRAINING CERTIFICATE. Valid for education. one year. Issued uponrecommendation of the d. PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED.Eligibility for employing school district if it is a first-class dis- certificate 4 or 5; 14 hours in special education; trict, or the county school superintendent and institutional recommendation. chairman of the school board in second- or third-

150 class districts, provided the applicant presents for one year. May be issued to an applicant who evidence of having completed a basic 2-hour ap- has held a state teacher's certificate, either regular proved teacher preparation course in driver edu- or emergency, and is valid only for the type and cation. This certificate does not permit the holder level of teaching indicated on the certificate. The to teach any other subjects. holder is limited to 90 school days of substitute 14. SUBSTITUTE TEACHER CERTIFICATE. Valid teaching in any one school year.

Pennsylvania

State Certification Officer. Norman A. Miller, 2. ASSISTANT TO THE SUPERINTENDE' iTIN Director, Bureau of Teacher Education, State CHARGE OF INSTRUCTION. RequirementProvi- Department of Public Instruction, P.O. Box 911, sional college certificate; three years of successful Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17126. teaching experience; doctor's degree or 70 hours General Requirements. Minimum age, 18. No of graduate study, including a master's degree, fee.Certificates are required of administrators, 20 hours related to elementary and secondary supervisors, and teachers in public elementary and school curriculum, instruction, supervision, and secondary schools and state vocational or trade group process, and 15 hours in one or a combi- schools, and of special school service personnel. nation of the academic disciplines. Applicants must have 60 hours of general educa- 3. ASSISTANT TO THE SUPERINTENDENT IN tion, including 12 in humanities, 6 in natural CHARGE OF BUSINESS AFFAIRS.Requirements: science, and 6 in social science; and 18 hours of College graduate; 12 hours in school business educational theory and practice, including 6 in administration, including a course in school law, student teaching.Teaching and school service or 12 hours in educational and school business certificates are of one main typecollege. The administration and a course in school law. initial (provisional) certificate is issued for three years and becomes permanent on three years of 4. SUPERVISING PRINCIPAL'S CERTIFICATE. Re- successful experience and 24 hours of graduate quirements: Same as for certificate 1. credit. 5. ELEMENTARY PRINCIPAL'S CERTIFICATE. Re- Credentials to Accompany Application.Evi- quirements ,for provisional certificate (valid for dence of U.S. citizenship, legal age, and good five years) :Eligibility for certificate 12 (perma- health; official transcript; recommendation for the nent); master's degree; total graduate study, 45 position and professional and character references (academic field other than psychology, 12; de- furnished by the preparing institution. velopmental and remedial reading; 15 hours in administrative processes, curriculum and instruc- CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS tional processes, history and role of the school in society; documentary evidence of proficiency Administrators in English); three years of successful elementary school experience. Requirements for permanent 1. COUNTY AND DISTRICT SUPERINTENDENT. certificate: Five years of successful experience as Valid for four years for superintendents in first-, a principal; 15 additional graduate hours, includ- second-, and third-class districts and counties. ing a study of representative problems in educa- Requirements: Provisional college certificate; six years of successful school experience, not less tion of national, state, and local significance. than three in a supervisory or administrative 6. SECONDARY PRINCIPAL'S CERTIFICATE. Re- capacity; doctor's degree or 70 hours of graduate quirements for provisional certificate (valid for work, including a master's degree, 24 hours in five years): Eligibility for certificate 13; master's educational administration and related courses, degree; total graduate study, 45 (same as for and 18 hours in three areas selected from public certificate 5); three years of successful secondary finance, economics, sociology, politic. 1science, experience. Requirements for permanent certifi- and public administration. cate: Same as for certificate 5.

151 language arts, sciences, socialstudies, geography, 7. COMPREHENSIVEPRINCIPAL'S CERTIFICATE. children); academic secondary schools. Re- mental hygiene, exceptional Valid in elementary and major, 18-24 (15 may beincluded in general quirements for provisionalcertificate (valid for education). This certificate maybe extended to five years): Valid certificate5 or 6 and 12 hours subject(s) on 18-46 the field ofadministration include a secondary school of graduate work in for foreign language held is not valid.Re- hours. It may be endorsed for which the certificate on 6 hoursin addition to thebasic adequate quirements for permanentcertificate: Five years college and for principal in eitherfield; 15 preparation determined by a of experience as a library science on 12 hours. graduate hours in addition tothe requirements for original certification as anadministrator, which 13. PROVISIONAL COLLEGECERTIFICATE, SEC- Valid for teaching may includethe 12 hours specifiedabove. ONDARY ACADEMIC SUBJECTS. Re- grades 7-12.Requirements: Bachelor'sdegree; 8. EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMSPECIALIST. be in- certificate; 45 hours of ap- course in basicreading instruction (may quirements: College education). Specialization proved graduate work,including amaster's cluded in professional discipline, or a doctor's comprehensive English, 36(may be endorsed for degree in the academic of 6 hours in develop- in an academicdis- reading on completion degree with concentration mental and remedialreading); comprehensive cipline. foreign language, 36 (24in the first language 9. SUPERVISOR OF ART,HEALTH AND PHYSICAL and 12 in the secondand comprehensiveexami- EDUCATION, OR MUSIC.Requirements: College nation in each); foreignlanguage, 24 (compre- and certificate; three years ofteaching experience hensive examinationrequired); comprehensive a master'sdegree in the area. science, 40 (includingbiology, 8, chemistry,8, 10. DIRECTOR OF VOCATIONALEDUCATION. Re- physics, 8, earth sciences,6, and mathematics, quirements: Master's degree orequivalent 30 3); earth and space science,24 (astronomy, geol- related hours beyond thebachelor's degree; 50hours of ogy, meteorology,physical geography, 24 (including at least professional preparation,including 32 in voca- sciences); general science, tional education covering aprescribed program two sciences);physics and mathematics,36 (at subject of studies; three yearsof successful teaching ex- least 12 hours in eachfield). A single perience and two as asupervisor and/orcoordi- may be endorsed onthe certificate with 24hours. nator in an approvedvocational education pro- This certificate may beextended for elementary certificate is made permanentafter school validity with 24hours in elementaryedu- gram. The 12. three years of experience. cation distributed asspecified for certificate 11. PRINCIPAL OF VOCATIONALHIGH SCHOOL. 14. SPECIAL FIELDS.Requirements: Agricul- Requirements: Same as forcertificate 10, except ture, 40; art,business education,health and the work experienceshould be appropriate tothe physical education, homeeconomics, music, or 46; certificate held. community recreation,36; industrial arts, library science, 24. INDUSTRIAL, PRO- Teachers: Elementary andSecondary 15. VOCATIONAL TRADE AND VISIONAL COLLEGECERTIFICATE. Validfor teach- 12. PROVISIONAL COLLEGECERTIFICATE, ELE- ing endorsed subjectsin grades 7-12.Require- MENTARY EDUCATION.Valid for teachers, grades ments:Bachelor's degree inthe appropriate subjects which may be K-8, for the elementary curriculum. schools and, when properly taught in secondary PROVISIONAL COL- extended, for secondarysubjects taught in ele- 16. SPECIAL EDUCATION, Requirements: Bachelor's de- LEGE CERTIFICATE.Requirements: Comprehen- mentary schools. in elementary orsecondary education, 36 (professionaledu- sive college certificate gree; elementary education; area in specialeducation, 48. Exten- cation, 18, as specified in"General Requirements"; for remainder dis- sion of certificate: acollege certificate valid a course inteaching reading; the secondary, 6 hours in psy- tributed among four areasselected from mathe- elementary and/or chology of exceptionalchildren, 6 in specialized matics, arts and crafts,music, physical education,

152 preparation and prescribed studentteaching or sure as a nurse inthe state; 12 hours in prescribed teaching experience in specialeducation. This courses. Requirementsfor the provisional certifi- certificate is made permanent onthree years of cate: Bachelor's degree. successful teaching experience and12 hours in 20. DENTAL HYGIENIST.Requirements: Same the appropriate methodology, curriculum,and mate- as for certificate19 except appropriate to rials of instruction.Special education fields are field. Re- as follows: sociallyand emotionally maladjusted, 21. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST, PROVISIONAL. visually handicapped, deaf andhard-of-hearing, quirements: Bachelor's degree inpsychology or speech and hearing handicapped(itinerant pro- a provisionalcertificate to teach; master's degree gram), mentally retarded(educable and train- in psychology and related fields,particularly guid- able), and physically handicapped. ance and specialeducation; 18 additional hours in psychological assessment,counseling and re- Special School Service Personnel porting, and clinical practice.The certificate is Requirements: Col- made permanent on three yearsof satisfactory 17. GUIDANCE COUNSELOR. graduate work dis- lege certificate or master'sdegree in social work; experience and 18 hours of two years of successfulexperience; 18 hours of tributed in the above-listed areas. graduate work. The certificate ismade permanent on a master'sdegree and three years of experience. Other Certificates Issued 18. HOME AND SCHOOL VISITOR.Requirements: Interim college certificates areissued, upon College certificate; one year ofteaching experience the request of schoolsuperintendents, to college requirements but or social work;18 hours of graduate work.The graduates meeting all other certificate is made permanent on12 additional having only 6 hours ofeducational theory. The graduate hours and three yearsof experience. interim certificate may bereplaced by a college the required educa- 19. SCHOOL NURSE. Requirementsfor the in- certificate on completion of terim certificate: High schoolgraduation; licen- tional theory and practice.

Puerto Rico

Territorial Certification Officers.Maria Arche- CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS Personnel; Antonio val, Assistant Secretary of Administrators Bon Morales, CertificationOfficer; Department of Education, Hato Rey, Puerto Rico00900. 1. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL.Require- General Requirements.Minimum age,18. ments: Regular elementaryteacher's certificate; Teachers, principals,assistant superintendents, two years of experience;30 hours in supervision, and superintendents in thepublic school system administration, and curriculumof the elementary of Puerto Rico are required tohold appropriate school; bachelor's degree. Certificates are valid for four years certificates. 2. SECONDARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL.Require- and renewable for six years.Life certificates may secondary teacher's certificate; 50 months of satis- ments: Regular be granted to persons with two years 1:4 experience;bachelor's degree; 30 factory experience in PuertoRican public or pri- hours in supervision, administration,and curricu- vate schools, 30 as ateacher of the grade or lum of the secondary school. subject of the certificate to beissued. Valid Credentials to AccompanyApplication.Offi- 3. VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL PRINCIPAL. for vocational high schools orvocational trade cial application form withsatisfactory evidence conduct, and physi- programs in highschools. Requirements: Bache- of age, unimpeachable moral in teaching of cal ability to practice as ateacher. lor's degree; 18 hours in courses 153

';.,- trades and 15 in educational administration and 9. SECONDARY. Requirements: Bachelor's de- supervision; two years of experience as a teacher gree in secondary education; orbachelor's degree of industrial and vocational courses; two years of in elementary education, plus a major in some experience in industrial occupations. secondary school subject and a course in secon- 4. SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS. Valid for dary education; or a nonprofessional bachelor's de- assistants or superintendents in school districts. gree, plus 24 hours in education,including 12 in secondary education, student teaching at the sec- Requirements:Bachelor's degree;professional diploma in supervision and administration or a ondary level, and a major in any subject taught master's degree; a principal's or zone supervisor's in the secondary school. certificate; two years of experience as a teacher. 10. ENGLISH IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. Re- 5. ZONE SUPERVISOR. Separate certificates are quirements: Normal diploma or bachelor's degree issued for zone supervisors of English, health, in elementary education, plus 18 hours in English art, and music. A master's degree isrequired for above basic English courses; or bachelor's degree, all zone supervisors, and additional requirements plus 24 hours in elementary education, including a language, relate to the field to be supervised. course in teaching English as a second Valid for general 18 hours in English in addition to basic English, 6. GENERAL SUPERVISOR. and student teaching in English at the elementary supervision in the field of specialization. Require- level; or secondary teaching certificate, plus 15 ments: hours in elementary education and 18 hours in degree with a. ACADEMIC SUBJECTS. Master's English in addition to basic English, including academic major; school administration and super- the teaching of English as a second language. vision, 15; three years of experience as a college teacher, curriculum technician, or supervisor, or 11. ENGLISH IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS. Require- ments: Bachelor's degree in secondary education one year as a superintendent. with a major in English, including a course in b. SCHOOL SERVICES. Master's degree with a major in the service area, or for supervisor of teaching English as a second language; or nonprofessional bachelor's degree with a major in Program for Cooperatives, 36 graduate credits in English and 24 hours in secondary education, in- cooperative education; school administration and supervision, 15; three years of supervision excluding a course in teaching English as a second language, and student teaching; or bachelor's perience. degree in elementary education, plus 15 hours in 7. CURRICULUM TECHNICIAN. Valid in field of secondary education, a major in English, and a specialization for evaluation of teaching materials, course in teaching English as a secondlanguage. courses of study, teaching units, andfor technical 12. PHYSICAL EDUCATION. Requirements: tasks directly related to the teaching program. Bachelor's degree in education with a major in Requirements: Master's degree with an academic physical education; or nonprofessional bachelor's major, 9 hours in subjects dealing with the school degree, plus 24 hours in professional courses (incurriculum, regular teacher's certificate, and two cluding physical education), 30 hours in physical years of experience; or master's degreewith an education, and student teaching. academic major, 9 hours in subjects dealing with Validin secondary the school curriculum, and three years college 13. INDUSTRIAL ARTS. schools. Requirements: Bachelor's degree in sec-, teaching experience. ondary education with a major in industrial arts; or nonprofessional bachelor's degree with 24 Teachers: Elementary and Secondary hours in education (including teaching industrial arts, and student 8. ELEMENTARY.Requirements: A normal arts), 30 hours in industrial diploma; or bachelor's degree in elementary edu- teaching. cation; or secondary teaching certificate, plus 15 14. ART. Requirements: Bachelor's degree in hours in elementary education; or nonprofessional education with a major in art; or bachelor'sde- bachelor's degree, plus 24 hours in education, gree with a major in plastic arts,plus 24 hours in including 12 in elementary education, and student education (including a course in teaching art), and teaching in elementary schOol. student teaching.

154 commercial sub- 15. MUSIC. Requirements: Bachelor'sdegree (including a course in teaching in education with a major in musiceducation; or jects), and student teaching. 17. TEACHER-LIBRARIAN.Valid in secondary nonprofessional bachelor's degree, plus 24hours schools.Requirements: Bachelor's degree; sec- in education (including a coursein teaching ondary teaching certificate; 18 hoursin library music), 30 hours in music, andstudent teaching. science; two years of secondaryteaching experi- 16. COMMERCIAL SUBJECTS. Validin secon- ence. dary schools.Requirements: Bachelor's degree Special School Service Personnel in secondary education with amajor in commer- 18. SOCIAL WORK TECHNICIAN.Requirements: cial subjects; or bachelor'sdegree in secretarial Bachelor's degree; 30 graduatecredits in social science, plus 24 hours in secondaryeducation work.

RhodeIsland of experience, State Certification Officers. ArthurR. Ponta- Island teacher's certificate; five years relli, Deputy Commissioner of Education;Charles two on the administrativeand/or supervisory level. C. Mackey, Jr., Chief, Division ofTeacher Edu- 2. SUPERINTENDENT, PROFESSIONAL.Require- cation and Certification, State Departmentof ments: Three years of experienceunder certificate Education, Roger Williams Building, HayesStreet, 1; 30 hours beyond the master'sdegree, or equiva- Providence, Rhode Island 02908. lent. General Requirements. Minimum age, 19.No 3. SECONDARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL, PROVI- fee.Certificates are required of administrators, SIONAL.Requirements: Master's degree or 30 supervisors, and teachers in public elementaryand hours of graduate work; 15 hours insecondary secondary schools, and special school service perschool administration and supervision,including sonnel for whom standards have beenestablished. work in secondary school organizationand ad- Certificates must be on file with the local school ministration, supervision of instruction,curricu- employingofficial.Provisional certificatesare lum construction and evaluation,school-commu- valid for six years unless otherwise specifiedand nity relations, and related fields;eligibility for are not renewable;holders must qualify for pro- Rhode Island secondary teacher'scertificate; three fessional certificates, valid for life. years of experience insecondary grades. Credentials to Accompany Application. Tran- 4. SECONDARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL,PROFES- script of credits; evidence of U.S.citizenship; SIONAL. Requirements: Three yearsof experience physician's statement of good health; statement under certificate 3; 15 hours beyond themaster's of fitness for teaching from the preparinginstitu- degree, or equivalent. tion; two character references; employmentin 5. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL,PROVI- Rhode Island schools. SIONAL.Requirements: Master's degree or30 hours of graduate work; 15 hoursin elementary CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS school administration and supervision,including work in elementary school organizationand ad- Administrators ministration, supervision of instruction,curricu- Require- lum construction, school-communityrelations, and 1. SUPERINTENDENT, PROVISIONAL. island ele- 30 hours of graduate related fields; eligibility for a Rhode ments: Master's degree or three years of ele- work; 30 hours in organizationand administration mentary teacher's certificate; mentary teaching experience. of a school system, includingwork in organization, administration, and supervision ofinstruction in 6. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL, PROFES- Three years of experience the elementary and secondaryschools, curriculum SIONAL. Requirements: the master's construction and evaluation,school-community under certificate 5; 15 hours beyond relations, and related fields;eligibility for Rhode degree, or equivalent. 155 7. SPECIAL SUBJECT SUPERVISOR, PROVISIONAL. business, home economics, industrial arts, or social Requirements: Master's degree or 30 hours of studies, 36; general, biological, or physical sci- graduate work; 15 hours in supervision, including ence, or chemistry, 25 (may includemath, 6). one or more courses in supervisionof instruction 14. SECONDARY, PROFESSIONAL. Requirements: in the special subject field; eligibility for a Rhode Master's degree or 36 hours of graduate study, Island teacher's certificate in the field and three including 12 in the specialization (except foreign years of experience. language 18, 6 of which may be in a related clas- 8. SPECIALSUBJECTSUPERVISOR, PROFES- sical language); three years of experience under SIONAL. Requirements: Three years of experience certificate 13. under certificate 7; 15 hours beyond the master's 15. SPECIAL SUBJECTS, PROVISIONAL. Valid in degree, or equivalent. elementary and secondary grades. Requirements: 9. SPECIAL EDUCATION SUPERVISOR,PROVI- Bachelor's degree; professional education, 18 in SIONAL. Valid for three years for teachers, super- courses approved for special subjectteachers and visors, directlr, coordinator, consultant, or princi- 6 in practice teaching (or two years of experi- pal in a field of specialization.Requirements: ence). Specializationart, 36; health and physi- Master's degree or 36 hours of graduate study; cal education, 36; library science, 18; music, 36. eligibility for a teaching certificate in the specializa- 16. SPECIAL SUBJECTS, PROFESSIONAL.Re- tion and three years of experience; 15 hours in quirements: Master's degree or 36 hours of grad- supervision. uate study, including 12 in specialization for art, 10. SPECIAL SUBJECT SUPERVISOR, PROFES- health and physical education, or music, or 6 for SIONAL. Requirements: Additional 15 hours of library science; three years of secondary experi- graduate study in a second special education area; ence in Rhode Island. three years of experience under certificate 9. 17. VOCATIONAL EDUCATION, PROVISIONAL. Valid in secondary grades. Requirements: Bache- Teachers: Elementary and Secondary lor's degree; work experience; 24 hours in professional and vocational education courses. A Validfor 11. ELEMENTARY, PROVISIONAL. temporary certificate, valid one year, willbe issued teaching grades K-8 except where 7 and 8 are on a high school diplomaand partial fulfillment organized on the secondary plan. Requirements: Bachelor's degree; professional education, 30 in of the 24-hour requirement. courses approved for elementaryteachers and 6- 18. VOCATIONAL EDUCATION,PROFESSIONAL. 12 in practice teaching. Two years of experience Requirements: Master's degree or 36 hours of will be accepted in lieu of practice teaching. A graduate study; three years of vocational experi- special certificate (valid one year) may be issued ence under certificate 17. to an appointee under a critic teacher in an 19. SPECIAL EDUCATION. Requirements:Bach- approved training program on 18 hours in ele- elor's degree; eligibility for Rhode Island teaching mentary education earned toward regular certifi- certificate. Specialization-24 for deaf andhard - cation. of- hearing, physically handicapped, emotionally handicapped, blind and partially seeing, or men- 12. ELEMENTARY, PROFESSIONAL. Require- ments: Master's degree or 36hours of graduate tally retarded areas, and 12 for speech andhear- study; three years of experience undercertificate ing therapy; 6-12 hours of practiceteaching. The latter requirement may be waived for two 11. speech and hearing 13. SECONDARY, PROVISIONAL. Valid for grades years of experience or, in 7-12 except where 7 and 8 are organized onthe therapy, for clinical practice. elementary plan.Requirements: Bachelor's de- 20. SPECIAL EDUCATION, PROFESSIONAL. Re- gree; professional education,18 in courses ap- quirements: Master's degree or 36 hours of grad- proved for secondary teachers and 6 in practice uate study; three years of experienceunder cer- teaching (or two years of experience). Specializa- tificate19.For speech and hearing therapy, tionEnglish, history, modern or classical foreign graduate study must bring the total of specializa- language, mathematics, or speech, 18; agriculture, tion to 24 hours.

156

Irr,-;-1_,Vf.-e,Z.T.4% ^ "7"" Special School Service Personnel Island counselor's certificate; course in organization and administration of the guidance program; 21. NURSE-TEACHER, PROVISIONAL.Require- three years of experience as a counselor. ments: Bachelor's degree; graduation from an 26. GUIDANCE SUPERVISOR, PROFESSIONAL. Re- approved school of nursing; registered nurse in quirements: Additional graduate study, 15; three Rhode Island; 36 hours of approved appropriate years of experience under certificate 25. courses. A temporary certificate,valid one year, 27. HOME VISITOR, PROVISIONAL.Valid for may be issued on partial fulfillment ofthe 36 home visitor, attendance officer, or social worker. hours. Requirements: Bachelor's degree; eligibility for a 22. NURSE-TEACHER, PROFESSIONAL. Require- Rhode Island teaching certificate; 15 hours in ments: Master's degree or 36 hours of graduate child development or psychology, behavior prob- study; three years of experience under certificate lems, social case work, and child welfare and com- 21. pulsory education laws, 23. COUNSELOR, PROVISIONAL. Requirements: 28. HOME VISITOR, PROFESSIONAL.Require- Bachelor's degree; eligibility for a Rhode Island ments: Master's degree or 36 hours of graduate teaching certificate; 15 hours in guidance, counsel- study; three years of experience under certifi- ing, and/or psychology; one year of experience cate 27. outside of education and counseling fields; three 29. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST, PROVISIONAL. Re- years of teaching experience. quirements: Master's degree or 36 hours of grad- 24. COUNSELOR, PROFESSIONAL. Requirements: uate study; 12 hours of appropriate education Master's degree or 36 hours of graduate study; courses; 30 hours in appropriate coursesfor three years of experience under certificate 23. school psychologist. 25. GUIDANCE SUPERVISOR, PROVISIONAL. Valid 30. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST, PROFESSIONAL. Re- for three years. Requirements: Master's degree or quirements: Three years of experience under cer- 36 hours of graduate study; eligibility for Rhode tificate 29.

SouthCarolina

State Certification Officer. George W. Hopkins, CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS Director, Teacher Education and Certification, State Department of Education, Columbia, South Administrators Carolina 29201. 1. SUPERINTENDENT. Valid principal's or teach- General Requirements. Minimum age, 18. No er's certificate with a grade of A or B on NTE; fee. Teaching certificates are required of adminis- health report; five years of experience as a teacher trators, supervisors, and teachers in all public or principal within seven years precedingapplica- schools, grades 1 through 12. Administrative and tion; completion of a two-year postbaccalaureate supervisory certificates are recommended for all program for superintendents andinstitutional administrators and supervisors. Teachers in pri- recommendation. vate and parochial schools are issued certificates Require- only upon request. Certificates must be recorded 2. SECONDARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL. in the office of the county superintendent. Ap- ments: Valid secondary teacher's certificate; grade plicants are required to take the National Teacher A or B on NTE; health report; three years of experience as a teacher or principal within five years Examinations.Initial certificates are issued for two years and are renewable on prescribed addi- preceding application; master's degree; 6 graduate credits in Area I; 9 graduate credits (on secondary tional work. Credentials to Accompany Application.Pre- level) in Area II; 3 graduate credits in Area Ill. scribed health certificate; recommendation of pre- 3. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL. Require- paring institution; transcript of credits to be sent ments:Validelementaryteacher'scertificate; directly to the State Department by the preparing grade A or B on NTE; health report; three years institution. of experience as ateacher or principal within five

157

raiihfo".541,:013.4%,;&&;&.40e.e,e4,;;;...,o..c../«.wee years preceding application; master's degree; 6 man growth and development and principles, graduate credits in Area I; 9 graduate credits (on philosophy, and general techniquessecondary elementary level) in Area II; 3 graduate credits level-12).Specializationagriculture, 60; art, in Area III. 24; business education, 311/2-39; distributive edu- 4. SCHOOL SUPERVISOR. Requirements: Valid cation, 24; English, 24; health and physical educa- teacher's certificate in the area to be supervised tion, 24; home economics, 42; industrial arts, 24; (elementary or secondary); grade A or B on French, 18-24; Spanish, 18-24; French-Spanish, NTE; health report; five years of experience as a 30-36; Latin, 12-24; library science, 24; teacher- teacher or principal within seven years preceding librarian, 18; mathematics, 18; choral music, 30; application; master's degree; 6 graduate credits in instrumental music, 33; piano, voice, or violin, Area I; 9 graduate credits (in area to be super- 30; science, 30; general science, 18; social studies, vised) in Area II; and 3 graduate credits in Area 30; history, 18. III. (A course in techniques of supervision is 9. SPECIAL EDUCATION. Requirements: Valid required.) elementary teacher's certificate; 6 hours in child 5. GUIDANCE COUNSELOR. Requirements: Valid growth and development and/or methods and teacher's certificate with grade A or B on NTE; materials of teaching the basic subjects in the ele- health report; bachelor's degree; two years of mentary school; 15 hours (3 in each area) in teaching experience; 18-21 graduate credits, with introduction to exceptional child education, nature 3 each in basic guidance (undergraduatt: credit of mental retardation or of crippling and special acceptable), growth and development, guidance health conditions, methods and materials of teach- information,counseling techniques, and prac- ing the mentally handicapped or the physically ticum, and 6 in appraisal of the individual. An handicapped, speech correction for the classroom advanced certificate is issued on the master's de- teacher, arts and crafts for the elementary school gree with 24-27 hours in courses as listed above. child. 6. TEACHER-COUNSELOR. Requirements: Pos- 10. VOCATIONAL TRADE CERTIFICATES. Trade session of valid certificate 7 or 8; bachelor's de- certificates are issued in the same groups and gree; professional education in guidance, 12 (a classes as academic certificates. These certificates basic guidance course and three of the following: are based on training and experience inthe trade analysis of the individual, educational measure- in which the certificate is sought and the grade on ment, educational and occupational informatioh, the combined practice and theory examination in counseling techniques, appropriate related fields that trade. College credit is not an initial require- and courses); two years of teaching experience. ment but is a requirement for teaching after the first year and for advancement of the certificate. Teachers: Elementary and Secondary Renewal and Advancement (All Certificates) 7. ELEMENTARY. Valid for grades 1-8. Re- quirements: Bachelor's degree; general education, Probationary certificates are issued for two 45 (English, 12; biological and physical sciences, years.Intermediate professional certificates re- 12, any combination of hours; social studiesat quire two years of experience and 6 additional least two fields-12; appreciation of music, 2-3; hours. Advanced professional certificates require appreciation of art, 2-3; health education, 2-3); seven years of experience and 6 hoursin addition professional education, 21 (directed teaching, 6; to the 6 required for the intermediate professional. child growth and development, principles and Permanent professionalcertificatesrequire 14 philosophy, methods, materials, and curriculum, years of experience and 6 hours inaddition to the 12; reading, 3); special education, 15 (3 each in 12 required for the advanced professional. Class literature, art, music, health, and mathematics for II certificates require 18 hours of graduate credit, elementary teacher). 6 in residence; grade A or B on NTE. Class I cer- 8. SECONDARY.Valid in specified areas for tificates require a master's degree in education, grades 7-12.Requirements: Bachelor's degree, or a master's degree with 6 hours inprofessional including general education as in certificate 7; pro- education at the graduate level; grade A orBon fessional education, 18 (student teaching, 6; hu- NTE.

158 ,

SouthDakota

Ste'e Certification Officer.Lloyd T. Uecker, ing therapist; 37 school psychologist; 38 psycho- Director, Division of Teacher Education and Cer- logical examiner. tification, State Department of Public Instruction, Areas of Teaching Qualifications. Code 40 ele- Pierre, South Dakota 57501. mentary common school only (K-8); 41 elemen- General Requirements.Minimum age,18. tary general (K-9); 50 secondary education; 51 Fees for certificates, original and renewal: one- agriculture; 52 business education; 53 distributive year validity, $5; three-year, $6; five-year, $10; education; 54 foreign language; 55 homemaking; life (Advanced Professional), $10.Certificates 56 industrial arts; 57 language arts; 58 mathe- are required (a) in all public school districts for matics; 59 science; 60 social science; 61 trades nursery schools, kindergartens, elementary, junior and industries; 62 art (K-12); 63 health and high, senior high, regular high, and post-high physical education (K-12); 64 library (K-12); schools, and in adult education programs except 65 music (K-12). for noncredit classes; (b) in federal schools operated by the Bureau of Indian Affairs which have Requirements for Certificate Endorsements a contract with a public school district which ex- pends public funds or makes charges to parents 1. CODE 20 IRREGULAR. Issued to (a) teachers for the education of their children; (c) in private engaged exclusively in instruction in printing, and parochial schools which operate in lieu of music, and other highly specialized subjects; (b) public education as indicated in (a). Certificates college instructors with at least a master's degree must be registered before the opening of each who are teaching part-time inaffiliated high school year in the office of the county super- schools; (c) aliens who meet all qualifications intendent. for certification except citizenship; (d) city ele- Credentials to Accompany Application. For mentary and rural school teachers who meet spe- original certificaterecommendation fromap- cial requirements set up by the State Board of proved institution, official transcript, evidence of Education for irregular situations.If advisable, legal age and U.S. citizenship, and oath of alle- the state superintendent may issue an lifer:Jar giance. For renewalrecommendation from last Certificate Endorsement for up to a five-year school employer, transcript of credits earned since term; renewable for one year on current renewal original certificate or last renewal. requirements. 2. CODE 21 TWO-YEAR ELEMENTARY (K-9). CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS Valid in grades K-8 in all school systems and grade 9 in junior high school.Requirements: Only one basic certificate form is used and Approved two year course for elementary teach- this is endorsed to show the following information: ers; including general education, 45, and profes- Academic Preparation. Code 01 less than two- sional education, 15 (student teaching, educational year course; 02 approved two-year course; 03 psychology, and methods specifically designated). ; 04 bachelor's degree; 05 ; 06 mas- Effective July1,1968, the requirement for ter's degree; 07 ; 08 doctor's degree; 09 teaching elementary grades of a K-12 school system will be a certificate backed by a bachelor's Certificate Endorsement. Code 20 irregular; 21 degree. two-year elementary (K-9); 22 four-year ele- 3. CODE 22 FOUR-YEAR ELEMENTARY (K-9). mentary (K-9); 23 secondary (7-12); 24 general Requirement : Bachelor's degree with an elemen- (K-12); 25 advanced professional; 26 elementary tary major, including student teaching, 6, and the principal; 27 secondary apprentice principal; 28 major, 24. secondary principal; 29 superintendent; 30 county 4. CODE 23 SECONDARY (7-12). Requirements: superintendent; 31businessadministrator; 32 Bachelor's degree with a major in an academic or school nurse; 33 teacher counselor; 34 counselor; special field, including professional education, 20 35 special education teacher; 36 speech and hear- (6 in secondary student teaching); specialization,

159 grade; two years of teach- 24 in a major or 18 in a minor(required for cer- ment of equal or higher tification in any given field). ing experience in grades K-12. 12. CODE 31 BUSINESS ADMINISTRATOR.Re- 5. CODE 24 GENERAL (K-12). Nolonger issued quirements: Master's degree, includinggraduate but renewed for those who qualify. credits in school accounting,finance, business Perma- 6. CODE 25 ADVANCED PROFESSIONAL. administration, insurance management,buildings Requirements: Five nent certificate endorsement. and grounds, and law; validSouth Dakota teach- in South Dakota on a bache- years of experience ing certificate; two years of experience. lor's degree teaching certificate;master's degree or Requirements: majority in pro- 13. CODE 32 SCHOOL NURSE. 30 hours of graduate credit, the Graduation from an approvedschool of nursing; teaching field and at fessional education or the registered professional nurse inSouth Dakota; five years preced- least 6 of the total earned within bachelor's degree. ing the date of application forthis certificate en- Require- does not 14. CODE 33 TEACHER COUNSELOR. dorsement. (The latter requirement ments: Code 22 or 23endorsement; approval of earned a master's apply to applicants who have the Division of Pupil PersonnelServices. degree within ten years of the dateof application.) 15. CODE 34 COUNSELOR.Requirements: Mas- 7. CODE 26 ELEMENTARY SCHOOLPRINCIPAL. ter's degree; Code 22 or 23endorsement; approval Requirements: Master's degree,including credits of the Division of PupilPersonnel Services. in elementary administration,supervision, curricu- Re- 16. CODE 35 SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHER. 3 lum, and guidance; Code 22endorsement; two quirements: Code 22 or 23 endorsement;approval years of teachingexperience in grades K-9. of the Division of Pupil PersonnelServices. 8. CODE 27 SECONDARY APPRENTICESHIPPRIN- 17. CODE 36 SPEECH AND HEARINGTHERAPIST. CIPAL. Short-term emergencyvalidity only. Requirements: Code 22 or 23endorsement; ap- 9. CODE 28 HIGH SCHOOL PRINCIPAL.Require- proval of the Division of PupilPersonnel Services. ments: Master's degree,including credits in sec- 18. CODE 37 SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST.Require- ondary administration, supervision,curriculum, ments: Master's degreewith concentration essen- and guidance; valid Code 23endorsement; two tially psychological in nature;approval of the years of successfulteaching experience in junior Division of Pupil Personnel Services. or senior highschool. 19. CODE 38 PSYCHOLOGICAL EXAMINER.Re- Requirements: quirements: Master's degree withconcentration 10. CODE 29 SUPERINTENDENT. the Division Master's degree, including 18 hours ofgraduate psychological in nature; approval of credit in administration, supervision,guidance, of Pupil Personnel Services. and curriculum, with at least 6elementary and 6 NOTE: Requirementsfor code endorsement of secondary; eligibility for Code 23endorsement; areas of teachingqualifications are determined on three years of teaching experiencein elementary institutional recommendation andinspection of or secondaryschools. official transcript.Usually the major fields and concentration are 11. CODE 30 COUNTY SUPERINTENDENT.Re- often the heavy minor fields of quirements: Code 22 endorsement orendorse- indicated.

Tennessee issued: the State Certification Officer. A. B.Cooper, Direc- tion. Only two types of certificates are based on four tor of Teacher Educationand Certification, State teacher's professional certificate preparation, issued for ten years Department of Education, Nashville,Tennessee. years of college experience and General Requirements. Minimum age,18. Ini- and renewable on five years of only tial fee, $2; no fee for renewal.Certificates are an additional 6hours of credit if issued on teacher's tem- ofsuperintendents,supervisors,and the bachelor's degree; _ and the required of college teachers in public schools, grades1-12, and must porary certificate based on two years including 30 be recorded with the employingboard of educa- work with a minimum of 60 hours,

160

4 A'', in general education. The temporarycertificate Teachers: Elementary and Secondary is valid for two years and renewable for two-year 1-9). residence. If 5. ELEMENTARY (ENDORSEMENT GRADES periods with 8 hours of credit, 6 in Requirements: Bachelor's degree; generaleduca- the bache- the temporary certificate is issued on tion, 40 (communication, 6; health andphysical lor's degree, 4 hours are required for renewal. education, 6; humanities, 10; natural sciences,8; Credentials to Accompany Application. In-state social studies, 8; mathematics, 2);professional graduates are certificated upon completion of an education, 24 (core professional, including psy- approved program and recommendation by the chological foundations of education andhistorical, institution.Out-of-state graduates arecertifi- philosophical, and sociological foundations of cated on the basis of state approval of theinstitu- American education; specialized professional,in- tion and completion of a program equivalent to cluding materials and methods and studentteach- this state's program. A transcript of creditsis ing, 4); specialized content, 26,including addi- required of all applicants. tional specified amounts in suggested areasin each of the areas listed in general education. CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS 6. ELEMENTARY (ENDORSEMENT K-3).Re- quirements: Eligibility for certificate 5;included Administrators or additionalprofessional education (kindergar- growth and de- 1. SUPERINTENDENT (ENDORSEMENT).Require- ten methods and materials; child ments: Endorsed only on teacher'sprofessional velopment, ages 5-10; student teaching,K-3). certificate which has already been endorsed for 7. SECONDARY (ENDORSEMENT GRADES7-12). principal or supervisor of instruction; master's de- Requirements: Bachelor's degree; generaland gree with a major ineducational administration, professional education as in certificate 5.Field of including areas such as school administration, concentrationaeronautics, 12; general agricul- supervision, curriculum development, school fi- ture, 24; industrial arts, 30;fine and industrial nance, housing and transportation,and community arts, 36 (at least 14 in each);Bible, 12; business, relationships; five years of experience in teaching 18 (endorsement for specificsubjectbookkeep- and administration. ing, 10; typewriting, 6; shorthand, 6; businesslaw, 2. PRINCIPAL (ENDORSEMENT). Requirements: 6; economics, 12; salesmanship, 6;secretarial Endorsed only on teacher's professional certificate practice, 2; business machines, 2; businessEng- which has already been endorsed for grades 1-9, lish, 2; business arithmetic 6; clerical practice,2; 7-12, or 1-12; master's degree with 10 hours in consumer education,2); English, 24; foreign lan- educational administration and supervision, in- guage, 18 and 2 high schoolunits, or 24; health, cluding areas such as school administration, super- 16; home economics, 24; mathematics, 18;sci- vision, curriculum development, and community ence, 32 (including threeof the areas of biologi- relationships. cal science, chemistry, physics, andgeology, with 3. SUPERVISOR OF INSTRUCTION(ENDORSE- endorsement to teach areas with 8; endorsement MENT). Requirements: Endorsed only on teach- in single areas, 16); social studies,36 (endorse- er's professional certificate already endorsed for ment for history, 18; for othersingle areas, 12); grades 1-9 or grades 7-12; master's degree with speech, 14; core curriculum, 30 in either language the other, and 24 8 hours in supervision, administration, and cur- arts or social studies and 24 in riculum development; three years of experience in science; vocational agriculture, vocationalhome within the last five years. economics, or distributive education, completion of a four-year approved curriculum; tradeshop, 4. SUPERVISOR OF ATTENDANCE (ENDORSE- trade MENT). Requirements: Endorsed on teacher's completion of the state plan for vocational professional certificate; bachelor's degree with 8 shop teachers. hours in such areas as counseling andguidance, 8. GRADES 1-12 (ENDORSEMENT).Require- community relationships, social case work, and ments: Bachelor's degree; general andprofessional laws relating to school attendance; five years of education as in certificates 5 and 6.Field of teaching experience. concentrationart, 24; health and physical edu-

161

,igara=sgaigarsswerogiaamw.------

. cation, 24; teacher-librarian, 12 in books for chil- 11. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST.Requirements: dren, reference, organization of materials, and Doctor's degree in psychology, including all re- library administration, and endorsement in another quirements for certificate 9 and additional credits area; librarian, 18, including above 12and books as follows: basic courses in psychology,4; founda- for adults, audiovisual materials, and librarian- tions of education, 2; statistics and research, 4; ship, and endorsement in another area; music, 36; measurement and evaluation, 2; personality dy- instrumental music, 42; special education, 12-30, namics and counseling, 6; group dynamics and depending on specialty. human relations, 2, including those for certificate Special School Service Personnel 9; internship, one year, including that required for certificate 9, in a setting approved by the 9. GUIDANCE COUNSELOR (GRADES 7-12). Re- State Board of Education and the training institu- quirements: Eligibility for certificate 7; professional education in guidance, 18(distributed tion. As much as 131/2 hours in psychology and among philosophy and principles ofguidance serv- education courses taken at the undergraduate level ices, personality organization and development, may be approved for certification purposes.A diagnostic tools, informational services, counseling temporary certificate may be issued upon comple- techniques, statistics and/or research methodol- tion of 582/3 hours of graduate courses in psy- ogy, group methods in guidance,supervised prac- chology and one-half year of internship; renew- tice, administration and organization of guidance able for two years upon completion cf 6 hours services), or 14 hours in the first seven areas and applicable to full certification. An applicant em- one year of guidance counselingservice prior to ployed as a school psychologist for three. years July 1, 1963; three years of teaching experience. since September 1, 1957, may be certified. 10. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGICAL SERVICES WORKER. Requirements: Master's degree in psychology, in- Other Certificates Issued cluding basic courses in psychology, 8; foundations of education, 6; statistics and research, 4; 12. TEACHER'S TEMPORARY CERTIFICATE. En- measurement and evaluation, 1(); personality dy- dorsed for grades 1-9 or for grades 7-12 in areas namics and counseling, 6; gr.-rap dynamics and where subject requirements are met.Require- human relations, 2; internship, one-half year in ments: Two years of college work with 60 hours; a setting approved by theState Board of Educa- general education, 30; professional education, 4, tion and the training institution. including psychology.

Texas

State Certification Officer.Milo E. Kearney, brarians, nurses, and teachers in public elementary Director, Division of Teacher Education and Cer- and secondary schools, and in special state schools tification, Texas Education Agency, Austin, Texas such as those for the blind and the deaf. Certifi- cates must be recorded in the countysuperintend- 78711. ent's office. General Requirements. Minimum age, 18. Fee, Credentials to Accompany Application.In- $2 for provisional certificates; $3 for professional state graduates are certificated on the basisof a certificates; $2 for one-year permits issued on col- statement from the preparing institution of satis- lege credentials by the Texas Education Agency; factory completion of an approved program bear- $1 for emergency teaching permits when requested ing on thecertificaterequested.Out-of-state by the employing superintendent.Credit in a graduates are certificated on the basis of state, Texas college or university in a course or courses regional, or NCATE accreditation or other evi- in Constitutions of the United States and of Texas dence of quality of preparation, having completed and 6 hours in U.S. history are required for all a program bearing onthe certificate requested. certificates.Certificates are required of superin- Also required: transcript of credits, evidence of tendents, principals, supervisors, counselors,li- legal age, U.S. citizenship, and oath of allegiance.

162 CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS gency permit may be issued to the employing superintendent when an applicant meets all re- Administrators quirements except the 12 hours in teacher educa- 1. SUPERINTENDENTS AND PRINCIPALS, PRO- fion.) FESSIONAL. Valid for superintendents and princi- 6. SPECIAL SUBJECTS, ALL GRADES. (Art, health pals of school districts; permanent. Requirements: and physical education, music, speech-drama. ) Professional certificate with a teaching specializa- Valid for life for service as desiguted in grades tion; master's degree; three years of teaching ex- 1-12. A professional certificate is available as it perience; 60-hour graduate program approved for certificate 3.Requirements: Bachelor's degree; administrators. general education, 60 (same as certificate 3); pro- 2. SUPERVISOR OF INSTRUCTION, I ROFES- fessional education, 18 (professional, 6; elemen- SIONAL. Valid for grades 1-12; permanent. Re- tary education, 3; secondary education, 3; elemen- quirements: Provisional certificate with a teach- tary and secondary student teaching, 6); art, 48 ing specializationdesignation; three years of (to provide the teacher with knowledge and skills teaching experience in the assigned area; 30-hour required by a 12-grade curriculum); music, 48 graduate program approved for supervisors. (same as above); health and physical education, 24 (same as above and another teaching field of Teachers: Elementary and Secondary at least 24 hours); speech-drama, 48 (same as 3. ELEMENTARY. Valid for life for grades K-8 above). CHILDREN. and grade 9 in junior high school. A professional 7. TEACHERSOF EXCEPTIONAL certificate is available on 30 hours above the (Physically handicapped, retarded, deficient vision, Valid bachelor's degree in an approved program. Re- deaf-deficient hearing, specch disorders.) for life for teaching in tit:: area(s) designated on quirements: Bachelor's degree; general education, the certificate. A professionalcertificate,is avail- 60 (specification left to the preparing institution); professional education, 18 (elementary education, able as in certificate 3. Requirements: Bachelor's degree; general education, 60 (same as in certifi- 12; student teaching, 6); content courses for teach- cate 3; professional education, 18 (elementary ing in elementary grades, 12; academic minor, 18; combination area of courses appropriate to ele- education, 12; student teaching, 6). Student teaching for physically handicapped, mentally retarded, mentary curriculum, 12-18. and deficient vision should be in both the special 4. GENERAL SECONDARY.Valid for life for area and regular classroom teaching; for speech grades 7-12. A professional certificate is available and hearing therapy and deaf or severely hard-of- as in certificate 3. Requirements: Bachelor'sdegree; general education, 60 (same ascertificate hearing, in the special area. Field of concentration: 3); professional education, 18 (secondary educa- a. PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED AND MENTALLY tion, 12; student teaching, 6); field of concentra- RETARDED. Survey course in education for exceptional children, 3; courses directly related to teach- tion, 48, or 24 in each of two fields. ing physically handicapped or mentally retarded, 5. SECONDARY VOCATIONAL SUBJECTS.Valid for life. A professional certificate is available as as applicable, 9; completion of requirements in content courses for teachers in elementary schools in certificate 3. Requirements: Bachelor's degree; or secondary schools, whichever is applicable. general education, approximately 60; professional education, 18 (same as certificate 4). Field of b. DEFICIENT VISION. Survey course in educa- concentrationagriculture, 54; home economics, tion for exceptional children, 3; courses directly 45; distributive education, three years of recent related to teaching children who are partially occupational experience in distributive business. sighted or blind, 12 (ability to read and write Braille and to teach the reading and writing of a. TRADES AND INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION.Valid for life. A professional certificate is available as Braille must be included); completion of content course requirements for the elementary or second- in certificate 3. Requirements: High school graduation; two years of post-high school training; ary schools, whichever is applicable. seven years of experience in thetrade; 12 hours C. DEAF OR SEVERELY HARD-OF-HEARING.Sur- of specified teacher education courses. (An emer- vey course in education forexceptional children,

163 substituted for a 3; courses directly related toteaching deaf chil- istered nurse in Texas may be dren, 18 (including 3 in techniquesand interpre- bachelor's degree. tation of hearing tests, 6 inspeech development 11. SCHOOL PHYSICIAN.Requirements: Doctor license to practice for the deaf, 6 in languagedevelopment for the of medicine degree and a valid deaf); content courses requiredfor elementary in Texas. Requirements: Bache- schools, 9; professional education,12. 12. VISITING TEACHER. d. SPEECH AND HEARING THERAPY.Survey lor's degree; eligibility for certificate3 or 4. Requirements: Meet course in educationfor exceptional children, 3; 13. u: IVER EDUCATION. professional education, 12; speechand hearing, requirements for certificate 4, plus 6hours in safety 27 (including 200 clock hours ofclinical practice). and drivereducation,including an approved course for teachers ofdriver education. Special School Service Personnel Other Certificates Issued Validina 8. COUNSELOR, PROFESSIONAL. Issued to applicants designated area; permanent.Requirements: Same 14. ONE-YEAR PERMIT. certificate ex- 2; three years of teaching experi- who meet requirements for a valid as for certificate Texas and U.S. Con- ence on the level tobe served; 30-hour graduate cept the required course in program approved forcounselors. stitutions. Issued 9. LIBRARIAN. Valid for lifefor service as a j5. EMERGENCY TEACHING PERMIT. librarian in grades 1-12. Aprofessional certifi- upon the requestof an employing superintendent certificate 3. Requirements: who certifies to an emergencysituation within his cate is available as in the Bachelor's degree; certificate 3 or4; 18 hours in school district.Valid for one year only in the request is made; library science, including 3 in schoolpractice. school system through which of a plan for 10. SCHOOL NURSE. Valid on alllevels; validity renewable upon completing 6 hours certificate. Re- depends upon current registration as aregistered removing deficiencies for a valid 90 hours and nurse. A professionalcertificate is available as in quirements: Bachelor's degree, or certificate 3. Requirements: The licenseof a reg- two years of teachingexperience.

Utah and recommenda- State Certification Officer. N.Blaine Winters, required transcript of credits, whom they have _"administrator, Division of TeacherPersonnel, tion of superintendents under State Department of Education,University Club previously taught. Building, Salt Lake City, Utah 84111. General Requirements. No minimum agespeci- CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS required of admin- fied. Fee, $5. Certificates are Administrators istrators, supervisors, and teachersin all public schools, kindergarten throughgrade 12, and of 1. SCHOOL ADMINISTRATOR. Valid forfive the nonteaching professional special servicepersonnel. years. Thiscertificate may be endorsed for Certificates are issued for five yearsunless other- following assignments: wise specified and are renewablefor five years on a. SUPERINTENDENT.Requirements: Hold or 6 hours of approved graduate study. be eligible for certificate 3 or4; bachelor's degree; graduate pro- Credentials to Accompany Application.In-state completion of a planned tul-year preferably including the graduates are certificated on thebasis of a state- gram for administrators, recommendation; ment from the preparinginstitution of satisfactory master's degree, and institutional verified completion of an approved programbearing on three years of acceptable experience as districts on State the certificate requested.Out-of-state graduates and endorsed by the local school yeai7nf administra- are certificated onthe basis of regional and Board of Education forms; one NCATE accreditation of the preparinginstitution, tive experience or internship.

164

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77 be added where b. ELEMENTARY PRINCIPAL. Requirements: of kindergarten efficiency will - kindergarten- Hold or be eligible for certificate3 issued upon requirements include 8 hours of half kinder- completion of a four- or five-year preparation pro- primary student teaching (at least degree; planned two-year gradu- garten).Otherwise, kindergarten teachers are gram; bachelor's relating to ate program foratIministrators, preferably includ- required to pass a special examination ing the master's degree, andinstitutional recom- kindergarten principles and practices. mendation; three years of acceptableexperience 4. SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHER, BASICPROFES- as verified andendorsed by the local school dis- SIONAL. Valid in grades 7-12.This certificate tricts on State Board of Educationforms, including does not cover professional servicesfor which one year ofelementary administrative experience special certificates are required.Requirements: credits in a or internship. Bachelor's degree with 34% of total major in C. SECONDARY PRINCIPAL.Requirements: Hold teaching major and minor or composite or be eligiblefor certificate 4 issued uponcomple- subjects taught in Utah secondaryschools and tion of a four- or five-yearpreparation program; 17% in professional education,including student bachelor's degree; planned two-yeargraduate pro- teaching and psychology of learning. gram foradministrators, preferably includingthe 5. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY,PROFES- master's degree, and institutionalrecommenda- SIONAL. Requirements:Hold or be eligible for tion; three years of acceptableexperience as veri- certificate 3 or 4 and three years ofexperience fied and endorsed by the localschool districts on verified on State Board forms;completion of a State Board of Education forms,including one fifth year of approved planned preparation(may year of secondaryadministrative experience or include masters- ticgte(, or 361/2 hours; mustin- internship. clude 24% or 8 hours each in subject matterand 2. COUNSELOR. Requirements:Certificate 3 or professional education areas). The termof this 4; two years of experience as apublic school certificate will be determined bythe unexpired teacher; master's degree; 24 hours asoutlined by period in the life of the basicprofessional certifi- the State Board of Education incounseling, un- cate when the experiencerequirement is met. derstanding and studying the individual,informa- 6. SECONDARY VOCATIONAL SUBJECTS.Require- tion services, counselingservices, administrative ments: Bachelor's degree; 22hours in professional and community relationships (somerelated work education (same as certificate 4);concentration accepted as part of the 24 hours). in agriculture, distributive education,home economics, or industrial arts, 40. Teachers; Elementary and Secondary 3. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHER, BASIC PRO- Special School Service Personnel FESSIONAL. Valid in grades 1-6and in kinder- 7. LIBRARIAN. Requirements:Bachelor's de- garten where standards havebeen met for kinder- gree; certificate 3 or4; professional education same garten-efficiency endorsements; also valid injunior as for certificate3 or 4; 6 hours in the fieldof high school grades provided the applicanthas a concentration in cataloging, classification,library major and minor or a compositemajor in an methods, book selection for secondaryschools, or assigned subject. This certificate does not cover children's literature for elementaryschools. professional services for which specialcertificates are required.Requirements: Bachelor's degree Other Certificates Issued with 30% of total credits in a teachingfield and TEACHERS OF EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN. 20% in professional education, includingstudent 8. teaching and psychology of learning.A statement 9. SCHOOL SERVICE PERSONNEL. Vermont 19; max- State CertificationOfficer.Robert B. Vail, General Requirements. Minimum age, Director of Professional Services, StateDepart- imum age, less than 70 at thebeginning of the required of ment of Education,Montpelier, Vermont 05602. school year. No fee. Certificates are 165

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n...10101.1(M,Inse.... administrators, supervisors, and teachers in public of education unless taken as part of the under- elementary and secondary schools, and of special graduate program. school service personnel. Initial teaching certifi- 3. JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL PRINCIPAL. Require- 1. cates are called professional probationar3, are ments: Junior high school professional standard issued for one year, are renewable upon recom- certificate; graduate work similar in quantity and mendation of the employing administrator and scope to that for certificate 2, except that courses convertible on two years of successful experience in the elementary or secondary field are applicable. to three-year professional standard certificates. 4. ELEMENTARY SUPERVISOR.Requirements: The professional standard is renewable for five Elementary professional standard certificate; 24 years on 6 hours of college credit (applies also to hours of graduate work, including supervision of five-year administrative or supervisory certificates). elementary education, child growth and develop- Credentials to Accompany Application. In-state ment, curriculum development and evaluation, graduates, graduates of institutions accredited by teaching reading or langud8c arts, group or individ- NCATE, and graduates of institutions with state ual tests. and regional accreditation located in the area cov- 5. ELEMENTARY SUPERVISING PRINCIPAL. Re- ered by the Northeast Reciprocity Compact are quirements: Elementary professional standard cer- eligible for certification on the basis of a statement tificate; 18 hours of graduate work in administra- from the preparing institution of satisfactory com- tion, curriculum, guidance, supervision, and group pletion of a program bearing on the certificate or individual tests, all in elementary education. requested. A transcript of credits, character and 6. ELEMENTARY TEACHING PRINCIPAL.Re- professional references, and assurance of a posi- quirements: Elementary professional standard cer- tion for nonresidents are also required. tificate; 6 hours of graduate work, including elementary administration. CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS Teachers: Elementary and Secondary Administrators 7. KINDERGARTEN. Requirements: Bachelor's 1. SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS.Require- degree in a program for kindergarten teachers in ments: Standard teaching certificate; master's dean institution approved by the StateBoard of gree; five years of administrative or teaching expe- Education; or completion of a similarly approved rience within the last seven years, including both program for the preparation of elementaryteach- the elementary and secondary levels; 24 hours of ers, plus 9 hours in theory,curriculum, content, professional education, including educational psy- methods and materials, and student teaching on chology, history of education, school administra- the kindergarten level. tion, philosophy or principles of education, meth- 8. ELEMENTARY. Valid for teachers of all sub- ods of teaching in elementary and secondary subjects in grades 1-8.Requirements: Bachelor's jects, and others such as the psychology of the degree in a program for elementary teachers in an common school branches, curriculum construction, institution approved by the State Board of Edu- supervision of elementary instruction, rural education. cation, rural-urban sociology, methods of research 9. JUNIOR HIGH. Valid for teachers of all gen- and statistics; credentials covering personal quali- eral subjects in grades 6-9. Requirements: Bache- ties, character, and success in instruction and ad- lor's degree; general education, 48 (English, 15; ministration. life and physical science, 12; mathematics, 6; so- 2. HIGH SCHOOL PRINCIPAL.Requirements: cial sciences, 15); professional education, 24, in- High scnool professional standard certificate; 30 cluding child and adolescent development, reading, hours cf graduate credit with 18 in professional and student teaching; specialization, major for high education, including high school organization and school teaching, or two of the following: English, administration, supervision of secondary educa- 24; math, 18, starting with analytics or calculus; tion, curriculum construction and evaluation, guid- sciences, 36; social sciences, 36. ance, tests and measurements, and either educa- 10. HIGH SCHOOL. Valid for teachers of all gen- tional psychology or mental hygiene or philosophy eral subjects in grades 9-12. Requirements: Bach-

166 elor's degree in a program for highschool teachers ing.(Teachers of trade and industrial related in an institution approved by theState Board of subjects in day-school classes need a degree in Education. Approved programs include amajor engineering or industrial arts education, one year of 24-30 hours (48 if the major is acombination of trade or industrial experience, and 6 hours of of social studies or sciences) in ahigh school teacher training.) teaching field, and 18 hours of professionaledu- Special School Service Personnel cation including methods, observationand student teaching, and work in three areasselected 12. DENTAL HYGIENIST. Requirements: Reg- from overview of education, historyand philoso- istered hygienist in Vermont. phy of education, psychology of education or 13. GUIDANCE COUNSELOR OR DIRECTOR. Re- learning, and understanding the individual. quirements: Professional standard certificate; two 11. VOCATIONAL AND SUBJECT CERTIFICATES. years of teaching experience; 15hours of graduate Valid for teachers of endorsed subjects. Require- work in guidance, including principles or introduc- ments: Bachelor's degree; professionaleducation tion to guidance, counseling, and group or individ- same as for certificate10. Field of concentration ual tests. Guidance directors need anadditional art, 36; health and physical educationinstruc- 15 graduate hours. tor, 18, director, 36; music, 36;librarianship, 30; teacher-librarian, 12; vocational agriculture, 36; Other Certificates Issued homemaking, 36; distributive education, 24 (pro- 14. ELEMENTARY PROFESSIONAL THREE-YEAR fessional education, 12; concentration, 12); indus- and ELEMENTARY PROFESSIONAL TWO-YEAR.Valid trial arts, 48 (professional education, 12; voca- in grades 1-8; issued to elementaryteachers with tional-industrial education, 12; shop, 24), and two or three years of approvedpreparation and one-halt year of experience in industry; trade and with teaching experience between 1940 and1952. industrial eaucation, two years of experience be- Two-year certificates will not be valid afterJuly yond apprenticeship and 12 hours in teacher train- 1, 1970.

Virginia

State Certification Officers. A. Gordon Brooks, CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS Director, Division of Teacher. Education; Mrs. A. COLLEGIATE PROFESSIONAL. Validfor ten Nannie Mae Williams, Supervisor of Teacher Edu- years.Requirements: High school teachers cation, State Board of Education, Richmond, Vir- bachelor's degree; general education, 48 (English, ginia 23216. history; General Requirements. Minimum age, 18. U.S. 12; social science, 12, to include U.S. citizenship. No fee.Virginia law provides that health and physical education, 6; science, 6; math- no teacher can beregularly employed or paid ematics, 6; music, foreign language, and/or art, from public funds unless he holds acertificate in 6); professional education, 15. Elementaryteach- full force in accordance with State Boardof Edu- ersbachelor's degree; general education, 59 cation certification regulations.Virginia issues (English, 18, to include children's literatureand only two regular renewable certificates,the col- language arts; social science, 15, toinclude U.S. legiate professional and the postgraduate profes- history and a course in geography;health and sional; and one provisional, nonrenewablecertifi- physical education, 6; science, 8;mathematics, cate, the collegiate.Each of these authorizes 6; art, 3; music, 3) ; professionaleducation, 18. endorsed teaching or other service only in fields B. POSTGRADUATE PROFESSIONAL.Valid for the endorsements being deter- on the certificate, ten years.Requirements: Certificate A; three mined by the applicant's transcripts. supervisory experi- Credentials to Accompany Application.Per- years of successful teaching or secondary level; rec- sonal data form; recommendation ofpreparing ence at the elementary or of institution or last employing officer; official tran- ommendation of the division superintendent script to be sent directly by the institution. schools; master's or doctor's degree. 167

aliMICOGIegalat C. COLLEGIATE. Valid for four years for high 5. VISITING TEACHER. Requirements: Certifi- school teaching. Requirements: Bachelor's degree cate A; 18 hours of graduate study in four areas with sufficient credit for endorsement in one or selected from psychology, mental health, child more academic fields. The applicant must meet welfare, case work, problems of thevisiting requirements in professional education for certifi- teacher, and guidance; three years of successful cate A within four years. classroom teaching experience or a combination of teaching and social work experience; personal Administrators qualities needed to command respect and exercise leadership. 1. DIVISION SUPERINTENDENT. (Not applicable 6. GUIDANCE COUNSELOR. For assignment for to superintendents in office in Virginia continu- three or more periods a day in one or more schools ously since prior to the effective date of these in counseling and related guidance services. Re- requirements, November 1, 1963.) Requirements: quirements: Certificate A; one or more years of Master's degree; graduate work, 27 (history or successful teaching experience; 15 hours (prefer- philosophy of education, 3; supervision and cur- ably graduate) in counseling, tests and measure- riculum development, 9; administration, 3; finance, ments, and two other areas selected from princi- 3; school law, 3; school plant, 3; school-community ples and practices of guidance, occupational edu- relations, 3); evidence of good character, out- cational information (including curricular offer- standing ability, and leadership qualities; five years ings), and understanding the individual (in relation of full-time public school administrative or super- to his educational needs); personal qualities which visory experience, including two in a principalship; merit the confidence and respect of pupils, parents, evidence that a portion of the required profes- teachers, and school administrators. A coordinator sional training or experience has been within the of guidance services within a school should have four years preceding application. completed a graduate course in organization and 2. HIGH SCHOOL PRINCIPAL.Requirements: administration of a guidance program. A coordi- Certificate B and three years of experience as a nator of guidance services within a school division teacher, administrator, or supervisor; graduate should have completed a graduate course in meth- credit in administration, supervision, and cur- ods of educational research. riculum. 3. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL. Require- ments: Certificate B; professional education should Teachers: Elementary and Secondary include graduate study in supervision, administra- 7. ELEMENTARY. Requirements for grades 4-7: tion, and curriculum; three years of successful Certificate A or B with student teaching in one or experience as a teacher, administrator, or super- more of grades 1-7. Requirements for grades 1-3: visor, some at the elementary school level; leader- Certificate A or B with student teaching in one or ship qualities and personal characteristics neces- more of grades 1-3. sary for working with teachers, parents, and children. 8. KINDERGARTEN OR NURSERY SCHOOL. Re- 4. SUPERVISOR. Requirements: Certificate B; quirements: Same as for endorsement in elemen- 12 hours of graduate study in supervision and tary education except 3 hours of student teaching related fields, such as curriculum development, in nursery school or kindergarten and 24 hours of school organization and administration, instruc- special work dealing with health, educational, and tional procedures and materials, research tech- developmental needs of children from 3 to 6 years niques, interpretation and use of tests, evaluation of age. of instruction, and child growth and development; 9. HIGH SCHOOL. Endorsement to teach a sub- leadership qualities and personal characteristics ject in high school may be placed on certificate A necessary for working effectively with teachers, or B, and except where otherwise indicated, on principals, and other adults; five years of recent certificate C.Requirements for endorsements: and successful school experience at the level(s) Vocational agriculturetwo years of farm experi- of assignment. ence, bachelor's degree from approved college,

168 agriculture; art-24; busi- 24; history and socialscience-30; single social and student teaching in educationtech- ness education-45;dramatics-12; driver educa- science subject-12; distributive tionspecific preparation in thefield; English- nical education, 12, andwork experience; library education-30; vocational science, 18, and 3 hours ofschool library practice. 24; health and physical Requirements: Cer- home economics-45, bachelor'sdegree from 10. SPECIAL EDUCATION. teaching in home tificate A and specific endorsementrequirements approved college, and student malad- economics; industrial arts-30;journalism-12; as follows:blind, 24; deaf, 30; emotionally mathematics-18 (3 in calculus);mechanical justed, 24; mentally retarded,27; partially sighted, 24; speech correction, drawing-6; music-30;psychology-24; public 24; physically handicapped, speaking-12; single science-16;general science 27.

Washington certificate; for the provisionalcredential, three State Certification Officer.Wendell C. Allen, Teacher Education years of successfulteaching experience, including Assistant Superintendent for bache- Rich, Supervisor of two elementary, and16 hours beyond the and Certification; Boydie E. in school Public Instruction, lor's degree in an approved program Certification, State Office of supervision, 6 of Washington 98501. administration, curriculum, and Old Capitol Building, Olympia, of the fifth college 18. Fee, them earned after completion General Requirements. Minimum age, standard credential, three yearsof administrators, year; for the $1.Certificates are required of successful experience as a principal,including two supervisors, and teachers inall public schools, in an elementary school withsix or more teachers, kindergarten through junior college,and in private 8 additional hours in anapproved program, and a and parochial schools, and mustbe registered in master's degree. the office of the countysuperintendent. The initial teaching certificate isissued for three years 2. SECONDARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL.Require- and is renewable for three yearsunless otherwise ments: Standard general orsecondary teaching specified; may be converted to astandard certifi- certificate; for the provisionalcredential, three cate, valid for continuousservice and for five years years of successfulteaching experience, including thereafter, upon completion of afifth year of col- two years in a junior,senior, or four-year high lege study and two years ofsuccessful experience. school, and 16 hours beyondthe bachelor's de- adminis- Credentials to AccompanyApplication. In-state gree in anapproved program in school supervision, 6 of them graduates are certificated onthe basis of a state- tration, curriculum, and the fifth college year; ment from the preparinginstitution of satisfactory earned after completion of additional hours in completion of an approved programbearing on for the standard credential, 8 the certificate requested and atranscript of the an approved programand three years of success- principal, including college record. Out-of-stategraduates are certifi- ful experience as a secondary cated on the basis of recordsfrom an institution two in an accreditedjunior, senior, or four-year accredited by its state board ofeducation showing high school, and a master'sdegree. certification have been satis- that requirements for 3. GENERAL PRINCIPAL.Requirements: Stand- of U.S. citizenship fied. Also required: Evidence ard teaching certificate;for the provisional cre- and or declarationof intention, health certificate, dential, three years of successfulteaching experi- of out-of-state evidence of employment in the case ence, including oneelementary and one secondary, applicants. and 16 hours beyond thebachelor's degree in an approved program in schooladministration, cur- CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS riculum, and supervision, 6 ofthem earned after completion of the fifth college year;for the stand- Administrators ard credential, three years ofsuccessful experience including one in an elementary 1. ELEMENTARY SCHOOLPRINCIPAL. Require- as a principal, school of six or more teachersand one in an ac- ments: Standardgeneral or elementaryteaching 169 1 Three-year certificate; credited junior, senior, or four-yearhigh school, 9. JUNIOR COLLEGE. approved program, and may be renewed onsuccessful experience. Re- 8 additional hours in an general or sec- a master's degree. quirements: Washington standard ondary certificate; master's degree,three-year or 4. SUPERINTENDENT. Requirements:Standard five-year vocational certificate, orbachelor's degree teaching, standard elementary, orstandard secon- (or equivalent) and one year ofexperience in the dary certificate; three years ofsuccessful teaching business, industry, trade, orprofession to be and four years of successfuladministrative experi- taught. ence; 8 hoursin an approved program in school administration, curriculum, andsupervision in Special School Service Personnel addition to courses required for thestandard prin- 10.SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST,PROVISIONAL. Con- cipal's credential; for the standardcredential, three vertible to a standard certificate on amaster's and two years years of successfulexperience as a superintendent degree with a major in psychology psychologist, one of and 8 additional hours inapproved courses. of experience as a school which must be supervised. Requirements:Mas- ter's degree with a major inpsychology, or com- Teachers: Elementar; and Secondary pletion of all course worktoward a master's except the thesis, and 10hours of professional Valid 5. PROVISIONAL TEACHING CERTIFICATE. education courses, including practiceteaching or for grades K-12.Requirements: An approved directed laboratory experience in a schoolsituation. program of teacherpreparation. State guidelines 11. SCHOOL SOCIAL WORKER,PROVISIONAL. recommend 35% general education, 35%subject Convertible to a standard certificate on amaster's specialization, 20% professional, and 10%elec- degree from an accredited school ofsocial work tives. Fifty percent of the fifth-yearstudy should and two years of successful experience as aschool than 8 hours be for graduate credit, and no more social worker. Requirements:Bachelor's degree of credit should be through extension or corre- from an approved institution; one full yearof post- spondence study. graduate study in an accredited schoolof social .6. SECONDARY, PROVISIONAL. Validfor grades work, one full year of directedfield placement 7-12. Requirements: Bachelor's degreefrom an in an agency approved by theschool of social accredited out-of-state institution; validsecondary work, and two years of successfulexperience certificate for another state. under qualified supervision in anapproved family or children's agency, or two yearsof successful 7. ELEMENTARY, PROVISIONAL.Valid for grades teaching experience and 10 semesterhours of K-9. Requirements: Bachelor's degreefrom an professional education courses, includingpractice institu- accredited out-of-state teacher education teaching or directed laboratoryexperiences in a another state. tion; valid elementary certificate for school situation. 8. SECONDARY, VOCATIONAL SUBJECTS. Re- 12. SCHOOL NURSE, PROVISIONAL.Convertible quirements: Teachers of vocationaleducation to a standard certificate on amaster's degree with courses must qualify forvocational certificates. a major in schoolnursing or equivalent in public Vocational education teachers who areassigned health nursing and two years ofsuccessful ex- to teach subjects in a regularsecondary school perience in school nursing. Requirements:Reg- program must holdsecondary certificates also. istered nurse's license in Washington,bachelor's Teachers of vocational home economics musthold degree in a program accredited orapproved for secondary certificates and must begraduates of first-level position in public health nursing, or a and/or be recommended for vocationalhome- certificate in public health nursing orequivalent making certificates by an approvedinstitution. with three years of successful supervisedexperi- Teachers of vocational agriculture must begradu- ence in a publichealth program which includes ates of approved institutions and musthave com- experience in school nursing, andcompletion of pleted 52 college hours of technicalagriculture 10 hours of professional education courses,in- subjects and 16 of professional education,includ- cluding practice teaching or directedlaboratory ing practice teaching. experiences in a school situation.

170 s.

West Virginia

State Certification Officer. Genevieve Starcher, elementary or junior high school principal, sec- Director, Division of Teacher Preparation and ondary school principal, supervisor of instruction, Professional Standards, State Department of Edu- or counselor. Requirements:Master's degree; ap- cation, Charleston, West Virginia 25305. propriate graduate program for the endorsement General Requirements. Minimum age, 18. Ini- desired; three years of teaching experience con- tial fee, $1; each renewal, $1.Certificates are required of administrators, supervisors, and teach- sistent with the desired endorsement. The cer- ers in all public schools,primary through grade tificate becomes permanent on five years of 12, and must be recorded in the office of the experience. county superintendent. Initial certificates areissued provisionally for a three-year period to run Teachers: Elementary and Secondary concurrently with the probationary contract and may be converted to five-yearcertificates with 2. PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATE. Valid for teach- 6 hours of approved graduate work. Professional ing in grades 1-9, 7-12, or 1-12 in keeping with certificates are issued provisionally for a three- curricula completed by the applicant. Require- completed three- year period to persons who have ments: Bachelor's degree; general education,40 fourths of the professional and teaching-field (English, to include composition, grammar, speech, requirements. Credentials to Accompany Application.In- literature; social studies, to include social and state and out-of-state graduates must make ap- economic problems and development of social plication on approved forms which provide for institutions of Western civilization; biological or college recommendation and other information physical science; art and music appreciation; essential to the granting of a certificate in West health and physical education); professional edu- Virginia. cation, 20-28(including human development

CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS basic to all endorsements and methods and student teaching appropriate to grade levels for Administrators which endorsement is desired). The certificate becomes permanent with a master's degree and 1.PROFESSIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE CERTIFICATE. V Valid and endorsed for county superintendent, five years of teaching experience.

Wisconsin

w. State Certification Officers. Allen T. Slagle, As- years and are renewable.Those based on a degree sistant Superintendent, Teacher Education; H. I. may become permanent onthree years of experi- Peterson, Director of Certification, State Depart- ence in Wisconsin publicschools. Those based ment of Public Instruction, StateCapitol, Madi- on less than a degreebecome five-year, nonrenew- son, Wisconsin 53702. able certificates on two years ofexperience and 6 General Requirements. No minimum age speci- additional credit hours; a degree mustbe secured fied. Fee, $5. Certificates are required of admin- within seven years. Initial certificates for super- istrators, supervisors, and teachers in public ele- visors and administrators are issuedfor three colleges, mentary and secondary schools, county years; those based on amaster's degree may be- blind, and in special state schools (schools for the three years of experience deaf, and handicapped, schools of correction), come permanent on Counselors' and of special school service personnel for whom and two additional graduate courses. certification standards have been established. Ini- certificates are issued for three years and are tial certificates for teachers are issued forthree renewable. Credentials to Accompany Application.The Special School Service Personnel directly transcript of credits should be submitted 7. SCHOOL SOCIAL WORKER. Wiscon- by the out-of-state preparing institution. a. JUNIOR. Requirements:Professional educa- sin colleges present a statement and recommen- tion, 18; one year satisfactorily completed in an dation. approved graduate school of social work. b. SENIOR. Requirements: Professional education, 18; master's degree in social work; three CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS years of experience. Administrators 8. SCHOOL PSYCHOMETRIST. Requirements: Pro- fessional education, 18; bachelor's degree plus 1.SUPERVISORS ORCOORDINATORS. Require- 24 hours of graduate work, including child or ments: Master's degree with graduate coursesin adolescent psychology, psychology of learning, curriculum, supervision, measurements, guidance, tests and measurements, individualmental test- and child and/or adolescent development. ing, supervised clinical practice, and curriculum 2. ADMINISTRATORS.Requirements: Master's (courses taken for the bachelor's degree are not degree with courses in specified areas. to be repeated); 3 hours of supervisedteaching or internship. Mas- Teachers: Elementary and Secondary 9. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST. Requirements: ter's degree in psychology or education;48 hours 3. KINDERGARTEN. Requirements: Bachelor's of graduate work in the fields of psychologyand del-cee in kindergarten education, including prac- education; psychology, 30, at least 24 graduate; tice teaching in kindergarten. professional education, 18; 3 hours of acceptable 4. ELEMENTARY. Valid for grades 1-8.Re- supervised laboratory or clinical experience; completion of all courses required of school psy- quirements:Bachelor'sdegreeinelementary education, including a good general education chometrist; four years of experience. background; 26 hours of professional education, 10. NURSERY SCHOOL TEACHER. Requirements: Completion of a four-year course in a school ac- including methods, child development, and 8 hours credited for providing a professional major in the of student teaching. teaching of nursery school children. 5. GENERAL SECONDARY.Valid in endorsed 11. TEACHERS OF HANDICAPPED CHILDREN. Re- subjects for grades 7-12. Requirements: Bache- quirements: Completion of a four-year course in lor's degree; professional education, 18 (educa- a school accredited forproviding a professional tional psychology, 3; specific methods, 2; student major in the specific field. teaching, 5; electives, 8); specialization, a 34- hour major and a 22-hour minor, or a 54-hour 12. SCHOOL COUNSELOR. a. GRADE B.Requirements: Valid Wisconsin approved broad-field major. (Social studies, eco- teaching license; bachelor's degree; specifiedgrad- nomics, and agriculture teachers are required to uate work in education and guidance,18; two have a course in cooperative marketing and con- years of teaching experience. studies sumer cooperatives; science and social b. GRADE A.Requirements: Valid Wisconsin teachers should have a course in conservation of teaching license; master's degree; graduate work natural resources.) in education and guidance, 24, including adminis- 6. SPECIAL. (Agriculture, art, commercial, home tration and organization of guidance programs; economics, industrial arts, music, physical educa- two years of teaching experience; two yearsof tion.) Valid for teachers in grades 1-12. Require- experience as a counselor; one year of accumu- ments: Bachelor's degree; professional education lated work experience after high school in fields as in certificate 5; a 34-hour major in anendorsed other than education. field and a 22-hour minor. (Agriculture teachers 13. SCHOOL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATOR.(Not must have a course in cooperative marketingand required.) Requirements: Three years of experi- consumer cooperatives.) ence in education or in business andsuperinten-

172 teaching. Limited to dent's license or specified graduate workin educa- meet legal requirements for and renewable only if there is tion and business subjects. a specific position a continued shortageand on completion of at least 6 hours toward removal of deficiencies. Other Certificates Issued 16. 'TWO-YEAR LICENSE.(Forelementary teach- 14.SPECIAL LICENSE. Issuedfor one year or ers only.) Granted torecommended graduates of fraction thereof only upon request ofthe employ- approved two- or three-year education coursesin ing official to permit employmentof a legally accredited state or county colleges.No out-ofqualified teacher for a position otherthan one state persons are accepted inthis category. for which he is qualified.Renewable only on 17. FIVE-YEAR, NONRENEWABLE CERTIFICATE. completion of at least 6 hours towardremoval of (For elementary teachers only.) May beissued to deficiencies. graduates of recognized two- and three-yearele- 15. PERMIT. Issued for one year orfraction mentary education courses uponproof of two thereof only upon request of the employingofficial years of successfulteaching and 6 additional cred- to permit employment of a personwho does not its toward the three-year diploma ordegree.

Wyoming

State Certification Officer. Elmer L.Burkhard, CERTIFICATES AND REQUIREMENTS Director, Certification and Placement,State De- Administrators partment of Education,Cheyenne, Wyoming 82001. 1. STANDARD ADMINISTRATIVECERTIFICATE. General Requirements. No minimum agespeci- Valid and endorsed for superintendent,secondary fied. No fee.Applicants are required to pass principal, elementary principal, or supervisor, ac- examinations on the Constitutions ofthe United cording to the area of specialization.Require- States and Wyoming or to presentcollege credit ments: Eligibility for certificate3; three years of in same. Certificates are requiredof administra- public school teaching experience; master'sdegree, tors, supervisors, and teachersin public elemen- including 24 hours in educationalfoundations, tary and secondary schools,and of pupil personnel psychological foundations,schoolorganization workers, and must be registered annuallywith the and management, and curriculumdevelopment county superintendent. Standardcertificates are and supervision. valid for five years and renewable indefinitelyfor 2. PROFESSIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE CERTIFI- five-year periods on 5 hours of approvedcredit. CATE. Endorsed as certificate 1.Requirements: Professional certificates are valid for ten years, Eligibility for certificate 1; five years ofpublic subject to rules of the State Board, andrenewable school administrative experience in Wyoming;30 after lapse on 5 hours of approved credit. hours in appropriate courses beyondthe master's Credentials to Accompany Application. Appli- degree. cants who were prepared atthe University of Wyoming are certificated on the basisof a state- Teachers: Elementary and Secondary ment of satisfactorycompletion of a program Valid bearing on the certificate requested.Programs of 3. STANDARD TEACHING CERTIFICATE. other applicants are evaluated individually.Ap- for all public school teachers asendorsed. Re- plication may be initiated directlythrough the quirements: Bachelor's degree; generaleducation, State Department of Education or the county su- 40; professional education, 20(educational foun- perintendent. An official transcript ofcredits is dations; psychological foundations;curriculum least one required. and methodology; directed teaching; at 173 course in each area); specialization, 24-53,de- CATE. Endorsed as certificate 5. Requirements: pending on the area. Eligibility for certificate 5; five years of public 4. PROFESSIONAL TEACHING CERTIFICATE. En- school counseling experience in Wyoming; 30 dorsed as certificate 3. Requirements: Eligibility hours in appropriate courses beyond the master's to hold certificate 3; five years of public school degree. experience in Wyoming; master's degree. Other Certificates Issued Special School Service Personnel 7. PROVISIONAL CERTIFICATE. Valid for one 5.STANDARD PUPIL PERSONNEL CERTIFICATE. year; issued to persons with minordeficiencies; Valid and endorsed for secondary counselor, ele- nonrenewable; the holder must qualify for a stand- mentary counselor, psychometrist, or guidance ard certificate before expiration of the provisional. coordinator, according to the area of specializa- Provisional elementary certificates, valid for one tion. Requirements: Eligibility for certificate 3; year, are available to teachers within the state three years of public school teaching experience; who have completed 110 hours of acceptable col- master's degree, including 24 hours in founda- lege work and are renewable on the bachelor's tions of guidance, understanding the individual, degree. counseling techniques, and educational and oc- 8. SUBSTITUTE CERTIFICATE.Valid for not cupational information. more than 90 days of teaching per year.Sixty 6. PROFESSIONAL PUPIL PERSONNEL CERTIFI- hours required.

174 Chapter 111

L GUIDES TO SECURINGTEACHING POSITIONS IN THE UNITED STATES ANDABROAD ..71111.11M.

Withthe sustained challenging jobs. Even though there is nodiffi- is to locate and continuing teachershortages, there would culty in finding positions, the problem seem to be littleneed for suggestions to fully and know hoW to go about getting the mostsatis- qualified teachers on how to get ateaching posi- fying one, which requires a discussionof the tion. And the shortages havebeen enhanced by opportunities. federal legislation in 1965 and 1966 toaid ele- For a fuller description of teachingOpportuni- United States mentary and secondary schools,higher education, ties in schools and colleges in the and some schools abroad.In fact, those who and abroad, consult the followingpublications: constantly research the field weresurprised by schools opened in 1. American Association of SchoolAdministra- the extent of the shortage as 0SAFirsthand the fall of 1966. Based on steadilyrising college tors. The Mission Called 0/ Other enrollments and consequent increases in the num- Look at American-Sponsored Schools in Washington, D.C.: the Association, ber of first-degree graduates (aboutone-third of Lands. whom consistently are graduates preparedfor 1966. 56 pp. teaching), the assumption was that the country Barker, H. Kenneth, editor.AACTE Hand- closing the gap between 2. was well on the way to book of International Education.Programs. teacher supply and demand. Washington, D.C.: American Associationof 1966, about For example, in the spring of Colleges for Teacher Education, 1963..72 pp. 201,000 new teachers were graduatedand some 150,000 actually took teaching jobs thefollowing 3. Frederick, Lee M. TeachingOpportunities: A fall.Under normal circumstances,this would Directory of Placement Information.U.S. De- have been enough to satisfy thedemands. But partment of Health, Education,and Welfare, overlooked or underestimated was the extentof Office of Education, Circular No. 737.Wash- the demand for teachers created byfederal financ- ington, D.C.: Government PrintingOffice, ing of new programs.It is estimated that the 1964. 26 pp. Elementary. and Secondary Education Actof 1965 created 60,000 extra teaching jobs. ThePeace 4. U.S. Department of Health,Education, and Corps, the Job Corps, and the HeadStart pro- Welfare, Office of Education. OverseasProj- grams addedanother estimated 20,000 or more ects in Education.Pamphlet series. Washing- teaching jobs. The increasing appealof graduate ton, D.C.: GovernmentPrinting Office. Titles: study with widespread proliferationof stipends for "Research or Study Abroad";"Summer Semi- graduate students is another significantfactor. Of nars"; "Foreign CurriculumSpecialists." Vietnam and the military draft course, the war in Education, and have taken their toll of the prospectiveteachers. 5.U.S. Department of Health, Teacher Ex- Added to these is probably the most serious cause Welfare, Office of Education. International of teacher defectionthecompetition of boom- change Opportunities Under the Exchange Program(Summer ing industry for college graduates. Educational This mobility of teachers, position-wise,is the SeminarsTeachingResearchStudy for and Col- major reason for including thesesuggestions in American Elementary, Secondary, D.C.: Govern- this Manual. Many qualifiedand experienced lege Teachers). Washington, 36 pp. Annual. teachers quite naturally seek promotionsand more ment Printing Office. 175 PART T. POSITIONS IN THE UNITED STATES 1 To illustrate the uneven distribution of the teacher shortage, the following statement in a letter The number of positions in the public schools from Ward M. Nichols, personnel coordinator of in the United States has been growing drastically the San Francisco Unified School District, is to since the close of World War II. For example, the point: in 194849, there were 887,175 teachers in the public schools; in 1965-66, this total had grown I think it unfortunate that so many writers, in to 1,716,285.2 Of the 1948-49 total,64.5 per- discussing the teacher shortage in California, have cent were elementary school teachers; in1965-66, failed to note the fact that this shortage is not evenly the percentage was only 56.4. Mother estimate distributed throughout the .pool systems of the state. is that in the school year 1966-67, there was a Obviously, teachers will tend to submit applications to the preferred locations before consideringother total instructional staff of 1,939,619 in the pub- opportunities, and as a result, some districts are in lic schools, of which 1,759,236 were classroom much greater need of teachers than others. Further- teachers-996,031 elementary and 763,205 sec- more, such writers frequently fail to notethe more ondary. By all estimates, the number of classroom than adequate supply of teachers in some subject teachers needed for the pubic schools, because fields at the secondary school level while pointing of increased enrollments alone, will increaseby out the shortages which exist for all school districts at least 30,000 a year for perhaps the nextdecade. in other subject fields. A great good could be done The number of new teachers estimated to have many young people if, early in theircollege careers, been needed for the scheal year 1966-67, under they could be given realistic information concerning ideal conditions, was 364,500, while the total of the probable employment market, new teachers graduated inthe spring of 1966 Third, there may be no vacancies in particular reached a record number of about 201,000.8 Yet schools in the fields or At the levels forwhich the shortage 1 teachers continues. the applicant is qualified. Every school system Teachers seeking new positions should keep in does not have vacancies, of course, noris the mind that the shortages are not evenly distributed shortage of teachers pronounced everywhere.But over the country as a whole or amongschool there is a serious shortage. It is estimated that districts in a given state. for the 1966-67 school year a total of 148,393 teaching Many who are searching for suitable new teachers were needed to meetthe two basic, posts are often puzzled because,although the press irreducible needs (a) of replacing teachersleav- shortages, is constantly mentioning serious teacher ing the profession (retirement, death,quitting the they cannot locate vacancies or find jobs.There profession for other vocations and for other rea- are several logicalexplanations.First, the persons), and (b) of staffing new classes required which sonal characteristics of a given teacher, by :_..ncreased enrollments. If all other needs were applicant how- enter into consideration of every to be met (relief of overcrowding,replacement ever well qualified he maybe otherwise, may of unprepared teachers, and provisionfor addi- result in his failure to find immediate employment. tional curricular offerings), some 200,000addi- because it is The usual answer is "no vacancy," tional new teachers would be required.Thus, if only human for employing officers to avoid con- all needs are considered, about 364,000 new applicant is veying the unpleasant news that the teachers were needed in the school year 1966-67. not judged suitable. Toward meeting these demands, the collegesand Second, there are serious shortages of teachers; there can be no doubt about that. But theshort- 1 Portions of this section have been adapted fromNa- ages are unevenly distributedbetween elementary tional Education Association, Research Division."How schools (where the shortage is most pronounced) To Get a Teaching Position in the Public Schools."Re- search Memo 1964-8. Washington, D.C.: theAssociation, and high schools (where there is a .nearbalance 1964. 11 pp. (Out of print.) speaking). of supply and demand, quantitatively National Education Association, ResearchDivision. Nor are they evenly distributed among highschool Teacher Supply and Demand in Public Schools, 1966. teaching fields or subjects and special school serv- Research Report 1966-R16. Washington, D.C.: the As- ice areas; actually there are adequate supplies or sociation, 1966. p. even surpluses in afew fields. 81bkl., pp. 23, 30.,

176. Teach- universities in the United States graduatedin the those between the ages of 40 and 45 years. spring of 1966 about 201,000 newteachers, of ers in this age groupshould ascertain the school which (judging from the records of previousyears) district policy. Beyond age 50,it becomes in- only about 160,000 actually will taketeaching creasingly hard to find employment. Check into salary provisions, which varywidely jobs. among states and cities.Not only do beginning So the extent of the shortage is apparent.What paid shortages are likely to salaries vary, but so do those which are are the clues to where Most good-sized guide, but after 10-20 years of service. exist? There is no invariably accurate schedules Although the school districts have printed salary there are some good indications. which may be obtained upon request.The NEA population as a whole is expandingrapidly, in Research Division makes annual studiesof salary some regions it is eitherstatic or increasing with schedules, which show minimumsand maximums relative slowness. The rapidly growing areas,fre- have an for a number of localities. quently found in suburbs of large cities, including insatiable demand for teachers. Some states School district personnel policies, tenure provisions andnon-wage-benefit practices Alaska, California, and Nevada, forexample impor- public school (retirement, leaves, insurance), are also have had more than a doubling of printed form can other tant. Usually such provisions in enrollment in the last decade, while in some from the only minor in- be obtained from the school districts or states enrollments have shown NEA Research Division which issues reports on decreases. Also, varying growth creases or even such practices among states and urbanschool rates within states must beconsidered. These facts do not necessarily rule out the staticpopulation districts. states or the small communitiesfor prospective job seekers, but they do indicate whereshortages Suggested Steps in Finding are likely to be most acute. A Teaching Job divided ac- Nor is the teacher shortage evenly 1.File credentials with your college placement cording to positions, as mentioned before.The bureau and make known your desire for ateach- greatest shortage (and one likely tocontinue for ing job. (This is especially important if you are a decade) is inthe elementary schools. In the nearing graduation or have been teaching afew high schools, where itis unevenly distributed years.) This is by far the best source ofplace- among fields and subjects,the shortage seems to ment. be most pronounced in girls' physicaleducation, 2.If you have a definite idea of aspecific mathematics, science, foreign languages, English, district (or' a few districts) inwhich you would industrial home economics, library science, and like to teach, write or telephone thedistrict super- arts. intendent (cr director of personnel).The names There are shortages, too, in thespecial fields and addresses of these officers canbe found in of teachers for the handicapped, remedial teach- Education Directory, Part 2, "PublicSchool Sys- ers, librarians, and counselors' tems," published by the Office ofEducation, U.S. and Welfare: Some Other Hints. The teacherapplying for a Department of Health, Education, Printing job should be certain that he meets thecertifica- and obtainable from the Government (1964-65 Edi- tion requirements of the particular statein which Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. he is seeking employment. For typesof positions tion, $1.25.) and the requirements, consult thisManual or 3.Certain state departments of educationand Woellner and Wood.5 state education associationsmaintain either posi- Although some states have :legislationspecify- ing the Mininium age at which ateacher can be ibid.,pp. 42-51. employed (see Table 13, Ch. I), fewspecify the Woellner, E. H., and Wood, M. A.Requirements for Certification of Teachers, Counselors,Librarians, Ad- maximum age "other than in theteacher retire- minist rotors for Elementary Schools,Secondary Schools, ment system laws. Many'schooldistricts, however, Junior Colleges. Thirty-firstedition 1966-67. Chicago: tend to limit employment of olderteachers to University G: Chicago Press, 1966.' (Annual) 177 tion listings or placement offices, or both, and partment of Public Instruction, Salt LakeCity, these are excellent sources for finding teaching 84110. positions. Some charge no fee, others charge a Vermont: Teacher Placement Service, State De- nominal fee, and some charge a percentage of the partment of Education, Montpelier, 05602. first year's salary. A listing of these agencies Wyoming: Teacher Placement Bureau, State follows. Department of Education, Cheyenne, 82001.

State Education Association Placement State Department of Education And Listing Services Placement Services California Teachers Association: 1705 Murchi- Alabama: Teacher Placement Service, State De- son Drive, Burlingame, 94010. Southern Section: partment of Education, Montgomery,36104. 1125 West Sixth Street, Los Angeles, 90021. Alaska: Commissioner of Education, State De- Colorado Education Association: 5200 South partment of Education, Juneau, 99801. Quebec Street, Englewood, 80110. Georgia: State Department of Education, 247 Illinois Education Association: 100 East Ed- State Office Building, Atlanta, 30334. wards Street, Springfield, 62704. Idaho: Department of Employment, Boise, Iowa State Education Association: 4025 Tona- 83701. wanda Drive, Des Moines, 50312. Louisiana: Teacher Education and Certifica- Kentucky Education Association: 101 West tion, State Department of Education, Baton Rouge, Walnut Street, Louisville, 40202. 70804. New Hampshire Education Association: 103 Maine: Teacher Registration Bureau, State De- North State Street, Concord, 03301. partment of Education, Augusta, 04330. North Carolina Teachers Association: 125 East Massachusetts: Division of Teacher Certifica- Hargett Street, Raleigh, 27601. tion and Placement, State Department of Educa- South Carolina Education Association: P.O. tion, Boston, 02102. Box 1461, Columbia, 29202. Minnesota: Division of Teacher Personnel, State Texas State Teachers Association: 316 West Department of Education, St. Paul, 55101. 12th Street, Austin, 78701. Mississippi: Teacher Education, Certification, Vermont Education Association: Box 567, 5 and/ Placement, State Department of Education, Baldwin Street, Montpelier, 05602. Jackson, 39201. Washington Education Association: 910 Fifth New Hampshire: Director, Placement Bureau, Avenue, Seattle, 98134. State Department of Education, Concord, 03301. West Virginia Education Association: 1558 New Jersey: Educational Placement Unit, Pro- Quarrier Street, Charleston, 25311. fessional Placement Center, New Jersey State Employment Service, 2 Central Avenue, Newark, 4. The U.S. Employment Service, and many 07102. of its local and state offices, also helps to place New Mexico: Director, Teacher Education, teachers, at no charge. The service maintains a Certification, and Teacher Placement, State De- clearinghouse which enables it to list vacancies partment of Education, Santa Fe, 87501. in almost every state. The addresses of local North Dakota: Teacher Placement Division, offices may be found in the telephone directory. State Employment Service, Bismarck, 58501. 5. Thereare many reputablecommercial Oklahoma: Oklahoma Employment Security teachers agencies. These agencies usually charge Commission, Will Rogers Memorial Office Build- a small registration fee and aplacement fee of 5 ing State Capitol Complex, Oklahoma City, percent of the first year's salary. Local agencies 73105. may be found in the telephonedirectory, or a Pennsylvania: Bureau of Employment Security, complete listing may be obtained from the Na- Department of Labor and Industry Building, tional Association of Teachers Agencies, Room Harrisburg, 17120. 400, 64 East Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois Utah: Director of Teacher Personnel, State De- 60604.

178 s.; 6. NEA*SEARCH. TheNational Education Suggestions for Retired Military Personnel Association established in January1967 a central computerized education staffingservice for all ele- Thousands of military men retiringfrom the mentary and secondaryteachers and counselors. service each year are interestedin becoming NEA*SEARCH is a new nationwideclearing- teachers. In order to make accurateup-to-date house to bring together teacherslooking for jobs information available to them, theDepartment of fill vacancies.It and superintendents desiring to Defense, in cooperation with theAmerican Coun- vacancies abroad. also serves English-language cil en Education and theNational Education NEA *SEARCH has three basicelements: can- Association, issued in 1961 abulletin entitled and job didates, who register their qualifications available from form; Teaching: A Second Career. It is preferences by means of a standardized U.S. Govern- needs through a the Superintendent of Documents, employers, who indicate their Washington, D.C. 20402, standardized vacancy description; and a computer- ment Printing Office, posi- linkage, an electronic file whichseeks to match for 30 cents.It contains information (for candidates with appropriate vacancies. tions in colleges,universities, elementary and preparation and Candidates pay a small fee toregister their secondary schools) regarding for teach- qualifications and preferencesthesubject or certification requirements, the demand grade they want to teach, minimumacceptable ers, salaries, how to preparefor teaching, non- salary, geographic preference, andother choices. wage benefits, sourcesof information, and how Employers pay a minimum search feefor the to find a teaching job. names of teachersthey receive. Besides describ- ing the vacancy they seek tofill, they, too, can PART II: TEACHING OPPORTUNITIESABROAD specify certain preferences as toeducational at- teachers to se- of experience The opportunity for American tainment or the number of years long-term posts in foreign they want the candidates to have.The computer cure temporary or since the end will furnish the names in descendingrank order countries has expanded enormously according to how closely theyconform to the of World War II. The passage byCongress of the requirements laid down by the employer. International Education Act of 1966further ex- Upon receiving the results of the search, em- panded the opportunities for teachingassignments ployers make the next move ofgetting in touch abroad. The maintenance of U.S. militarybases with the candidates. NEA*SEARCHdoes not in many foreign countries hascompelled the Gov- evaluate; it is a locator service, not aplacement ernment of the United States toestablish schools officers for the children of military personnel.In 1966 f. service, relying on educational placement and others to do the ,:...-29.2seling andassessing of there were 291 such schools (called overseasde- candidates. Final decisions, of course,remain in pendents schools) in twenty-nine foreignlands the hands of the two parties, who may or maynot employing about 8,000 educationalpersonnel and wish to sign a teaching contract. enrolling an estimated 160,000children. In ad- Teachers planning to use the systemshould re- dition, the staffirg of territorial schools,embassy quest Form T fromNEA*SEARCH, 1201 Six- schools, and certain private schoolsprovides op- teenth Street, N.W., Washington,D.C. 20036. portunities for American teachers tospend one Employers should request Form V. or more yearsteaching outside the continental 8. The Asscriation for School,College and limits of the United States. University Staffing (ASCUS) hasestablished a Three items of information, whereavailable, Services Center. National Communication and are given below withreference to each type or This is a coordinated zndcentralized national (a) general operation. The location of school position. They are staffing service through computer teaching, (b) and Services information and requirements for address is ASCUS Communication required, and Center, Inc., Box 166, Hershey,Pennsylvania amount and kind of preparation 17033. (c) how to make application. 179

ti OVERSEAS DEPENDENTS SCHOOLS elementary and secondary teachers, $5375 per annum, plus additional compensation for experi- General Information.Schools for the minor ence and advanced degrees; television instructor, dependents of U.S. Government military and ci- $9000; research teacher, $8000. The salary is vilian personnel are located in 29 foreign lands. subject to a Samoan territorial income tax which These schools are administered by the Depart- is at the same rate as U.S. income tax. Payment ment of Defense. U.S. citizenship is required, the of the territorial income tax can be taken as a minimum age is 21, and the bachelor's degree direct credit on the federal income tax form. No starting salary is $5505 for teachers. post differential or cost-of-living allowance is Preparation.Bachelor's degree, 18 semester granted. hours in education, and two years of experience. Preparation.Bachelor's degree and a valid Application. Address applications to the Direc- statecertificate; persons with experience are tor, Dependents Schools Division, The Pentagon, preferred. Washington, D.C. 20301. Application.Address Director of Personnel, Pago Pago, American Samoa 96920. CANAL ZONE SCHOOLS Guam General Information. Married women are not usually eligible.Bachelor and family quarters General Information.Only legal heads of are available.Salaries range from $6152 to household may be recruited on off-island con- $11,557, depending upon preparation and expe- tracts; wives are hired on a local hire basis only. rience. Applicants must be 21 years of age or There is no limitation on marital status for local over and preferably under 47. employment. Transportation is furnished to Guam Preparation. Kindergarten, elementary, and jun- and return on a two-year contract. Housing, ex- ior high school teachers: bachelor's degree, including utilities, is furnished at a reasonable rate. cluding 15 semester hours in education. Junior Starting salaries per annum: bachelor's degree high school teachers: bachelor's degree, with 15 and less than three years of teaching experience, hours in education and 18 in the subject field for $4888; bachelor's degree with three but less than which application is made.Senior high school five years of experience, $5096; bachelor's degree teachers: master's degree with 15 hours in edu- with five years or master's degree and less than cation and 18 in the subject field for which appli- two years of experience, $5512; master's degree cation is made. College teachers: master's degree with seven years of experience, $5772. with 18 hours in education; 30 hours in the sub- Preparation. Bachelor's degree, with 18 semes- ject field for which application is made, including ter hours in professional education, including one course in teaching the major; and three years student teaching, and a major teaching area. of teaching experience at the secondary level. Application. Address Assistant Superintendent- Application. Address the Personnel Director, Personnel, Department of Education, Government Panania Canal Company, Balboa Heights, Canal of Guam, Agana, Guam 96910. Zone. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands SCHOOLS IN U.S. TERRITORIES General Information. Assignments are in the American Samoa Marshall, Caroline, and Mariana Islands (except Guam). The islands of Micronesia are foreign General Information. No age limit, but married territory, but the United States is responsible for couples, 25-45, both qualified to teach, are pre- development of the people toward self-govern- ferred.Government quarters are available at ment under a United Nations Security Council reasonable rates. A two-year employment agree- trusteeship agreement.Isolation on assignment ment is required. Travel for the employee and varies from extreme to moderate, with special dependents and shipment of household goods to consideration being given in assignments to single post of duty and return are provided. Salaries: women, families with children, and older teach-

180 ft ers. Many languages are nowspoken in the not usually selected fcr employment.There are territory, but English is the language of instruc- no restrictions on employment ofmarried women. tion. Qualified teachers may be single or married, Teacher recruitment is continuous. U.S. citizen- male or female, with or without dependents. ship is required. Salaries: two years of college, Teaching couples are welcomed, and teachers $3800; three years of college, $4400; bachelor's with experience are preferred. Many positions degree, $5400 minimum; master's degree, $6300 are available for elementaryteachers, a smaller minimum. An additional $100 is given for every number for secondary teachers, a limited number 9 semester credits beyond the minimumrequire- for elementary supervisors and secondary princi- ments within each range. Additionalsalary in- pals, a few for adult education specialists, and crements may be obtained for overthree but occasionally positions are open for other educa- not more than five years of full-timeteaching tion specialists and administrators. Employment experience. is based on a twelve-month work year. Entry pay Preparation. Preference is given to applicants for teachers ranges from $5523 to $6891, de- with a bachelor's or master's degree and credits in pending on length of experience and education education.Regular elementary school teachers above the B.A. level, plus a 20 percent overseas and substitutes: completion of 60 hours of col- differential and a housing allowance. Salaries for lege work acceptable to the Department of Edu- supervisory, administrative, and other special per- cation. Secondary school teachers: bachelor's or sonnel are higher and require suitable training and master's degree. experience. The salary schedule provides periodic Application. Address Miss Jane E. Tuitt, Com- increases for satisfactory service in the territory. missioner of Education, Charlotte Amalie, St. Transportation is provided on the basis of a two- Thomas, Virgin Islands 00801. year agreement, and furnishedhousing is provided at moderate rentals, with much of the latter SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES SPONSORED BY PRIVATE being covered by the housing allowance. COMPANIES, INTERNATIONAL FRIENDSHIP Preparation. All teachers must have a college GROUPS, FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS, CHURCH- degree. Included in or in addition to this, teach- SUPPORTED MISSIONS, OVERSEAS ers must have a minimum of18 semester hours PRIVATE SCHOOLS in education or training for and successful comple- Teacher Education in East Africa tion of a Peace Corps or equivalent teaching pro- Teachers College, Columbia University, recruits gram; or 12 semester or 18 quarterhours of on a continuing basisAmerican teachers for East second courses in the teaching of English as a African teacher-training colleges. language and/or linguistics; or two years of ex- Established by Teachers College under contract perience teaching English as a second language with the U.S. Department of State's Agencyfor or other suitable teaching experience.Higher International Development, the TEEA program positions require additional training and experi- is designed to provide assistance in all aspectsof ence related to the assignment tobe undertaken. teacher education to the Governments ofKenya, Application.Send to the Personnel Officer, Tanzania. and Uganda. Under TEEA, specialists Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Saipan, have been provided to their national Institutesof Mariana Islands, a letter of application specifying Education and experienced teacherstotheir the position or positions in which interested and teacher-training colleges. including a resume of training and experience. Minimum prerequisites for application for posi- Based on this, further information about the Trust tions in East African teacher- training collegesin- Territory and specific instructions for making clude a master's degree and five years ofteaching formal application will be forwarded. Use U.S. experience. airmail. Total earnings average about $9500 per year, with additional increments for those having more Virgin islands than the minimum years of experience. General Information. Age limit, 18 years or For further information, write to C. ScottKelly, older; persons approaching retirement age are Coordinator, Teacher Education in East Africa,

181 TeachersCollege, Columbia University,New Venezuela, Aruba York, New York 10027. There are opportunities for teachersin the Cre- ole Petroleum Corporation's elementaryschools Great Britain in Venezuela (K-8) and in the elementaryschools procedures in the in Aruba operated by the Lago Oiland Transport For advice to teachers on Company, Ltd. Candidates must have acollege United Kingdom, inquiries shouldbe addressed and at least British Embassy, Wash- degree (preferably in education) to the Education Officer, the Employ- Information three years of experience. Apply to ington, D.C. 20008, or to British Division, 30 Services, 845 Third Avenue, NewYork, New ment Placemeiit Office, International Rockefeller Plaza, New York, NewYork 10020. York 10022.

MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA LATIN AMERICA Information and referral service foravailable Central America positions in established government andprivate administered There are opportunities for single,female, ele- institutions in the Middle East are 1-8) for English lan- through seven Middle Eastern and NorthAfrican mentary teachers (grades Jordan, Syria, guage schools inCentral America. Apply before offices in the United Arab Republic, United Fruit Iran, and Tunisia. Write to AmericanFriends of March to the Personnel Manager, Avenue, Company, Prudential Center, Boston,Massachu- the Middle East, 1607 New Hampshire N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009. setts 02199.

Chile NEAR EAST

There are positions for single men and women Iran teachers for a company-owned elementaryschool (K-8). The school term is March toDecember. The Colleges of Arts and Sciences,Engineer- Univer- Apply to the Manager, Overseas EmployeesDe- ing, Agriculture, and Medicine of Pahlavi number of partment, Anaconda Company,25 Broadway, sity are interested in employing a New York, New York 10004. Americans on the various faculties. Positions are for eleven months, and the academic yearbegins in September. Persons who are interestedshould Peru send their resumes to Campus Coordinator,Pah- Teachers with one or more yearsof accredited lavi University Development Project,110 College teaching experience are hiredfor positions in Hall, University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia, English-language elementary schoolsmaintained Pennsylvania 19104. natl." An 'Ono',"au.",rnrnnratinrs usu..ornAtina0, refining, and mining centers located inthe Cen- Israel tral Peruvian Andes. Contactthe Employment the Ministry Division, Cerro de Pasco Corporation,300 Park Inquiries should be addressed to Israel Street, Avenue, New York, New York10022. of Education and Culture, Shivitei Jerusalem, Israel. Pan American Union Near Cast College Association Teachers who are interested in general opportunities to teach in Latin Americancountries There are openings in elementary,secondary, should write to the Department ofEducational and college education forexperienced teachers of chemistry, Affairs, Pan American Union, Washington,D.C. English, mathematics, general science, music, and 20006, for the free bulletin, "TeachingOpportu- physics, biology, nursing, engineering, colleges in nities in Latin America for U.S.Citizens." other fields at American-sponsored

182

4411. 4

Greece and Lebanon. Address Personnel Serv- ISS programs include securing teachers and ad- ices, Near East College Association, Inc., 548 ministrators; assisting in selection of texts,li- Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10036. brary books, and other publications and materials; providing counsel and materials to help resolve The American Colleges in Istanbul administrative and curricular problems; planning and conducting overseas school conferences; giv- There are vacancies at the secondary and col- ing consultant services through visits in the schools lege levels in English, mathematics, chemistry, by staff members; developing interrelationships and other fields at Robert College, Robert Acad- among the overseas schools and informing the in- emy, and the American College for Girls, Istanbul, terested and concerned public in the United States Turkey. Send resume to Recruitment Secretary, of the schools' existence, nature, and needs. w. Robert College, 548 Fifth Avenue, New York, Applications for these positions may be ob- New York 10036. tained from International Schools Service, 554 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10036; or AFRICA, ASIA,, NEAR EAST, FAR EAST 2000 P Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. Well-qualified teachers who are members of Protestant churches are needed for junior and Peace Corps senior high schools and colleges in Japan, India, Teaching opportunities on the preschool, ele- Africa, and the Near East. Write to Personnel mentary, secondary, and university levels are Department, United Church Board for World available in 49 host countries throughout Latin Ministries, 16th Floor, 475 Riverside Drive, New America, Africa, Asia, and Micronesia. York, New York 10027. I In excess of 5,000 openings per year are now Each year about thirty teachers are sent on available. The greatest needs are for teachers of three-year assignments for elementary school, mathematics,science,socialscience,English, junior high school, high school, and college home economics, and physical and vocational edu- classes in Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Lebanon, Iran, cation.Requirements: bachelor's degree, U.S. India, Thailand, Hong Kong, and Korea. Experi- citizenship, and good health. Make application enced teachers with at least five years in the same at any time through your local post office or by school system are appointed for a two-year term writing for information to Teachers, Peace Corps, if they secure leaves of absence from their pres- Office of Public Affairs, Washington, D.C. 20525. ent employers. Write to the Office of Personnel, United Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A., Com- mission on Ecumenical Mission and Relations, UNESCO Room 1)35, 475 Riverside Drive, New York, New For information regarding employment op- York 10027. portunities with UNESCO in the education field, inquiries should be sent to Director, Office of r' WORLD WIDE International Organization Recruitment, Depart- +;k1" ment of State, Washington, D.C. 20520. International Schools Service For information regarding UNESCO's "Teach- This is an independent, nonprofit agency pro- ing Abroad" services, whereby particrlars ef uni- viding professional educational services to appmr, versity professors seeking assignments abroad can imaieiy two hundred schools in Asia, Africa, be brought to the notice of institutions having Europe, and Latin America. A majority of these staff vacancies, inquiries should be sent to the schools are sponsored by parent groups or inter- International Exchange Service, UNESCO, Place national communities; others are sponsored by de Fontenoy, Paris 7, France, international industry and by church organizations. They enroll 26,000 U.S. children most of Foreign Policy Association whose parents serve international programs of diplomacy, technical aid, and industry, and 23,000 The Foreign Policy Association has published students of many other nationalities. a guide to job opportunities in the worldaffairs

183

4.: C. Vre ^ ^ 41,111Cw--

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field which includes a section on "Teaching Op- and to attend summer seminars abroad in foreign portunities Abroad." The guide is a special fea- languages or in social studies. Some teaching posi- ture of INTERCOM, titled Careers in World tions involve an interchange of positions between Affairs, and may be secured from Foreign Policy American and foreign teachers, while others are Association, 345 East 46th Street, New York, one-way assignments. New York 10017, forI. Eligibility Requirements. U.S. citizenship; bachelor's degree; three years of experience for teach- Other Overseas Schools Operated ing abroad; two years of experience for summer By Industrial Concerns seminars. Application should be made between Septem- Teachers who know of a school operated by ber 1 and November 1 for the following school industrial organizations for the children of over- year. Address Teacher Exchange Section, U.S. seas employees stationed in foreign areas and Office of Education, Washington, D.C. 20202. who desire a position there should write directly English-teaching assistantships are open to to the U.S. office of the operating organization. graduating seniors and recent graduates in India Possible sources of information are as follows: (colleges and universities), France (secondary schools), and Italy (secondary schools). Fellow- Arabian American Oil Company ships are available to applicants with a master's 505 Park Avenue degree for teaching English language and litera- New York, New / ork 10022 ture and American studies at universities in Italy, The Firestone Plantations Division the Philippines, and Sweden. Further information 1200 Firestone Parkway and application forms may be obtained from the Akron, Ohio 44306 Counseling Division, Institute of International Education, 809 United Nations Plaza; New York, Gulf Oil Corporation New York 10017. Deadline: November 1. Ap- 2900 Gulf Building plications are not distributed after October 15. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219

Orinoco Mining Company UNESCO 525 William Penn Place Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15230 For service in advisory or supervisory capacity on the college or university level in regard to Esso Standard Eastern, Inc. research, teacher education, scientific and engi- 15 West 51st Street neering education, industrial and agricultural edu- New York, New York 10019 cation, fundamental, adult, primary, or secondary education in developing countries in Latin Amer- REQUIREMENTS FORTEACHING AND STUDY ica, Africa, Near East-South Asia, and the Far ABROAD THROUGHFEDERALPROGRAMS East, apply to Division of Foreign Studies, Bureau of Higher Education, Office of Education, U.S. There are two basic governmental programs Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, that provide opportunities for teachers to study Washington, D.C. 20202. or teach abroad. They are (a) the teacher exchange program, and (b) grants for study abroad. U.S. Information Services Teaching Abroad and Stum' Seminars Abroad There are openings for teachers of English in binational cultural centers in Latin America, the The international education exchange program, Near East, the Far East, and Europe; also posi- authorized by the Fulbright-Hays Act, offers options for administrators and directors of courses portunities for American elementary and secon- in cultural centers. Write to the Chief, Source dary school teachers and college instructors and Development Staff,U.S. Information Agency, assistant professors to teach abroad for a year Washington, D.C. 20547.

184 3W

Teacher Exchange sponsored by the school system or college where the candidate is employed. General Information. Under the Fulbright-Hays 3. Studylresearch grants for faculty members Act of 1961, elementary school, secondary school, at language and area centers supportedby the and junior college teachers may apply for one- National Defense Education Act: Ph.D. or equiv- year positions in national andAmerican-sponsored alent, two years of experience in the language or schools in about fifty countries. Some involve area study on which their centersfocus, language interchange of positions; ethers are direct assign- competence, and recommendation of the center ments with no interchange. Financial conditions director. of awards vary from country to country. 4. Study' research grants for graduatestu- Preparation. Bachelor's degree, preferably mas- dents: at least two years of graduate study in the ter's; three years of experience; U.S. citizenship; United States, demonstrated competence in lan- and in some instances, fluency i 1 the language of guage or world area with which theirstudies are the host country. concerned, and intention to teach the subject in a Application. Apply between September 1 and U.S. college or university. Programs must be ap- November 1 to the Teacher Exchange Section, proved and supervised by the home institution. Office of Education, U.S. Department of Health, Applications for all programs must be initiated Education, and Welfare, Washington, D.C. 20202. between September and November for the following summer and academic year. For further Research and Study Abroad information, write Overseas Projects Section, Di- Section 102(b) (6) of the Fulbright-Hays Act vision of Foreign Studies, Bureau of Higher Edu- provides opportunities for American secondary cation, U.S. Office of Education, Washington, school teachers, university faculty, andgraduate D.C. 20202. students to improve their competence in area studies and modern foreign languages by studying Grant: for Graduate Study or conductingresearch abroad. Financial provisions include international transportation -and, in The Institute of International Education ad- some instances, maintenanceallowances, tuition ministers grants for graduate study abroad pro- fees, and educational materials allowances. vided by the U.S. Government and by various Eligibility Requirements.1. Summer seminars foreign governments and universities.Grants for secondary school teachers and college instruc- available under the Fulbright-Hays Act provide tors or assistant professors: at least abachelor's round-trip transportation, tuition, and mainte- degree and two years of teaching experience in nance for one academic year.Other HE-admin- area studies (history,world civilization, etc.). istered awards provide tuition and partial mainte- 2. One-year study /research grants forsec- nance. Further information andapplication forms ondary school teachers or supervisors and college may be obtained from theCounseling Division, .417 instructors or assistant professors: five years of Institute of International Education, 809 United teaching experience in area studies or modern Nations Plaza, New York, New York 10017. foreign languages, and evidence of leadership in Deadline: November 1. Applications are not dis- curriculum development.Application must be tributed after October 15.

2.? ;

F. 185 17'

NW/ 7-, "ff..ottyr-r. Chapter W 1111111111!

TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONSAND APPROVED PROGRAMS

State boards of It may be said, however, that statelists showing education are, in most states, responsible forde- few institutions with programs otherthan those ciding which colleges and universities withintheir for the preparation of elementary andhigh school state borders will be approved for thepreparation teachers generally belong in categories 1 and2. of teachers. These boards generallydepend upon If a state list shows a wide varietyin the kinds of the professional staffs of the state departmentsof positions for which institutions areauthorized to education to recommend the institutionswhich offer programs, that generally meansthe state list should be approved. belongs in category 3. Although there appears to be a growing trend Many of the state lists are tentative,while toward state use of the standards suggestedin others are fairly stable. The list whichfollows USOE Circular 351,1 at present there are no was valid as of January.1, 1967, each state list accepted standards or procedures which arefol- having been verified by the respective state ap- lowed by all state departments of educationin proval agency. the selection of institutions to be recommended Accreditation by the respective state depart- for approval by their respective stateboards of ments of education is notindicated for several education. The requirements for listing, there- states (Alaska, District ofColumbia, Massachu- fore, differ from state to state. Thesignificance setts, Missouri, Nevada, and PuertoRico). In of being on a list also differs from state to state. some instances thisis due to the absence of The meaning of a state list usually falls under one any specific statutoryauthorization to accredit of the following three categories: or to laws whicheither vest accrediting author- 1. All colleges and universities approved as in- ity in some other state agency orinstitution stitutions of higher learning. If an institution is or specify theinstitutions authorized to pre- approved for anything, it may prepare teachers pare teachers. Forexample, no state approval provided it offers the courses required for certifi- agency has beenauthorized in Massachusetts. cation. The Board of Collegiate Authority grantsthe 2. All colleges and universities approved for right to certain institutions to conferdegrees and teacher education. A listed institution may pre- to use the words "college,""junior college," or pare persons for anyteaching position for which "university," as part of the names of theinstitu- a certificate is issuedprovided it offers the courses tions. Yet, the Board of CollegiateAuthority is required for those certificates. Here, as in cate- not an accrediting 'agency.Also, some state de- gory 1, the state is approvingthe institution in- partments of education recognizeaccrediting by stead of its programs. other agencies, associations, or institutionsand 3. Colleges and universities approved for spe- do not maintain accrediting procedures.In effect, cific programs for teacher education. Each insti- whatever the procedure followed, allinstitutions tution listed must have separate approval for whose credentials are accepted for teachercertifi- each program it offers for such positions as ele- cation are legally recognized or approvedby the mentary school teacher, generalsecondary school 2 Perkins, Mary Ellen, chairman, AccreditingStandards teacher, teacher in the field of home economics, Revision Committee. Proposed Standards for StateAp- or school administrator.Here the state is approv- proval of Teacher Education. (A project of theNational ing the program or programs as well as theinsti- Association of State Directcrs of Teacher Education and Certification, assisted by the Office ofEducation.) tutions that offer those programs. Circular 351revised.Washington, D.C.:Officeof No effort is made in the list which follows to Education, U.S. Department of Health, Education,and show the category in which each state list belongs. Welfare, 1967. 43 pp.

187 110156222angigagarLerocamrearar.

state education agency. The institutions listed stitutions for the preparation of elementary or herein, therefore, are recognized for teacher cer- secondary school teachers or school service per- tification purposes, even though actual accredit- sonnel (including guidance, schooladministra- ing by the state legal authority may not be indi- tion, and the like) or any one or more ofthese cated. categories.Institutions are also accredited in Also, it should be noted that in some states ap- terms of the highest collegiate degreewhich they proval is given for teacher education rather than are authorized to offerfor any of the categories for specific programs.In such cases the pro- for which they are accredited. Details withrefer- grams offered by institutions are notshown in ence to any giveninstitution may be found in the the listings in this chapter, but this should not be Annual List published by NCATE, which maybe interpreted to mean that these institutions do not secured from the Council, 1150 Pennsylvania offer specMc programs. Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C.20036. The listings of approved programs of institu- With respect to the classification ofinstitutions tions are based upon state approval for which a in Table 1, the criteria used incategorizing the given state issues a certificate or endorses the 1,200 institutions (listed in this chapter)which authorization to teach the field or subject. The are approved bythe respective states for teacher listed programs of a given institution, therefore, education should be described.As the basic may not include all programswhich the institu- source for determiningthe classifications of insti- tion offers. For example, many institutions re- tutions, the annual publication of theU.S. Office port that they offer programs for thepreparation of Education, Education Directory,1965-1966 of junior high school teachers, but since their (Part 3, "Higher Education"), was used.The states do not certify or endorse thisfield apart classification of teachers colleges wasderived from the high school category, the institutions are from the following definition checkedagainst not listed as approved for separatejunior high the listings in the above-named directory: sepa- school programs. This is true also of certain of rate, single-purpose teachereducation institutions the special fields. which have "teachers college" in their names, Three types of institutional accreditation ap- state colleges of education existing asseparate pear in the following list: state,indicating ap- institutions, and degree-granting normalcolleges. proval by the state department of education; Normal schools offering less than the degree pro- regional, indicating accreditation by the regional gram were classed as juniorcolleges. This defini- association (e.g., North Central Association of tion would not, therefore, include schools,col- Colleges and Secondary Schools); national, indi- leges, and departments of education operating as cating accreditation by the National Council for integral parts of a university or college.It is Accreditation of Teacher Education. realized that these classifications are notprecise, The multiple-page table in this chapter, con- that some institutions not operatingunder the taining the listings of "Approved Teacher Educa- name are really teacherscolleges, and that some tion Institutions...," does not lend itself to a full teachers colleges are actually multiple-purpose explanation of the meaning of NCATE accredita- institutions. Also, some institutions with"univer- tion for the institutions accredited by that body. sity" in their names are classified as liberal arts In terms of programs, the NCATE accredits in- colleges.

188 TABLE 1.CLASSIFICATION OF APPROVED TEACHER EDUCATIONINSTITUTIONS ACCORDING TO FUNCTION AND CONTROL Teachers 4., io0 Colleges Universities cs != 0 41'!E0 as 0 - -a0.) -. u .0 0 a.) v, 0 .40 .0 .40 0 ..be.4 co 00 c 0 ... DO co 0 co . 00 Co ,.. 0 .4 0 o .54 " Totals State ..a > lii > 75 5 > 2 t; 0.= az 6, z *LI = t

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 J 8 9 110 11 21 Alabama 2 1 7 H Alaska lb 1 Arizona 3 1 4 Arkansas 1 3 7 5 4 20 California 5c 8 15 21 49 Colorado 2 1 5 4 12 Connecticut 1 5 4 7 17 Delaware 1 1 I 2 District of Col. lb 1 3 3 8 Florida 6 4 6 11 17 Georgia 1 3 9 14 27 Hawaii 1 2 3 Idaho 2 2 3 1 8 e Illinois 2 3 6d 8 32 6 57 Indiana 4 5 22 2 33 Iowa 2 3 1 22 28 __f 24 Kansas 1 3 5 2 13 Kentucky 6 1 17 24 Louisiana 4g 4 7 4 19 Maine 1 5 9 1 16 22 Maryland 1 2 7 10 2 57 Massachusetts 1 1 7 9 36 3 Michiga.: 7 1 1 16 25 Minnesota 2 2 5 14 23 Mississippi 3 5 8 16 Missouri 2 4 2 4 22 34 Montana 2 3 3 8 4 20 Nebraska N I 2 2 4 7 Nevada 2" 2 New Hamps. 1 2 6 9 New Jersey I 2 6 8 1 18 New Mexico 5 1 ' 3 1 10 New York 3 3 15 14 49 4 88' North Carolina 1 4 3 10 22 40 North Dakota 3 4 2 9 Ohio 10 11 30 51 Oklahoma 3 4 8 2 17 Oregon 1 2 3 3 6 15 Pennsylvania 1 11P 14 46 5 77 Puerto Rico lb 2 1 1 5 Rhode Island 1 1 1 1 5 1 10 South Carolina 2 3 2 14 1 22 South Dakota 2 1 4 5 4 16 Tennessee 1 6 5 1 19 32 Texas 9 12 13 19 53 Utah 2 1 2 1 6 Vermont 1 1 1 3 3 9 Virginia 1 3 8 16 5 33 Washington 2 4 3 6 15 West Virginia 2 7 6 1 16 Wisconsin 11 k 2 18 20 51 1 Wyoming 1

1 1200 TOTALS 8 11 151 1154 207 598 31 39 1 TABLE 2.NUMBER OFAPPROVED TEACHER EDUCATIONINSTITUTIONS WITH TYPES OF ACCREDITATION Types of Accreditation Total Number State Regional National of Approved (NCATE) State Institutions Department Association 3 4 5 1 2 19 8 Alabama 21 21 i I Alaska 1 la 4 4 3 3 Arizona 10 Arkansas 20 20 17 49b 49b 49 16 California 7 12 12 12 Colorado 7 Connecticut 17 17 15 2 2 2 Delaware 3 8 8a 8 District of Col. 5 17 14 Florida 17 7 27 27 27 Georgia -- Hawaii 3 3 3 8 8 8 2 Idaho 21 Illinois 57 57 46 33 33 27 16 Indiana 13 Iowa 28 28 27 24 24 23 13 Kansas 9 Kentucky 24 24 23 19c 19c 18c 8 Louisiana 3 Maine 16 16 8 22 22 20 6 Maryland 15 Massachusetts 57 57 45 25 25 25 11 Michigan 18 23 23 23 Minnesota 6 Mississippi 16 16 13 34 34a 33 13 Missouri 5 8 8 8 Montana 13 Nebraska 20 20 16 1 Nevada 2d 2a 2 9 9 7 3 New Hampshire 7 18 18 17 New Jersey 4 10 10 7 New Mexico 24 88C 88C 79 New York 13 North Carolina 40 40 33 9 9 6 5 North Dakota 18 51 51 45 Ohio 14 17 17 17 Oklahoma 8 15 15 15 Oregon 22 77 77 76 Pennsylvania 5a 1 Puerto Rico 5 5 10 8 1 . Rhode Island 10 22 22 18 1 South, Carolina 7 South Dakota 16 16 12 29 9 Tennessee 32 32 . 47f 21 Texas 53f 53f 6 5 Utah 6 6 9 9 8 1 Vermont 5 .,.11^g 33g 31g Virginia 10 15 15 15 Washington 10 16 16 16 West Virginia 51h 20h Wisconsin 51h 29h 1 Wyoming 1 1 . 1 449 TOTALS 1200 1200 1062

190 TABLE 1 FOOTNOTES

Institutions offering at least two but less thanfour years Includes two branches of Louisiana StateUniversity: Baton Rouge and New Orleans. of college preparation. Nevadathe B Supported in part or wholly by federalfunds. 14 The two branches of the University of main campus at Reno and Nevada Southern atLas Five campuses of the University ofCalifornia: Berke- Vegashave coordinate status within theuniversity ley, Davis, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara,and Riverside. system. each: Includes two universities that have two campuses The total does not include five junior collegesapproved Southern Illinois University, Carbondale andEdwards- ville, and the University of Illinois, Urbana andChi- for preparing dental hygienists. Penn- cago Circle. Five of the "private" universities are state-aided: Pennsylvania, There are 51 institutions, including 40 juniorcolleges, sylvania State University, University of Temple University, Lincoln University, andUniversity approved only for teaching courses. of Pittsburgh. Kansas has 16 public and 5 private juniorcolleges in which teachers may take the first two yearsof four k Includes two campuses of the University ofWisconsin: years' work. Madison and Milwaukee.

TABLE 2 FOOTNOTES

colleges approved a Either no legal authority or noformal process for ac- The total does not include five junior creditation. for preparing dental hygienists. The total includes two units of Texas Agriculturaland Includes the five campuses of the Universityof Cali- Mechanical University System: Texas Agriculturaland fornia: Berkeley, Davis, Los Angeles, SantaBarbara, Mechanical University and Prairie ViewAgricultural and Riverside. and Mechanical College. Includes two branches of Louisiana StateUniversity: Includes the University of Richmond, plus twoof its Baton Rouge and New Orleans. unitsRichmond College and Westhampton College and the University of Virginia, plus one ofits units d The two branches of the University ofNevadathe main campus at Reno and Nevada Southern atLas Mary Washington College. Vegashave coordinate status within the university h includes two campuses of the University ofWisconsin: system. Madison and Milwaukee.

<17,, APPROVED TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, TYPES OF ACCREDITATION, AND TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR WHICH APPROVED

TYPES TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS OF FOR YMCA INSTITUTION IS APPROVED ACCREDO. TATION PRESCHOOL SECOND. OF IHSTI7u AND ARY SPECIAL FIELDS TWN ELM MTRRy SCHOOLS , O M_ c z = APPROVED INSTITUTIONS M II 2 11w. a 7 g J dg d > 0J o I3 0 J o la rE ; a a LI J 2 d ii wNg 4 0 X 0F .11111z 0 I- A 2 0 0 4 ,SUE. =ALi a !la- ZXze-zzAt X a 4 0 O M F 0 w X Z X I. 2 X z 4 igi40061 = a n 4 g 4 > >a : g , 0 4 a II o 44,.. d z ott 4444 = 7 ze- c ii. F W 4 2 a wwwcc 01.12,0 0 0 aBo, o 00000ZNJW,a = J t 5r.zzg g a -E5Ez8-ao.cx-0 LO..70N seeZ0F 2420==422X111A5817001C7XW wOJZ22

ALABAMA Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical College, Normal xx x x x x xxx xx Alabama College, Montevallo xx xx x x xxxx x x x x Alabama State College, Montgomery x Nx x x x Y. Athens College, Athens xx x x x x Auburn University, Auburn xx x xx x x xxxxx xxx x x x Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham xxxx x x xx x xx Florence State College, Florencexxxxx x x x x x x Huntington College, Montgomery xx x x xx x x x Jacksonville State College, Jacksonville xx x xx x x x x x x Judson College, Marion xx x x xx x x x Livingston State College, Livingston xx x xx Miles College, Birmingham x x x Oakwood College, Huntsville xx x x St. Bernard College,St. Bernard xx x x Samford University, Birmingham xx x x x x xx x x x Spring Hill College, Mobile xx x x x Stillman College, Tuscaloosa xx x x x Talladega College, Talladega xx x x Troy State College, Troy xx x xx x x xx Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee Institute xx xx x x xxxxx xxx University of Alabama, University xxxxx x x xxxxxxxxxx

ALASKA University of Alaska, College x x x

ARIZONA Arizona State University,Tempe xx x xxxxx xx xxx xxxxxxnxxxxxx Grand Canyon College, Phoenix x x xxxxn x x x x Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff xx x xxxxx xx xx xxxx xxx x x x x x University of Arizona, Tucson xxxxxxxxxxx,xxxxxxxxxxxxx

ARKANSAS Agricultural, Mechanical, and Normal College, Pine Bluff xx x xx x xxx x xxx Arkansas Agricultural and Mechanical College, College Heights xx x xx x xx x xx Arkansas Baptist College, Little Rock x 1 xx Arkansas College, Batesville xx xx x xx Arkansas Polytechnic College, Russellville xx x xx x xx Arkanmas State College, State College xx x xx x xxx

*(Footnotes will be found on pp. 226-27.) 192 APPROVED TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, TYPES OF ACCREDITATION, AND TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR WHICH APPROVED

TYPES TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS OF FOR WHICH INSTITUTION IS APPROVED ACCRICh TATION PRESCHOOL SECOND. OF INSTITU. AND ARI; SPECIALFIELDS TION .ELEMENTARY SC1100711

M_ 2z c a APPROVED INSTITUTIONS wa g. ... f c a II m x 2 JO A, co 0 0 X J0 0 ... i3 gi w ,,c. 12w"°2 Z u

ARKANSAS (Continued) College of the Ozarks, Clarksville xx xxx xx Fort Smith Junior College, Fort Smith x 1 xx Harding College, Searcy xxx xxx xx Henderson State College, xx Arkadelphia xxx xxx xx xx Hendrix College, Conway xx xxx xx x John Brown University, Siloam Springs xx xxx xx x LittleRockUniversity, Little Rock xx xxx Oachita Baptist Univeroity, Arkadelphia xxx xxx xx xIt Philander Smith College, Little Rock xx xxx xx x Shorter College, North Little Rock x 1 xx Southern Baptist College, Walnut Ridge xx 1 xx xx Southern State College,Magnoliaxxx xxx xx xxxx State College of Arkansas, x Conway xxx x xxx xx x University of Arkansas, Fayetteville xxx xxx xxx xxxx xx

CAUFORNIA California College of Arts and Crafts, Oakland xx California Lutheran College, Thousand Oaks xx California State College vt Fullerton xx x xx California State College at Hayward xx California State College at it x Long Beach xxx x x xx xxxxxxx x x California State College at , Los Angeles xxx x x xx x at xxxxx x xx California State Polytechnic College, Pomona xx California State Polytechnic College, San Luis Obispo xx x x xx xx California Western University, San Diego xx Chapman College, Los Angeles xx x x x x Chico State College, Chico xxx x x x xxxxxxx Claremont Graduate School and University Center, Claremontxxx x x xx x x x xx College of the Holy Names, Oakland xx College of Notre Dame, Belmont xxx Dominican College of San Rafael, San Rafael xx

193 APPROVED TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, TYPES OF ACCREDITATION, AND TYPES OF TEACNC EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR WHICHAPPROVED ...... , TYPES TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS OF FOR WHICH iNSTITUTICH IS APPROVED ICCCREDY TATIOH SECOND. OF PRESCHOOL INSTITU. AND ARY SPECIAL FIELDS TION ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS 2 i 0 a 5 m ii : APPROVED INSTITUTIONS ; Cw 1.w i g 0 0 J7 g W JJ ...... Z C 0 41 W y J 00 i d 0 j _2 Fcs 2 4 0 kl 0 kl 0 kl J z C ). X kl p > tiElr kl Id ig 00 0 ". 0 .... r , = . . 4 7 J L i4 04 ,ONCJW 0 4 0 04 I- 0 J1..ZZZLzxJ44 X ,.. ' o 4 Z Z C Zz .t. S C4 2x-g 4 00J00 2 4 o g J ki Sz o I.; .1.1 04 7C1 7C1 F 22 kl C C i Z XiiC. g 4CCC°0 6. :lt14.2 'I 0 F0 0 W ° Zyjw..agz< J ti212521,7dP,IP, W,2V2=3:-.8: 2 22

CALIFORNIA (Continued) xxxxxxxxx Fresno State College, Fresno xxx x x x xxxxxxx Humboldt State College, Arcata xx x x x Immaculate Heart College, x x Los Angeles xxx x x x La Sierra College, Riverside xx x La Verne College, La Verne xx Loyola University of Los Angeles, Los Angeles xx x x Mills College, Oakland xx x x Monterey Institute of Foreign Studies, Monterey xx Mount St. Mary's College, Los x x x Angeles xx x x xx Occidental College, Los Angelesxx x xx xxx Pacific Union College, Angwin xx x x Pasadena College, Pasadena xx x xx xx Pepperdine College, Los Angelesxx x x xx Sacramento State College, xxxxx xxx xx Sacramento xxx x x x San Diego State College, San xxxxxxxxx xxx Diego xxx x x xx San Fernando Valley State x xx - College, San Fernando xx x x x San Francisco College for Women, San Francisco xx San Francisco State College, xxxxxxxxx xxx San Francisco xxa x x xx xxxxxxxxxx xx San Jose State College,San Josexxx x x xx Stanford University, Stanford, Palo Alto xxx x x xx Stanislaus State College, Turlock xx University of California, xx xx Berkeley xxx x x xx University of California, Davisxx x x x University of California at Los zxxx x x xx Angeles, Los Angelea xxx x x xx x University of California, Riverside xx University of California, xx x xxaxx Santa Barbara xx x University of the Pacific, x xx x xxx x x xx Stockton xxx x x x xxx University of Redlands,Redlandsxx x x x University of San Diego,College for Women, Acala Park, San Diego xx x x University of San Francisco, San Francisco xx x University of Santa Clara, Santa Clara xx University of Southern xxxx x xx xx California, Los Angeles xxx x x xx Westmont College, Santa Barbaraxx x x xxx x Whittier College, Whittier xx x APPROVED TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, TYPES OF ACCREDITATION, AND TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR WHICH APPROVED

TYPES TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS OF FOR WHICH INSTITUTION IS APPROVED ACCREOL TATION PRESCHOOL SECOND. OF INSTITU AND ARV SPECIAL FIELDS TION cELEMENTARY SCHOOLS 0 a

C c R APPROVED INSTITUTIONS a I W g 2 a U J JJ 2 ili 0 d > 00 2 0 , ca hi 40 C hi 0 z J2: r, ),- I 4 U X I-. jOciar4,.::: w W gJ 2. 2'''' t $.. Z 2 a .3 00 t- 0 SXJ4X c z z z ,.. E E c .1 9 0 0 = Z 2 .4 X204222Ww4WWowzz ' A U :1 Z tV

COLORADO Adams State College, Alamosa xx x x x X X X X x x xx X Colorado College, Colorado Springs xx xx x x x Colorado State College, Greeleyxxxxxxxxxxxx x x x x x x x xxxxx Colorado State University, Fort Collins xx x x xxxxxxxxxxxxxx Colorado Woman's College,Denver xx x x Fort Lewis College, Durango xx x x Loretto Heights College,Loretto xx x x x Regis College, Denver xx Southern Colorado State College, Pueblo xx xx x x x x x x x University of Colorado, Eoulder xx xx x xxx x x x x x x x xxxx University of Denver, Denver xx xx x xxx x x x x x x x xxx x Western State College of Colorado, Gunnison xxx x x xx x x x x x x x xx

CONNECTICUT Albertus Magnus College, New Haven xx x x Annhurst College, Woodstock xx xx x x Central Connecticut State College, New Britain xx x xxx x x Connecticut College, New Londonxx xx x Danbury State College, Danbury xx x xxx x Diocesan Sisters College, Bloomfield x2 xx Fairfield University, Fairfield xx x x x St. Joseph College, West Hartford xx xxx x x x Seat of Wisdom College, Litchfield Southern Connecticut State College, New Haven xx x xxx x x x x xx Trinity College, Hartford xx x x University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport xxx x xxx x x x University of Connecticut, Storrs xx x x xxxx x xxxx University of Hartford, West Hartford xx x x xxxx x x x Wesleyan University, Middletown xx x4 x4 Willimantic State College, Willimantic xx x xxx Yale University, New Haven xx x4 x4

DELAWARE Delaware State College, Dover xx x x xx X xx x x University of Delaware, Newark xx x x xx x xxx xxsx x x xx

.-...... APPROVED TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, TYPESOF ACCREDITATION, AND TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMSFOR WHICH APPROVED

TYPIS TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS OF FOR WHICH INSTITUTION IS APPROVED ACCZEDI. TATION PRESCHOOL SECOND OF SPECIAL FIELDS 1NSTITU AND AVM TION ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS X 0 M_ c 2

APPROVED INSTITUTIONS If . i r a a . J J ZoblOW .hi 00 I" 3 0J >0 2 'hi 4 m c. 2 ; E k > 2 2wNg x f J-I 2 . ._ r J .r a 1 tt tt : , ,, . J . .4 0 4 0 0 I- 0 i;. ts J iF . id 4 . . 05 id z, 2 2 ICCEicitic77 it:tibia u ty uw M00:2WWW1000UU a: 3: >J Eiii.:12g22m2i7C C P. .1u41°2 711.0-76,11 n6g.li141100=20422X1s1-0-,4440Y22JmiamO0C7XWO I 40.1211. IS

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA6 American University xx Catholic University of America x District of Columbia Teachers College x Dumbarton College of Holy Cross x xx x x Gallaudet College xx x x x George Washington University xx xx x xx Howard University x Trinity College x

FLORIDA xx xxxx xx xx Barry College, Miami xx x xx x Bethune-Cookman College, x xx xx x xx Daytona Beach xx Brevard Engineering College, xxx Melbourne xx - Florida Agricultural & Meehan- xxx xx xx xx ical University, Tallahasseexxx x xx xxx x Florida Atlantic University, x xxx x . x X X X Boca Raton x x Florida Memorial College, x xx x St. Augustine xx Florida Presbyterian College, xx St. Petersburg x Florida Southern College, x XX x XX Lakeland x X XXX Florida State University, xx xxxxxxxx xxxxx Tallahassee xxx xxxxx x Jacksonville University, xx x xxx x x Jacksonville x xx x xx x x xxx xx Rollins College, Winter Park xx x xx x Stetson University, Deland xxX x xx xxx University of Florida, xx X X XX xX X X xxx xxx Gainesville xxx X X xxX X University of Miami, Coral xxx xx xxx xxxxxxxx xx Gables xxx xxx University of South Florida, sx :,., xx xx xxxxx xxx x IC xx Tampa xx x x University of Tampa, Tampa xx x xx University of West Florida, xxx xx x X AZ x Pensacola x x

GEORGIA xx x x Agnes Scott College, Decatur x xx x x 'A x Albany State College, Albany x xx Atlanta University, Atlanta xx x X x x x xxxit Berry College, Mt. Berry xx x x x Brenau College, Gainesville it x Xx x x it Clark College, Atlanta xx it x x x7xS Emory University, Atlanta it xx Fort Valley State College, x xx x x xx Fort Valley xx Georgia Southern College, x xx xx xx xxxx x Statesboro xxx APPROVED TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, TYPES OFACCREDITATION, AND TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR WHICHAPPROVED

TYPES TYPES OF TEACHEREDUCATION PROGRAMS OF FOR WHICH INSTITUTION ISAPPROVED ACCREOM TLT1ON PRESCHOOL SECOND. OF SPECIAL FIELDS DISTITU. AND ARV TioN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS 8 a

de z ::: ill w hi APPROVED INSTITUTIONS S. J = > JJ d g IS 0 J_ .z VW 0 0 3 4r c42 > g ,. r.. J z g.vg 04 U Z UF ggIlw; J S. E .1 Ft j2t6% lc N 0 0 1- 0 54 cg-- 0acc C Z z g4 g ------+ C 4 0 0 zzzzz0 4 0 olf J 4 J2 J EE 6 6 r. x U 4 4J0.j.j.LF Z 10 g Z 4 w p L F ri z IlaCCCD Mpg, W si 0 0 .1 Zwjw g ; 4 4 W ... 00042U t. .. 4 A - ...; o 4 i a c 0 1- zZ g2ziiici 0 c 0- lil 0.44111077....J=wzO0C7XISal S z M w C z 0 N Y w < ot - wUJZS.

GEORGIA (Continutd) x Georgia State College, Atlanta xx x x x La Grange College, La Orange xx x x x Mercer University, Macon xx x x x Morehouse College, Atlanta xx x x Morris Brown College, Atlanta xx x x North Georgia College, Dahloneg.xx x x Oglethorpe College, Atlanta xx x x Paine College, Augusta xx x Piedmont College, Demorest xx x x x Savannah State College, Savanna,xx x x xx x Shorter College, Rome xx x x x x xx x Spelman College, atlanta xx x x xx x x Tift College, Forsyth xx University of Georgia, Athens xx x x x xn xxxxxx x x Valdosta State College, Valdost-xx x x x x Wesleyan College, Macon xx x x x West Georgia College, Carrolitoxx9 x x x Woman's College of Georgia, zx xx Milledgeville xx x x x x HAM Chaminade College, Honolulu xx x x x x x Church College of Hawaii, x Laie,Oahu xx x x x x x xxxxx x xxxxxxx University of Hawaii, Honolulu xx xz 1 x x x xx x x

IDAHO Boise College, Boise xx 11 x x x xx College of Idaho, Caldwell xx x x x x x x xx xx x xx Idaho State University,Pocatellxx x x x x x Lewis Clark Normal School, Lewiston xx North Idaho Junior College, Couer d'Alene xx Northwest Nazarene College, xx xx xx Nampa xx x x x Ricks College, Rexburg xx 10 x x xx xxx University of Idaho, Moscow xx x x x x x xx xxx

ILLINOIS American Conservatory of Music, Chicago x xx xx Augustana College, Rock Island xx x x x x x x x x Aurora College, Aurora xx x x x x Barat College of the Sacred Heart, Lake Forest xx xxxx x x Blackburn College, Carlinville xx x x x xxxx xxx Bradley University, Peoria xx x x x x x xx xx Chicago Conservatory Cllege, x x Chicago x xx x x x x College of St. Francis, Joliet x Columbia College,11 Chicago x Concordia Teachers College, x x x xx R xx x 197 APPROVED TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, TYPES OF ACCREDITATION, AND TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR WHICH APPROVED

TYPES TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS OF FOR WHICH INSTITUTION IS APPROVED ACCRE0h TATION PRESCHOOL SECOND. OF INSYITU. AND ARY SPECIAL FIELDS TION ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS

R APPROVED INSTITUTIONS 3 rs > o O O O 4 x iU F x O O a i- r z 1.. a 0 a a ze- S a S a a u O 0 O S u NY 2 0Wi S I.. O a O 4r 0 S S 2 a z

ILLINOIS (Continued)(Continued) De Lourdes College, Des -Plaines DePaul University, Chicago x x x x Eastern Illinois University, Charleston x x x x xxx Elmhurst College, Elmhurst x x x x Eureka College, Eureka x x George Williams Coilege,Chicago x x Greenville College, Greenville x x x x Illinois College, Jacksonville x x Illinois Institute of Techno- logy, Chicago x x Illionis State University, Normal x x x X X X X X X Illinois Teachers College, Chicago-North, Chicago x x X X Illinois Teachers College, Chicago-South, Chicago x x x X X x x x Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington x x x X X Knox College, Galesburg x x X X x Lake Forest College, Lake Foresx x X X X X X Lewis College, Lockport X X Loyola University, Chicago x x x xx X X X x xx MacMurray College, Jacksonville x x X X X McKendree College, Lebanon X X X Millikin University, Decatur x x x xx X X X xx Monmouth College, Monmouth x x X X X Mundelein College, Chicago x x x X X National College of Education, Evanston x x x North Central College, Naper- ville x x X X X X X X North, Park College, Chicago x x Northern Illinois University, De Kalb x x x X X x x X X X Xx Northwestern University, Evanston x x x xx X X X X X Xx Olivet Nazarene College, Kankakee x x x Pestalozzi Froebel Teachers College, Chicago Principia College, Elsah x x Quincy College, Quincy x x x Rockford College, Rockford x x Roosevelt University, Chicago x x Rosary College, River Forest x x St. Procopius College, Lisle x x St. Xavier College, Chicago x x School of the Art Institute, Chicago x x Sherwood Music School, Chicago x x Shimer College, Mt. Carroll x x Southern Illinois University, Carbondale and Edwardsville x x x

198 APPROVED TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, TYPES OF ACCREDITATION, AND TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR WHICH APPROVED

TYPES TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS OF FOR WHICH INSTITUTION IS APPROVED ACCREDI. TATION OF PRESCHOOL SECOND. tNSTITD. AND ARY SPECIAL FIELDS TION ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS 2 O a g z g APPROVED INSTITUTIONS w w i .m ... 1d w JJ ZoWOW d > 4 w 00 23 0 , > <0 A 2 t ; E C W ^WYK°gut> 0.0 U 2 .4 2 0 0 4 iU : ; ;'; 0 J CL i 4 " c 22 , C a 4 0 0 4 F 0 2 Z 2 1. g X IS 4 20 - V C Z 2 J J 1. k 2 4 0 g 4 J U 4 1100w2gWW000UU2 2 4 ti CL t ,z ccc3 la Zittry404./195gf al:Zig;z izzi E 1. a u .c 2 s120''12}J M :1822 Fidgn.i2 223:ti_ 3 » 83gtv

ILLINOIS (Continued) Tolentine College, Olympia Fields Trinity College, Deerfield x xxx x University of Chicago, Chicago xxxxxxxx xxxx x x x University of Illinois, Urbana, and University of Illionis at Chicago Circle, Chicago xxx x X X XXX XX XX XX X XX X X X VanderCook College of Music, Chicago Western Illinois University, Macomb xxx x x x x Wheaton College, Wheaton xxx x xxx x xx

INDIANA Ancilla Domini College, Donaldson x Anderson College, Anderson xxxx xxx x x Ball State University, Muncie xxxxx x xxx xxxxxxx xx x Bethel College, Mishawaka x xxx Butler University, Indianapolisxxxxx x xxx xxxx x xx xx DePauw University, Greencastle xxxxx x xxx xxxx xx xx x Earlham college, Richmond xxxx xxx x x x x Evansville College, Evansville xxxx x xxx xxxx x x Fort Wayne Bible College, Fort Wayne x xxx x x Franklin College of Indiana, Franklin xxxx xxxx x x x x Goshen College, Goshen xxxx xxx xx x x x Grace Theological Seminary and Grace College, Winona Lake x xxx x

Hanover College, Hanover xx x xxx x x , x Huntington College, Huntington xx x xxx x x x x Indiana Central College, Indianapolis xxxx xxx xx x x Indiana State University, Terre Haute xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx Indiana University, Bloomingtonxxxxx xx xxx xxxxxxx xx xxx Manchester College, North Manchester xxxx xxx xx x x x Marian College, Indianapolis xx x x xxx xx x Marion College, Marion xx x xxx x Oakland City College, Oakland City x x xxx xx x x Purdue University, Lafayette xxxxxx x xxx xx xxxxxx xx- x St. Benedict College, Ferdinandx x x x x St. Francis College, Fort Waynexx x xxx xx x x xx St. Joseph's College,Rensselaerxx x xxx x r x St. Mary-of-the-Woods College, St. Mary-ofthe-Woods xx x xxx xx x St. Mary's College, Notre Dame xxxx xxx xx x n St. Meinrad Seminary,St. Meinradxx xx Taylor University, Upland xxxx xxx xx University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame li: x X X XX X X x X XX

199 APPROVED TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, TYPES OF ACCREDITATION, AND TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR WHICH APPRO/ED

TYPES TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS OF FOR WHICH INSTITUTION IS APPROVED ACCRICO. TATUM PRESCHOOL SECOND OF DISTITL AND ARY SPECIAL FIELDS T1ON zELCSIFIITARY SCHOOLS o X z APPROVED INSTITUTIONS ... M 1 M4. 0. i

111 PE;mx -1 z Z. 52. Z x u -, 0aoi g g t1 Uraimme 0 4 0 0 m 0 .1 ... EZZIZZ 0 Z Z I Z ZZW420033 g di J J 121. a ,. A A &- z2ut;ti 2 < 0 34 a 4 4 '.. r rE g r r km .1 Id r r o I. 1.1 4 14 2 woo :how Z 14 j 0. W 200000 4 0 I- Z X 2 ,EE2 2 I-a I) x le o ;a 3 lo 3 z3 x al r x al oo Zr 11 xxx a; -, 69 -I se la z 8J szo 1 f INDIANA (Continued) Valparaiso University, Valparaiso xxxx x x x Vincennes University,12 Vincennes xx Wabash College, Crawfordsville xx x x x

IOWA 13 13 131314 14 14 1415 1414 Brier Cliff College, Sioux Cityxx x x xx xx x xx Buena Vista College, Storm Lakexx, x x xx x x xx Central College, Pella xx x xxx xx x xx Clarke College, Dubuque xxx x x xx xx 16 xx Coe College, Cedar Rapids xx x xxx x x xx Cornell College, Mt. Vernon xxx x x xx xx x xx Dordt College, Sioux Center x x xxx Drake University, Des Moines xxx x x xxx xx x xxx Graceland College, Lamoni xx x xxx x 16 x Grinnell College, Grinnell xx x x xx x xlx xx Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Amesxx x xxxxxx 16 xx xx Iowa Wesleyan College, Mount xx x xx . Pleasant xxx x xxx Loras College, Dubuque xx x xx x 16 x Luther College, Decorah xxx x xxx xx x xx Marycrest College, Davenport xxx x x xx xx x xx Morningside College, Sioux Cityxxx x x xx xx x xx Mount Mercy College, Cedar Rapids xx x xxx x 16 xx Northwestern College, Orange City xx x x 16 Parsons College, Fairfield xx x xxx x x xx St. Ambrose College, Davenpct2t xx x xx x x x Simpson College, Indianola xx x xxx x x xx State College of Iowa, Cedar Falls xxx x x x xx xxxxxxxxxx University of Dubuque, Dubuque xxx x xxx x x xx University of Iowa, Iowa City xxx x xx xx xmxx xxxx Upper Iowa University, Fayette xxx x xxx x x xx Wartburg College, Waverly xxx x x xx x x xx Westmar College, IaMars xx x xxx xx x xx William Penn College, Oskaloosaxxx x x xx x x xxx

KANSAS Baker University, Baldwin City xxx x x x xx x xx Bethany College, Lindsborg xxxx x x xx x xx Bethel College, North Hatton xx x x x x xx x xx College of Emporia, Emporia xx x x x xx x xx Fort Hays Kansas State College, Hays XXXXXXXXXXXXx %XXX XXXXXXX Friends University, Wichita xxx x x x x xx x xx x Kansas State College of, Pittsburg, Pittsburg xxz xxxxxxx xxx xxxxxxxxxx Kansas State Teachers College, Emporia xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxx xxxx

200 APPROVED TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, TYPES OF ACCREDITATION, AND TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAO FOR WHICH APPROVED

TYPES TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS OF FOR WHICH INSTITUTION IS APPROVED ACCREDI. TATION OF PREScHOOL !SECOND. SPECIAL FIELDS ' IN$TITU. ANO ANY TION etemzolTAmy zcymns

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KANSAS (Continued) Kansas State University of Agriculture and Applied Science, Manhattan xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Kansas Wesleyan University, xx Salina xx x x x xx x x McPherson College, McPherson xx x x x x xx x x xx Marymount College, Salina xxxx xxx xx Mount St. Scholastica College, xx Atchison xxxx x x xx x xx Ottawa University, Ottawa xx x x x xx x x Sacred Heart College, Wichita x x x xx xx St. Benedict's College,Atchisonxx x x xx x xx St. Mary College, Xavier xxxxx xxx xx x St. Mary of the Plains College, x Lodge City xx x x x Southwestern College, Winfield xx x xx x xx x xx x Sterling College, Sterling xx x xx1 xx x x Tabor College, Hillsboro xx x x x x xx xxx University of Kansas, Lawrence xxx xx x xxxx xx xxx x Washburn University of Topeka, xx Topeka xxxx x xxx xx x Wichita State University, Wichita xxxxx x xxx xxxx xxxx

ENTUCKr x Asbury College, Wilmore xxx Xxx x x x Bellarmtne College, Louisville xx xx x Berea College, Berea xxx xxx x xx xxxx x Brescia College, Owensboro xx xxx xx x Campbellsville College, Campbellsville xx xxx xx Catherine Spalding College, xx28 Louisville xx x xxx x x Centre College of Kentucky, xx Danville xx xxn x x Cumberland College, Williamsburgxx xxx xx x Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond xxxxx xxx x xx xxxxxx18 xxz18 Georgetown College, Georgetown xx x xxx xx Kentucky Southern College, x Louisville x x x Kentucky State College,Frankfortxxx xxx x xxx Kentucky Wesleyan College, x xx Owensboro xx xxx zx Morehead State University, Morehead xxxxx xxx x xxxxxxxxx18 x18x Murray State University, Murrayxxx xx xxx x Nazareth College of Kentucky,. x Nazareth xx xxx x x x Pikeville College, Pikeville xx xxx xx x xx Transylvania College, Lexingtonxx xxx xx x x xx Union College, Barbourville xx xxx x University of rentucky,Lexingtorxxxxx xxx xxxxxxx xxx18x University of Louisville, x x18 Louisville xxxxx xxx xxxxx

201

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KENTUCKY (Continued) x xxx Ursuline Colle,2, Louisville xx x x x xx xxx Villa Madonna College,Covingtonxx Western Kentucky University, x xx x xxxxxxxxx Bowling Green xxxxx

19 LOUISIANA xx xx x x xx xx x Centenary College, Shreveport x xx xx Dillard University, New Orleans xx x x x x Francis T. Nicholls State x xx x x xx xxx College, Thibodaux x xx xxxxxxxx x . Grambling College, Grambling xxxx x xx x . xx Louisiana College, Pineville xx x x xx Louisiana Polytechnic Institute, x xx xxxxxxxxx Ruston xxxxxx Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical xxxxxxxxxxx College System, Baton Rouge xxx xx x xx Louisiana State University, x, xx x x xx x New Orleans x x xxxx Loyola University, New Orleans xxx xx x xx McNeese State College, x xx xxxxx xx Lake Charles xx x Northeast Louisiana State x xxxxx xx College, Monroe xxx xx x x Northwestern State College of x xx xxxxxxxxxx Louisiana, Natchitoches xxxxxx Our Lady of Holy Cross College, x xx New Orleans x x St. Mary's Dominican College, x x x xx xxx .. New Orleans xx x Southeastern Louisiana College, x xx xxxxxxx Hammond xxxxx Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical x xx College, Baton Rouge xx xxx xxxxxxxxxxx Tulane University of Louisiana, x x xx x x xx New Orleans xx xx University of Southwestern x xx xxxxxxxxxxx Louisiana, Lafayette xxxxx x X X xx xxxx F Xavier University, New Orleans xx xx x x

MAINE Aroostook State College, Presque Isle x x x xx x Bates College, Lewiston x Bowdoin College, Brunswick xx Colby College, Waterville xx Farmington State College, x Farmington xxx xxxx Port Kent State College, x x x Fort Kent x x xx Gorham State College, Gorham xxx x x x Husson College, Bangor x

202 APPROVED TEACHER EDOCATION INSTITUTIONS, TYPES OF ACCREDITATION, AND TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR WHICH APPROVED

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MARYLAND Bowie State College, Bowie xxx xxx College of Notre Dame of Maryland, Baltimore xx x x x xx Columbia Union College, Takoma Park xx x Coppin State College, Baltimorexxx xx Frostburg State College, Frostburg xxx xxxx 2 Goucher College, Baltimore xx x x x Hood College, Frederick xx Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore xx Loyola College, Baltimore xx Maryland Institute, College of Art, Baltimore Maryland State College, Princess Anne xx x xxx xxxx Horgan State College, Baltimorexx x x xx x Mount St. Agnes College, Baltimore xx x x Mount St. Mary's College, Emmitsburg xx Peabody Institute of the City of Baltimore, Baltimore xx St. Joseph College, Eninitsburg xx xx Salisbury State College, Salisbury xxx xxx Towson State College, Towson xxx xxxx University of Baltimore, Baltimore x University of Maryland, College Park xxxx x x x x xxxxxxxxxxx Washington College, Chestertownxx Western Maryland College, Westminster xx

MASSACHUSETTS20 * American International College, Springfield x x xxx Amherst College, Amherst x xx

re 203 APR:OYEZ) TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONSMPES OF ACCREDITATION, AND rms OF TEACHER EDUCATION :3ROGRA4SfQR WHICH ALPPRVIED

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1 MASSACHUSETTS (Continued) Anna Maria College for Women, Paxton x x xx Assumption College, Worcester x x xx n Atlantic Union College, South Lancaster x x xx Berkshire Christian College, A Lenox xx Boston College, Chestnut Hill. xx x x xx xx x Boston Conservatory of Music, x x Boston xxx Boston University, Boston xx x U xx xZx xxx Brandeis University, Waltham x x xx Cardinal Cushing College, Brookline x xx Clark Uuivusity, Worcester x x xx College of the Holy Cross, Worcester x xx College of Our Lady of the Elms, Chicopee x x xx College of St. Joseph, Framingham x xx Curry College, Milton x xx Eastern Nazarene College, Wollaston x x xx Emerson College, Boston x x xx Emmanuel College, Boston x x xx Gordon College, Wenham x x xx Harvard University, Cambridge xx x x xx Hebrew Teachers College, Brookline x xx Lesley College, Cambridge xx x Narist College and Seminary, Framingham Centre xx Massachusetts College of Art, Boston x Merrimack College, North Andover x x X Mount Alvernia College, Chestnut Hill x xx Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley x x xx New England Conservatory of Music, Boston x a Newton College of the Sacred Heart, Newton x x xx Northeastern University, Boston x x x xx

Oblate College and Seminary, 5 x Natick x ry Radcliffe College, Cambridge x x xx Regina Coeli College, Fitchburg x xx Regis College, Weston x x xx St. Hyacinth College and Seminary, Granby xx St. John's Seminary, Brighton xx x xx St. Stephen's College, Dover xx Simmons College, Boston x xx x x

204 MM

APPROVED TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, TYPES OFACCREDITATION, AND TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMSFORWHICH APPRCNED

TYPES TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS OF FOR WHICH INSTITUTION Ix% APPROVIED ACCREDI. ?AVON pntscHooL SECOND OF INSTITU. AND ART SPECIAL. FIELDS VON scogzi,s zgLeutterAny O M_ W 2 z APPROVED INSTITUTIONS Ww4 li 11. fr. 5 J hi 3 z > 00 ia fl :..1 4 ? ta . ot J z Vft >. 22 w 8g 4- r,18I! U I.. r J 2 0 4 Viiglica t 2 4 am 4 2J 0 ...1 t- 3c ae sz -I aL 0 40 0 ,, : bs z0 Nazi., a 2 g trt 2-2 E 24 0 z A 4W 4 4..11. A A a t z2 o t t, F 2 U c 2 W 2 2 5WW &Zccc22 a I- 0U 4 Wtl W II J WOOmZWWW:c00UU Ig S h 2 0 Id Id tor.zi/2 iiii.1040 CXli ...2 et i la U Z IL 0 ,, go 41111di T J ,0000_,,,,0 Ig 0 ZZZZZ r 1 1 MASSACHUSETTS (Continued) Smith College, Northampton x x xx Springfield College, Springfiel xx x x xx x State College at Boston x x x xx xx State College at Bridgewater xx x x xx x State College at Fitchburg xx x x xx State College at Framingham xx x x xx State College at Lowell xx x x xx State College at North Adana xx x xx State College at Salem xx x x xx State College at Westfield xx x xx State College at Worcester xx x x xx Stonehill College, North Easton x xx x x Suffolk University, Boston x x x xx x x Tufts University, Medford x x x xx University ofMassachusetts, Amherst xx x x xx x xx Wellesley College, Wellesley x x xx x Wheaton College, Norton x x xx Wheelock College, Boston xx x

MICHIGAN 212 2121 x Adrian College, Adrian xx x x xx x x Albion College, Albion xxxx x xxx x x Alma College, Alma xxxx x xx Andrews University, Berrien Springs xx x x xx Aquinas College, Grand Rapids xx x x xx Calvin College, Grand Rapids xxxx x xx Central Michigan University, x x Mt. Pleasant xxxx x xxx x x x x js Eastern Michigan University, xx xx Ypsilanti xxxx x xxx x x Ferris State College, Big Rapids xx xx Hillsdale College, Hillsdale xx x x x xx x Hope College, Holland xxxx x xx x KalamazooCollege, Kalamazoo xx x x xx Madonna College, Livonia xx x x x Marygrove College, Detroit xx x x x xx x x x Mercy College of Detroit,Detroitxx x x xx Michigan State University, x East Lansing xxxx x x xxx x x xxx x x Nazareth College, Kalamazoo xx x x xx Northern Michigan University, x Marquette xxxx x xxx x xxx x Olivet College, Olivet xx x x xx Siena Heights College, Adrian nx x x xx xx Spring Arbor College, Spring Arbor xx x xx University of Detroit, Detroit xx x x xxx xx University of Michigan, x xx Ann Arbor xxxx x x xxx x xx x Wayne State University, Detroitxxxx x x xxx xxxxx xx x Western Michigan University, xxx Kalamazoo x x

205

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MINNESOTA Augsburg College, Minneapolis xxx XX X XX x x x Bemidji State College, Bemidji xxx s22 xxxx xx x xx xx Bethel College and Seminary, St. Paul xx xxx Carleton College, Northfield xxx xx College of St. Benedict, St. Joseph xxx XX IT XX College of St. Catherine, St. Paul xxx xxxx xx xx College of St. Scholastica, Duluth xx xxx xx College of St. Teresa, Winona xxx xxx x x x College of St. Thomas, St. Paulxxx K23 xx x x x Concordia College, Moorhead xxx xxx xx Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter xxx xxx x Hanline University, St. Paul xxx xxx xx x Macalester College, St. Paul xxx xxxx Xx x xx Mankato State College, Mankato xxx K24 xxxx xxxx xxx Moorhead State College, xx Moorhead xxx x24 xxxx xxxx St. Cloud State College, St. Cloud xxx x22 XXXX X X ZX X XX XX St. John's University, Collegeville xx xx St. Mary's College, Winona xx xx St. Olaf College, Northfield xxx xx xx xx St. Paul Seminary, St. Paul. xx xx University of Minnesota, xxxxxxxxxxxxx Minneapolis xxx x xxx University of Minnesota, Duluth xxxxx Branch, Duluth xxx xxxxx xx A Winona State College, Winona xxx x22 xxxx x x x

MISSISSIPPI Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College, Lorman xx xxx xXx xxxxx xx Belhaven College, Jackson xx xxx xx x Blue Mountain College, Blue x xx Mountain xx X xx xx xxx xxX X XX X X X X Delta State College, Cleveland xxx Jackson State College, Jackson xx xxx x xx xx xX x x x x X Millsaps College, Jackson x xxxx Mississippi College, Clinton xxxxx xxx xxx Mississippi Industrial College, x 3x Holly Springs x xxx x Mississippi State College for XX XX Women, Columbus xxx xX X XX X Mississippi State University, xxxxx xxxxx State College xxxxx xxx Mississippi Valley State x x xxx College, /tta Bena x xxx x Rust College, Holly Springs x xxx x xx Tougaloo College, Tougaloo xx xxx x x xx ...... ,. 1 ^

206

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TYPES TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS OF FOR WHICH INSTITUTION IS APPROVED ACCREDM 7 TATION PRESCHOOL OF snorso- ownTu. AND ARY SPECIAL FIELDS TION SCOOLS ZELEMENTARY 0 a w z APPROVED INSTITUTIONS a Icti li., i : ..1 m c w .... - ki in J JJ 2Eigla, > > < 4 0 0 id 0 x 0 1 0 0 w 0 w N z . > 8 r ,... II II c . E !: .... LI 0 0 4 ii g J M i on 4 ),- lc w -1 1- zz z ii 040 0 F 0 10 Z Z Z 1... w z z 4 4 22 C 2 0 0J== .1 C .., o4 o c 4 4 J4 ).- 1 ..). X u t', !,- ec Zi ...-3 I- A i 17. 2< 2 0 r _- t c c w - z z w 00 W _.1 Z z 111 1- - u 4 u II 00 ilZ II II II i 0 00 13 13 Z IIJ td ." e, 'CIL. "k' 12 lu EEa I- a 0 < 2ga g ;j 1.- 5 2 2 . 5 gi LO...O 40E201-1,14COMD4CzycAnw000C=X40z=4 NXX..200.124.V

MISSISSIPPI (Continued) University of Mississippi, University xxxxx xxx xxxxxxxxxx University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg x x xxx xxx x x xxxx xxx x William Carey College, x Hattiesburg x x xxx x x x

MISSOURI * Avila College, Kansas City x x x x Cardinal Glennon College, St. Louis x Central Methodist College, Fayette x x x x x x xx Central Missouri State College, Warrensburg x x x x x x x xxxx x x x College of School of the Ozarks, Point Lookout x x x Culver-Stockton College, Canton x x x x x xx x x x Drury College, Springfield x x x x x x x Evangel College,6 Springfield x x x Fontbonne College, St. Louis x x x x x x x Harria Teachers College, St. Louis x x x Immacul.lt, Conception Seminary, Conception x Lincoln University, Jefferson x x x x x x 4 City x x x x Lindenwood College for Women, ri It x St. Charles x - x x x x Marillac College, St. Louis x x Maryville College of the Sacree Heart, St. Louis x x x 'Missouri Valley College,Marshall x x x x x x Northeast Missburi State x Teachers College, Kirksville x x x x x x xxxx x x x Northwest Missouri State x x x x x x x xxx xxx x . College, Maryville Notre Dame College, St. Louis x x x x x x x x Park College, Parkville x x x x x x RockhurstCollege, Kansas City x x St. Louis University, St. Louis x x x x x x Southeast Missouri State College, Cape Girardeau x x x x x x xxxx x x x Southwest Baptist College, Bolivar x x Southwest Missouri State x x t. College, Springfield x x x x x x xxx x Stephens College, Columbia x x x Tarkio College, Tarkio x x x x x x xx University of Missouri, Columbi x x x x x xx x xxxx xxx x University of Missouri, x Kansas City x x x x x x University of Missouri, St. Louis x x

207 APPROVED TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, TYPES OF ACCREDITATION, AND TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR lryiiCH APPROVED

TYPES TYPES OF TEACHER ECUCATION PROGRAMS OF FOR WHICH INSTITUTION IS APPROVED ACCREDI. TATION OF PRESCHOOL SECOND` tessnro. AND ARY SPECIAL FIELDS TION comENTAY 00.4 _

It o z2 APPROVED INSTITUTIONS 5a 2 ri J J ...... ZliagW id 0 4 d 4 ig x .1 § F. iic Z 2 4 0 i J a ;z il 22JI I e 42 E2 . 0 =r :Izt Z g JJ ,. s. '' A A z zx8J J St 4 8 3 < 4 4 : 4 . I. Z ff a a . z amigo= X N E II gg et No 0 000 U Z w j z li. .4 0; X 1 i22 II if I- 41 u w0 J W 4 W 22 2 W= 0 24 Id 4 le Z 0 ZZ 17 nwn 4 V 2 00..sea or

MISSOURI (Continued) WashingtonUniversity, St. Louis xx x x x x xx Webster College, Webster Groves x x x xx Westminster College, Fulton x x William Jewell College, Liberty x x x x xx

MONTANA Carroll College, Helena xx xxx College of Great Falls, Great Falls xx xxxx x 26 Eastern Montana College, Billings xxx xxxxxxx xxxx xxx Montana State University, Bozeman xxx x x xxxxxxx xx xxxxxxxx Northern Montana College, Havrexxx x xxxx c26" 2.26 2: x 26 Rocky Mountain College,Billingsxx x xxx 2.26 x K26xx University of Montana, Missoulaxxx x x xxxx xx xx xxxxxxx Western Montana College, Dillonxxx x xxxx 2.26 x K26K2 26x

NEBRASKA

Chadron State College, Chadron xxx x23 xxx . a x xxxx2 . College of St. Mary, Omaha xx xxx x x Concordia Teachers College, x24K28 Seward xxx xx29x24 Creighton University, oaths xxx xxx x x2: xxx2: Dana College, Blair xxx xxx x x2: x Doane College, Crete xx xxx xx xx Duchesne College of the Sacred Heart, Omaha xx xxx x xx Fairbury College, Fairbury x x . Hastings College, Hastings xxx xxx . . x . Iearney State College, Kearney xxx xxx 8 xxxxx2' McCook College, McCook x x Midland Lutheran College, . Fremont xxx xxx Municipal University of Omaha, Omaha xxx xxx xxxxxxxxx Nebraska Wesleyan University, Lincoln xxx xxx 2;28yc2 28 2 2 ,2. Norfolk Junior College, Norfolkx x xxx Pero State College, Peru xax xxx x x 2'2 Scottsbluff College, Scottsbluffx x 2 Union College, Lincoln xxx xxx 2 2 University of Nebraska, Lincolnxxx 2r2 x xx xxxxxxx Wayne State College, Wayne xxx xxx xx x xxx22'

itEVADA Nev6da Southern, Las Vegas x x xxxx x xx x University of Nevada, Reno xx x xxxx xxxxxxxxxxx

208 APPROVED TEACIEll EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, TYPES OF ACCREDITATION, AND TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR WHICH APPROVED

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NEW HAMPSHIRE , Dartmouth College, Hanover x x Keene State College, Keene X XX x x x x XXXXX Mount St. Mary College,Hooksettx x x x x NewEngland College, Henniker x x x Notre Dame College, Manchester x x . Plymouth State College, Plymoutx xx x31 x x 'xx Rivier College, Nashua XX x x x St. Anselm's College,Manchesterx x University of New Hampshire, x Durham X XX X31 x x XXXX X31x x x

NEW JERSEY Bloomfield College, Bloomfieldx x Xx Caldwell College for Women, Caldwell x x xxx College of St. Elizabeth, Convent Station x x xxx XI: Fairleigh Dickinson University, x X XXX x . Rutherford Georgian Court College,Lakewoodx x xxx xx Glassboro State College, x2 Glassboro XXX x XXXXX x X32XXXXXX Jersey City State College, x34x35 x3! Jersey City x zx XXXX x Monmouth College, West Long Branch XX XXX XX Montclair State College, Upper Montclair XXX x XX XXX3fXXXXXX x38 Newark State College, Union x xx x x xxx. x x37x3E x Paterson State College, Wayne x xx x xxxx x x3908 xx Rider College, Trenton x x xx x Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick x XX x XXX XX XX XXXXX St. Peter's College,Jersey Cityx x xx Seton Hall University, South X X x XXx x x4Cx x . . Orange x2E Trenton State College, Trenton x xx xxxx x x41x xxx Upsala College, East Orange x x xxx Westminster Choir College, Princeton x x

NEW MEXICO College of Artesia, Artesia x xxx College of Santa Fe, Santa Fe x x x XXxxX X XX Xx College of the Southwest, Hobbsx xxx Eastern New Mexico University, x x, Portales x xxxxxx xxxx x xx xxxX,XxXX Maw Mexico Highlands University, xX . Las Vegas x x xxxx xxxx xx xxxxx New Mexico Junior College,Hobbsx xxx , New Mexico State University, , Las Cruces x xxxxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxxxxxxx University of Albuquerque, Albuquerque XX XX XXXx EXXx rxx 1 209 APPROVED TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, TYPES OF ACCREDITATION, AND TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR WHICH APPROVED

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NEW MEXICO (Continued) University of New Mexico, Albuquerque xxxxxxxxxxx x x xX 7XX X Western New Mexico University, Silver City xxxxx xxxx x x xxxxxx

NEW YORK42,43 Adelphi Suffolk College,Oakdalex x x xx Adelphi University, Garden Cityx x x xx x x x xx xx Alfred University, Alfred x x x xx x x x x Bank Street College of Education, New York City x x Brentwood College, Brentwood x Canisius College, Buffalo x x x xx City University of New York Brooklyn College, Brooklyn x xx x x xx x x x x x=x x City College, New York City x xx x x xx x x x x xxxx xx Hunter College, New York Cityx xx x x xx x x x x x xxx Queens College, Flushing x xx x x xx x x x x xx 2, x Colgate University, Hamilton x x x xx x 1 College of Mount St. Vincent, Mount St. Vincent-on-Hudson x x x xx College ofNE7Rochelle, New Rochelle x x x xx College of St. Rose, Albany x x x xx x x Columbia University, New York City Barnard College x x xx Teachers College x xx x x xx xxxxxxxxxxxxx Cornell University, Ithaca x xx x x xx xx x xx Dominican College, Blauvelt x x D'Youville College, Buffalo x x x xx x Elmira College, Elmira x x x xx x x Finch College, New York City x x Fordham University, Bronx School of Education x x x x xx Good Counsel College, White Plains x x xx Hamilton College, Clinton x x xx Hartvick College, Oneonta x x xx Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva x x xx Hofatra University, Hempstead x xx x x xx x x x xxx Houghton College, Houghton x x x /X X' x Iona College, New Rochelle x 3: xx Ithaca College, Zthaca x x xx x xx Keuka College, Rank* Park x x x xx King's College, Briarcliff Manorx Ladycliff College, Highland Falls x x x xx x LeMoyne College, Syracuse A x xx Long Island University,Greenvalex x x xx x x x C. W. Post College,Brookvillex x Ax x x x xxx x Manhattan College, Zronx x x x ,x x x Manhattan School of Music, New York City x x

210 APPROVED TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, TYPES OF ACCREDITATION, ANDTYPES OF TEACHEREDUCATIONPROGRAMS FOR WHICH APPROVED

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NEW YORK(Continued) Manhattanville College of the Sacred Heart, Purchase xx x xx Marist College, Poughkeepsie xx xx Marymount College, Tarrytown xx x xx Marymount Manhattan College, New York City xx x xx Mercy College, Dobbs Ferry x Mills College of Education, New York City xx Molloy Catholic College for Women, Rockville Centre x x xx Yount St. Mary College,Newburghx x x Nazareth College, Rochester xx x xx xx x xx New York College of Music, New York City New York University, New York City x School of Education xxx x x xx xx xxxxxx Niagara University, Niagara xx 1 University xx !Notre Dame College of Staten Island, Staten island xx Nyack Missionary College, Nyaekxx Pace College, New York City xx xx x x Pratt Institute, Brooklyn xx Roberts Wesleyan College, North Chili xx x Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester x x Rosary Hill College, Buffalo xx x zx xx x Russell Sage College, Troy xx r. xx x x St. Bernardine of Siena College, Loudonville xx x xx St. Bonaventure University, St. Bonaventure xx x xx St. Francis College, Brooklyn xx xx St. John Fisher College, x Rochester xx xx x xxx St. John's University, Jamaica xx x x xx x St. Joseph's College for Women, Brooklyn xx x xx St. Lawrence University, Cantonxx x xx St. Thomas Acquinas College, Sparkill x x xx Sarah Lawrence College, Bronxville xx Skidmore College, Saratoga xX Springs xx x xx State University of New York X X X X X Xx Albany 1 X Xx x x x x Buffalo xxx x xx xxxx Stoney Brook xx xx (State University Colleges) x Brockport xxx x x xx x xx Buffalo xxx x x xx x

211 APPROVED TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, TYPES OFACCREDITATION, AND TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS FORWHICH .APPROVED

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NEWYORK (Centinusd) (State University Colleges) Cortland xxx x x xx xx Fredonia xxx x x xx x x Geneseo xxx x x xx x New Paltz xxx x x xx x xx Oneonta xxx x x xx x x Oswego xxx x x xx xx Plattsburgh xxx x x xx Potsdam xxx x x xx x x xxxxxx Syracuse University, Syracuse xxx x x xx xxx x University of Rochester, Rochester xxx x x xx Utica College of Syracuse University, Utica xx xx Vassar College, Poughkeepsie xx x xx Wagner College, Staten Island xx x x xx Yeshiva University, New York City xx x x xx Stern College xx

NORTH CAROLINA Agricultural and Technical x xxxx x College, Greensboro xx xx x Appalachian State Teachers College, Boone xxx x xxxx xxxxxxxxxx Asheville-Biltmore College, Asheville Atlantic Christian College, x x Wilson xxx xxx x xx Barber-Scotia College, Concord xx xxxx x xx x x Bennett College, Greensboro xxxx xx Campbell College," Buies Creek:x xx x CatawbaCollege, Salisbury xx xxxx Davidson College, Davidson xx xx x xxx Duke University, Durham xxx x xxxx East Carolina College,Greenvillexxx x xxxx xxxxxxxxxx Elizabeth City State College, x x xx Elizabeth City xx xxxx x x xx Elon College, Elon College xx xxxx xx Fayetteville State College, xxxx x Fayetteville xx , xx xx Greensboro College, Greenstparo xx xxxx x Guilford College, Guilford x x College xx xxxx x x High Point College, High Point xxx xxxx xx Johnson C. Smith University, n x x Charlotte xx xxxx xx= x Lenoir Rhyne College, Hickory xxx xxxx x x Livingstone College, Salisbury xx xxxx Mars Hill College,44 Mara Hill x xx x x Meredith College, Raleigh xx xxxx Methodist College, Fayettevillex xxxxx x xx North Carolina College, Durham xxx x xx North Carolina State University, xx x x x x Raleigh xxx APPROVED TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS,TYPES OF ACCREDITATION, AND TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATIONPROGRAMS FOR WHICH APPROVED

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NORTH CAROLINA (Continual!) North Carola Wesleyan RockyMount x College, xxx xx xx x Pembroke State College, Pembrokexx x xxx xx Pfeiffer College, Misenheimer xx x xxxx x x Queens College, Charlotte xx St. Andrews Presbyterian xxxx College, Laurinburg xx xxxx x x x St. Augustine's College,Raleighxx xxxx x x Salem College, Winston-Salem xxx xxxx Shaw University, Raleigh xx University of North Carolina, xx xxxx xxxx xx Chapel Hill xxx x University of North Carolina, Charlotte44 Universityof NorthCarolina, x xxxx xxxxx xx Greensboro xxx x Wake Forest College, Winston- xx x xx Salem xx Western Carolina College, xx xxxx xxxxxxx Cullowhee xxx x Wilmington College,44 Wilmingtonx winsten-solom State College, xxxx Winston-Salem xxx

NORTH DAKOTA Dickinson State College, xxx x xxx xxxx xx x Dickinson x x xx Jamestown College, Jamestown xx x x Mary College, Bismarck xxx x x x Mayville State College, Mayvillex x x xxxx x xx xx Minot State College, Minot xxx North Dakota State University, x x xx x Fargo xx University of North Dakota, x xxx Grand Forks xxx x xxxx University of North Dakota- xx x Ellendale Center, Ellendale x xx Valley City State College, xxxxx x x x Valley City xxx

OHIO xxx x Antioch College, Yellow Springs xx xxxxx x x x Ashland College, Ashland xx xx Athenaeum of Ohio, Cincinnati xx xx x x xx Baldwin-Wallace College, Berea xx xx xxxx xx x265 x Bluffton College, Bluffton xx Bowling Green State University, xx x x xx xxxxxxx Bowling Green xx xxxx xx xxx xxxx xx x Capital University, Columbus xx Cedarville College, Cedarville x Central State University, xx xx lc x x x x Wilberforce xxx Cleveland State University, xxx x Cleveland Ixx 213 IPPIMIAM47,110.P.-4.

APPROVED TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, TYPES OF ACCREDITATION, AND TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR WHICH APPROVED

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OHIO (Continued) College of Mount St. Joseph-on- the-Ohio, Mount-St. Joseph xx xx xx x xx College of St. Mary of the Springs, Columbus xx xxx College of Steubenville, Steubenville xx xxx College of Wooster, Wooster xx xx Defiance College, Defiance xx xxxx x x x Denison University, Granville xx xx x x Findlay College, Findlay x xxx x x x Heidelberg College, Tiffin xx xxxx x x x Hiram College, Hiram xxx xxxx x x xx John Carroll University, Cleveland xxx x xx - x Kent State University, Kent xxx x xxxx xxxx xxxxx xx Lake Erie College, Painesville xx xxxx x x x Malone College, Canton x xxx x Marietta College, Marietta xx xx x x Mary Mime College, Toledo xx xxx x x Miami University, Oxford xxx x x xxx xx xxxxxxx xx Mount Union College, Alliance xx xxx x x Muskingum College, New Concord xx xxxx xx x xx Notre p*M0 enilaga; c^uth Euclid, Cleveland xx xx xx x Oberlin College. Oberlin xx x xx x x x Ohio Northern University, Ada xx xxx x x xx x Ohio State University, Columbusxxxxx xxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx x Ohio University, Athens xxx x xxxxx xx xxxxxxx x Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware xx xxx x xx x Otterbein College, Westerville xxx xxx xx x x Our Lady of Cincinnati College, Cincinnati xx xxx Rio Grande College, Rio Grande x xxx St. John College, Cleveland xxx xx x University of Akron, Akron xxx x xxxx xx x xxx x University of Cincinnati, xx Cincinnati xxx x xxxxx xxxxxxxxx University of Dayton, Dayton xxx x xxxx xx xx xxx x University of Toledo, Toledo xxx x xxxx xx x x xx Ursuline College, Cleveland xx xx xx x Walsh College, Canton x x Western College for Women,Oxfordxx xxx x x Western Reserve University, xx Cleveland xx x xxxx xx x xxxx Wilberforce University, Wilberforce x xx x x Wilmington College, Wilmington xxx xxx x x Wittenberg University, Springfield xxx x xxxxx xx x xxxx Xavier University, Cincinnati xx x xx x Youngstown University, Youngstown xxx xxxx xx x x

214

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OKLAHOMA Bethany Nazarene College, x Bethany xxx xxx x x Central State College, Edmond xxx x xxx xxxx xxxx xxx East Central State College, Adaxxx x xxx Zx x x Langston University, Langston xxx xxx x xx xxxxx Northeastern State College, xx x xxxx Tahlequah xxx x xxx Northwestern State College, Alvaxxx x xxx xx x Xxxx Oklahoma Baptist University, xx x xx Shawnee xx xxx Oklahoma Christian College, Oklahoma City xx xxx Oklahoma City University, x x xxx Oklahou.d City xx xxx x Oklahoma College for Women, Chickasha xxx x X X XX X XX Oklahoma State University, xxxxxxxxx xx Stillwater xxx x xxx x xx Panhandle Agricultural and x Mechanical College, Goodwell xxx xxx x x xx Phillips University, Enid xxx xxx xxxx xxx Southeastern State College, xxx x nflrAnt xxx x xxx x xx x x Southwestern State College, x xxx x xxx xx x xxxx Weatherford x xxx x xxx xxxxxxxxxx University of Oklahoma, Norman x University of Tulsa, Tulsa xxx x xxx xxxx xxx

OREGON Cascade College, Portland xx xx Eastern Oregon College, LaGrandexxx. x x xxx Lewis and Clark College, xxx x x xxx x x x Portland x ,Linfield College, McMinnville xx x xx x x Marylhurst College, Marylhurst xxx x xxx x x x Mount Angel College,Mount Angelxx x x X Oregon College of Education, x xx Monmouth- xxx x x xxx Oregon State University, xxxxxxxx Corvallis xxx x xxx xx x x Pacific University, Forest Grovexx x xxx x xxx x Portland State College, Portlandxx x. x x xxx x x Reed College, Portland xx xx x Southern Oregon College, Ashlandxxx x x xxx xxx xxxxxxx University of Oregon, Eugene xxx. x x xxx x x x x University of Portland, Portlandxx x x xxx x x x X X Willamette University, Salem xx x xx

PENNSYLVANIA Albright College, Reading xx Allegheny College, Meadville xx x x Beaver College, Glenside xx Bloomsburg State College, xx Bloomsburg xxx x x

215 APPROVED TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, TYPES OF ACCREDITATION, AND TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR WHICH APPROVED

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PENNSYLVANIA (Continued) Bryi Mawr College, Bryn Mawr xx Bucknell University, Lewisburg xx x x x Cabrini College, Radnor xx California State College, California xxx Carnegie Institute of Tech- nology, Pittsburgh xx x xx Cedar Crest College, Allentown xx x x Chatham College, Pittsburgh xx x x x Chestnut Hill College, Philadelphia xx Cheyney State College, Cheyney xxx x x xx Clarion State College, Clarion xxx x x x x xx College Misericordia, Dallas x x i x x xxx x x x Dickinson College, Carlisle xx Drexel Institute of Technology, Philadelphia xx x x x x Duquesne University, Pittsburghxxx x x x .. xxxxx East Stroudsburg State College, East Stroudsburg xxx Eastern Baptist College, Philadelphia xx Edinboro State Collcle.,Emnum.flxxx x x x xx x xx Elizabethtown College, Elizabethtown xx x x xx Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster xx x Gannon College, Erie xx x Geneva College, Beaver Falls xx x x x Gettysburg College, Gettysburg xx x x xx x x Grove City College, Grove City xx x x x Gwynedd-Mercy College, Gwynedd Valley xx x x Holy Family College,Philadelphiaxx x Immaculata College, Immaculata xx x x Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana xxx x x xxx Juniata College, Huntington xx x x zs King's College, Wilkes-Barre xxx x Kutztown State College, Kutztownxxx x x x xx Lafayette College, Easton xx x 'LaSalle College, Philadelphia xx x 'Lebanon Valley College, Annvillexx x x Lehigh University, Bethlehem xx x x x Lincoln University, Lincoln University xx Lock Haven State College, Lock Haven xxx x x xx Lycoming College, Williamsport xx x x x Mansfield State College, Mansfield xxx x x x x x xx Marywood College, Scranton xxx x x xx x x xx Mercyhurst College, Erie xx x x xx Messiah College, Grantham xx Millersville State College, Millersville xxx x x x x xx

216 APPROVED TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, TYPES OF ACCREDITATION, AND TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR WHICH APPROVED

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PENNSYLVANIA (Continued) Moore College of Art, Philadelphia x x Moravian College, Bethlehem x x x x x x Mount Mercy College, Pittsburghx x l x x x x x Muhlenberg College, Allentown x xx Pennsylvania State University, University Park X XX x x x XXXx=XXX XX Philadelphia College of Art, Philadelphia x x Philadelphia Musical Academy, Philadelphia x PMC Colleges, Chester x x Rosemont College, Rosemont x x x x St. Francis College, Loretto x x x x x St. Joseph's College, Philadelphia x x St. Vincent College, Latrobe x x x Seton Hill College, Greensburg x x Shippensburg State College, x xx x x x x Shippensburg re Slippery Rock State College,

Slippery Rock x zx x x xx . x xx Susquehanna University, Sellinsgrove x x Sarthmom College, Swarthmore x x x Temple University, Philadelphiax xx x xx x xxxxx x xxxx Thiel College, Greenville x x x x x University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia x xx x x x x xxxx x University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh x xx x x x xxxx x x University of Scranton, Scrantonx x x x x x Ursinus College, Collegeville x x x x Villa Maria College, Erie x x x x x Villanova University, Villanovax x x x x xx Washington and Jefferson College, Washington x x Waynesburg College, Waynesburg x x x West Chester State College, West Chester x xx x x x x Westminster College, New Wilmington x x x x x xx x Wilkes College, Wilkes-Barre x x x x xx x Wilson College, Cbambersburg x x x

PUERTORICO Catholic University of Puerto Rico, Santa Maria, Ponce x xxx College of the Sacred Heart, Santurce. x xx Inter American University of Puerto Rico, San German Puerto Rico Junior College, Rio Piedras

217

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PUERTO RICO (Cardin** University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras x x x xxx xxx xxx

RHODE ISLAND Barrington College, Barrington xx xxx Brown University, Providence xx x xxx Bryant College, Providence xx Catholic Teachers College,46 Providence x xxxx Mount St. Joseph College, Wakefield x Providence College, Providence xx x xx Rhode Island College, Providentxx x x xxxx Rhode island School of Design, Providence xx Salve Regina College, Newport xx xxxx University of Rhode Island, Kingston xx x x xxxx x x xx

SOUTH CAROLINA Allen University, Columbia 7 xxx xx Benedict College, Columbia xx xxx xx x x Bob Jones University, Greenvillx xxx xx Central Wesleyan College, Central x xxx Citadel, The Military College o; South Carolina, Charleston xx xx Claflin College, Orangeburg xx xxx Clemson University, Clemson xx xx x x Coker College, Hartsville xx xxx xx College of Charleston, Charleston xx xx Columbia College, Columbia xx xxx xx Converse College, Spartanburg xx xxx x Erskine College, Due West xx xxx x xx Furman University, Greenville xx x xxx xx x x Lander College, Greenwood xx xxx xx xx x Limestone College, Gaffney xx xxx xx xx x Morris College, Sumter m47 xxx Newberry College, Newberry xx xxx x x x Presbyterian College, Clinton xx xx South Carolina State College, Orangeburg xx x xxx x x xxxx xx University of South Carolina, Columbia xx x x xxx xx x x xx Winthrop College, nook Hill xx x xxx xx xx x xx Wofford College, Spartanburg xx xx x

SOUTH DAKOTA Augustan* College, Sioux Falls xx x xxxx xxx x x Black Hills State College, Spearfish xx xx xxxx xxxx xx x

218 APPROVED TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, TYPES OF ACCREDITATION, AND TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR WHICH APPROVED

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SOUTH DAKOTA (Continued) Collega of St. Martin, Rapid City Dakota Wesleyan University, Mitchell xx xxx x xx xx Freeman Junior College, Freemanx x General Beadle State College, X X X Madison xx r, x xX X X X XX x Huron College, Huron xx xxx x x x xu Mount Marty College, Yankton xx xxx x x x Northern State College, Aberdeenxxxxx xxx xx x xx xxxxx Presentation Junior College, Aberdeen x xxx X Rushmore College, Rapid City x r Sioux Falls College, Sioux Fallsxx xxi x x x xx South Dakota State University, xx Brookings xxx x xxxxxx xxxxxx Southern State College, xx Springfield xxxx xxxx xx x x University of South Dakota, Vermillion xxxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxx Yankton College, Yankton xx xx x x x xx

TENNESSEE Austin Peay State College, X X Clarksville xxX x X X x XX x X X Belmont College, Nashville xx x x x x xx Bethel College, McKenzie xx x x x x x Bryan College, Dayton x x Carson Newman College, Jefferson City xxx x x xx x xx David Lipscomb Colleg,Nashvillexx xx x xx x xx East Tennessee State University, Johnson City xxx x x x xxxxxxxxx xx Fisk University, Nashville xx x x x x George Peabody College for Teachers, Nashville xxx x xx x xxxx xx xx King College, Bristol xx Knoxville College, Knoxville xx x x x x x xx Lambuth College, Jackson xx x x x x Lane College, Jackson xx x x x x xx LeMoyne College, Memphis xx Lincoln Memorial University, x Harrogate xx x x x x Maryville College, Maryville xx x x x x xx xxxx xx Memphis State University,Memphiexxx x xx x xxxx x Middle Tennessee State XX xx University, Murfreesboro xxx x xx x x xX X Xx X Milligan College, Milligan College xx x Siena College, Memphis xx x x x x Southern Missionary College, Collegedale xx Southwestern at Memphis xx Memphis xx x APPROVED TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, TYPES OF ACCREDITATION, AND TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR WHICH APPROVED

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TENNESSEE (Continued) Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial State University, xxxxxxxxxxx Nashville xxx xx x Tennessee Technical University, x x xxxx xx Cookeville xxx x xx x Tennessee Temple College, Chattanooga Tennessee Wesleyan College, x Athens xx x x Trevecca Nazarene College, xx Nashville x x x x x Tusculum College, Greenville xx x x x x xx Union University, Jackson xx x x xx University of Chattanooga, xxxx x x Chattanooga xx x University of Tennessee, xxxxxx xxxx x Knoxville xxx x xx x x Vanderbilt University, Nashvill=xx x x

5151 TEXAS 495050 51 51 Abilene Christian College, 2 x x Abilene xxx x x x yy : Angelo State College, San Angel.xx x x Arlington State College, Arlington xx x x x Austin College, Sherman xx x x x x53 x x x Baylor University, Waco xx x x x x Bishop College, Dallas xx x x East Texas Baptist College, x x Marshall :a x x East Texas State University, xxx54x54xx xxxx Commerce xxx x x x Hardin-Simmons University, x x54x x x Abilene xxx x x x x Houston Baptist College,Houstonx x x x x xx Howard Payne College, Brownwoodxx x x x x Huston-Tillotson College,Austin xx x x Incarnate Word College, San x x55xx Antonio xxx x Jarvis Christian College, x x x Hawkins x Lamar State College of x54 x x Technology, Beaumont xx x x x McMurry College, Abilene xx x x Mary Hardin-Baylor College, x x xx x Belton xx x Midwestern University, Wichita x x x Falls xx x North Texas State University, x x x52xx xxxx Denton xxx x x Our Lady of the Lake College, x56 x X X57x xxxx San Antonio xxx x x x x55x x Pan American College, Edinburg xx x x Paul Quinn College, Waco x x

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TYPES TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS OF FOR WHICH INSTITUTION IS APPROVED ACCREDI. TATION OF PRESCHOOL SECOND. INSTITU. AND ARY SPECIAL. FIELDS TION z LEmiNTAR OoLs O M_ cx APPROVED INSTITUTIONS z will hi Ja /., m r DJ J J J 2 > 0 0 I3 0 , 0 Ni 4 0 la J Z ggbagg t3 . ai 111 J a 0a : VUwww a ..I Li. el 00 SJt.2234 2 2 - z n J 400w /... 0 zzzzzz2 2 w Z Z Z ... Z x a C C a a 9., J J J i. = 0 1. 4 3 4 g 4 4 j. j. a I- I Z U m 2 a a le 1M 22 JJ 4 1- 2 U tir...WIte,www00 W L 1.. XWE Og ,W 0 0 w LOI ..0 hi i Zwjw 1"'tl2 :4 il 4 5 rzikkamiEfect-Nowz « w a C).J tlIg23 3xdgtg*Ifi:=2_ 3. tiJit:

UTAH Brigham Young University, Provoxxxxx XXXx x xX XX X XX X XX X x College of Southern Utah, Cedar City x x x x x 7: x xx x x University of Utah, Salt Lake City x x x xx xxxx xxxxx x xxxxx Utah State University, Logan and Cedar City x x x xx xxxx xxxx xx xxxr.xxxx Weber State College, Ogden x x x x xxxx xx x x x Westminster College, Salt Lake City x x x xxxx xx x xx

VERMONT Antioch-Putney Graduate School of Education, Putney x x Castleton State College, Castleton x x xx Johnson State College, Johnson x x xx Lyndon State College, Lyndon Center x x xx Middlebury College, Middlebury x x x x Norwich University, Northfield x x x St. Michael's College, Winooskix x x Trinity College, Burlington x x University of Vermont and State Agricultural College, Burlington x x x x x x x x x x x

VIRGINIA Bridgewater College, Bridgewaterx x xxx x x x College of William and Mary, Williamsburg x x xx xxx x x x x Eastern Mennonite College, Harrisonburg x x xxx Emory and Henry College, Emory x x xxx x x Frederick College, Portsmouth x x xxx x Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-lydney x x xx Hampton Institute, Hampton x x xzxxxxxx xx x x x x Hollins College, Hollins Collegex x xxx Longwood College, Farmville x x x x xxxx xx x x Lynchburg College, Lynchburg x x xxx xx x x Madison College, Harrisonburg x x x x xxx xx x x x Mary Baldwin College, Staunton x x xxx Old Dominion College, Norfolk x x xxx x Presbyterian School of Christian Education, Richmond x x xx Radford College, Radfore x x x x xxx xx x x x Randolph-Macon College, Ashlandx x xx Randolph-Macon Woman's College, Lynchburg x x xxx Richmond Professional Institute, Richmond x x x X R X X x X X

Roanoke College, Salem x x xx .7x

222 APPROVED TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, TYPES OF ACCREDITATION, AND TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR WHICH APPROVED

TYPES TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS OF FOR WHICH INSTITUTION IS APPROVED ACCRECII. TATION PRESCHOOL SECOND. OF INSTITU. AND ARY SPECIAL FIELDS TION 2ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS 0 47 z z APPROVED INSTITUTION! -rti I, 3 . . 2 0 Wa 0 . la J J J d > w 0 0 2 0 0 j .2 .2, (4 0 . id iVidg g JEWC^whir 040mOr. r ..1 =0 0 4 gg2 . J 2 4 F22* S S C C a 4 0 0 w F 0 id 2 2 2 9. 2 2 E 4 00J== C g d' Iili i _ 0 , 0 4 g 4 ,71 4 J J . a la la Or ..Wtsxuaa : Pz u 4 z ..ci 1 L I. lagg4CECWWWgggi38 2 wa02f u IP- e.14 . ». . ). J tspVi2tcliE.7.11-. 0 0 2 4 RI .4.0. = _J...0....0 X 42204222M-1610., R 4<0W22...ZwOJ2A

VIRGINIA (Continued) St. Paul's College,Lawrencevillex x xxx Shenandoah Conservatory of Music, Winchester x Sweet Briar College, Sweet Briarx x xx University of Richmond, Richmondx x Richmond Collage, Richmond x x x xxx xx Westhampton College, Richmondx x xxx x University of Virginia, xx Charlottesville xxxxx rxx Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg x x xxx xx Virginia Military Institute, Lexinscon x x xx Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg x x xx x61 Virginia State College, Petersburg xxxxx xxxx xxx xxxxx Norfolk Division, Norfolk x x x x Virginia Union University, Richmond x x xxx Washington and Lee University, Lexington x x xx

WASHINGTON 62 Central Washington State College, Ellensburg x xxxx xxxx Eastern Washington State College, Cheyney x xxxx xxxx Fort Wright College of the Holy Names, Spokane x xxx xxxx Gonzaga University, Spokane x x xx xxxx Pacific Lutheran University, ; Parkland, Tacoma x xxxx xxxx St. Martin's College, Olympia x x x xxxx Seattle Pacific College,Seattlex xxxx xxxx Seattle University, Seattle x xxx xxxx University of Puget Sound, Tacoma x xxxx xxxx University of Washington, x xxx Seattle xxxxx xxxx Walla Walla College, College Place x x x xxxx Washington State University, Pullman xxxxx xxxx Western Washington State College, Bellingham x xxxx xxxx Whitman College, Walla Walla x x x xxxx Whitworth College, Spokane x x xx xxxx

WEST VIRGINIA 6363 Alderson-Broaddus College, Philippi x x x xxx x x Bethany College, Bethany x x x xxx x

223 APPROVED TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS,TYPES OF ACCREDITATION, AND TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMSFOR WHICH APPROVED

TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS TYPES OF FOR WHICH INSTITUTION IS APPROVED ACCRE01. TATION PRESCHOOL SECOND. OF SPECIAL FIELDS INSTITU. ANO ARY TION ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS Z 0 g 2 W .. 1. APPROVED INSTITUTIONS a 1, . 31 re 0 u_ -I 2 0 1M 0 . n 1.c wj d II w 00 d 0 a.>? > w 2 id w 41z2 2 w Zg g Psr.z< uz u I- IrJ li) c C.) C.) 0 0 .- J 0 a a J 0- 3 0 m4 - a. < 0 0 F 0 C 2 M _, .IE 5, y 22 X I. C X 2. Jr....,-4 4 -t--... g4 000-. 4 ,XXIK4 0 0 J 111 E u . -4 1 t- z tin 1= 2 o 4 4orr& 2 x.VE ° ,fc co0Eccluxcloo0022 tureen:: zw..16,0gx4cxilirt.w irly0C2VJ !BP%i; 12 2wEEEEE,-zu

WEST VIRGINIA (Continued) Bluefield State College, xxx xx x xx Bluefield xxxx xxx xx xx x x x Concord College, Athens xxxx xx xx x Davis and Elkins College, Elkinsxx x x xx xx x xx x Fairmont State College, Fairmontxxxx x Glenville State College, xxxx xxx xx x x X X x x Glenville xxxx x xxx Marshall University, HuntIngtonxxxxx xxxx x xxx xx x x x Morris Harvey College,Charlestonxx x xxx xx x xx x x Salem College, Salem xx x xx xx x x x x Shepherd College, Shepherdstownxxxx x West Liberty State College, xxx xx x x x West Liberty xxxx West Virginia Institute of xx x x xx Technology, Montgomery xxx West Virginia State College, xxx xx xxxx Institute xxxx West Virginia University, xxx x Morgantown xxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx West Virginia Wesleyan College, xxx xx x x x x Buckhannon xx x

WISCONSIN x x xx x64 x Alverno College, Milwaukee xxx x Ashland County Teachers College, x Ashland x Barron County Teachers College, x Rice Lake x x x x Beloit College, Beloit xx x Buffalo County Teachers College, x Alma x Cardinal Stritch College, xx x x x x64 x x Milwaukee xxx xx x x65 x x Carroll College, Waukesha xxx x x x xx x Carthage College, Kenosha xx x Columbia County Teachers x College, Columbus x Dodge County Teachers College, x Mayville x x x66 x Dominican College, Racine xx x Door-Kewaunee County Teachers x College, Algoma x Edgewood College of the Sacred xx x xx x Heart, Madison xxx Green County Teachers College, x x Monroe x x x x64 x x Holy Family College, Manitowoc xxx Juneau County Teachers College, x New Lisbon x x x x Lakeland College, Sheboygan xx Langlade County Teachers x x College, Antigo x x x Lawrence University, Appleton xx Lincoln County Teachers College, x Merrill x

224 APPROVED TEACHER EDUCATIONINSTITUTIONS, TYPES OF ACCREDITATION, AND TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATIONPROGRAMS FOR WHICH APPROVED

TYPES OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS T.11!5 OF FOR WHICH INSTITUTION IS APPROVED ACCRIOI. ?ATM N PRESCHOOL SECOND. OF SPECIAL FIELDS 'NEMO. AND ARY TION ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS m 0 a 5 Z E z i APPROVED INSTITUTIONS ww 2 m JJ 0 , z J 0 0 2a ....J g II E lid 10 ; J 2 e > 2V wN &) 402 Cf P ,WW14 0 0 s" s" 0 4 0 4 0 0 h 0 . ..., w IC 4 -41:==: . w 2 Z 2 0. C 2 z 4 3 4 II ... CCE400-12 .040. t- C J 1- E i3t < 2 lil i 4 < J g ). ia ar m E0Ow22 tC4KkZ444=ggt1101000000 WZWJW40j1041 4 " : Z0.0 Zille lil = 00C=X10 Mt 0C20F01...W.CWO/"IitCilliiitwholOw4222W= J=W= 400J2

WISCONSIN(Continued) Manitowoc County Teachers College, Manitowoc x x x67 Marian College, Fond du Lac xx x x x E68 Marquette University, Milwaukeexxx x x x Milton College, Milton x Milwaukee-Downer College, x xx x Ic x Milwaukee :c64 xx x x x x Mount Mary College, Milwaukee xxx x x x Mount Senario College,Ladysmith x xx x x x65 Northland College, Ashland xx Outagamie County Teachers College, Kaukauna Polk County Teachers College, Frederic Racine-Kenosha County Teachers College, Union Grove Richland County Teachers College, Richland Center. x x Ripon College, Ripon xx St. Norbert College,West DePerexxx Sauk County Teachers College, Reedsburg Sheboygan County Teachers College, Sheboygan Falls Stout State University, x xx Menomonie xxx x Taylor County Teachers College, x Medford x xxxx xx x xx x xxx xxx University of Wisconsin,Madisonxxx xxx University of Wisconsin, xxx xxxx x x xx x Milwaukee xxx x Vernon County Teachers College, x Viroqua x x Iterbo College, La Crosse xxx x Waushara County Teachers College, Wautoma Wisconsin State University, x xxx xxxx x x x Eau Claire x x x xxx xxxn x La Crosse x 4 x x xxx xxxx x Oshkosh xxxx x xxx xx x xx Platteville x xx xxx xxxx xx River Falls xx x xxx xx x x x Stevens Point x . xx x x x x x Superior xxx x xx x x x xx Whitewater xxx

WYOMING x xxx x xxxxxxxx University of Wyoming, Laramie xxxxxxxx x x x

225 FOOTNOTES APPROVED TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

*Either no legal authority or no formal process for state " Louisiana does not certificate specifically for junior accreditation. high school but for grades 7-12. 1 Accredited for two years of work toward a teaching There is no statutory authority in Massachusetts for certificate. state accreditation.All institutions listed. here grant bachelor's and in some instances higher degrees, and all 2 For women of religious orders only. offer teacher education programs acceptable for certifi- 'Psychological examiner. No Connecticut institutions cation in Massachusetts. are approved for school psychology. Michigan does not issue a specific certificate for admin- Graduate level only. istration or supervision or for kindergarten-nursery, etc. Graduate level only. For elementary school principals only. No official list is issued, but graduates of these institu- For secondary school principals only. tions who qualify may take examinations for a license. 21 For elementary and secondary principals. ?Speech correction and deaf and hard-of-hearing at the Provisional accreditation by Missouri University. Life graduate level only. teaching certificate must be validated by 5 s.h. of acceptable graduate credit beyond the baccalaureate $ Graduate level only. degree. A four-year college accredited by the regional associa- " Minor only. tion as a junior college. State approved; NCATE visit scheduled for March " Approved for two years of work toward a teaching 1967 (master's degree level). certificate. 29 State approved. Dramatic arts. NCATE approval anticipated as of January 1, 1967. 'Junior college. NCATE approved for master's degree level. 'The categories of approval extended to Iowa teacher For elementary and secondari school principals only. education institutions include programs for the preparation of elementary school teachers, secondary school Women only. UNH does not have a similar program teachers, elementary-secondary teachers in special serv- for men except as a teacher-coach or a minor in physi- ice areas, and administrators and supervisors. Persons cal education. holding certificates endorsed for elementary school Mentally retarded. teaching are eligible to teach from kindergarten through junior high school. Those whose certificates are en- 31 Physically limited, mentally retarded, deaf and hard-of- dorsed for secondary school teaching are legally eligi- hearing, socially and emotionally maladjusted. ble to teach in junior high school, senior high school, Health education and nursing only; no physical educa- and junior college. However, approval standards of tion. the Department of Public Instruction determine the subject matter assignments which may be taken by teachers " Speech correction. in grades 9 through 12 and in junior college. Certifi- Deaf and hard-of-hearing, mentally retarded, spoch cates for elementary-secondary teachers in special sub- correction, socially and emotionally maladjusted. jects or special service areas are valid for use in kindergarten and grades 1 through 14. " Women only. "Iowa does not issue specific certificates in these fields; 22 Speech correction. teacher assignment is controlled by approval standards. " Mentally retarded, speech correction. When the letter x appears opposite the name of a col- " Mentally handicapped, deaf and hard-of-hearing, speech lege for one of these categories, it should be interpreted correction. as meaning that the institution is regarded as approved to recommend that secondary school teachers prepared " Graduate only in administration and supervision, coun- by it in these fields be approved to accept assignments seling, librarian, and psychologist. Other courses are to work in such fields. four years in length. Iowa does not issue a special certificate covering both " The following institutions are approved for the training industrial arts and trades and industries. It does issue of dental technicians: Eastman Dental Dispensary and a certificate for industrial arts which is valid for grades School for Dental Hygiene, Erie County Technical In- K-12. stitute, Agricultural and Technical Institute at Farming- dale, New York City Community College of Applied 'These institutions offer programs in health and physical Arts and Sciences, and Broome Technical Community education, but the programs do not lead to a certificate College. in the area. " New institutions authorized to grant degrees and have 17 Speech therapy. graduates certificated, but their programs are not evalu- "Guidance-counseling at the graduate level. ated.

226 " Nonvocational. :'.7 Physically handicapped and speech correction. ° This institution is primarily for nuns ofthe Roman "Administrators only. Catholic Diocese of Providence who willteach in the '.." Deaf, mentally retarded, physically handicapped,and parochial schools. speech correction. 47 Provisionally accredited. ' Deaf. " I Principals only. ' Graduate level only. °Elementary includes K-8. ' General (all levels) includes administration and supervision, subject to specific approval of offerings, except ° Texas has rio approved program for juniorhigh school superintendents' preparation which is limited to the certificates. Secondary certificates are forgrades 7-12. University of Washington and Washington StateUni- GI Art, health and physical education, mu .,ic,and speech- versity. drama are all-level programs for grades1-12 in the ° No separate programs for junior and seniorhigh school. specific subject only. " Nonvocational. "Speech correction. ° Does not include typing and shorthand. ° Mentally retarded, physically handicapped,and speech " Approved for biology, mathematics, history,and Eng- correction. lish. " Mentally retarded and speech correction. Approved for English, history, social studies,biology, 55 Mentally retarded. and mathematics. 56 Supervisors only. Speech correction. APPENDIXES

ASMC423130X4MMONSCt Appendix A

LIST OF SEPARATE-NAMECERTIFICATES ISSUEDBY THE STATES SUMMARY OF SEPARATE-NAMECERTIFICATES ISSUED BY STATES ACCORDING TO REQUIRED MINIMUMLEVELS OF PREPARATION Minimum Preparation Levels Bach. + Master's Mast. + Below But Less or But Less State Bachelor'sBachelor'sThan 5 Yrs. 5 Yrs. Than 6 Yrs. 6 Yrs. Doctor's Totals 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alabama 5 5 5 15 8 Alaska 1 5 2 2 14 Arizona 8 1 3 Arkansas 2 3 1 6 6 2 4 3 15 California 5 Colorado 1 2 2 2 Connecticut 1 1 Delaware 4 18 9 1 32 District 6 6 12 Florida 3 2 I 6 2 4 7 6 19 Georgia 2 Hawaii 1 1 Idaho 2 2 4 8 Illinois 9 4 1 14 5 2 19 Indiana 1 5 6 5 Iowa 2a 2 1 Kansas 2 2 4 lb 17 Kentucky 6 8 2 2° 3 5 Louisiana 4 Maine 1 2 1 3 Maryland 1 2 Massachmsetts 13 13 5 Michigan 3 1 1 10 Minnesota 1 3 3 3 1 12d Mississippi 1 4 1 5 Missouri 7 3 10 Montana lb 2 2 5 Nebraska 3 2 2 2 1 10 21 Nevada 6 11 3 1 6 New Hampshire 2 3 1 57 New Jersey 5 45 6 1 47 New Mexico _ 2 14 1 29 1 3 New York 2 1 North Carolina 5 8 i 14 2 North Dakota 1 1 Ohio 5 5 1 11 7 Oklahoma 1 5 1 1 2 2 1 6 Oregon 9 Pennsylvania 2 1 3 3 21 Puerto Rico 4 8° 1 8 2 Rhode Island 1 I 1 4 South Carolina I 1 1 South Dakotaf 1 2 Tennessee 1 1 4 Texas 1 2 1 Utah 2 2 1 5 Vermont 3 2 5 Virginia 2 1 3 1 16 Washington 1 1 1 9 3 3 West Virginia 2 1 Wisconsin 3 3 2 4 2 14 1 7 Wyoming 1 3 1 1 TOTALS 61 243 19 169 14 38 5 550g 231

t.,.,.- tatMOSISIIIIMIC=atszaanroawro.

With the exception of teachers of trade and industrial ° Does not include the particular fields endorsed on the classes, Iowa has no regular certificate valid for a term secondary school certificate. of more than one yecaz available to persons with prepa- One basic certificate-South Dakota Teacher Certificate ration below the bachelor's degree. is coded for academic preparation, certificate endorse- Trades and industries certificates. ment, and teaching qualifications. Temporary and trade certificates. g Total of Columns 2 through 8 is 549; total of 550 cer- 11 All certification is recorded on the same certificate form tificates includes one for South Dakota entered only in with appropriate endorsement and class. Column 9.

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY ALABAMA Minimum Requirement Term Name (Degree with Semester Hours) (Years) 1. Elementary AA M + 30 Life 2. Elementary A M 10 3. Elementary B B 8 4. Secondary AA M + 30 Life 5. Secondary A M 10 6. Secondary B B 8 7. Elementary-Secondary AA M + 30 Life 8. Elementary-Secondary A M 10 9. Elementary-Secondary B B 8 10. Superintendent-Principal AA M + 30 Life 11. Superintendent-Principal A M 10 12. Superintendent-Principal B B 8 13. Supervisor AA M + 30 Life 14. Supervisor A M 10 15. Supervisor B B 8

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY ALASKA 1. Administrative M S 2. Principal M S 3. High School B S 4. Five-Year Elementary B S 5. Provisional High School B 1 6. Provisional Elementary B 1 7. Emergency 90 1 8. Special Education B S

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY ARIZONA 1. General Administrative M Term of basic teach cert. 2. Secondary-Temporary B Nonrenewable 3. Secondary M or 30 Original - Renewal - S 4. Elementary-Temporary B Nonrenewable 5. Elementary B + 30 Original - Renewal - S 6. Vocational Home Economics B Original - 4 Renewal - 4 7. Vocational Agriculture B Original - 4 Renewal - 4 8. Special Home Economics B Original - 4 Renewal - 6 9. Vocational Business and Distributive Education B + 1 Yr. Exp. Original - 4 Renewal - 4 10. Vocational Trades and Industry B + Yr. Exp. Original - 4 Renewal - 4 11. Special Vocational Certificate for short unit adult classes only B + 1 Yr. Exp. 1 12. Special Education-Temporary B + 18 in special Original - education Nonrenewable 13. Special Education-Standard B + 30 in special Original - education Renewal - S 14. School Social Worker M.S.W. or Original - equivalent Renewal S

232 CERTIFICATES ISSUED BYARKANSAS Minimum Requirement Term (Degree with Semester Hours) (Years) Name 1 6 yrs. 6 1. Administrator M 6 2. Superintendent M 6 3. Secondary Principal M 6 4. Elementary Principal B or M 6 5. High School B or M 6 6. Elementary School

CERTIFICATES ISSUEDBY CALIFORNIA Credential with a Specializationin Ele- 1. Standard Teaching B + 30 Life mentary Teaching Credential with a Specializationin Sec- 2. Standard Teaching B + 30 Life ondary Teaching Credential with a Specializationin Junior 3. Standard Teaching M or D Life College Teaching Subjects Teaching Credentialin Avia- 4. Standard Designated Valid F.A.A. instruction Flight Instruction tor's certificate Life Subjects Teaching Credentialin Basic 5. Standard Designated Recomm. of Calif. Adj. Military Drill General Life in Busi- 6. Standard DesignatedSubjects Teaching Credential Life ness Education Mod- 7. Standard DesignatedSubjects Teaching Credential in a (the language to be designatedby ern Foreign Language B including 30 in the name) language or pass exam Life in Public 8. Standard DesignatedSubjects Teaching Credential Safety and Accident Prevention,Including Driver Educa- Life tion and Driver Training 9. Standard DesignatedSubjects Teaching CredentialSpeciali- Life zation in Vocational Trade andTechnical Teaching 10. Standard DesignatedSubjects Teaching CredentialLimited * Life to Classes OrganizedPrimarily for Adults Subjects Teaching CredentialIssued to 11. Standard Designated Outstanding eminence Life a Person ofOutstanding Eminence Services Credential with aSpecialization 12. Standard Designated B + 60 Life in Pupil Personnel Services 13. Standard DesignatedServices Credential with aSpecialization in Health B + 30 (P.H.N.) Life Nurse B + 30 and appropri- Other Health Services ate license Life Life Credential B + 60 including M 14. Standard Supervision B + 60 including M Life 15. Standard AdministrationCredential

Credential is granted on less than adegree with the appropriate combination of education and experience.

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BYCOLORADO B 1. Type A, Teacher Certificate B + fifth year 10 2. Type B, Professional TeacherCertificate 5 Certificate 5 years' training and 3. Type C, Vocational Teacher experience in a trade 10 Certificate M or more; sixth year 4. Type D, School Administrator for superintendent 5 Certificate B or above depending 5. Type E, Special Services on endorsement

-233

AKJIEAIIVIWOPPfflftar.rwa*mmwmoser-,--s...., CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY CONNECTICUT

Minimum Requirement Term Name (Degree with Semester Hours) (Years) 1. Provisional B 5 2. Standard Elementary B + 30 * Secondary B + 30

* Duration of teaching service if not interrupted for five consecu- gree; nor certificates for administrative and special service positions, tive years. most of which require work beyond the master's degree for the NOTE: This does not take into account certificates for teaching in provisional certificate, and the master's plus 15-30 hours for the vocational-technical schools, most of which do not require a de- standard certificate.

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY DELAWARE 1. Elementary 3 2. Kindergarten - Primary ii 3 3. Reading Consultant M 3 4. Reading Specialist B or M 3 5. High School Academic B 3 6. High School Agriculture B 3 7. High School Home Economics B 3 8. Industrial Arts B 3 9. Business Education B 3 10. Distributive Education B 3 11. Industrial Education 3 12. Driver Education B 3 13. Art Education B 3 14. Music Education B 3 15. Health and Physical Education B 3 16. Teacher of Exceptional Children B 3 17. Teacher of Gifted Children M 3 18. School Librarian B 3 19. Guidance Counselor M or B + 30 3 20. School Psychologist M 3 21. Psychological Examiner B 3 22. Speech and Hearing Therapist B 3 23. School Nursing RN in Del. + 18 3 24. Supervisor M 3 25. Elementary School Principal M 3 26. High &Imo' Principal M 3 27. Chief School Officer M + 30 3 28. Administrative Assistant M 3 29. Certified Senior School Secretary 3 30. School Social Worker M 3 31. Adult Education B 3 32. School Business Manager 3

NOTE: All certificates are convertible from "standard" to "professional status," after three years of experience.

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

1. Elementary School (General K-6) B 2. Elementary School (Special Subjects) B 3. Junior High School (Academic Subjects) B 4. Junior High School (Special Subjects) B 5. Junior High School (Shop Subjects) B 6. Senior High School (Academic Subjects) M 7. Senior High School (Special Subjects) M 8. Senior High School, Vocational High School, Junior High School, Elementary School (Librarian) M 9. Vocational High School (Academic Subjects) M 10. Vocational High School (Special Subjects) M 11. Vocational High School (Trade and Related Subjects) B or equivalent

234

a av a -_ es. I... *Ea DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA (continued) Minimum Requirement Term (Degree with Semester Hours) (Years) 14a Me 12. Senior High School, VocationalHigh School, Junior High School, Elementary School(Counselor) M appointments valid for life may be The District of Columbia Public Schoolsdo not certificate a certificate). Permanent is also done by teachers in the same manner as do the states.By examinations made at the end of two years of service. This eligible District School Board order instead of acertificate. (in addition to prescribed preparation requirements) Temporary appointments (for one year) do notrequire pre- lists are established from which probationaryappointments are made for two years by District SchoolBoard order (inste:-1 of scribed preparation or examination. CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY FLORIDA D 10 1. Advanced Postgraduate 10 2. Postgraduate M M 3 3. Provisional Postgraduate 5 4. Graduate (basic) B B 3 5. Provisional Graduate (substandard) 1 6. Temporary B CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY GEORGIA 5 or Life 1. Teacher's Professional B 2. Teacher's Provisional 7 or Life 3. Teacher's Professional 3 4. Teacher's Provisional 7 or Life 5. Teacher Specialist's M + 30 M 7 or Life 6. Administrator's Professional Life 7. Administrator's Life Six-Year M + 30 B + 9 1 8. Administrator's Provisional 7 or Life 9. Visiting Teacher's Professional M M + 30 7 or Life 10. Visiting Teacher's Six-Year 1 11. Visiting Teacher's Provisional B + 9 M 7 or Life 12. Curriculum Director's Professional 7 or Life 13. Curriculum Director's Six-Year M + 30 B + 9 1 14. Curriculum Director's Provisional 7 or Life 15. School Counselor's Professional M M + 30 7 or Life 16. School Counselor's Six-Year 1 17. School Counselor's Provisional B + 9 M + 30 7 or Life 18. School Psychologist 5 years 19. School Lunch Director M CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY HAWAII M During tenure 1. Professional * During tenure 2. Provisional * B categories). The * These are the two basic certificates covering allfields. How- sional certificate, of which there are several exact total of separate-name certificates,where all subdivisions ever, separate certificates are issuedfor specialized fields for into account, was which additional requirements are prescribed (forexample, of the above two basic categories are taken administrator's professional certificate and specialist's profes- not reported.

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY IDAHO 5 1. Administrator M Psychological Examiner) M 5 2. Pupil Personnel Services (Guidance, M 5 3. Advanced Secondary 5 4. Advanced Elementary M B 5 5. Standard Secondary 5 6. Standard Elementary B 96 3 7. Provisional Secondary 3 8. Provisional Elementary 64 CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY ILLINOIS B 4 1. Elementary 4 2. High School B 235 ILLINOIS(continued) Minimum Requirement Term Name (Degree with Semester Hours) (Years) 3. Administrative a. General Supervisory Endorsement M 4 b. General Administrative Endorsement M 4 c. Superintendent Endorsement M + 30 4 4. All-grade Supervisory (until 1968) M 4 5. Special B 4 6. General B --- 7. Junior College (grades 13 and 14 only) M -- 8. Provisional Vocational B - 9. Special (grades 11 and 12 only) B - 10. Temporary Mentally Trainable B 1 11. Provisional Foreign Language B 4 12. Substitute B 4 NOTE: Provisional elementary, high school, and special certificates may be issued to applicants with the bachelor's degree.

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY INDIANA

1. Psychologist D Parma:7,z'. 2. Psychometrist M + 30 10 3. Superintendent Ed. S. 10 4. Secondary School Principal M + 30 5 5. Elementary Principal M + 30 5 6. Guidance Ed. S. 5 7. Audiovisual Supervisor M 5 8. Supervisor of School Libraries and Teaching Materials M 5 9. School Librarian M 5 10. Director of Health and Safety M 5 11. Director of Physical Education M 5 12. Director of Recreation M 5 13. Secondary B 5 14. Elementary B 5 15. Speech Correction and Hearing Therapy B 5 16. School Physician MD Life 17. Health and Hygiene (Public School Nurse) RN + B.S. 5 18. Driver Education B 5 19. Vocational Trade and Industry Below degree 5

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY IOWA 1. Permanent Professional M* Life 2. Professional B 10 3. Preprofessional (available originally only for teachers of trade and industrial classes) ** 6 4. Substitute Previous certification 6 5. Temporary Except as specifically au- 1 thorized,availableonly topreviouslycertificated teacher, but not available to high school teacher without bachelor's degree * Master's degree in an approved program of preparation. **Issued on recommendation of the Division of Vocational Edu- cation in Iowa Department of Public Instruction.

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY KANSAS 1. Secondary B 3 2. Elementary B 3 3. Administrator M 3 4. Elementary Principal M 3

236 CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY KENTUCKY Minimum Requirement Term Name (Degree with Semester Hours) (Years) 1. Standard for School Leadership M+ Continuous 2. Standard for Guidance Counselors M + Continuous 3. Standard for School Librarians M 10** 4. Standard for Director of Pupil Personnel M Continuous 5. Standard High School M 10** 6. Standard Elementary M 10** 7. Standard Special Education M 10** 8. Standard for School Business Administrators M Continuous 9. Provisional for Principals M 4 10. Provisional for Supervisors M 4 11. Provisional for School Bird/Ms Administrators B 4 12. Provisional High School B 10 13. Provisional Elementary B 10 14. Trades and Industrial Education Special training 1 & 4 15. Provisional Special Education B 10 16. Provisional High School Certificate with a Professional Commitment B 1 17. Provisional Elementary Certificate with a Professional Commitment B 1 * Valid for superintendency, principalship, and supervision. Subject to life extension upon three years of successful teaching experience.

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY LOUISIANA

1. Type A B* Life" 2. Type B B* Life*** 3. Type C B 3 4. Temporary Varies 1 5. Trade High school graduate and 6 1 or 2 years of trade experience For authorization in administration or supervision, a master's five years of experience in the field. degree plus certain courses are required. Valid for life for continuous service after holder has completed Valid for life for continuous service after holder has completed three years of experience in the field.

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY MAINE

1. Provisional-Elementary B 5 2. Provisional-Secondary B 3. Professional-Elementary and Secondary B + 30 10 4. Conditional-Elementary and Secondary 96 1 NOTE: Certificates listed are issued currently.Various other names "grandfather" from earlier regulations.List does not include administrative and special-field certificates.

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY MARYLAND

1. Standard Professional Certificate* B 3 2. Advanced Professional Certificate* M 3 3. Certificate in Administration and Supervision* M (+ 30 for supts.) 3 *Fields or subject specialization (both academic and special) for on certificate 2; certificate 3 for superintendents andassistant classroom teachers are endorsed on certificate 1 or 2; admin- superintendents only. istrative and supervisory areas of specialization are endorsed

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY MASSACHUSETTS 1. Superintendent or Assistant Superintendent of Schools B* Life 2. Secondary School Principal--7-/unior High School Principal B* Life 3. Elementary School Principal B* Life 4.. General Supervisor B* Life 5. Special Subject Supervisor B* Life 237

1.104.11....1.10.1...10.00..Pww11.ormi0.111. MASSACHUSETTS (continued) Minimum Requirement Term (Years) Name (Degree with Semester Hours) 6. Guidance Director or Supervisor Counselor B* Life 7. Elementary School Teacher (K-8) B** Life 8. Secondary School Teacher-Junior High School Teacher B** Life 9. Teacher of Special Schools and Classes B** Life 10. Special Subject Teacher in the Elementary and Secondary Grades, including Junior High School B** Life 11. Teacher of Speech and Hearing Handicapped B* Life B** 12. School Librarian Life 13. School Psychologist B* Life * Bachelor's degree, plus teaching certificate andappropriate ** Bachelor's degree, including specified professional preparation. specified professional preparation.

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY MICHIGAN

1. Secondary or Elementary Permanent B + 10 Continuing 2. Secondary or Elementary Provisional B 5 3. State Limited Renewal 60 1-3 4. County Limited Renewal 30 1 5. Special Certificate (minor deficiency for regularcertificate) 120 1

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY MINNESOTA

1. Elementary A Series (Regular) B 2 2. Secondary A Series (Regular) B 2 3. Elementary Principal-Any School M 2 4. Elementary Principal-Any School (Provisional) B + 10 2 5. Elementary Principal-15 Teachers or Less B 2 6. Elementary Principal -IS Teachers or Less(Provisional) Less than B 2 7. Secondary Principal-Any School M 2 8. Secondary Principal-20 Teachers or Less B + 12 2 9. Secondary Principal-10 Teachers or Less B + 6 2 10. Superintendent-Any School (Standard) M 2

1 CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY MISSISSIPPI

1. Class AAA-Administrator D Life 2. Class AA-Administrator M 10 3. Class AA-Supervisor (Elementary Principal, SecondaryPrin- cipal, Special Subject Supervisor, Secondary Counselor) M 10 4. Class A-Supervisor (Elementary and Secondary Principal) B + 12 1 5. Class AA-Special Subject (Art, Exceptional Children, Health and Physical Education, Librarian, Music) M 10 6. Class A-Special Subject (Art, Exceptional Children,Health and Physical Education, Librarian, Music) B 5 7. Class AA-Secondary M 10 8. Class A-Secondary B S 9. Class AA-Elementary M 10 10. Class A-Elementary B 5 11. Permit B 1 12. Vocational Trade Shop 60 5 NOTE: All certificates listed above are renewable upon completion of 6 semester hours of additional credit.

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY MISSOURI

1. Two-Year Elementary B 2 2. Life Elementary B Life 3. Life Elementary Extended B Life 4. Two-Year Secondary B 2 5. Life Secondary B Life 6. Life Secondary Extended B Life

238 MISSOURI (continued) Minimum Requirement Term Name (Degree with Semester Hours) (Years) 7. Life Elementa-Principal M Life 8. Life Secondary Principal M Life 9. Life Superintendent M Life 10. Special Education B 2 or Life

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY MONTANA 1. Professional B + 30 5 2. Standard B 5 3. Administrative M 5 4. Provisional B 2 5. Special-Vocational Special training S and experience

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY NEBRASKA Administrative and Supervisory 1. Professional 6 years Continuous 2. Standard M 10 3. Provisional B+ 1-3 4. Emergency B+ Teaching 5. Professional M Continuous 6. Standard B 10 7. Pre-Standard B S 8. Provisional 60 1-3 9. Substitute Varies S 10. Emergency Varies 1

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY NEVADA 1.Administrative Professional M 6 2. Administrative Temporary B 3 3. Administrative Vocational Technical Education M + 12 in vocational 6 education 4. High School Professional B 5* S. Elementary Professional B** 5 6. Elementary Professional B*** 3 7. Elementary Professional M ** 6 8. Elementary Temporary 62 2 Special 9. High School Professional M 6 10. Librarian B 5 11. Sp: cat Correction B 5 12, Driver Education Special course 5 13. Handicapped Children B 5 14. Public School Norse R. N. in Nevada 2**** 15. Vocational home Economics B 5* 16. Vocational Agriculture B 5* 17. Vocational Trades and Industrial Education 30 + trade experience 5 18. Vocational Distributive Education B 5* 19. High School Substitute B 4 20. Elementary Substitute 62 4 21. Vmational Technical Education Special training 5 and experience Valid for six years with a master's degree. *** Including 18 hours in professional courses. * Including 30 hours in professional courses. "" Five years, bachelor's degree; six years, master's.

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY NEW HAMPSHIRE 1. Professional Certificate 2. Standard Certificate B S NEW HAMPSHIRE (continued) Minimum Requirrnent Term Name (Degree with Semester lieu:a) (Years) 3. Standard License B 3 4. Provisional Standard License B Varies 5. Provisional License* 60 1 6. Permits Varies 1 Must have been a normal school graduate with successful teaching experience prior to 1948. Must have a degree program set up and acquire a minimum of 3 hours each year in the program. CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY NEW JERSEY

1. School Ataninistrator M Life 2. School Banal- Administrator B Life 3. Assistant Superintendent in Charge of Business B Life 4. Secondary School Principal M Life 5. Elementary School Principal M Life 6. Secondary School Vice-Principal B Life 7. Supervisor M Life 8. Junior College M Life 9. Secondary B Life 10. Junior High School B Life 11. Provisional Secondary B 1 12. Elementary B Life 13. Provisional Elementary B 1 14. Emergency Elementary 90 1 15. Elementary Endorsement on Specific Fields or Secondary Cert. B Life 16. Nursery School B Life 17. Nursery School Endorsement on Elementary Cert. B Life 18. Art B Life 19. Business Education B Life 20. Driver Education B Life 21. Health Education B Life 22. Industrial Arts (Academic Background) B Life 23. Industrial Arts (Experience Background) B Life 24. Professional Librarian B Life 25. School Librarian B Life 26. Teacher-Librarian B Life 27. Provisional Teacher-Librarian B 1 28. Emergency School Librarian B 1 29. Music B Life 30. Music (instrumental) 32 Life 31. Physical Education B Life 32. Recreation B Life 33. Recreation Endorsement B Life 34. School Physical Therapist B Life 35. School Occupational Therapist B Life 36. Mentally Retarded B Lif?. 37. Physically Handicapped B Life 38. Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing B Life 39. Blind or Partially Sighted B Life 40. Speech Defective B Life 41. Socially and Emotionally Maladjusted B Life 42. Vocational-Technical: Administrator M Life 43. Vocational-Technical: Director-Principal B Life 44. Vocational-Technical: Coordinator: Cooperative Industrial Education B Life 45. Vocational-Technical: Distributive Occupations B Life 46. Vocational-Technical: Agriculture B Life 47. Home Economics B Life 48. Vocational-Technical: Subject Teacher 36 credits Life 49. Vocational-Technical: Related Subjects Teacher B Life 50. Vocational-Technical: Part-time teacher Trade experience Life 51. School Nurse 30 Life

240 Ass=menerdreirS,

NEW JERSEY (continued) Minimum Requirement Term Name (Degree with Semester Hours) (Years) 52. School Nurse-Supervisor B Life 53. School Social Worker B Life 54. School Phychologist B + 60 Life 55. Student Personnel Services B Life 5:4 Provisional Student Personnel Services B 1 57. Director of Student Personnel Services B Life NOTE: AU certificates are valid for life except provisional and emergency, which are renewable annually on 4 hours of credit.

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY NEW MEXICO

1. Four-Year Provisional Secondary B 4 2. Five-Year Secondary B 5 3. Continuing Five-Year Secondary B + 30 5 4. Ten-Year Professional Secondary M 10 5. Professional Secondary M Permanent* 6. Four-Year Provisional Elementary B 4 7. Five-Year Elementary B 5 8. Continuing Five-Year Elementary B + 30 5 9. Ten-Year Professional Elementary M 10 10. Professional Elementary M Permanent* 11. Four-Year Provisional (Art, Foreign Language, Physical Education, Industrial Arts, Music) B 4 12. Five-Year (Art, Foreign Language, Physical Education, Industrial Arts, Music) B 5 13. Continuing Five-Year (Art, Foreign Language, Physical Education, Industrial Arts, Music) B + 30 5 14. Ten-Year Professional (Art, Foreign Language, Physical Education, Industrial Arts, Music) M 10 15. Professional (Art, Foreign Language, Physical Education, Industrial Arts, Music) M Permanent* 16. Four-Year School Counselor B 4 17. Five-Year School Counselor B + 15 5 18. Ten-Year Professional School Counselor M 10 19. Professional School Counselor M Permanent* 20. Four-Year Vocational Agriculture B 4 21. Five-Year Vocational Agriculture B 5 22. Continuing Five-Year Vocational Agriculture B + 30 5 23. Ten-Year Professional Vocational Agriculture M 10 24. Professional Vocational Agriculture M Permanent* 25. Four-Year Vocational Home Economics B 4 26. Five-Year Vocational Home Economics B 5 27. Continuing Five-Year Vocational Home Economics B + 30 5 28. Ten-Year Professional Vocational Home Economics M 10 29. Professional Vocational Home Economics M Permanent* 30. Four-Year Vocational Distributive Education B 4 31. Five-Year Vocational Distributive Education B 5 32. Continuing Five-Year Vocational Distributive Education B + 30 5 33. Ten-Year Professional Vocational Distributive Education M 10 34. Professional Vocational Distributive Education M Permanent* 35. One-Year School Social Worker 5 1 36. Four-Year School Social Worker M 4 37. Professional School Social Worker M Permanent* 38. One-Year School Nurse Nursing diploma + 6 1 39. Five-Year School Nurse Nursing diploma + 30 5 or B 40. Ten-Year Professional School Nurse M 10 41. Five-Year Administrative M 5 42. Ten-Year Professional Administrative M + 30 10 43. Vocational Trade and Industrial Recommendation based 1-5 on experience 44. Four-Year Pathology Provisional Certificate M 4 45. Professional Pathology Licensure M Permanent*

241 NEW MEXICO(continued) Minimum Requirement Term Name (Degree with Semester Hours) (Years) 46. Four-Year Audiology Provisional Certificate M 4 47.Professional Audiology Licensure M Permanent* * If the holder leaves the profession for four or more consecutive NOTE: Endorsements are listed on certificates for driver education, years, the certificate will be inactive. special education, and library science.

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY NEW YORK 1. Permanent B or 5 years Life 2.Provisional B or 5 years 5 or 10 3. Superintendent 5 years Life NOTE: AU teaching positions are covered by the above certificates. Requirements vary among positions.

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY NORTH CAROLINA

1. Primary, Class A B 5 2.Grammar Grade, Class A B 5 3. Secondary, Class A B 5 4.Special Subject, Class A B 5 5. Special Vocational, Class A B 5 6. Graduate Elementary M 5 7.Graduate Secondary 5 8. Superintendent M 5 9. Principal M 5 10. Supervisor M -, 11. Counselor M 5 12.Supervisor of Student Teachers M 5 13. Audiovisual Director M 5 14. School Psychologist M + 30 5

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY NORTH DAKOTA

1. First-Grade Professional B 3 2.Second-Grade Professional* 64 3 To be discontinued July 1, 1969.

CERTIFICATrs ISSUED BY OHIO

1. Kindergarten-Primary (K-3) B 4 2.Elementary (1-8) B 4 3. Secondary(7-12) B 4 4.Special(1-12) B 4 5. Vocational(7-12) B 4 6. Elementary Principal M 4 7. Secondary Principal M 4 8. Supervisory (General and Special Fields) M 4 9. Executive Head (Rural School) M 4 10. Superintendent M + 30 4 11. Pupil Personnel Services (School Psychologist, Counselor, Visiting Teacher) M 4 NOTE: Four &ades-provisional, professional, permanent, and may be converted to the next grade of certificate upon evidence temporary-of each of the 11 certificates may be issued, for a of satisfactory experience or additional training, or both. total of 44 certificates.Provisional and professional certificates

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY OKLAHOMA

1. Elementary (K-8); -... andard-Provisional-Temporary B 5-3-1 2.Secondary(7-12);Standard-Provisional-Temporary B 5-3-1 3. Elementary-Secondary Music, Health and Physical Education, and Art(1-12);Standard-Provisional-Temporary B 5-3-1 OKLAHOMA (continued) Minimum Requirement :Cr= Name (Degree with Semester Hours) (Years) 4. School Service Personnel: Administrators, Counselors, Psychologists, Psychometrists; Standard-Provisional M+ 5-3 5. Public School Librarian; Standard-Provisional-Temporary B 5-3-1 6. Special Certificate: Special Education, Vocational Areas, Driver and Safety Education; Standard-Provisional-Temporary B 5-3-1 7. Nonteaching: School Census and Attendance; Standard- Provisional .. 5-3 NOTE: A provisional certificate for a three-year term is issued on slightly less specific requirements than for the standard, but the degree requirement is the same.

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY OREGON 1. Superintendent M + 30 5 2. Secondary Principal M + 22 5 3. Secondary Teacher B + 30 5 4. Elementary Teacher B 3 5. Elementary Principal M + 22 5 6. Vocational B + 30 5

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY PENNSYLVANIA 1. Superintendent D or 70 inc. M 4 2. Assistant Superintendent D or 70 inc. M 4 3. Supervisory, Principal D or 70 inc. M Life 4. v---nd--y aka aaaviywi i5 Life 5. Elementary Principal M + 15 Life 6. Psychologist M or 36 + 18 graduate Life* 7. College B + 24 Life* 8. Interim College B 1 9. Elementary Temporary Standard B 1 * Following six years of experience.

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY PUERTO RICO 1. Visiting Teacher B + 30 4 2. Teacher-Adviser B + 30 4 3. Superintendent B + 30 4 4. Secondary Principal B + 30 4 5. English B 4 6. Home Economics B 4 7. Commercial Subjects B 4 8. Physical Education B 4 9. Industrial Arts B 4 10. Vocational Agriculture B 4 11. Elementary Teacher 68 4 12. Elementary Principal B + 30 4 13. Life Not Specified + 50 months of Life satisfactory experience 14. Provisional H. S. graduate 1 15. Vocational Teacher H. S. + 30 4 16. Zone Supervisor (Art, English, Public Health) M.A. 4 17. General Supervisor M.A. 4 18. Teacher Librarian B + 18 4 19. Teacher of Art B 4 20. Teacher of Music B 4 21. Curriculum Technician M.A. 4

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY RHODE ISLAND 1. Professional B + 36orM Life 2. Provisional B 6

243 CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY SOUTH CAROLINA

Minimum Requirement Term Name (Degree with Semester Hours) (Years) 1. Class I (Advanced) D Varies with experience 2. Class I M Varies with experience 3. Class II B + 18 Varies with experience 4. Class HI B Varies with experience

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY SOUTH DAKOTA I. Teacher Certificate Coded for preparation, 1, 3, or endorsement, quali- 5 years fications or Life

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY TENNESSEE 1. Professional B 10 2. Temporary 60 2

of.", oro- "TCVAS t;CR Ir IL" I CO IOQUIGI0 WV I I. Professional B + 30 Life 2. Provisional B Life 3. One-Year Permit B 1 4. Emergency Teaching Permit 90 1

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY UTAH 1. Basic Professional B 5 2. Professional M S 3. Administrative M + 30 5 4. Pupil Personnel M $ 5. Trade, Industrial, and Technical B 5

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY VERMONT 1. Professional Probationary (General and Special Subjects) B 1 2. Professional Standard (General and Special Subjects)* B S 3. Professional Three-Year 90 5 4. Professional Two-Year 60 5 5. Emergency 60 1 * A master's degree is required for certification in administration, guidance, ant' supervision.

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY VIRGINIA 1. Postgraduate Professional M 10 2. Collegiate Professional B 10 3. Collegiate B 4

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY WASHINGTON I. Standard General B + 30 * 2. Standard Secondary B + 30 3. Standard Elementary .8 + 30 * Specialized 4. Standard School Nurse S. Standard School Psychologist M * 6. Standard Social Worker M * Vocational 7. Home Economics B + 30 3 8. Vocational Agriculture B + 30 3 9. Distributive Education B 5 10. Trade and Industry ** 5

244 WASHINGTON (continued) Minimum Requirement Term (Years) Name (Degree with Semester Hours)

Administrative M + 14 * 11. Elementary Principal * 12. Secondary Principal M + 14 M + 14 * 13. General Principal * 14. Superintendent M + 30 Community College B + *** 15. Temporary 1 16. Three-Year M 3 of Remains in force during service and for five additional years. M or standard secondary certificatiou, or B + one year Seven years of experience in occupation to be taught and 240 experience in the trade, industry, or profession to betaught. clock hours of teacher training.

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY WEST VIRGINIA M 5** 1. Administrative* 5*** 2. Professional* B 3. Provisional Professional* B 3 ° Endorsed in accordance with theprogram completed. Becomes permanent when holder completes the master's es Becomes permanent with five yearsof experience. degree, experience, or specialized knowledge.

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY WISCONSIN

1. Unlimited (Teachers) B Life 2. Supervisory Principal H 3 3. Elementary (Small School) B + 2 3 4. Elementary Principal M 3 5. Secondary Principal M 3 6. Superintendent M 3 7. Secondary Teacher B 3 8. Elementary Teacher 64 2 9. Five-Year (Elementary) 70 5 B 1 10. Special License -0 11. Permit 48 1 12. School Counselor Level B B + 16 3 Level A M 3 13. Unlimited (Supervisor) M + 6 Life 14. Unlimited (Administrator) M + 6 Life

CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY WYOMING

1. Professional Administrative M + 30 10 2. Professional Teaching M 10 3. Standard Administrative M + 15 10 4. Standard Teaching B 5 S. Initial Teaching B 3 6. Limited Service Permit B 1 7. Substitute 60 1

245 Appendix B ADVISORY COUNCILS ON TEACHEREDUCATION (Or Comparable Agencies in the52 States) Roll of DI-Is There rector of a State Teacher Ed- TEPS ucation and Commis - Certification slon? State Name of Organization How Set Up Number in Membership 5 6 1 2 3 4 Chairman Yes ALABAMA Council on TeacherVoluntary representatives from all Education state colleges and state De- partment of Education State Advisory Com- Appointed by Com-12 representatives from Chairman Yes mittee on Certifi-missioner of Educa-State Education Association, cation tion PTA, college, and State De- partment of Education (Also has a professional practices commission, createdby law.) Yes ARIZONA Advisory. CommitteeAppointed by State13 7-- deans of state institu-Chairman on Teacher Edu-Superintendentandtions, members of the profes- cation approved byStatesion, and State Department_ Board of Public Instruction Yes ARKANSAS Council on TeacherAppointed by Com-44 16 representatives from Chairman Education missioner of Educa-colleges,24frompublic tion schools, 4 from TEPS Com- mittee and State Education Association and State Depart- ment CALIFORNIA Council on the Edu-Bywrittenagree-185(official membership) Secretary Yes cation of Teachers ment between Staterepresentatives of institutions, Superintendentandprofessionalorganizations, Council school boards, and PTA

Teachers Profession-By law 13 state superintendent al Standards Com- (chairman); 7 certified public mission school employees, including at least 5 classroom teachers and 1 administrator; 5 faculty representatives of public and private colleges accredited for teacher education, at least 3 of whom are. engaged in classroom teaching Yes COLORADO StateBoardof By law 11 Commissioner of Edu-Secretary Teacher Certifica- cation, 2 laymen, 2 college tion faculty,1 superintendent, 5 teachers Yes CONNECTICUT Advisory CommitteeDesignated by State11representatives from pro.Secretary on Certification Board of Educationfessional organizations, State DepartmentofEducation, and Connecticut Association of Boards of Education Yes DELAWARE State Advisory Coun-Voluntary. 33-12 teachers and admin- Ex officio cil on Teacher Ed-Appointed by Stateistrators, 7 from colleges, 7 Executive ucation and Pro-Board of Education State Department of Public Secretary fessional Stand- Instruction staff members, 6 ards nominated by professional organizations, 1 member at large

246 ADVISORY COUNCILS ON TEACHER EDUCATION (continued) (Or Comparable Agencies in the 52 States) Role of Di-Is There rector of a State Teacher Ed-TEPS ucation and Commis- State Name of Organization How Set Up Number in Membership Certification sion?

1 2 3 4 5 6 DISTRICT OF None Yes COLUMBIA FLORIDA Teacher Education By law 49representatives of StateExecutive Yes Advisory Council DepartmentofEducation, Secretary each college and university, andtheprofession, PTA, school boards, laymen (Also has a professional practices commission, created by law.) GEORGIA Council on TeacherBy State Department 57 representatives fromEx officio Yes Education(fiveof Education State Education Association, Member of standing commit- PTA, TEPS, classroom teach- Executive tees) ers, and other professional Committee organizations, and State De- (teacher partment of Education education coordinator serves as executive secretary)

HAWAII Teacher EducationAppointed by Super- 8 Yes Co-ordinatingintendent of Public Committee Instruction and Dean, College of Education, University of Hawaii Committee for train-Appointed by Super- 12 Chairman ing,Certificationintendent withap- and Evaluation proval of Board of Education IDAHO State Advisory Com-Appointed by StateVariesrepresentatives fromExecutive Yes mittee on Certifi-Board of EducationState Education Association, Secretary cation higher institutions, and State Department of Education ILLINOIS Statewide Study 43 representatives from Yes* Committee on teacher-administrator organi- Teacher Certifica- zations, state institutions, tion classroomteachers,liberal arts colleges, superintendents' organizations, and Certifica- tion Board State Teacher Certi-Appointed by State 12 Secretary fication Board Superintendent on recommendationof teachers organizations. By law Teacher Training and One of Commissions 9appointed by Governor Ex officio Yes Licensing Com- of State Board of Member mission Education. By law Advisory CommitteeBy State Board of28representing the profes-Secretary Yes on Teacher Edu-Public Instruction sion, public senior colleges, and cation and Certifi- private senior colleges, Iowa Consultant cation Association of School Boards, Iowa Congress of Parents and Teachers, and Depart- ment of Public Instruction Organized by profession and serves both the state education legal and professional groups. 247 ADVISORY COUNCILS ON TEACHER EDUCATION (continued) (Or Comparable Agencies in the 52 States) Role of DI-Is There rector of a State Teacher Ed- TEPS ucation and Commis- State Name of Organization How Set Up Number in Membership Certification sion?

1 2 3 4 5 6

KANSAS Advisory Council onVoluntary 45 representative from allEx officio Yes Education types of colleges and univer- Secretary sities, superintendents, principals., school boards association, State Teachers Associa- tion(includesallTEPS), State Department of Public Instruction, State Baird of Education

KENTUCKY Council on Public By law 15-9 lay members appoint- Yes Higher Education ed by Governor, 6 nonvoting members who are presidents of the six state colleges and universities Advisory CommitteeAppointedbythe17-7 members from stateSecretary on Teacher Edu-Council colleges and universities, 3 cation from private colleges, state TEPS chairman, 5 from profession, 1 from State Depart- ment of Education (Also has a professional practices commission, created by law.)

LOUISIANA Council on TeacherAppointed by State38representing public col-Ex officio Yes Education andSuperintendent ofleges, private colleges, teach- Member Certification Public Education ersassociations,vocational and association, classroom teach- Secretary ers, State Department of Ed- ucation, PTA, principals, superintendents, State Univer- sity, and supervisors

MAINE State Advisory Com-Appointed by State 22 representatives fromSecretary Yes mittee on Certifi-Board of EducationState Teachers Association, and Non- cation and Teach- State Board of Education, voting er Education schoolboardsassociation, Member Governor's Advisory Com- mittee on Education, repre- sentativesofallcolleges approved by the state for teacher education, Pl'A, state legislature

MARYLAND No council. State TEPS Committee serves in this capacity Yes' MASSACHUSETTS ProfessionalStand-Appointed by State 13 Ex officio Yes ardsAdvisory Board of Education Member Board MICHIGAN Advisory CommitteeAppointed by State33 representing classroomSecretary Yes on Teacher Edu-Board of Educationteachers, principals, superin- cation and Certi- tendents,stateuniversities, fication state colleges, church-related colleges, liberal arts colleges, Catholic education, and State (Presently inactive; newappointments inDepartment of Public Instruc- process.) tion Organized by profusion and serves both the state education legal and professional groups.

248 ADVISORY COUNCILS ON TEACHER EDUCATION(continued) (Or Comparable Agencies in the 52 States) Role of Di- h There rector of a State Teacher Ed- TEPS ucation and Comma:- Certification sicm? State Name of Organi7stfon How Set Up Number In Membership S 6 1 2 3 4 Secretary Yes MINNESOTA State Advisory Com-Authorized by StateOne representative from each mittee on TeacherBoard of Education;education department of each Education members appointedteacher education institution by college presidentsand from eachinstitution from other disciplines, state PTA,statefederationof teachers, state citizens committee, school boards association,superintendentsor- ganization, elementary and secondary school principals organizations,StateTEPS, State Education Association, andthe CommissionerOf Education and Director of Teacher Education and Cer- tification Executive Yes MISSISSIPPI Advisory Council toAppointed by Super-17 representatives from all State Board of Ed-intendent of Publiclevels of education, including Secretary ucation Instruction professional education, liberal arts, academic deans, college teachers,college presidents, special-subject field supervisors, schooladministrators, elementaryandsecondary classroom teachers, State TEPS Yes MISSOURI None Yes MONTANA Teacher Supply Com-Appointed by Super-Representatives from all lev-Member mittee intendent of Publicelsof education, including Instruction professionaleducation,lib- eralarts,academic deans, college teachers, special-subject field supervisors, school administrators, elementary and secondary classroom teachers; also representatives from State Education Asso- ciation,PTA, andschool boards association NEBRASKA Council on TeacherExtralegal 80 representing Etc StateExecutive Yes Education Education Association,pri- Secretary vate and public colleges, the University, PTA, various professional organizations, and State Department of Educa- tion NEVADA Study Committee onExtralegal. 9all levels of education rep-Chairman Yes Teacher Certifica-Appointed by Super-resented, including classroom tion intendent of Publicteachers, superintendents, col- Instruction leges of education, and State Department of Education NSEA AdvisoryAppointed by NSEA Committee Executive Secretary

249

UMWSZNAMMOWSMIMPAIIIIIIIMOiligliteWalmaioMatrwromme.worm~arter....wommem. ADVISORY COUNCILS ON TEACHER EDUCATION (continued) (Or Comparable Agencies in the 52 States) Role of Di-Is There rector of a State Teacher Ed- TEPS ucation and Commis - State Name of Organization How Set Up Number in Membership Certification sion?

1 2 3 4 5 6

NEW Council on TeacherBy law. 15Commissioner of Educa- Yea HAMPSHIRE Education tion, presidents of the two state colleges, head of education department of Univer- sity of New Hampshire, director of State Education Associ- ation, a layman, a superintendent of schools, a school board member, a representative of the independent colleges, 5 academic professors from state and private insti- Me; tutions

NEW JERSEY State Board of Ex-By law. 12Commissioner of Educa-Secretary Yes aminers Appointed by Statetion, Assistant Commissioner Board of Education of Education, county superintendent, small city superintendent, city superintendent, high school teacher, elementary teacher, two college presidents, high school principal, elementary school principal, and a librarian

NEW MEXICO Council on TeacherCooperativelybyDirectors of State Department Member Yes Education State Board of Edu-of Education and one repre- and cation and colleges sentative from each teacher Adviser education institution

NEW YORK Advisory Board onAppointedz by State 12 Adviser Yes Teacher Educa-Board of Education (Commis- tion, Certification, sioner and Practice appoints chairman from membership; secretary is Associate in Teacher Certification)

NORTH Council on TeacherSuperintendent of61including college presi-Chairman Yes CAROLINA Education Public Instructiondents and deans, superinten- and State Board ofdents,principals, classroom Education teachers, state school board, PTA, State Education Asso- ciation, State Department of Public Instruction, colleges

NORTH DAKOTA Legislative Commit- Representatives from all or-Member Yes tee,Councilon ganizations Education (Also has a professional practices commission, created by law.)

250 ADVISORY COUNCILS ON TEACHER EDUCATION(continued) (Or Comparable Agencies in the 52 States) Role of DI-Is There recto; of a State Teacher Ed-TEPS ucation and Commis- Number in Membership Certification eon? State Name of Organization How Set Up 4 5 6 1 2 3 Consultant Yes OHIO Council on TeacherBy Ohio College As-10five from Ohio colleges Education sociation, Educationand five from Ohio EduCation Association, andAssociatiofi State Department of Education Member Yes OKLAHOMA Commission onBy State Department25 members representing the Teadher Educa-of Public Instructiondifferent levels and areas of tion and Certifica-and State Educationeducational endeavor tion Association, m cooperation with institu- - tions of higher education (Also has a professional practices commission,.Created by law.) Consultant Yes OREGON Teacher Standards By law; appointed by 16 and PracticesState Board of Edu- Commission cation Chairman Yes PENNSYLVANIACommittee on Teach-Appointed by StateMembers of tht, State Depart- er Education Superintendent ment of Public Instruction and an Advisory Committee includingrepresentatives fromcolleges,professional organizations, learned societies, classroom teachers, chief school administrators, and lay organizations including citi- . zens groups and PTA No PUERTO RICO None Yes RHODE ISLANDCertificationAdvis- Commissioner of Ed-15representing differentSecretary ory Committee ucation levels and areas of educa- tiofial endeavor Yes SOUTH Council on TeacherAuthorized by State36representatives of publicChairman CAROLINA Education Board of Educationschools and colleges.State Board of Education and su- . pervisory personnel of State Department of Education are ex officio members.

SOUTH DAKOTA State Advisory Com-Authorized by StateRepresentatives of PTA, pub- Member Yes mittee on TeacherBoard of Education;lic and private colleges aril Education andmembers recom-universities, State Education Certification mended by agenciesAssociation,StateDepart- they represent andment of Public Instruction, appointed by Statepublic schools ."6 Board of Education Yes TENNESSEE Council on TeacherAppointed by State60 representatives of stateSecretary Education Board of Educationcolleges, private colleges, State Department of Educa- tion, State Education Associ- ation, school beards, PIA, school administrators, teachers

251 frl

A . ,,, ADVISORY COUNCILS ON TEACHER EDUCATION (continued) (Or Comparable Agencies in the 52 States)

Role of Di-Is There rector of a State Teacher Ed-TEPS ucation and Commis- State Name of Organindon How Set Up Number in Membership Certificadon sion?

1 2 3 4 S 6

TEXAS State Board of Ex- By law 14 appointed by Commis-Ex officio Yes aminers for Teach- sioner of Education and State member er Education Board of Education, repre- and liaison senting approved teacher ed- official ucationinstitutions,public with State school administrators, public Board school instructors, Spite Edu- cation Agency

UTAH Advisory Council toOne-half of Council43representatives of institu-Chairman Yes State Departmentis ex officio; otherdons, classroom teachers, ad- of Public Instruc-half is recommendedministrators, PTA, State De- tion by Utah Educationpartment of Public Instruc- Associationtobetion, and Utah Schaal Boards appointed by StateAssociation Board

VERMONT No council as such.By State Education 9including representativesConsultant Yes (State TEPS Com-Association of classroom teachers, high mittee serves this school principals, elementary function) principals, superintendents, Student National Education Association, and teacher education institutions

VIRGINIA Advisory Committee Appointed by State14representatives from var- Chairman Yes on Teacher Edu- Superintendent ofious college departments and cation and Certifi-Public Instruction public school positions cation

WASHINGTON Advisory CommitteeAuthorized by State31 representatives fromChairman Yes on Teacher Edu-Board of Educationteacher education institutions, cation and Certifi-andappointedbyjuniorcolleges,administra- cation State Superintendenttors, classroom teachers, ofPublicInstruc-school directors, and PTA tion. Nominated by institutions, agencies, and professional organizations

WEST VIRGINIAAdvisory Council onFunctions through42 representatives of State Ex officio Yes Teacher Educa-bylawscreatedby.Department of Education, pro- member tion Advisory Councilfissional organizations (super- and and approved by theintendents, principals, super- liaison State Board of Edu-visors, and classroom teach- official cation era), and 16 colleges approved with for teacher education State Board

WISCONSIN No Council. State TEPS Commission serves the function. Member Yes

WYOMING No Council. State TEPS Commission serves the function. Ex officio Yes Member b For classroom teachers only; the Advisory Council serves as the statewide TEPS commission.

.252 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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37:7777,77---"""ImunEr ,