Taiping rebellion causes and effects pdf

Continue Between 1700 and 1800 numerous uprisings against the central government, unable to resist Western powers, took place throughout China.Related Articles: Facts, History and Combatants of the Boxing Uprising, Triad in China and Hong Kong , 30 fascinating images of the Xinhai Revolution, the Chinese Revolution of 1911 , the first photos of Hong Kong, the Second Opium War, and Beijing, Felice Biato in 1860First riots from 1774 with the beginning of the White Lotus until the end of 1873 from the end of 1873 Hui and Miao revolts , China, therefore, experienced a century of internal struggle that erupted because of the strong discomfort of the population; discomfort was often caused by a demographic explosion, followed by a lack of food and the breakdown of the water supply. All these movements, however, end up in bloodshed. High levels of taxation, corrupt bureaucracy and the concentration of land ownership exacerbated the situation, which led to the further impoverishment of the peasant masses. This inconvenience led to the formation of secret societies modeled on the White Lotus and the Triad.The imposition of Great Britain further worsened the already serious situation: the decision to open new ports north of Canton also inspired local merchants, porters, boaters and the pirates themselves, to whom the Western fleets declared war. and God WorshippersHong XiuqianHong Xiuquan (Hun Xi-chuan, 洪秀全, January 1, 1814 - June 1, 1864) was the mastermind of the uprising. Coming from a family of small landowners from the Hakka minority, in 1837 he became seriously ill after a series of failures in the imperial exams that left him in despair. In 1845, he had a mystical crisis after reading a book of evangelical propaganda. In his dreams and visions, Hong ascended to heaven, where he met God and Jesus, who showed him their true divine nature and his anti-Confonic mission. From that moment he claimed to be the younger brother of Jesus and was ordered to eliminate the demons: the Manchu dynasty. Confucius, regarded as the main culprit of human corruption, is also uninvited in Hong.His Christianity is syncretic, steeped in Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, and Manichaeism.A Christian community born around him is mainly composed of friends (Feng Yunshan) and relatives (such as his cousin Hong Rengan). Their first action was the destruction of the idols of the local temple. The seal of the Taiping Revolution during the Ching Empire. Thus began their activity as missionaries, preaching for .Feng founded god believers, collecting numerous proselytes among the Hakkas and Miaos of the region.1847 two cousins of Hong moved to Canton where they began to study Christianity under guidance. missionary J.D. Roberts, but without baptism. Hong left Canton and headed for Mount Thistle (紫荆, in Guangxi province), meeting with God Worshippers.They were armed to protect themselves from the bandits who were infecting the area at the time. Conflicts between believers and local Confucian nobles are erupting, concerned about the vandalism of the sect against the idols that are kept in the temples. Tensions were rising and government intervention was needed. Meanwhile, however, the ranks of Hong's followers swell and suddenly God's believers manage to take over the military. Taipin's degree of control. China in transformation ... With... maps and diagrams, COLSUHUN, Archibald Ross. London, 1898On the heavenly kingdom of the Great WorldIn January 1851, after another victory over the imperialists, Hong proclaimed himself Heavenly King, founding a new dynasty Heavenly Kingdom of the Great World (Taiping Tianguo). After the conquest of Jungang, he created the structure of his government. In the spring of the following year, persecuted by the Imperials, they passed through Hunan, descending through the Yangtze Valley of the Jiang, conquering towns and villages and gaining new followers. In March 1853, in more than a million, they conquered and made it the capital of their nascent empire. The Taiping movement turned into a revolutionary regime. The agricultural system of the Chinese dynasty was proclaimed. Private trade has been suppressed and goods are encouraged to communicate. The company was divided into Ku, a group of 25 families. The capture of junior traitor Hong Fuzhen, the second scene Hong Rengang promoted the opening to Western innovation, is seen as a means of strengthening Christian values in society, and defended women's rights. At this stage he lost his mystical religious vision. His reforms no longer reflected the ambitions of the peasant masses, but were much closer to the middle class. During the period of maximum expansion, taiping occupied East Guangxi, southwestern Hunan, Hubei, , Jiangxi, and .Of course God's protection, Taiping prepared two military expeditions, one to the north to conquer Beijing, and one to the west. The first was defeated. The second, after a series of encouraging victories, was forced to return to the capital to break through the encirclement of imperial troops. The Battle of TongchenIn June 1856, the Taipins made their last great success against the Manchu dynasty. A series of bloody feuds and internal clashes between the various kings who controlled the regions of different kingdoms, announced the end of the dynasty. Since 1852, the Eastern King, Yun Xiuqing, has increased his power against the Heavenly King himself, who exercised power in an increasingly oppressive manner. Hong then decided to fire Eastern King, forcing North King Wei Chang to wage war against him. Hong finally eliminated the Northern King as well. In 1863, Hong died after eliminating all kings without succeeding in creating a kingdom capable of surviving his death. The following year the Imperial troops completed the destruction of Taiping entering also in Nanking after a long siege. The scene of the siege of Lianzhen, May 1854 - March 1855. Of the ten scenes recording the retreat and defeat of the Taiping Northern Expeditionary Forces, February 1854-March 1855.They were guided by the figure of the small Manchu nobility Tseng Gofeng that for twelve years (from 1852, when he was assigned to move to Hunan, until the final victory over the rebels) fought Taiping's alternative results. The early days were characterized by some major defeats to make him meditate on suicide. It was not until 1854, with the victories of his generals, Sibu and Peng Yulin, that he began to believe in the real power of his troops. Tseng Gofeng was considered the chief architect of the victory and was honored by the Marquis first rank.topics: taipin rebellion causes, effects, taiping rebellion value, why taiping uprising happened, why taiping uprising leader, taipin uprising timeline, taipin uprising resultsSource: wikipedia: 1, 2, wikimedia, la rivolta dei taipingCinaOggi.it China-underground.com , trends, economics, history, art, guides, literature, art gallery, video and Chinese cinema. Terms of use All rights reserved. No part of this publication can be reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the publisher's prior written permission. For permission requests, contact the publisher, Terms of Use All Rights reserved. 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The uprising in the Tsing Dynasty of China Taiping RebellionAn 1884 painting of the Battle of Antsin (1861)DateDecember 1850 - August 1864LocationChinaResult Tsing winsBelligerents of the Tsing Dynasty Later stages: France Britain Taipin Heavenly KingdomCo-warring: Nian Rebels Red Turban Rebels Small Swords SocietyCommands and leaders of the Tseng Tseng Zeng Gofany Sengge Rinchen Guangwen Hongjang Luo Bingzhang Jirhangga † Tso Tsuntan Chang He Chun † † Frederick Townsend Ward † Auguste Oguz Prote † Charles Gordon Hong Suquan Hong Tianguifu Yang Suqing † Feng Yongshan † Xiao Chaogi † Wei Changhui † Hong Rengan Shi Dakai Yukai Chen Yucheng † Tsin Regan Ko-Commanders: Chang Lexing † (Rebel Ni Su Sannyang (Rebel-Nian) Tsyu Ersao † (Red Turban Rebels) Force 3,400,000 euros (all combatants) : 20-30 million 4 Taiping RebellionTraditive Chinese太平天國運動pine Chinese太平天运动literal valueTapin The Great World Heavenly Kingdom MovementTransscriptyStandard Mandarin Mandarin PinyinTuping Tianang yùndòngBopomofoㄊㄞˋ ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄊㄧㄢ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄩㄣˋ ㄉㄨㄥˋGwoyeu RomatzyhTaypyng tiangwowo yunndonqWade-GilesT'ai4-p'ing2 t'ien1-kuo2 y'n4- tung4IPA'th'i.phǐŋ thjɛ́n.kwǒ ŷn.tʊ̂ ŋ'WuRomanization Tha bin thi koq hhyn donHakkaRomanizationTay-fon-thun-koet-young-thungue: cantoneseale RomanizationTayteh thoung thon gwok wahn duchngJutpingTay 3-pen4 tin1-gwok3 wan6-dung6IPA thāːi 1.phɛ̏ ːŋ thíːn.kwɔ̄ ːk̚ wɐ̀n.tòŋ Southern MinHokkien Poithai-peng-tyan -kok-yong-thang-east Minguzhou BUCTOy-beng-tiĕng-guek Ang-ding Taiping mutiny, which is also known as the Taiping Civil War or Taiping Revolution, was a mass uprising or civil war, which was fought in China from 1850 to 1864 between the established Tsing Dynasty and theocratic Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Under the command of Hong Xiuquan, the self-proclaimed brother of Jesus, the Taiping targets were religious, nationalistic and political in nature; they sought to convert the Chinese people to the syncretic version of Taiping's Christianity, to overthrow the ruling Manchuria dynasty and to transform the state. Instead of supplanting the ruling class, the Taipings sought to change China's moral and social order. The Taipings founded the Heavenly Kingdom as an opposition state based in Tianjin (now Nanjing) and gained control of much of southern China, eventually expanding their size to command a base of a population of nearly 30 million people. For more than a decade, Taiping occupied and fought for much of the middle and lower Yangtze Valley. Ultimately, escalating into a toy war, the conflict between Taiping and Tsing was the largest in China since the conquest of Tsing in 1644, and involved all provinces of China except Gansu. It is considered one of the bloodiest wars in the history of mankind, the bloodiest civil war and the largest conflict of the 19th century. Estimates of those killed in the war range from 20 to 30 million, with a recent Chinese study estimating up to 70 million dead. 30 million people have fled from the conquered regions to foreign settlements or other parts of the China. Weakened by the attempted coup (incident in Tianjin) and the failure of the siege of Beijing, the Taipings were defeated by decentralized irregular armies such as the under the command of Tseng Gofan. Having already moved down the Yangtze River and recaptured the important city of , the army of Tseng Xian besieged Nanjing in May 1862. Two years later, on June 1, 1864, Hong Xiuquan died, and Nanjing fell during the Third just a month later. After the defeat of the Taipings, Tseng and many of his proteges, such as and Tso Tsuntan, were recognized as saviors of the Tsing Empire and became one of the most influential men in China in the late 19th century. The names of the Degree of Control Taiping in 1854 (red) Terms used for conflict and its participants often represent the opinions of the writer. During the 19th century, Tsing did not call the conflict either a civil war or a movement, as it gave Taiping credibility, but instead called the tumultuous civil war a period of chaos (乱), uprisings (逆) or military domination (军兴). They often referred to it as the Hong-Yang Rebellion (洪杨之乱), referring to two of the most prominent leaders, Hong Xuquan and Yang Xujun, and he was also disparagingly called the Red Sheep Rebellion (红⽺之乱) because Hong-Yang sounds like the Red Sheep in Chinese. (quote is needed) In modern Chinese, war is often referred to as the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement, representing both nationalist and communist doctrine that Taiping represented a popular ideology of either Han nationalism or protocommunist values. Scientist Jian Youwen is one of those who refers to the uprising as taiping the revolutionary movement on the grounds that it worked towards a complete change in the political and social system, rather than towards replacing one dynasty with another. Many Western historians call the conflict generally Taiping mutiny. Lately, however, scholars such as Toby Meyer-Fong and Stephen Platt have argued that the term Taiping rebellion is biased because it hints that the Tsing were the legitimate government fighting against the illegal Taiping rebels. Instead, they argue that the conflict should be called a civil war. Other historians, such as Jurgen Osterhammel, call the conflict the Taipin Revolution because of the radical transformational aims of the rebels and the social revolution they initiated. Little is known about taiping's reference to the war, but Taiping often referred to Tsing in general and Manchuria in particular as a variant of demons or monsters (妖), imagining Hong's proclamation that they were waging a holy war to rid the world of demons and establish heaven on earth. Tsing referred to Taiping Yue Bandits (粤匪 or 粤贼) in official sources, the reference was made to their origin in the southeastern province of . More colloquially, the Chinese called Taiping some version of Long-Hairs (⻓⽑⿁、⻓髪⿁、髪逆、髪贼), because they didn't shave their foreheads and mow their hair in line as Tsing's issues were obligated to do, allowing their hair to grow long. In the 19th century, Western observers, depending on their ideology, called Taiping revolutionaries, rebels or insurgents. In English, the Heavenly Kingdom of Peace was often reduced to mere taipins, from the word Peace in the Kingdom of Peace, but this was never a term that neither taipins nor their enemies referred to them. The history of the Origins of the Tsing Dynasty in the early to mid-19th century experienced a series of natural disasters, economic problems and defeats by Western powers, notably the humiliating defeat in 1842 of the British Empire in the First Opium War. These problems have been exacerbated by the trade imbalance caused by large-scale illicit opium imports. Banditry was becoming more common, as were clandestine societies and self-defence units, leading to an increase in small-scale warfare. A drawing by Hong Xiquan, dating back to around 1860. Meanwhile, China's population quickly increased, nearly doubling between 1766 and 1833, while the number of cultivated land was stable. The government, under the command of ethnic Manchus, became increasingly corrupt. Anti-Manchurian sentiment was strongest in southern China among the Hakka community, a Han Chinese subgroup. Meanwhile, Christianity began to invade China. In 1837, Hong Xiun, a hakka from a poor village in Guangdong, again failed the imperial exam, shattering all his ambitions to become a civil service academic. He returned home, became ill and was bedridden for several days during which he experienced mystical visions. In 1843, after carefully reading a pamphlet he had received many years ago from a Protestant Christian missionary, Hong stated that he now understood that his vision meant that he was the younger brother of Jesus and that he had been sent to rid China of the devils, including the corrupt government of Tsing and the Confucian teachings. In 1847, Hong went to Guangzhou, where he studied the Bible with Issachar Jacobs Roberts, an American Baptist missionary. Roberts refused to baptize him, and later said that Hong's followers seek to make their burlesque religious claims serve their political purpose. The Tsing Dynasty, c. 1820 Shortly after Hong began preaching throughout Guangxi in his follower Feng Yunshan founded the Society of Worship, a movement that followed the confluence of Hong Christianity, Taoism, Confucianism and indigenous millennia, which Hong presented as the restoration of the ancient Chinese faith in Shandi. Faith Taiping, says one historian, has evolved into a dynamic new Chinese religion... Taiping Christianity. The movement first grew, suppressing groups of bandits and pirates in southern China in the late 1840s, and then the suppression by the Tsing authorities led it to escalate into a guerrilla war, and then a widespread civil war. After all, two other believers of God claimed to possess the ability to speak as members of the Heavenly Family, The Father in the case of Yang Xiuqing and Jesus Christ in the case of Xiao Chaogi. At the beginning of the year, the Taiping Uprising began in the southern province of Guangxi, when local officials launched a campaign of religious persecution against the Society of Worship. In early January 1851, after a small-scale battle in late December 1850, a 10,000-strong rebel army organized by Feng Yongshan and Wei Changhui defeated the Tsing troops stationed in Jintian (modern-day Guiping, Guangxi). Taiping troops successfully repelled an attempt of imperial reprisal by the against the Jintian Uprising. On January 11, 1851, Hong proclaimed himself the Heavenly King of the Heavenly Kingdom of The World (or Taiping Heavenly Kingdom), from which the term Taipins comes from, which is often applied to them in English. Taipins began marching north in September 1851, escaping from the approaching forces of Tsing. Taiping's army pushed north into Hunan, following the Xiang River, besieging Changsha, occupying Yuezhou, and then capturing Wuchang in December 1852, reaching the Yangtze River. At this point, Taiping's leadership decided to move east along the Yangtze River. Antsing was captured in February 1852. Taiping leaders turned to triad organizations that had members in southern China and government troops. The use of the name of the year of Tian De (Heavenly Virtue) in Taiping's early documents appealed to these sectarians because it was used in earlier uprisings. In 1852, the government forces captured Hong Daquan, the rebel who took over the title of Tian De Van (King of Heavenly Virtue). Hong Dakuan's alleged confession made a dubious claim that Hong Xiquan made him a co-sovereign of the Heavenly Kingdom and gave him this title, which was most likely an echo of the earlier but unrelated White Lotus Rebellion. However, the capture of Nanjing in the same year led to a deterioration in relations between the Taiping rebels and the Triads. Middle years Royal Seal taipin of the Heavenly Kingdom. On March 19, 1853, the Taipins captured the city of Nanjing and Hong declared it the Heavenly Capital Since the Taipins considered the Manchurians demons, they first killed all the Manchurians, and then pushed the Manchuns out of the city and burned them to death. Soon after, Taiping began parallel northern and western expeditions, trying to ease the pressure on Nanjing and achieve significant territorial gains. The first expedition was a complete failure, but the latter achieved limited success. In 1853, Hong Xiquan stepped out of active control over politics and administration to rule exclusively on written proclamations. He lived in luxury and had many women in his inner cell, and often issued religious restrictions. He was confronted by Yang Xiuqing, who defied his often impractical policies, and became suspicious of Ian's ambitions, his vast network of spies and his claim to power when speaking like God. This tension culminated in an incident in Tianjin in 1856 in which Yang and his followers were killed by Wei Changhui, Tsin Reang and their troops on the orders of Hong Xiuquan. Shi Dakai's opposition to the bloodshed led to the killing of Wei and Tsin, and Wei eventually planned to imprison Hong. Wei's plans were eventually thwarted, and he and Tsin were executed by Hong. Shi Dakai gained control of five taipins, which were combined into one. But fearing for his life, he flew out of Tianjin and headed west towards . When Hong was taken out of sight and Yang was out of the picture, Taiping's remaining leaders tried to expand their popular support and forge alliances with European powers, but failed on both counts. The Europeans decided to remain officially neutral, although the European military advisers served in the army of Tsing. Inside China, the uprising has faced resistance from traditionalist rural classes because of hostility to Chinese customs and Confucian values. The landowner of the upper class, unsettled by Taiping's ideology and the policy of strict separation of the sexes, even for married couples, sided with the government forces and their Western allies. In Hunan, a local irregular army called the Xiang Army, or Hunan, under the personal leadership of Tseng Gofan, became the main armed force fighting for the Tsing against the Taiping. The Army of Tseng Xiang proved effective in gradually turning back the Naiping offensive in the western theater of war and, ultimately, in capturing most of the provinces of Hubei and Jiangxi. In December 1856, the last time the Tsing troops recaptured Uchan. Xiang Army captured in May 1858 and then the rest of Jiangxi Province by September. In 1859, Hong Rengang, a cousin of Hong Xuquan, joined Taiping's troops in Nanjing and gained considerable power from Hong. Hong Rengan has developed an ambitious plan to expand the boundaries of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. In May 1860, Taiping Imperial Troops Nanjing has been besieged since 1853, eliminating them in the region and paving the way for a successful invasion of the southern provinces of Jiangsu and zhejiang, the richest region of the Tsing Empire. Taiping rebels were able to take Hangzhou on March 19, 1860, Changzhou on May 26 and Suzhou on June 2 to the east. While Taiping troops were stationed in Jiangsu, the forces of Tseng moved down the Yangtze River. The fall of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Tsing troops re-capturing the city of Suzhou Attempt to take Shanghai in August 1860 was recaptured by the army of Tsing troops supported by European officers under the command of Frederick Townsend Ward with the assistance of local strategic support of the French diplomat Albert-Edouard Levie de Caligny. This army has become known as the Always Victorious Army, an experienced and well-trained Tsing military force under the command of Charles George Gordon, and will play an important role in defeating the Taiping rebels. In 1861, around the time of Emperor Xianfeng's death and the ascent of Emperor Tongzhi, Tseng Gofan Xiang's army captured Anqing with the help of the British naval blockade of the city. Towards the end of 1861, the Taipins launched the final . was easily captured on December 9, and Hangzhou was besieged and finally captured on December 31, 1861. Taiping troops surrounded Shanghai in January 1862, but were unable to capture it. The eternally victorious army repelled another attack on Shanghai in 1862 and helped protect other treaty ports, such as Ningbo, restored on May 10. They also helped imperial forces retake Taiping strongholds along the Yangtze River. In 1863, Shi Dakai surrendered near the capital of Sichuan province, Chengdu, and was executed by slow slicing. Some of his followers escaped or were released and continued the fight against Tsing. The Tsing Forces were reorganized under the command of Tseng Gofan, Tso Tsongtan and Li Hongzhang, and the reconcust of Tsing began in earnest. Tseng Gofan began in Hunan with the recruitment of a peasant army, later known as the Xiang Army, based on the teachings of 16th-century Ming General Tsig Jiguan. By the beginning of 1864, control over the Tsing in most areas had been restored. In May 1862, Xiang's army began to besiege Nanjing directly and managed to hold on, despite numerous attempts by Taiping's numerically superior army to dislodge them. Hong Xiunyuang declared that God would protect Nanjing, but in June 1864, when the troops of Tsing were approaching, he died of food poisoning as a result of eating wild vegetables, when the city ran out of food. He was ill for 20 days before succumbing and a few days after his death, the Tsing forces took over the city. His body was buried in the former imperial palace of Ming, and later exhumed on the orders of Tseng Gofan to check his death, and then cremated. Hong's ashes were later out of the cannon to ensure that his remains have no resting place as an eternal punishment for rebellion. Four months before the fall of the Taipei Heavenly Kingdom, Hong Xiuquan abdicated in favor of his eldest son Hong Tiangiu, who was 15 years old. The younger Hong was inexperienced and powerless, so the kingdom was quickly destroyed when Nanjing fell to the Imperial army in July 1864 after long street battles. Tirgifu and several others escaped, but were soon caught and executed. Most of Taipin's princes were executed. A small part of the loyal Taiping forces continued to fight in the northern region of Tiangui, rallying around Tianguifu, but after the capture of Tianghuifu on October 25, 1864, Taiping's resistance was gradually pushed out to the highlands of Jiangxi, zhejiang, , and finally Guangdong, where one of Taiping's last supporters, Wang Haiyan, was defeated on January 29, 1866. After the historic monument to the Taiping Uprising in The City of Menshan, in Wuzhou, Guangxi, which was the early seat of Taiping's rule Although the fall of Nanjing in 1864 marked the destruction of the Taiping regime, the struggle is not over. There were several hundred thousand taipin troops continuing to fight, with more than a quarter of a million fighting in the border areas of Jiangxi and Fujian alone. It was not until August 1871 that the last Taiping army, led by commander Shi Dakai Li Fuzhong (李福忠), was completely destroyed by government forces in the border region of Hunan, Guizhou and Guangxi. The Taiping Wars also spilled over into Vietnam with devastating consequences. In 1860, Wu Linjun (吴凌云), the ethnic leader of Chuang Taiping, proclaimed himself King of Dinling (廷陵國) in the Sino-Vietnamese border areas. Dinling was destroyed during the Tsing campaign in 1868, his son U Yazhong, also called Wu Kun (吴鯤) fled to Vietnam, but was killed in 1869 in Bắc by the Ing-king-Vietnamese coalition. Wu Kun's troops disintegrated and became marauding armies such as the Yellow Flag Army led by Huang Chonging (⿈崇英) and the (Chinese: ⿊旗军; : Hick Yang; Vietnamese: Kwan cờ Xen) led by Liu Yongfu. The latter became a prominent military commander in Upper Tonkin and would then help the Nguyễn dynasty to fight the French during the Sino-French War in the 1880s. He later became the second and last leader of the short-lived Republic of Formosa (June 5-October 21, 1895). Other flag gangs, armed with the newest weapons, broke up into bandit groups that looted the remnants of the kingdom of Lan Sang, and then participated in the fight against the incompetent forces of King Rama V (b. 1868-1910) until 1890, when the last of the groups finally disintegrated. Their victims did not know where the bandits came from, and when they looted Buddhist temples, they were for Chinese Muslims from called Hui in Mandarin and Haw in the Language of Lao (Thai: ฮอ, 46), which resulted in a protracted series of conflicts being misnamed haw wars. The death toll without a reliable census at the time, estimates of the number of deaths as a result of the uprising are necessarily based on projections. According to the most widely cited sources, the total number of deaths during the 15 years of the uprising was approximately 20 to 30 million civilians and soldiers. Most of the deaths were related to plague and famine. Parallel to the Rebellion battle of the Revolt of the Panthea, from the set of Victory over Muslims, a set of twelve paintings in ink and color on silk the Nian Uprising (1853-68), and several Chinese Muslim uprisings in the southwest (Pantay Rebellion, 1855-73) and the northwest (Dungan Rebellion, 1862-77) still pose significant problems for the Tsing Dynasty. Sometimes the Niana rebels cooperated with Taiping's forces, for example, during the Northern Expedition. As the Taiping uprising lost ground, particularly after the fall of Nanjing in 1864, former Taiping soldiers and commanders like Lai Wenguang were included in the ranks of Nian. After the failure of the Red Turban Uprising (1854-1856) to capture Guangzhou, their soldiers retreated north to Jiangxi and joined forces with Shi Dakai. After the defeat of the uprising of Li Yonghe and Lan Chaodin in Sichuan province, the remnants merged with Taiping's forces in . The remaining forces of the Small Sword Society uprising in Shanghai regrouped with Taiping's army. Du Wensu, who led the Pantay Uprising in Yunnan, was in contact with the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. He didn't aim for han Chinese, but he was against the Tsing and wanted to destroy the government of Tsing. The Doo forces led several non-Muslim forces, including the Han Chinese, Lee, Bai and Han peoples. They were assisted by non-Muslims Shan and Kahien and other mountain tribes in the uprising. Another Muslim uprising, the Dungang Revolt, was reversed: it was not aimed at overthrowing the Tsing Dynasty, as its leader Ma Hualong accepted the imperial title. Rather, it erupted due to cross-fighting between Muslim groups and Han Chinese. Different groups fought each other during the Dungan uprising without any consistent purpose. According to modern scholars, the Dungan Uprising began in 1862 not as a planned uprising, but as a confluence of many local fights and riots caused by trivial causes, among them were false rumors that Hui Muslims were helping Taiping's rebels. However, Hui Ma Xiaoshi claimed that the Shaanxi Muslim uprising was linked to Taiping. Jonathan Spence says the key reason for Taipin's defeat was his general inability to coordinate with other rebellions. Taipin's Policy of the Heavenly Kingdom Article: Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Miniature of the Palace of the Heavenly Kingdom in Nanjing Throne of the Heavenly King in Nanjing Rebels announced social reforms, including strict separation of sexes, abolition of foot binding, land socialization and suppression of private trade. In religion, the Kingdom tried to replace Confucianism, Buddhism, and the Chinese people's religion with the Taiping version of Christianity, the worship of God, which was that Hong Xiuquan was the younger brother of Jesus. Libraries of Buddhist monasteries were destroyed, almost entirely in the case of the Yangtze Delta area. The temples of Taoism, Confucianism and other traditional beliefs were often corrupted. The Taiping Army was a key force in the uprising. It was marked by a high level of discipline and bigotry. They usually wore the shape of red jackets with blue trousers, and grew their hair for a long time, so in China they were nicknamed long hair. At the beginning of the uprising, a large number of women who served in Taiping's army also distinguished her from other armies of the 19th century. However, after 1853, there were no many women in Taiping's army. Su Sangnyang and Chius Ersao are examples of two women who became one of the leaders of the Nian and Red Turban rebels respectively. The battle has always been bloody and extremely brutal, with little artillery but huge forces equipped with small arms. Both armies tried to push each other away from the battlefield, and although the losses were high, few battles were decisively won. The main strategy of conquering Taiping's army was to seize major cities, consolidate their power over the cities, and then enter the surrounding countryside to recruit local farmers and fight government forces. The Total Taiping Army is estimated to be about 2,000,000 soldiers. It is alleged that the army organization was inspired by the organization of the Tsin Dynasty. Each army corps consisted of approximately 13,000 men. These corps were placed in an army of various sizes. In addition to the main Taiping forces organized along the above lines, there were also thousands of pro-Taipin groups, freeing up their own irregular forces. Although the Taiping rebels did not receive the support of Western Governments, they were relatively modernized in terms of weapons. A growing number of Western arms dealers and black marketers were selling Western weapons such as modern muskets, rifles and guns to the rebels. As early as 1853, Taiping Tianguo soldiers used weapons and ammunition sold by Western countries. Rifles and gunpowder were smuggled into China by British and American merchants as tobacco and umbrellas. They were partially equipped with surplus equipment sold by various Western companies and military units stores, both small arms and artillery. One batch of weapons from 1862 already well known for its deals with the rebels was listed as 2783 (strike cap) muskets, 66 carbines, 4 rifles and 895 field artillery pieces, as well as with passports signed by the loyal king. Nearly two months later the ship was stopped with 48 muskets, and another ship with 5,000 muskets. Western mercenaries such as the British, Italians, French and Americans have also joined, although many have been described as simply taking the opportunity to plunder the Chinese. Taiping troops built iron writers, where they made heavy guns, described by Western countries as significantly superior to the guns of the Tsing. Shortly before the execution, King Taiping Lee Xucheng informed his enemies that there was a war with the Western powers, and Tsing should buy the best Western guns and weapons wagons, and the best Chinese masters will learn to make exact copies, teaching other masters. Taiping's troops were praised by Western countries for their courage under fire, their speed in building defensive work, and their ability to use mobile pontoon bridges to speed up communication and transportation. There was also a small fleet of Taiping, consisting of captured boats that operated along the Yangtze and its tributaries. Among the commanders of the Navy was King Hang Tang zhencai. The ethnic structure of the Taiping Army Look also: Ethnic minorities in China and the List of Ethnic Groups in China This section requires additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding quotes to reliable sources. Non-sources of materials can be challenged and removed. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message template) Rebuilding the provincial city of Anqing ethnically, Taiping Army was at the very beginning formed mainly of these groups: Hakka, Han Chinese subgroup; Cantonese, locals of Guangdong Province; and Chuang (not a Han ethnic group). It is no coincidence that Hong Suquan and other members of Taiping's royal family were Hakka. As a han subgroup, Hakka was often marginalized economically and politically, migrating to the regions where their descendants now live, only after other Han groups had already been established. For example, when Hakka settled in Guangdong and parts of Guangxi, the Chinese Yue speakers (Cantonese) were already the dominant region by the regional Han group there and they were so for some time, just as speakers of various Min dialects locally dominate in Fujian province. Hakka settled in southern China and beyond, but as laters, they usually had to establish their communities on sturdy, less fertile land scattered on the outskirts of the settlements of the local majority group. As their name suggests (guest households), the hakka was generally treated as a novice migrant, and they were often subjected to hostility and ridicule from the side most Han Han people Consequently, Hakka, to a greater extent than other Han Chinese, has historically been associated with popular unrest and rebellion. The capture of Nanjing by Tsing's forces was Chuang, an indigenous Thai-born and largest non-Hai ethnic minority group in China. For centuries, the chuang communities have embraced Han Chinese culture. This was possible because Han culture in the region accommodates a lot of linguistic diversity, so Chuang could be absorbed if the Chuang language was just another Han Chinese dialect (which it is not). As the chuang communities integrated with the Han at different speeds, a certain amount of friction between the Han and the Chuangs was inevitable, and unrest in Chuang sometimes led to armed uprisings. Taiping's second tier of army was an ethnic mix that included a lot of Chuang. Outstanding at this level was Shi Dakai, who was half Haqqa, half Chuang and fluent in both languages, making him a rare asset to Taiping's leadership. (quote is needed) In the later stages of the Taiping Rebellion, the number of Han Chinese in the army from Han groups other than Hakka increased substantially. However, Haqqa and Chuang (who made up 25% of Taiping's army), as well as other non-Thai ethnic minority groups (many of them of Thai origin associated with Chuang), continued to play a prominent role in the uprising throughout its period, with virtually no leaders coming out of any Han Chinese group other than Haqki. (quote necessary) The social structure of the Taiping Army Socially and economically, Taiping rebels came almost exclusively from the lower classes. Many of Taiping's southern troops were former miners, especially from Chuang. Very few Taipin rebels, even in the caste of the leadership, came from the imperial bureaucracy. Almost no one was a landowner, and in the occupied territories were often executed landowners. Tsing Forces Main article: Military Dynasty Tsing Scene Taiping uprising against the uprising was the Imperial Army with more than a million regulars and unknown thousands of regional militias and foreign mercenaries acting in support. Among the Imperial forces was the Elite Eternal Victorious Army, consisting of Chinese soldiers led by a European corps officer (see Frederick Townsend Ward and Charles Gordon), with the support of British arms companies such as Willoughbe and Ponsonby. The army of Xiang Tseng Gofan was a particularly famous imperial force. Tsongang, from Hunan Province, was another important general in Tsing who contributed to the suppression of the Taiping Uprising. Where the armies, under the control of the dynasty itself, could not defeat Taiping, these nobles under the leadership of The Yong Yin Army were able to succeed. Although keeping accurate records was something China has traditionally done very well, the decentralized nature of imperial military efforts (based on regional forces) and the fact that the war was a civil war and therefore very chaotic, means that reliable figures are impossible to find. The destruction of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom also meant that most of the records it possessed were destroyed, the percentage of records said to have survived was about 10%. During the conflict, about 90% of taipin recruits were killed or deserted. The organization of the Imperial Army Tsing was thus: Eight Banner of the Army: 250,000 soldiers 70 Green Standard Army: 610,000 soldiers (71) Xiang (Hunan) Army: 130,000 soldiers (72) Huai (An Army: 7 00,000 soldiers 72 Chu Army: 40,000 soldiers 72 Always Victorious Army: 5,000 soldiers 73 Village militias: unknown thousands Full war map produced just a few years after the end of the conflict Rebellion Taiping was a complete war. Almost every citizen who did not flee the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, received military training and was drafted into the army to fight the imperial forces of the Tsing. Under the household registration system in Taiping, one adult man from each family was to be drafted into the army. During this conflict, both sides tried to deprive each other of the resources they needed to continue the war, and it became standard practice for each of them to destroy the agricultural areas of the warring party, butcher the population of cities and generally get a brutal price from the inhabitants of the captured enemy lands in order to dramatically weaken the military efforts of the opposition. This war was all-out in the sense that civilians on both sides were heavily involved in hostilities, and the armies of both sides waged war against both civilians and the armed forces. Modern accounts describe the amount of desolation that has befallen rural areas as a result of the conflict. In every district they captured, Taiping immediately destroyed the entire population of Manchuria. In Hunan Province, a supporter of Tsing, who oversaw the mass killings by Taiping forces against Manchurian troops, wrote that pathetic Manchurias manchurian men, women and children were executed by Taiping's forces. The Taipins were seen chanting when they killed all the Manchurians in Hefei. After nanjing, Taiping forces killed some 40,000 civilians in Manchuria. On October 27, 1853, they crossed the yellow river into T'san-chu and killed 10,000 Manchurians. Since the uprising began in Guangxi, the forces of the Tsing have not allowed the rebels, who speak his dialect, to surrender. It has been reported that in Guangdong Province it was written that 1,000,000 people were executed because after the collapse of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Tsing dynasty began a wave of massacres against Hakkas, which that their height perishes up to 30,000 every day. This policy of mass killings of civilians took place in other parts of China, including Anhui, 81 and Nanjing. This led to massive civilian flight and loss of life, destroying some 600 towns and destroying other bloody policies. Legacy Apart from the staggering amount of human and economic destruction that resulted in this Taiping uprising led to lasting changes at the end of the Tsing Dynasty. The government was limited to decentralized, and officials of ethnic Han Chinese were more widely employed in high positions than before. The use of regular troops was gradually phased out and replaced with the use of personally organized armies. Ultimately, the Taiping Uprising inspired Sun Yat-sen and other future revolutionaries, and some surviving Taiping veterans even joined the Chinese Renaissance Society, as well as the Chinese Communist Party, which described the uprising as a proto-communist uprising. The massive death toll from the uprising, particularly in the Yangtze Delta region, has led to labour shortages for the first time in centuries, and labour has become relatively more expensive than land. Merchants in Shanxi and Huizhou district in Anhui became less visible because the uprising disrupted trade in much of the country. However, trade in coastal areas, particularly in Guangzhou (Canton) and Ningbo, has been less affected by violence than inland trade. The flows of refugees who entered Shanghai contributed to the economic development of the city, which was previously less commercially relevant than other cities in the area. It is believed that only a tenth of the records published by Taiping survive to this day, because they were mostly destroyed by Tsing in an attempt to rewrite the history of the conflict. In popular culture, the Taipin Uprising was considered in historical novels. Robert Eregant's Mandarin 1983 depicts time from the perspective of a Jewish family living in Shanghai. In Flashman and the Dragon, the fictional Harry Paget Flashman recounts his adventures during the Second Opium War and the Taipin Rebellion. In Lisa Xi's novel Snow Flower and the Secret Fan, the titular character is married to a man who lives in Jintian, and the characters get caught up in the action. The Rebels of the Heavenly Kingdom, Katherine Paterson, is a novel by a young adult, set during the Taipin Rebellion. Lee Bo in Tienkuo: Heavenly Kingdom takes place in the capital Taiping in Nanjing (91) War has also been depicted in television shows and films. In 2000, CCTV released Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, a 46-episode series about the Taiping Rebellion. In 1988, Hong Kong TVB released Twilight nation, drama about the Taiping Rebellion. Warlords is a 2007 historical film shot in the 1860s, in which General Pan Tsingun, commander of the Shan Regiment, is responsible for capturing Suzhou and Nanjing. See also that there is a media in the Commons associated with the Taiping Uprising. Boxer Revolt Christianity in China Chinese sovereign Nepalese-Tibetan list of revolutions and uprisings List of wars and man-made disasters as a result of the death of Miao Rebellion (1854-73) Nian uprising Punti-Hakka clan wars Millennarianism in the colonial societies of the Second Opium War Links , p. 11-16 - Heath, page 4 - Hit, page 7 - b Platt (2012), p. xxiii. a b Osterhammel (2015), page 547-51. Jen Yu-wen, Taiping Revolutionary Movement 4'7 (1973) - C. A. Curwen, Taiping Rebels: Deposit of Li Hsiu-ch'eng 1 (1977) - Michael 1966, p. 7. - Bickers, Robert; Jackson, Isabella (2016). Treaty ports in modern China: Law, Earth and Power. page 224. ISBN 978-1317266280. a b c Meyer-Fong (2013), page 11-12. Jian (1973), page 4-7. Spence (1996), page 115-16, 160-63, 181-82. sfnp error: several goals (4×): CITEREFSpence1996 (help) - Chesneaux, Jean. PEASANT UPRISINGS IN CHINA, 1840-1949. Translated by K. A. Courven. New York: W. W. Norton, 1973. page 23-24 - Michael 1966, page 4, 10. Michael 1966, page 15-16. Michael 1966, page 10-12. Michael 1966, page 14-15. C. A. Kurven, Taiping Rebels: Deposition of Li Su-Cheng 2 (1977) - Pamela Kyle Crossley, Wobbling Pivot: China C 1800 103 (2010) - Michael 1966, p. 21-22. Jen Yu-wen, Taiping Revolutionary Movement 11-12, 15-18 (1973) - Jen Yu-wen, Taiping Revolutionary Movement 15-18 (1973) - Michael 1966, p. 23. Spence (1996), p. 47-49. sfnp error: multiple goals (4×): CITEREFSpence1996 (help) - Jen Yu-wen, Taiping Revolutionary Movement 20 (1973) - Spence (1996), p. 64. sfnp error: Multiple goals (4×): CITEREFSpence1996 (help) Teng, Yuah Chung The Reverend Issachar Jacaox Roberts and The Taiping Rebellion Journal of Asian Studies, Vol 23, No 1 (November 1963), p. 55-67 - Rhee, Hong Beom (2007). Asian millennialism: Interdisciplinary study of the Taiping and Tonghak uprisings in a global context. Cumbria Press, Youngstown, Ny. 163, 172, 186-87, 191. ISBN 9781934043424. Spence (1996), page 78-80. sfnp error: multiple goals (4×): CITEREFSpence1996 (help) - Kilcurs, Karl S. (2016). Taiping Theology: The Localization of Christianity in China, 1843-64. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1137537287. a b Reilly (2004), page 4. Spence (1996), page 97-99. sfnp error: several goals (4×): CITEREFSpence1996 (help) - Michael 1966, page 35. Perry 1984, page 348 350. b Reilly (2004), page 139. Michael 1966, page 93. a b Maochun Yu, Taiping Military Assessment of the Revolution and Counterrevolution, printed in China's military history 138 (David A. Graff and Robin Higham eds., 2002) - Michael 1966, p. 94-95. Spence (1996), page 237, 242-44. sfnp error: several goals (4×): CITEREFSpence1996 (help) - b Spence (1996), p. 244. sfnp error: multiple goals (4×): CITEREFSpence1996 (help) - Elleman. sfn error: no goal: CITEREFElleman (help) Elleman, p. 52. sfn error: no goal: CITEREFElleman (help) - Richard J. Smith, Mercenaries and Mandarins: Ever-Victorious Army in the nineteenth century China (Millwood, NY: KTO Press, 1978), passim. Tucker, Spencer K. (2017). The roots and consequences of civil wars and revolutions: conflicts that changed world history. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. page 229. ISBN 978-1440842948. OCLC 956379787. Glenn S. (March 15, 2012). ฮอ Hao. Royal Institute - 1982. Thai-language.com. Archive from the Original (Dictionary) on May 1, 2012. Received on April 5, 2012. Taipin Rebellion, Britannica Brief and Necrometrics. The death toll of the nineteenth century cites a number of sources, some of which are reliable. and b Spence (1996), p. ?. sfnp error: several goals (4×): CITEREFSpence1996 (help) sfn error: no goal: CITEREFPlatt (help) - 王新⻰ (2013). ⼤清王朝4. ⻘苹果数据中⼼. Li, Giobin (2012). China at war: Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. page 415. ISBN 978-1598844153. Michael Dillon (1999). Hui Muslim community in China: migration, settlements and sects. Richmond: Curzon Press. page 59. ISBN 0-7007-1026-4. Received 2010-06-28. David G. Aville (2005). Chinese sultanate: Islam, ethnicity and panthai rebellion in southwest China, 1856-1873. Stanford University press. page 139. ISBN 0-8047-5159-5. Received 2010-06-28. Chinese Studies in Philosophy, Volume 28. M. E. Sharp. 1997. 67. Received 2010-06-28. Albert Fitche (1878). Burma is past and present. C.K. Paul and Co. page 300. Received 2010-06-28. joined by the mountain tribes of the Shans. Garnaut, Anthony. From Yunnan to Xinjiang: Governor Yang Tsengsing and his Dungang generals (PDF). History of the Pacific and Asia, Australian National University. Archive from the original (PDF) for 2012-03-09. Received 2010-07-14. p. 98 - Lipman (1998), p. 120-121 - Sir H.A. R. Gibb (1954). Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume 1-5. Brill's archive. page 849. ISBN 90-04-07164-4. Received 2011-03-26. Spence, Search for Modern China, page 176. sfn error: no goal: CITEREFSpence,_The_Search_for_Modern_China (help) - Tarocco, Francesca (2007), Cultural practices of modern : Attuning Dharma, London: Routledge, p. 48, ISBN 978-1136754395. Platt and Spence, Jonathan D. (1996). Chinese son of God: Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Hong Xiquan. W. W. Norton and company. 237-238, 300, 311. ISBN 0393285863. Spence D. (1996). 22. Chinese Son of God: Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Hong Xiquan. W. W. Norton and company. ISBN 0393285863. Spence, Jonathan D. (1996). Chinese son of God: Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Hong Xiquan. W. W. Norton and company. page 165, 239. ISBN 0393285863. Ramsey, Robert, S. (1987). Chinese languages. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. 167, 232-236. ISBN 0-691-06694-9. J. Chappell (2018). Some corner of the Chinese field: The policy of remembering foreign Civil War veterans Taiping. Contemporary Asian Studies, 1-38. doi:10.1017/S0026749X16000986 - Michael 1966, page ?. Dan, Kent G. (2011) China's political economy in our time: changes and economic consequences, 1800-2000. Route, Business and Economy. 320 pages : Heath, page 11 - Heath, page 13-14 , b s Heath, page 16 - Heath, page 33 - Spence (1996), chapter 13. sfnp error: multiple goals (4×): CITEREFSpence1996 (help) - Thomas H. Reilly (2011). Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: Rebellion and blasphemy of the Empire. University of Washington Press. Copyright. page 139. ISBN 978-0-295-80192-6. Matthew White (2011). Atrocities: 100 deadliest episodes in human history. W. W. Norton. page 289. ISBN 978-0-393-08192-3. Michael Claudefelter (2002). Military action and armed conflict: a statistical reference to the number of victims and other figures. McFarland. page 256. ISBN 9780786412044. Ho Ping-ti. POPULATION STUDIES OF CHINA, 1368-1953. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959. p. 237 - Hakka Odyssey - Their Homeland Taiwan - Page 120 Clyde Kiang - 1992 - Purcell, Victor. China. London: Ernest Benn, 1962. p. 167 - Citation in Ibid., page 239. It's chesny, Jean. PEASANT UPRISINGS IN CHINA, 1840-1949. Translated by K. A. Courven. New York: W. W. Norton, 1973. page 40 - Pelissier, Roger. AWAKENING OF CHINA: 1793-1949. Edited and translated by Martin Kiefer. New York: Putnam, 1967. page 109 - Purcell, Victor. China. London: Ernest Benn, 1962. p. 168 - b Jen Yu-wen, Taiping Revolutionary Movement 8 (1973) - Jen Yu-wen, Revolutionary Movement Taiping 9 (1973) - Daniel Little, Marx and Taipin (2009) - b Rowe, William T. (2012). China's Last Empire: The Great Tsing. ISBN 978-0674066243. Jen Yu-wen's collection of Taiping revolutionary movement. Yale University's library newspaper. 49 (3): 293–296. January 1975. Kirkus (1983), Mandarin, Robert S. Elegant, Kirkus and Lee Bo Tiankuo: Heavenly Kingdom ISBN 1542660572 Sources of Osterhammel, Yargen (2015). The transformation of the world: the global history of the nineteenth century. Translated by Patrick Camiller. Princeton, New Jersey; Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691169804.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Further reading Lindley, August, Ti-ping Tian Kwo: The Story of the Ti-Ping Revolution (1866, reissued 1970) OCLC 3467844 Access to the Internet Archive Lee, trans. Lay, W.T., Autobiography of Chung-Wang (Confession of the Loyal Prince) (reprinted 1970) ISBN 978-0-275-02723-0 Thomas Taylor Meadows, Chinese and their rebellions, viewed in connection with their national philosophy, ethics, legislation, and administration. To which an essay is added about civilization and its current state in the East and the West. (London: Smith, Elder; Bombay: Smith, Taylor, 1856). American libraries eBook text Brine, Lindesay, The Taeping rebellion in China (London: J. Murray, 1862) Ven. Archdeacon Moule, Personal memories of the T'ai-p'ing uprising 1861-63 (Shanghai: Printed in the Office of the Heavenly Empire 1884). Michael, Franz H. (1966), Taiping Uprising: History and Documents, Seattle: University of Washington PressCS1 maint: ref'harv (link). 3 vols. Volumes 2 and 3 select and translate the main documents. Caleb Carr, The Devil Soldier: The Story of Frederick Townsend Ward (1994) ISBN 0679411143. Jack Gray, Uprisings and Revolutions: China from the 1800s to the 1980s (1990), ISBN 0-19-821576-2 By Ian Heath. Taipin's Rebellion, 1851-1866. London; Long Island City: Osprey, Osprey Military Men on Weapons Series, 1994. ISBN 1- 85532-346-X (pbk.) Focus on military history. Immanuil C. Y. Hsu, Rise of Modern China (1999), ISBN 0-19-512504-5. A standard textbook. Jian, Youwen (1973). Taiping Revolutionary Movement. New Haven: Yale University Press Office. ISBN 0300015429.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Translation and condensation from the author's publications in Chinese; Military campaigns based on the author's extensive travels to China in the 1920s and 1930s are particularly strong. Kilcors, Carl S. (2016). Taiping Theology: The Localization of Christianity in China, 1843-64. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1137537287. Philip A. Kuhn, Rebellion and his enemies in late imperial China; Militarization and social structure, 1796-1864 (Cambridge, Harvard University Publishing House, 1970). Influential analysis of the rise of the uprising and the organization of its suppression. Philip A. Kuhn, Taiping Rebellion, in John C. Fairbank, ed., Cambridge History of China Vol Ten Pt One (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press, 1970): 264-350. Meyer-Fong, Toby S. (2013). What remains: Coming to terms with the civil war of the 19th century in China. Stanford, Ca.: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978- 0804754255.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Study of victims, their experience of war, and the perpetuation of the memory of war. Platt, Stephen R. (2012). Autumn in heaven: China, the West and the epic history of the Taiping Civil War. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0307271730.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Detailed storytelling analysis. Riley, Thomas H. (2004). Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: Rebellion and blasphemy of the Empire. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0295984309.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) religiously based on the uprising. Spence, Jonathan D. (1996). Chinese son of God: Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Hong Xiquan. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0393038440.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) -- Search for modern China. New York: Norton (1999). A standard textbook. Rudolf Wagner. Reconstruction of Heavenly Vision: The Role of Religion in the Taiping Rebellion. (Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley, Chinese Research Monograph 25, 1982). ISBN 0912966602. Mary Clabo Wright. The Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism: The Restoration of T'ung-Chi, 1862-1874. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1957; Rpr. 1974 ISBN 0804704767. The account of the Han Chinese/Manchu coalition, which revived the dynasty and defeated the Taipins. Levenson, Joseph R. (1962). Confucian and Taipin skies: the political consequences of a clash of religious concepts. Comparative research in society and history. 4 (4): 436–453. doi:10.1017/S0010417500001390. JSTOR 177693.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Perry, Elizabeth J. Taipin and triads: the rul of religion in inter-murray relations. In Baca, Janos M.; Benecke, Gerhard (ed.). Religion and Rural Rebellion: Documents presented at the Fourth Interdisciplinary Seminar on Peasant Studies, University of British Columbia, 1982. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 342-353. ISBN 0719009901.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Chin, Shunshin (2001). Taipin's rebellion. Translated by Joshua A. Vogel. Orig. Taihei Tengoku. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharp. ISBN 0765601001. Hosea Ballu Morse, in the days of taipins, being memories of Ping Kienchang, otherwise Meisun, once a scout and captain in the eternally victorious Army and interpreter-commander General Ward and General Gordon (Salem, Massachusetts: Essex Institute, 1927; Reprinted: San Francisco: Chinese Materials Center, 1974). George MacDonald Fraser. Flashman and Dragon. New York: Knopf, 1986. ISBN 0394553578. Tom in the Flashman Papers series. External Links Library Resources about Taiping Rise Resources in your Resource Library in other Libraries Taiping Rebellion Videos - A chronological presentation of Taiping Rebellion, with details and anecdotes. Taiping Rebellion.com - Narrative story, with many illustrations, a timeline, and a detailed map of the uprising. Taipin's Rebellion - BBC discussion with Rana Mitter, University of Oxford; Francis Wood British Library; and Julia Lovell, University of London. Extracted from the taiping rebellion causes and effects quizlet. causes and effects of the taiping rebellion in china

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