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Open Snowden Final.Pdf The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Education THE INTERSTATE 99 (I-99) PROJECT AND GEOLOGICAL INFORMATION EXCHANGES: A STUDY OF THE INTERPLAY AMONG SELECTED VARIABLES FROM SCIENCE EDUCATION, GEOLOGY/EARTH SCIENCE, AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY A Dissertation in Curriculum and Instruction by Daniel Eugene Snowden Copyright 2009 Daniel Eugene Snowden Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education May 2009 The dissertation of Daniel Eugene Snowden was reviewed and approved* by the following: William S. Carlsen Professor of Education Dissertation Adviser Chair of Committee Gregory J. Kelly Professor of Education Department Head: Curriculum and Instruction Richard R. Parizek Professor of Geosciences Beverly A. Cigler Professor of Public Policy and Administration Nancy Tuana DuPont/Class of 1949 Professor of Philosophy Special Signatory *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School ii ABSTRACT The Interstate 99 (I-99) highway project has been the source of extensive attention over the past few years. Its most infamous aspect is the excavation of a geological formation – the Bald Eagle Sandstone – that was found to contain acidic rock material, which, upon exposure to water, leached sulfuric acid to several surface water bodies and private groundwater wells. This matter managed to suspend construction of the project for several years. Numerous parties, representing academia, government (particularly the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PA DEP) and the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT)), private industry (consultants), environmental organizations and advocacy groups, and the citizenry, have been involved in the development of a resolution to the I-99 acidic rock problem. The interactions among these parties are interdisciplinary by nature, given the sectors of society that they represent. Consideration of how these parties interacted with each other while evaluating the options for addressing the environmental dilemma posed by the I-99 project provides opportunities for academic research. The discipline of Science Education is viable for studying the I-99 case, with accompaniment by 2 other disciplines, which have direct relevance to this case: Geology/Earth Science (per the underlying cause of the I-99 acidic rock problem) and Environmental Policy (per the regulations and policies that had to be followed while developing a solution to the environmental dilemma). Pairing Science Education with the other two aforementioned disciplines can create additional niches for the former discipline, and enhance academic research both within itself, and, across other disciplines, as relevant. iii Table of Contents List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………………....viii List of Figures………………………………………………………………………………….....ix Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..1 Chapter 1: Problem Statement……….……………………………………………………………2 Chapter 2: Description of the I-99 Acidic Rock Problem……………………...………………….6 Route Description…………………………………………………………………………….6 Route Directions……………………………………………………………………………...7 Acidic Rock Material Discoveries along I-99 – Initial Revelations………………………….8 Project Continuation and Problems Encountered…………………………………………...11 Project Cessation and Public Outreach to Address the I-99 Acidic Rock Problem………....14 Acidic Rock Treatment Options…………………………………………………………….16 Chapter 3: The Science of Geology: Definition, Characteristics, and Connections to the Natural and Social Sciences……………………………………………………20 Premise………………………………………………………………………………………20 Definition and Characteristics of Geology………………………………………………….20 Geology and Biology……………………………………………………………….21 Geology and Chemistry…………………………………………………………….21 Geology and Earth Science…………………………………………………………22 Geology and Ecology……………………………………………………………….23 Geology and Physics………………………………………………………………..23 Geology and Economics……………………………………………………………24 Geology and History………………………………………………………………..25 Geology and Philosophy……………………………………………………………27 Geology and Psychology…………………………………………………………...31 Geology and Religion………………………………………………………………32 Geology and Sociology……………………………………………………………..33 Chapter 4: The I-99 Project, Science Education, Geology/Earth Science, and Environmental Policy: An Interdisciplinary Literature Review and Conceptual Framework for Research……………………………………………………………………………...35 Premise………………………………………………………………………………………35 Science Education Concepts………………………………………………………………...37 Informal and Free-Choice Learning………………………………………………..37 The Importance of Informal and Free-Choice Learning………………..….….38 Modality and Tools Used for Informal and Free-Choice Learning...…………39 Public Understanding of Science…………………………………………………..40 Perceptions among Scientists and Non-Scientists…………………………….41 Connections to Real-World Endeavors………………………………………..42 iv Table of Contents (Continued) General Communications about Scientific Phenomena among Scientists and Non-Scientists……………………………………………44 The I-99 Project and Geological Information Exchanges: An Overview, I-99 Geology…45 Geology and Mineralogy of the I-99 Project………………………………………..46 Geological Information Exchanges…...…………………………………………….48 Information Suppliers…………………………………………………………48 Information Translators……………………………………………………….48 Information Users……………………………………………………………..48 Environmental Policy and the I-99 Case………………………………………….51 Environmental Conflict: Sources and Levels………………………………...51 Stakeholder Attitudes………………………………………………………...52 Systems Approach to Examining Environmental Dilemmas………………....52 Chapter 5: Overview of the Dissertation Study: A Idealized Model for Examining Geological Information Exchanges with Concepts from Science Education and Environmental Policy for the I-99 Case……………………………………………………………...55 Premise………………………………………………………………………………………55 Methods……………………………………………………………………………...57 Management of Data Sources……………………………………………………….58 Bi-Weekly and Monthly Updates…………………………………………….59 Correspondence and E-Mails…………………………………………………59 Laboratory Reports…………………………………………………………...60 Maps………………………………………………………………………….60 Media Reports and News Releases…………………………………………...60 Meeting Minutes……………………………………………………………...60 Monthly Newsletters………………………………………………………….62 Permits and Applications……………………………………………………..62 Reports and Documentation…………………………………………….……62 Description and Use of the NVivo7 Software……………………………………...63 Data Source Collection………………………………………………………64 Titling of Data Source Documents…………………………………………..64 Document Archiving…………………………………………………………64 Code Creation………………………………………………………………..64 Code Assignment…………………………………………………………….65 Code Frequency……………………………………………………………...65 Intra-Theme Interactions.…………………………………………………….65 Inter-Theme Interactions…...………………………………………………...66 Public Involvement Opportunities…………………………………………...66 Further Explanation of Coding and Querying………………………………………68 Coding Process……………………………………………………………...69 Query Rationale……………………………………………………………..70 Analysis Procedure…………………………………………………………………71 Environmental Policy-Environmental Policy (EP-EP)…..…………………..71 v Table of Contents (Continued) Environmental Policy-Geology/Earth Science (EP-GES) (Geology/Earth Science-Environmental Policy (GES-EP)………..……….73 Environmental Policy-Science Education (EP-SE) (Science Education-on Environmental Policy (SE-EP))…………………...73 Geology/Earth Science-Geology/Earth Science (GES-GES)……………...73 Geology/Earth Science-Science Education (GES-SE) (Science Education-Geology/Earth Science (SE-GES))…………………...73 Science Education-on-Science Education (SE-SE)………………………..73 Results……………………………………………………………………………...78 Code Entries and Query Runs……………………………………………..78 Code Pairing and Query Runs……………………………………………..86 Public Involvement Opportunities………………………………………………...91 Public Comment/Correspondence.……………………………………….91 Public Meetings and Public Hearings…………………………………….92 I-99 Project Discussions………………………………………………….92 Newsletters and Media Reports…………………………………………..93 Web Sites and Web Logs (Blogs)………………………………………...94 I-99 Partners’ Meetings…………………………………………………...94 Statistical Analysis Using the Chi-Squared (Χ2) Technique………...……………96 Description of the Chi-Squared Technique……………………………….96 Application of the Chi-Squared Technique to the I-99 Source Documents and Variables Study (Domain and Unit)..............................................97 Domain-Based Document Interactions……………………………...98 Unit-Based Document Interactions………………………………...100 Results……………………………………………………………...102 Research Questions Revisited……………………………………………………104 Stakeholder Roles When Supplying, Translating, and/or Using Geological Information………………………………………105 Stakeholders’ Enactment of Geological Information Exchange Roles and the Relevance of Information Sources…………...107 Geological Information Dissemination among Different Parties……….109 Geological Information Dissemination (General)………………….109 Recipients of, and Access to, Disseminated Geological Information……………………………………..111 Ensuring a Level of Understanding among Stakeholders about the Geological Information Disseminated……………………..113 Conclusions…………………………………………………………116 Chapter 6: Summary and Implications for Further Study……….……………………………...119 Summary…………………………………………………………………………………..119 vi Table of Contents (Continued) Additional Studies…………………………………………………………………………122 Science Education Concepts as Improvement Tools for Various Parties When Addressing Environmental Dilemmas…………………….….122 Examining the Backgrounds and Activities of Various Parties as They Work to Address Environmental Dilemmas………………………..124 Appendix A: Construction
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