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War Finance and Logistics in Late Imperial China Monies, Markets, and Finance in East Asia, 1600–1900

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War Finance and Logistics in Late Imperial China Monies, Markets, and Finance in East Asia, 1600–1900 War Finance and Logistics in Late Imperial China Monies, Markets, and Finance in East Asia, 1600–1900 Edited by Hans Ulrich Vogel VOLUME 5 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/mmf War Finance and Logistics in Late Imperial China A Study of the Second Jinchuan Campaign (1771–1776) By Ulrich Theobald LEIDEn • bOSTON 2013 Cover illustration: Detail from the copperplate engravings to the second Jinchuan campaign (Pingding Liang Jinchuan desheng tu), plate “Conquest of the area around Ripang” (Gongke Ripang yi dai). The detail shows Manchu bowmen and musketeers to the right, in close combat with Jinchuan “rebels” hidden in a trench. To the left side and in the back, war towers can be seen. Courtesy of the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Preußischer Kulturbesitz. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Theobald, Ulrich. War finance and logistics in late imperial China : a study of the Second Jinchuan Campaign (1771–1776) / by Ulrich Theobald. p. cm. — (Monies, markets, and finance in East Asia, 1600–1900) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-25310-0 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-25567-8 (e-book) 1. Aba Zangzu Qiangzu Zizhizhou (China)—History, Military—18th century. 2. War finance—History— 18th century. 3. War, Cost of—History—18th century. 4. Logistics—History—18th century. I. Title. II. Title: Study of the Second Jinchuan Campaign (1771–1776). DS797.77.A63T44 2013 951.’5032—dc23 2013019489 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 2210-2876 ISBN 978-90-04-25310-0 (hardback/paperback) ISBN 978-90-04-25567-8 (e-book) Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Children of the Camp are we, Serving each in his degree; Children of the yoke and goad, Pack and harness, pad and load. See our line across the plain, Like a heel-rope bent again. Reaching, writhing, rolling far, Sweeping all away to war! While the men that walk beside, Dusty, silent, heavy-eyed, Cannot tell why we or they March and suffer day by day. Rudyard Kipling, The Jungle Book, Her Majesty’s Servants, Parade-Song of the Camp Animals (New York: The Century, 1897 [London: Macmillan, 1894]), pp. 302–303. CONTENTS List of Diagrams, Figures, Maps and Tables ........................................... ix Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ xi Notes on Translation and Transliteration ............................................... xiii Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 I. War Expenditure ...................................................................................... 27 War Expenditure in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries ................................................................................................ 29 The Cost of the Second Jinchuan Campaign ................................... 36 Total Cost .............................................................................................. 36 Troops ..................................................................................................... 43 .Baggage Pay .......................................................................................... 47 Salted-Vegetable Pay and Daily Rice Rations ............................. 53 Gratuities and Compensations ....................................................... 57 Civilian Officials .................................................................................. 60 Labourers, Porters and Craftsmen ................................................. 64 Food ........................................................................................................ 68 Horses ..................................................................................................... 72 Weapons and Military Equipment ................................................ 77 Living and Mobility ............................................................................ 83 The Auditing Process of a War Expenditure Account ............. 86 Conclusions ................................................................................................ 96 II. War Finance ............................................................................................... 99 War Finance in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries ...... 101 Taxes and Various Levies and Duties ........................................... 102 Irregular Levies .................................................................................... 106 Contributions ....................................................................................... 113 War Finance in the Second Jinchuan Campaign ............................ 120 The Origin and Transfer of Funds ................................................. 121 The Financial Capabilities of the Provinces and the Empire 137 Contributions for the Second Jinchuan Campaign .................. 142 Conclusions ................................................................................................ 149 viii contents III. War Logistics ............................................................................................ 151 War Logistics in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries .... 152 Mismanagement During the First Jinchuan Campaign ......... 165 Long-Distance Logistics in the Western Campaigns .............. 169 The Forgotten Issue of Maritime Transport in the Taiwan Campaign ........................................................................................ 179 War Logistics During the Second Jinchuan Campaign ............... 183 The March to the War Zone and the Triumphant Return ...... 183 Organization of the Logistics Lines Near the War Theatre ............................................................................................. 194 Grain and Other Food ...................................................................... 200 The Transport of Money .................................................................. 212 Gunpowder .......................................................................................... 217 Metals .................................................................................................... 219 Conclusions .............................................................................................. 221 Appendices Appendix 1: Names and Designations of Qing Emperors, and Remarks to the Calendar .................................................................... 227 Appendix 2: List of Qing Period Wars ................................................. 229 Appendix 3: Weights and Measures ..................................................... 235 Bibliography ..................................................................................................... 237 List of Chinese Characters ........................................................................... 253 Index ................................................................................................................... 257 LIST OF DIAGRAMS, FIGURES, MAPS AND TABLES Diagrams 1..Balance sheet of the Ministry of Revenue 1723–1774 ....................... 143 2. Civilian granary holdings of the provincial granary of Sichuan, 1735–1785 ........................................................................................................ 204 Figures 1. Man and woman from Lesser Jinchuan ............................................... 15 2. Man and woman from Greater Jinchuan ............................................ 16 3. Presentation of booty and heads of enemies after the conquest of Ripang ........................................................................................................ 124 Maps 1. The Province of Sichuan (ca. 1750) and the Native Kingdoms in Eastern Tibet (Kham) ................................................................................ 13 2. The logistics trails in the Jinchuan war theatre ................................ 195 3. Origin and transport of grain for military supply in Sichuan ....... 199 4..Districts in Sichuan from which peasants were recruited for military labour ............................................................................................. 208 Tables 1. War expenditure during the Qianlong reign according to different sources .......................................................................................... 33 2. Expenditure for the second Jinchuan war according to archival criteria and according to cost groups ................................................... 38 3. Overview of
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