Connecting Rural and Urban America PART3OF a SERIES

Home , Interstate 11, Interstate 14, Interstate 20, Interstate 22, Interstate 29, Interstate 3

August 2010 Transportation Reboot: Restarting America’s Most Essential Operating System

The Case for Capacity: To Unlock Gridlock, Generate Jobs, Deliver Freight, and Connect Communities

Connecting Rural and Urban America http://ExpandingCapacity.transportation.org PART3OF A SERIES

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION OFFICIALS Acknowledgements

Much of the material cited in this report, including the estimates of capacity increases required, is drawn from research published in May 2007 by the Transportation Research Board’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). The report, Future Options for the Interstate and Defense Highway System, can be accessed at http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/trbnet/ acl/NCHRP_20-24_52Task10_NCHRPFinal.pdf.

The objective of the research project was to develop a potential vision for the future of the U.S. Interstate Highway System. The report was prepared by a study team led by David Gehr and Steve Lockwood of PB Consult, Gary Maring of Cambridge Systematics, Inc., Kevin E. Heanue, and Alan E. Pisarski.

The research was sponsored by AASHTO and the Federal Highway Administration, and was guided by a panel chaired by Harold E. Linnenkohl, Georgia DOT (retired); and included Allen D. Biehler, P.E., Secretary, Pennsylvania DOT; John F. Conrad, P.E., Washington State DOT; Dr. David J. Forkenbrock, University of Iowa; Dr. Clay McShane, Northeastern University; Debra L. Miller, Secretary, Kansas DOT; Thomas E. Norton, Colorado DOT (formerly); Kenneth Orski, Urban Mobility Corporation; Dr. Bruce E. Seely, Michigan Technological University; MG David A. Sprynczynatyk, North Dakota Army National Guard; and LTG Kenneth R. Wykle, National Defense Transportation Association.

The analysis period considered in the Future Options report was the 30 years from 2005 to 2035. The National Surface Transportation Policy and Revenue Study Commission, in its 2008 report, Transportation for Tomorrow, looked at what the country’s surface transportation needs would be by 2050. In order for this report to be comparable to that of the National Commission’s, AASHTO based its findings on the research conducted by PB, Cambridge Systematics, Pisarski, and Heanue, but presented its recommendations using the 2050 time horizon. We have also updated the travel demand forecasts using more recent data from AASHTO’s 2009 Bottom Line Report.

Additional information in the report was gleaned from Commuting in America III, authored by Alan E. Pisarski under a joint project of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) and the Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) and published in October 2006.

Foreword AASHTO Executive Director John Horsley

Providing Access and Connections for All of America “Roads and bridges The United States is a big country. Sprawling metropolises, rural are probably the most farmland, and small towns dot the landscape. They are all connected by fundamental form of the country’s highway system, providing a lifeline of support for workers, infrastructure for any farmers, freight carriers, and tourists. community, providing Improving connectivity for the 60 million Americans who live in rural transportation to both areas is just as important as improving mobility for those who live in commodities and metropolitan areas. Twenty percent of the overall U.S. population lives people, connecting John Horsley in rural areas—a population equal to that of the 100 largest cities in Executive Director businesses to suppliers America, from New York with 8.3 million residents, to Boise, Idaho with and consumers, and 205,000. Every American is important to the national economy, whether connecting residents they raise cattle, harvest wheat, deliver wind turbines, maintain ski to critical public slopes, manufacture cars, or manage a computer network. services, such as health, education, and Yet in policy discussions, the need to improve connectivity outside emergency services.” metropolitan areas is too often overlooked. Rural states are essential to the nation’s success, not only to meet the needs of their own citizens, — U.S. Department of but also to maintain their part of the national network on which the U.S. Agriculture economy depends. Highways across rural states are a “bridge” for traffic between population centers for people and freight. Simply put, they connect all Americans; urban and suburban, as well as rural.

So How Can We Achieve the Connectivity We Need?

The answer is clear: by addressing the capacity needs of rural America; providing connections to new and emerging centers of population and commerce; improving access for travel, recreation, and tourism industries; and for homeland security, by assuring reliable access to defense installations and critical industries. This is how we will create a transportation system that will serve our needs well into the 21st century.

This report outlines the many reasons good transportation to connect rural and urban America must be a national priority.

© 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. page ii Houston, MO,Transit Bus Photo courtesyofTransit Riders ontheCityof Marketing LLC. put, they connect all Americans; urban and suburban, as well as rural. aswellrural. urbanandsuburban, put, theyconnectallAmericans; rural statesarealsoa“bridge”fortrafficbetweenpopulationcenterspeopleandfreight.Simply ofthenationalnetworkonwhichU.S.economydepends. Highwaysacross maintain theirpart the UnitedStatestoexpanditshighways andtransportationoptions. Meeting theneedsofachangingandgrowing ruraleconomywillrequire and urbanAmerica. Additional transportationcapacityisneededtoconnectrural Key Findings and UrbanAmerica: Connecting Rural ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ accelerating the needforbetteraccessto markets. and forestryproducts.Asthe U.S.andworldpopulationsgrow, thiswillonlyincrease, The nation’s 2.2millionfarmsproduced $365billionin2008,includingcrops,livestock, kinds oftrucksandcommercial vehiclesnowmovingacrossAmerica’s heartland. Narrow, two-lane,ruralroads,manybuiltinthe1960sand1970s,cannotsafelycarry the America needstoaddnewcapacityto: Most Interstateswereplanned60yearsago,yetlittlenewcapacityhasbeenadded. ■✓ ■✓ ■✓ ■✓ ■✓ © 2010by theAmericanAssociation ofState HighwayandTransportation Officials. For homelandsecurity, assurereliableaccesstodefenseinstallations andcriticalindustries. Provide connectionstonewandemergingcentersofpopulation andcommerce; Enhance andexpandruraltransitopportunities; Improve accessforthetravel,recreation,andtourismindustries; Improve connectivityandmobilityforruralAmerica; All rights reserved. Duplication is aviolation ofapplicable law. only to meet the needs of their own citizens, but also to only tomeettheneedsoftheirowncitizens,butalso Rural statesareessentialtothenation’s success,not metropolitan areasistoooftenoverlooked. discussions, theneedtoimproveconnectivityoutside ensure thesafetyandsecurityofourcountry. Yet inpolicy the cities,towns,andfarmlands;connectionsthat American highwaysarethethreadconnectinglifein

n page iii All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. © 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Trade between the United States and Canada and Mexico is expected to increase from $637 between the United States and Canada and Mexico is expected to increase from $637 Trade 70 percent of this billion in 2009 to $760 billion by the end of 2010. In 2009, approximately trade by value was moved by truck, much of it on rural highways. population of 165 Since the Interstate was launched in 1956, the nation has grown from a million to 308 million—and is expected to reach 420 million by 2050. The renewable fuels industry and wind farm electric energy production are essential if ourThe renewable fuels industry and wind farm electric energy production are nation is to reduce its dependence on foreign oil. An excellent highway transportation network in rural areas is essential to support agriculture and the development of energy resources. ■■ ■■ ■■ page iv Photo courtesyofLeahAppel Markets suchasthisone in Charleston,WV, help support localfarmers. support connectivity tokeepcompetitiveandsupport jobs. New andemergingcitiestownsrequire bettertransportation rural America. population, iscreatinganincreasingneedformoretransitservicein Rising demandinruralareas,particularlyfromthegrowingelderly ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ concentrate intheSouthand West. During thenext30years,80 percentofthenation’s populationgrowthisexpectedto have immediateaccesstotheInterstatesystem. Sixty-six citieswithpopulationsof50,000ormore—including onestatecapital—donot rural populations,including1,700over-the-road busesprovidingruralintercityservice. Nearly 57,000vansandbusescriss-crossAmerica’s ruralhighways,providingserviceto the $1.18billionprovidedbetween1998and2003to$2.1820042009. Congress recognizedthisneedbynearlydoublingthesizeofruraltransitprogramfrom population exceeds9.6millionpeople. In 2008,almostoneoutofeightpeopleaged65andolderlivedinruralareas.Thiselderly © 2010by theAmericanAssociation ofState HighwayandTransportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is aviolation ofapplicable law. page v Traffic on Delaware US on Delaware US Traffic 113 is headed to resort beach communities. Photo courtesy of Delaware Department of Transportation All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. © 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Alternate routes are needed to ensure reliable access to defense facilities. Alternate routes are needed to ensure Movement of military equipment and personnel for overseas deployment has increased Movement of military equipment and during the past 15 years. coast depend upon safe hurricane evacuation options. Growing populations in areas along the Many of the nation’s most popular tourist destinations—including ski slopes, seashores, and destinations—including ski slopes, most popular tourist Many of the nation’s Many of these destinations are not close significant traffic delays. National parks—experience routes. to Interstate or National Highway System In three states, the tourism and recreation industries rank as the most important, tourism and recreation industries rank In three states, the as recreation are among the top ten Overall, tourism, travel, and measured by employment. two states. industries in all but ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ Homeland security and defense require a reliable transportation network. Homeland security and defense Tourism is one of the strongest economic engines in the country yet engines in economic of the strongest is one Tourism seasonal bottlenecks that face major congestion and many “hotspots” deter its growth. page vi Department ofTransportation Photo courtesy of Ohio Photo courtesyofOhio Portsmouth, Ohio Portsmouth, Downtown

1 What weneedtoreconnectruralandurbanAmerica. Onelane-mileis onemileoflaneroad(a one-mile lengthoffourlaneson ahighwayequalsfourlanemiles). ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ more thandoubleoverthenext sixyears. To keeppacewithrisingdemandforrural transit,Federalfundingforruraltransitserviceshould miles According toa2007studyofFutureOptionsfortheInterstateHighwaySystem,30,000lane- of theInterstateHighwaySystemandotherFederal-aidhighwaysforwhichtheyareresponsible. programmustcontinuetohelpruralstates fundtheportions Any newFederal-aidtransportation benefit oftheentirecommunity. Investments areneededtomaintainandpreserveexistingcapacityinruralAmericaforthe © 2010by theAmericanAssociation ofState HighwayandTransportation Officials. population greaterthan50,000inpopulation.Thiswould add12,000lane-miles. existing Interstatenetworktounconnectedurbanized areas withacurrentorexpected Upgrading toInterstatestandardsNationalHighwaySystem routesthatcanconnectthe 2,000 lane-miles;and Upgrading ruralNationalHighwaySystemroutestoInterstate standards,anadditionof Expanding theexistingruralInterstateHighwaySystem by16,000lane-miles; 1 shouldbeaddedtotheInterstatesystemmeetruralneeds,including: All rights reserved. Duplication is aviolation ofapplicable law. page vii

Start of the Carson City Fun Run Photo courtesy of Julie Duewel, Nevada Department of Transportation All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. © 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. is the third in a series of reportsConnecting Rural and Urban America generated by AASHTO to in our transportationidentify the need to increase capacity system to unlock gridlock, generate of rural capacity see state examples and urban America. To jobs, deliver freight, and connect rural http://ExpandingCapacity.transportation.org. needs and for more information, go to page viii Transportation Nevada Departmentof Photo byJulieDuewel, Mountains, Nevada. and Ruby LaMoille Highway page ix

AMERICA

URBAN

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NTRODUCTION RURAL I

, have in common? They are , have in common? They are , have in common? They are , have in common? They are Oregon Arizona —AASHTO Executive Director John Horsley Connecting RuralConnecting , and Bend, and Urban America and Urban INTRODUCTION :: CONNECTING INTRODUCTION , and Tempe, , and Tempe, Kentucky All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. Georgia © 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. transportation system that works for the entire country of today—not one transportation system that works for the entire country of that struggles just to keep up with yesterday.” phones, and the Internet just as much as any city. Why do we expect our phones, and the Internet just as much as any city. need a We modern society to run on an archaic transportation system? “The bulk of our Interstate system was planned more than 50 years ago “The bulk of our Interstate system was planned more than even though with the goal of ‘getting farmers out of the mud’. But today, trucks, cell rural areas aren’t in the mud anymore, they rely on commercial Sunbelt cities that had populations of less than 50,000 in 1950 and have populations of more populations of more Sunbelt cities that had populations of less than 50,000 in 1950 and have than 175,000 today. More Capacity What do the cities of Augusta, today, but are 60 to 100 miles from the nearest Interstate. but are 60 to 100 miles from the nearest Interstate. today, What do the cities of Owensboro, area of their state, have populations in excess of 50,000 mid-size cities in an otherwise rural Better Connections to tap the economic might of rural America, be it through access to energy resources, tourism,to tap the economic might of rural America, or cities whose future growth depends on Interstate access.agriculture. It also identifies underserved security. it underscores the capacity improvements needed to ensure the nation’s Finally, This report, the third in a series on the nation’s transportationThis report, focuses on the need capacity needs, on the nation’s the third in a series page x Photo byMarkPreuschl Galena, Illinois. TRANSPORTATION REBOOT ::RESTARTING AMERICA connect allpartsofAmerica. and tourismillustratewhythecountryneedstoincreasecapacity Better accessforruralAmerica,emergingnewcities,andstrongertrade improved. Tishomingo. Asaresult,accesstomedicalcareforthisfragile populationhasbeengreatly mainlyseniorcitizensintheruralcountiesofAlcorn,Marshall,Prentiss, and transports Mississippi, anotherservice special needsstudentstoandfromtheirschools.Innortheastern and healthcare.Theprovider, for Community DevelopmentInc.,alsoprovidestransportation these areas,manyresidentswouldnothaveaccesstoemployment,jobtraining,education, recent hurricanesandjoblosses.Without thethreevehiclesthatprovidepublic transitto Six ruralcountiesinsoutheastMississippicontinuetocopewiththelong-termimpactsof More Transportation Options connect thisareaofTexas throughconstructionofanewInterstate. topointsnorth through southTexas theI-69CorridorCoalitionarguesthattimehascometo ports, and theexpansionofPanamaCanalthatwilldramaticallyincreasevolumeships million withnoconnectiontotheInterstateSystem.BecauseofincreasingtradeMexico Brownsville, isoneofonlyafewregionsinthecountrywithpopulationcloseto The lowerRioGrandeValley inTexas, whichincludesthebordertownsofMcAllenand Need forNewInterstates © 2010by theAmericanAssociation ofState HighwayandTransportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is aviolation ofapplicable law. ’S MOSTESSENTIALOPERATING SYSTEM page xi AMERICA URBAN AND RURAL Tapping into the Economic Might of Rural America Tapping Improving Mobility Options in Rural America Demands of Meeting the Growing Transportation Trade and Recreation Supporting a Growing Tourism Industry Following the New Geography Ensuring Reliable Access to Defense Installations and Critical Industries Need: Interstate and Other Highway What We Capacity for Rural and Urban America Inside: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. :: CONNECTING INTRODUCTION we are discussing are any Interstates, four-lane and two-lane highways,two-lane and four-lane Interstates, any are discussing are we roads rural All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. © 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. What’s the problem with roads in rural areas? the problem What’s report,this of purposes the For the and smaller connector roads linking cities and towns through less-populated areas that are supportedand smaller connector roads linking cities and maintained areby Federal funding. Many of these highways thatnow congested with local and through-traffic norwas not anticipated when first constructed; sizes andwere they designed for modern-day truck other larger vehicles. Many states and communities also offer public transit options in rural areas—buses, vans, and on-call options to assist residents in getting to vital services. This rural transit operates on the rural highways crisscrossing the country. By increasing capacity—that is, adding wider shoulders, new interchanges, more lane-miles to existing highways, by-passes, and more transit options, as well as building some new Interstate routes—these highways will remain safe and viable options for residents and travelers well into the next decade. Photo courtesy of North Carolina Department of Transportation Photo courtesy of North Carolina Department of TRANSPORTATION REBOOT :: RESTARTING AMERICA’S MOST ESSENTIAL OPERATING SYSTEM

Farmers Mike and Linda Quattrociocchi at their farm stand in Croom, MD.

Photo by Sherry Conway Appel page 1 HAPTER 1 OF RURAL AMERICA OF RURAL

C THE ECONOMIC MIGHT ECONOMIC THE

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All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. HAPTER 1 :: TAPPING HAPTER Might of Rural America Might C © 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Tapping into the Economic into Tapping “An effective transportation system supports rural economies, reducing the prices farmers pay “An effective transportation system supports rural economies, reducing the raising the value of their crops, and greatly increasing their for inputs, such as seed and fertilizer, These exports travel from the inland areas of the United States, where they are produced, to borders These exports travel from the inland areas of the United States, where they and ports through a network of trucks, trains, and barges. all ton miles transported the United 2007. all ton miles in States in years,half American the past five of During of the corn crop. wheat was exported, along with 36 percent of the soybean crop, and 19 percent are some key findings from that report: claiming 31 percent of “Agriculture is the largest user of freight transportation in the United States, assisting the competitiveness of U.S. agriculture is vitally important. In 2010, the U.S. Department of Agriculture released a study of rural transportation issues. Here Although the United States as a whole runs a sizeable trade deficit with other nations, the Although the United States as a whole consecutive year of agricultural sector regularly produces a trade surplus. FY 2009 was the 47th States and world populations, expected growth in United trade surplus. With a U.S. agricultural world populations grow. The crops produced by the nation’s farms are a key international export. farms The crops produced by the nation’s world populations grow. agricultural exports,Canada is the leading destination for followed by Mexico. Agriculture, the total output of the U.S. agricultural sector in 2008 topped $365 billion, including Agriculture, the total output of the U.S. as the United States and and forestry products. That output will have to grow crops, livestock, The nation’s 2.2 million farms, which comprise 40 percent of the land in the United States, are a farms, which comprise 40 percent of the land in the United States, are 2.2 million The nation’s importance.remarkable economic engine of global According to the United States Department of Keeping U.S. Agriculture Competitive Keeping U.S. Agriculture the nation’s 100 biggest cities. Meeting the transportation 100 biggest be essential to needs of rural areas will the nation’s to national markets, and supportserve rural communities, connect them shifting agricultural and energy production needs. More than 60 million people live and work in rural America, equal to the combined population of More than 60 million people live and page 2 commerce, wind energy commerce, windenergy industry transportation. industry transportation. “Wyoming’s Interstates — to necessary commerce to necessarycommerce expansion appropriate expansion appropriate Minnesota Department of Minnesota Departmentof Photo by David Gonzalez, Photo byDavidGonzalez, of Transportation Wyoming Department John Cox,Director, Their ever-increasing the need for capacity the needforcapacity energy and minerals energy andminerals ports-to-destination ports-to-destination and highways are a and highwaysarea bridge and lifeline bridge andlifeline volumes highlight volumes highlight development, and development, and for the nation.” for thenation.” for agriculture, for agriculture, Transportation TRANSPORTATION REBOOT ::RESTARTING AMERICA U.S. economyandcitizensdepend. ofthenationalnetwork onwhichthe needs oftheirowncitizens,butalsotomaintainpart forthemtosucceed,not onlytomeetthe highways forfuturegenerations.Itwillbeimportant All ruralstateswillfacetheenormouscostofpreservingtheirInterstateandotherFederal-aid percent to66ofthetotal.Otherruralstatesfacesimilarscenarios. 2030. Theshareofthistonnagemovedbytruckisexpectedtoincreaseduringthatperiodfrom62 expected togeneratewillincreasefrom540milliontonsin2007nearly850by to growsignificantlyoverthenextfewdecades,amountoffreighttonnageitseconomyis A caseinpointistheagriculture-basedeconomyof movements inthesupplychainfromfarmtogrocerystorearebytruck.” More than80percentofcitiesandcommunitiesareservedexclusivelybytrucks.Thefirstlast and serviceindustriestograinelevators,ethanolplants,processors,feedlots,markets,ports. agricultural, food,forestproducts,alcohols,andfertilizers.Itlinksfarmers,ranchers,manufacturers, “Trucking iscriticalforAmericanagriculture.Theindustrycarries70percentofthetonnage and businessesserved,improvingthestandardofliving. supporting community. Providingeffectivetransportationforaruralregionstimulatesthefarms market access.Theeconomiesofruralareasareintertwined.Asagriculturethrives,sodoesits © 2010by theAmericanAssociation ofState HighwayandTransportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is aviolation ofapplicable law. ’S MOSTESSENTIALOPERATING SYSTEM Iowa . WhileIowa’s populationisnotexpected page 3 Gene Conti, Secretary, Gene Conti, Secretary, North Carolina Department of Transportation “North Carolina is two Carolina is “North states in one—urban the and rural. We’re 10th most nation’s populous state, but 40 percent of our people live in rural areas. For our rural residents, adequate roads are not just infrastructure— they’re a lifeline to jobs, education, and health care.” — OF RURAL AMERICA OF RURAL MIGHT ECONOMIC THE INTO is a heavily traveled route of national significance. significance. US 85 in North Dakota is a heavily traveled route of national Significant portions and have narrow shoulders. According to are two-lane “The existing highway system that was City Mayor Kent Pelton, Watford built to support small farms moving grain in single-axle trucks is being asked to support an industry using tankers and semi-trailers with multiple wheels.” At a recent congressional hearing on the need to upgrade rural transportation systems, Senator Kent Conrad (D-ND) said the recent boom in North Dakota’s oil patch will potentially make the state “a major player” in fueling the nation. “In order to make that a reality—and to ensure the safety of the local community— Highway 85 needs upgrading,” Conrad said. “The information gathered from All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. 1 :: TAPPING HAPTER C © 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. US 85 Upgrade Needed to Keep North Dakota Oil Moving US 85 Upgrade Needed to this hearing will help me make the case to my Senate colleagues that this hearing will help me make the case to my Senate colleagues that improvements to this critical roadway are in the best interest of North Dakota and the nation.” With the enactment of the Federal renewable fuels standard mandating increasing levels of the enactment of the With 2010, the number of Between 2000 and dramatically. production, the ethanol industry is growing from 89 to nearly 500, and ethanol production increased from biorefineries in the nation increased gallons per year in 2009. Federal mandates require that 1.7 billion gallons per year to 10.6 billion biofuels and cellulosic fuels, reach 36 billion gallons per production of renewable fuels, including year by 2022. As the nation seeks to reduce its dependence on foreign oil imports, to reduce its dependence on foreign As the nation seeks developments several recent wind farm renewable fuels industry, access needs in rural America—the are changing highway of oil and gas industries in new areas within the electric energy production, and the development United States, such as the North Central Plains. Changing Rural Economies Changing Rural This network is particularlyThis network important from the farm crops usually move agriculture since for before reaching a National Highway classification Federal-aid roads to local roads to lower Federal-aid routes provide an or a railhead. These other highway, System (NHS), Interstate important to the roads and ensure that regions can connect link between the NHS and local NHS system. page 4 2 the benefitofallcitizensand theirqualityoflife. investmentfor Such anewwayofviewingwhere andhowAmericanslivecanhavesignificantimpacts ontransportation good qualityoflife. a cultural, andeconomicbenefitsprovidedbytheirregional centers,andstillliveinareasthattheybelieveaffordthem discountsthe urbanvs.ruralmindsetoftoday’s Fluharty planners.Hemaintainsthat “rural”residentscanenjoythejob, of Transportation Photo courtesyPennsylvaniaDepartment Disputing theUrban/RuralStereotypes 10,000 to49,999people. areas acrossthecountry, includingthosewholiveinso-called“micropolitan” areas,whichhavearegionalcenterof Distinct ruralareascanbefoundinmetropolitancounties aswell.Overall,90millionpeoplecanbesaidtolivein“rural” states accountfor25percentofall“rural”people: Some ofthemostpopulousstatesinUnitedStateshavesubstantialnumberspeoplewholiveruralareas. Five who liveinruralareaslocated in metropolitanareas—e.g.,Fluharty’s “micropolitan”areas. AASHTOcites60millionpeoplelivinginrural areas.Thisdoesnotincludethenumbersofpeople For thepurposesofthisreport, ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ Michigan—25 percentor2,518,919 Ohio—22 percentor2,572,905 Pennsylvania—22 percentor2,819,963 Carolina—34percentor3,202,234 North Texas—15 percent or3,647,755peoplelivinginruralareas South Dakota—49percentruralor362,908 Mississippi—51.2 percentruralor1,456,098 West Virginia—54 percentruralor974,967 TRANSPORTATION REBOOT ::RESTARTING AMERICA 2 © 2010by theAmericanAssociation ofState HighwayandTransportation Officials.

All rights reserved. Duplication is aviolation ofapplicable law. population, accordingtothePolicyInstitute. The “mostrural”statesonlyaccountforlessthansevenpercentoftherural account formuchlessoftheruralpopulationthanyouwouldexpect,hesays. What mostpeoplethinkofas“rural”states,suchVermont andMaine,actually Policy ResearchInstitute. would bewrong,”accordingtoCharlesFluharty, PresidentandCEOoftheRural “Most peoplehaveamentalimageofwhatconstitutes‘rural’America.Andmost ■■ ■■ Maine –60percentruralor762,331 Vermont—62 percentruralor376,277 peoplelivinginruralareas ’S MOSTESSENTIALOPERATING SYSTEM page 5 Stanley Gee, Acting New Commissioner, State Department York of Transportation “Ensuring connectivity through the state’s rural areas allows the thousands of farmers who live and work there to efficiently deliver fresh foods for people across New York and throughout the Northeast.” — OF RURAL AMERICA OF RURAL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 The renewable fuels The renewable industry is also working and to bring cellulosic other biofuels to market, with 28 facilities now to under development gallons produce 170 million of fuel annually from products such as sugar wood cane, switchgrass, waste products, and even MIGHT ECONOMIC THE 21 51 76 352 200 271 413 170 437 262 INTO Under Construction Rank (Existing) All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. 9,506 3,670 2,723 1,920 1,908 1,848 1,796 1,274 1,246 1,203 Existing 1 :: TAPPING HAPTER State Total Power Capacities (MW) State Total C © 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. State Texas Iowa California Oregon Washington Illinois Minnesota New York Colorado North Dakota Top 10 Wind Energy-Producing States 10 Wind Top . Source: American Wind Energy Association, www.awea.org/projects The Federal government has provided a variety of tax incentives, loan guarantees, and other The Federal government has provided development, and the National Governors’ Association programs to encourage wind energy National Renewable Electricity Standard, much like the has called for the establishment of a renewable fuels standard. The emergence of wind energy to produce electric power is also expanding rural economies and The emergence of wind energy to produce transportation experts needs. Industry percent estimate that wind energy could provide up to 20 needs, and also maintain that there are potential wind energy resources electricity of the nation’s in every state. municipal waste. Massive amounts of corn, soybeans, and other materials will have to be moved municipal waste. Massive amounts of then need to move trucks and tanker trains plants. Tanker by truck and rail to ethanol and biofuel throughout the region. the liquid fuels to distribution points Note: (MW) = megawatt page 6 WI, isloadedandready for departure toawind for departure the BroadwindEnergy Company, Manitowoc, Wisconsin Department of Wisconsin Departmentof tower sectionfrom An oversizedand overweight wind Photo courtesy of Photocourtesyof farm inIowa. Transportation TRANSPORTATION REBOOT ::RESTARTING AMERICA highway facilitiesthatoftenneedtobeupdatedhandlethevolumesoftrafficinvolved. must bebuilt,oftenovernewalignments.Bothoftheseindustriesareplacingloadson attractive forwindfarmdevelopment.Alongwiththeseturbines,electricaltransmissionlines highway systems.Thesizeofassembledwindturbinesmakesremoteruralareasparticularly wide, andheavypiecesofequipmentthatoftenrequirespecialpermitstobemovedoverstate significant distancestotheirpointofinstallation.Thisrequirestruckscapablemovinglong, In thecaseofwindfarms,windmilltowers,blades,andgeneratorsneedtobemovedover Martifer Group© Photo courtesyof © 2010by theAmericanAssociation ofState HighwayandTransportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is aviolation ofapplicable law.

able toreplacethebridge. Recovery andReinvestmentActcameintoplaywasthecity the restofcountry. OnlywhenfundsfromtheAmerican tomarketsthroughout carry Martifer’s windtowersnorth River wouldbereplaced.Itwastoolowandnarrowto condition thatanearly1900srailbridgeacrosstheColorado a windtowerconstructionplantinSanAngelo,onthe Martifer-Hirshfield EnergySystemshadagreedtolocate new manufacturingplantithasseenindecades.In2008, the cityofSanAngelokeepitscommitmentstolargest In Texas, anewbridgeacrosstheColoradoRiverishelping ’S MOSTESSENTIALOPERATING SYSTEM page 7 Francis Ziegler, Francis Ziegler, North Director, Dakota Department of Transportation “Last year North Dakota was the fastest- growing export state arein the nation. We a major contributor of energy production and our state is currently ranked fourth in the nation in oil production and contains large coal reserves. Good roads throughout the state— particularly those below the National Highway System, are important to our nation becoming energy independent and providing agricultural products to feed a hungry world.” — OF RURAL AMERICA OF RURAL MIGHT ECONOMIC THE INTO All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. 1 :: TAPPING HAPTER C © 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. In recent decades, tens of thousands of rural rail branch lines have been abandoned. Class One In recent decades, tens of thousands of rural rail branch lines have been Therefore, the location railroads have shed more than 100,000 route miles, mainly in rural areas. and areas will depend of wind turbines, ethanol plants, and other energy facilities in rural states heavily on support from the highway system. In addition, oil and gas exploration continues in the United States, with major new production— In addition, oil and gas exploration continues such as North Dakota, which has become the fourthand associated freight traffic—in places largest-oil producing state. page 8 Marketing LLC Photo courtesyTransit pool. to gothelocal Houston, Missouri, uses thebusin This youngwoman page 9

HAPTER 2 IN RURAL AMERICA IN RURAL

C in Rural America in Rural HAPTER 2 :: IMPROVING MOBILITY OPTIONS MOBILITY 2 :: IMPROVING HAPTER C , the rural transit system handled 19,000 passengers in 2001. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. for highways and transit put the number of transit vehicles for highways and transit put the number © 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. New Mexico Bottom Line Report Improving Mobility Options Options Mobility Improving In rural Grant County, In rural Grant County, is on track to serve more than 50,000 riders this year. and it In 2008, it carried 38,000; Two counties illustrate the growth in ridership demand taking place: counties illustrate the growth in ridership Two Rural Transit Demand on the Rise Rural Transit service is being provided in approximately 2,400 counties, or three out of four counties in the Unitedservice is being provided in approximately 2,400 counties, or three out of four three million trips toStates. In 2007, intercity bus service funded with Federal assistance provided to meet future needs. rural residents. The capacity of each of these fleets will need to be expanded Section 5311 program provided 130 million public transportation trips to rural residents. The Section Rural transit 5310 program provides 20 to 28 million trips in paratransit vans and buses annually. serving rural populations at nearly 57,000: 22,000 vans and buses funded by the Section 5311 ruralserving rural populations at nearly 57,000: for the elderly andprogram; 19,000 vans and buses funded by the Section 5310 special needs program rural intercity service. In 2007, the buses providing persons with disabilities; and 1,700 over-the-road transit—vans, buses, and carpools. 2009 AASHTO’s 10 years, providing transportation for those in this age group who are unable to drive will be mobility will mean relying on public or so-called rural daunting. For many of these citizens, need for providing access to healthcare, community centers, grocery stores, shopping, and need for providing access to healthcare, as well. As our senior population booms during the next recreation activities is going to grow aged 65 and older lived in rural areas. This elderly population exceeds 9.6 million people. aged 65 and older lived in rural areas. population is choosing to “age in place”; therefore the In many rural communities, the senior Rising demand in rural areas, particularly from the growing elderly population, is creating an in rural America. In 2008, almost one out of eight people increasing need for more transit service page 10 an OATS ruraltransit Photo courtesyofCamTran Rural Transit ProvidesCommutingAlternatives inPennsylvania vehicle inMissouri. Transit MarketingLLC Senior coupleon Photo courtesy of Photo courtesyof TRANSPORTATION REBOOT ::RESTARTING AMERICA

Montana system. transportation in totalruralfleetsize. Greater anecdotal evidencegatheredbystatesofhowmuchmoreruraltransitservicewasneeded:“The In its2007publication, treatments. service thatenablesindividualstogetearly-morningdialysisandothernecessarymedical ofRoadsisa “24/7”ruraltransit one oftheprogramsimplementedbyNebraskaDepartment move, becomingresidentsofassistedlivingfacilitiesandnursinghomes.To solvethisproblem, residents toremainintheirhomes.Without theseservices,manyolderresidents wouldhaveto needed toallowelderly The challengeforruraltransitistobeableprovidethetransportation © 2010by theAmericanAssociation ofState HighwayandTransportation Officials. Minnesota sawtherequirementfora242percentincreaseinannualcapitalexpenditures.Our All rights reserved. Duplication is aviolation ofapplicable law. Transit ImprovementPlanidentified theneedforan81percentincrease North Carolina Future NeedsoftheU.S.SurfaceTransportation System Vermont commute madesense. in carmaintenance,gasmoney, andtime, usingpublictransitto downtown whenIworkedthere,” shesaid.Whenfactored pretty muchwhatIusedto pay monthlyjusttoparkmycar more than$70amonthforhermonthlypass,“whichwas or stopsomewhereonmywayhome.”Smithpaysalittle Smith said.“AnditwasonlybecauseIhadtoleavework early “I thinkI’veonlydriventoworktwicesinceAugust2007,” division becamehercost-effective,low-stresssolution. Ebensburg/Altoona fixed-routeserviceinCamTran’s rural far toworkmadeherlookforalternativesolutions.Taking the miles fromherhomeinEbensburg,theideaofdrivingthat When AnnSmithgotanewjobinAltoona, estimateda100percentincreaseinitsruralfleetsize.And recommendeda124percentincreaseinitsruralpublic ’S MOSTESSENTIALOPERATING SYSTEM years orolder, outpacingnational trends. increasingly largenumberofpeople65 a growingruralpopulationandan Similarly, thestateof provided bythetransitsystem. other essentialerrandswithoutthebuses doctor’s appointments,thegrocerystore,or would havenoothermeansoftravelto large elderlyanddisabledpopulationthat system throughoutGrantCounty, servesa Corre CaminosTransit, whichoperatesthe Pennsylvania Nebraska , AASHTOprovided has , 25 , 25 n page 11

Employees in coastal in coastal Employees North in a Carolina riding vanpool to work. Photo courtesy of the North Carolina Department of Transportation IN RURAL AMERICA IN RURAL OPTIONS MOBILITY 2 :: IMPROVING HAPTER C All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. © 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. For the next authorization cycle, AASHTO has recommended that Federal funding for rural transit For the next authorization cycle, AASHTO has recommended that Federal rising demand. service should more than double over the next six years to keep pace with This expansion in service has meant that South Dakota could create a new service on the South Dakota, to Standing Rock Reservation that reduced the travel time from Rapid City, Bismarck, North Dakota, from 33 to 8 hours, and Montana could increase the number of rural transit providers from 9 to 33. Congress recognized this growing need by nearly doubling the size of the Section 5311 Congress recognized this growing need from the $1.18 billion provided between 1998 and 2003 Nonurbanized Area Formula Program SAFETEA-LU. As a under TEA-21, to the $2.18 billion provided between 2004 and 2009 under rose by 13 percent. result, from 2005 to 2008, the number of rural passenger trips taken on transit study showed that satisfying this demand would require annual capital investment in rural study showed that satisfying this demand to $1.2 billion.” transit to increase from $700 million page 12 for export. farmers loadgrain Two generationsof page 13 OF TRADE HAPTER 3 C 5.614 3.634 3.357 2.852 2.754 2.694 1.841 1.593 1.489 1.299 Billions $ DEMANDS TRANSPORTATION GROWING THE All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. Meeting the Growing the Growing Meeting © 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 3 :: MEETING HAPTER C Illinois California Ohio Texas New York Pennsylvania Washington Indiana Minnesota Michigan State Month of May 2010 Statistics

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 Rank Top 10 States Trading with Canada by Surface Transportation with Canada by Surface Transportation 10 States Trading Top Source: BTS TransBorder Freight Data, http://www.bts.gov/transborder/. Source: BTS TransBorder The North America Free Trade Agreement opened the nation’s north and south borders to greatly Agreement opened the nation’s The North America Free Trade Although the recent economic downturn has slowed expanded trade with Canada and Mexico. show the beginning of a turn-around. The Bureau of freight flows, the most recent statistics Statistics reports that annual surface transportationTransportation trade between the United partners for 2010, however, was $637 billion in 2009. Early indications States and its NAFTA rate, putting trade on a pace that could reach $760 demonstrate a nearly 20 percent growth trade peaked at to the experience of 2008, when NAFTA billion by the end of 2010. Compared note that 71 percent It is significant to in trade is underway. $830 billion, a considerable recovery trade by value in 2009 moved by truck. of NAFTA One of the dynamics creating the need to expand highway capacity in rural areas is the growth in One of the dynamics creating the need through the heartlandinternational and domestic trade moving of America. Transportation Demands of Trade Demands Transportation page 14 Missouri’s MainNAFTA HighwayNeedsaSeriousFace-Lift of Transportation Photo byCathyMorrison,Missouri Department services moving. Rural InterstateskeepAmerica’s goods and TRANSPORTATION REBOOT ::RESTARTING AMERICA increased freightdemands. balance oftrade.Federal-aidhighways,bothInterstatesandothers,arecriticaltohandling ofoveralltradeandshouldcontinuetohaveapositiveeffect onthenation’ssignificant portion ofagriculturalproductsthatoriginateinruralareastheUnitedStates willremaina Exports projected toreach40percentby2025. wasequivalentto23percentoftheGDP.and exports Thisincreasedto28percentin2005,andis International tradeisexpectedtocontinuegrow. In1997,thecombinedvalueofU.S.imports Source: BTSTransBorder FreightData,http://www.bts.gov/transborder/. Top 10StatesTrading withMexicobySurfaceTransportation Rank 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 © 2010by theAmericanAssociation ofState HighwayandTransportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is aviolation ofapplicable law.

Month ofMay2010Statistics

State Tennessee Mississippi Florida Louisiana Ohio Arizona Illinois Michigan California Texas six lanes. estimated growthintrafficwouldincreasecapacityfrom fourto highway eachdayaretrucks.Proposedimprovementsto meet life. Currently, 11percentofthe75,000vehiclesthatuse Interstate is53yearsoldandhaseasilysurpasseditsdesign andSouthDakota, andCanada.Butthissectionof North Missouri,Kansas,Iowa,Nebraska, connections tonorthwestern corridor runningfromTexas toMinnesota,providingkey oftheNAFTAThe southernareaofI-29inMissouriispart ’S MOSTESSENTIALOPERATING SYSTEM Billions $ 12.235 1.009 1.100 2.909 4.478 .529 .535 .538 .728 .773 page 15

These workers in rural These workers in rural Nevada ensure that their portion of the state’s CANAMEX corridor Photo courtesy of Nevada Department of Transportation stays functional. OF TRADE DEMANDS TRANSPORTATION GROWING THE All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. © 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 3 :: MEETING HAPTER C —The Honorable Judy Hawley, Commissioner for the Port of Corpus Christi, Texas Commissioner for —The Honorable Judy Hawley, Trucks Need to Cross Rural America to Connect the United States Need to Cross Rural America to Connect the United Trucks consequences not only on portThis increase in trade will have substantial and border states, but throughout America, and particularly on the Interstates that cross the nation. Many rural states growth inside their borders and growth in travel demand are facing the pressures of population Of the 20 states expected to grow the fastest over the from traffic moving from coast to coast. Alaska, Nevada, New Mexico, Idaho, Utah, Wyoming, next 30 years, several are rural, including in common is large geographic size and, as a consequence, and Montana. What these states have distances. highway systems that have to span great “I-69 Texas is the critical north–south freight corridor connecting existing ports freight corridor connecting is the critical north–south “I-69 Texas a string of Like border. and those along the Texas-Mexico of entry—seaports capacity through centers and optimizes connects population pearls, I-69 Texas in both directions—for tourists will greatly enhance mobility rural areas. I-69 as well as those evacuating destinations along the coast heading to popular I-69 willwith the original Interstate system, just as finally, hurricanes. And it improves connectivity to the in our national security when play a key role Christi.” deployment port of Corpus strategic military page 16 stores andSam’s Club shelves wellstocked. these highlyefficient Located inabout120 communities suchas Cleburne, Arkansas, hubs keepWalmart Walmart Stores,Inc. Photo Courtesy Photo Courtesy TRANSPORTATION REBOOT ::RESTARTING AMERICA movement ofpeopleandfreightbetweenmajorpopulationstates,benefitingtheentirecountry. areas andusingruralhighways.Ruralhighways,amongotherthings,serveasabridgeforthe and goodssimplycannotmovebetweenmajormetroareaswithoutcrossingruralstates Federal-aid highwaynetwork,amajorityofwhichislocatedinruralareas.Inmostcases,people The Arkansas improvements: $350million. to 14interchangesadequatelyaccommodatefuturegrowth.Projectedcostofthese recommended widening10milestosixlanes,16eightandimprovements Due totrafficgrowth,theInterstate540ImprovementStudy, completedin2006, Tyson Foods,J.B.HuntTransport Services,andtheUniversityofArkansas. businesses andcentersofhighereducation,includingthehomeWalmart Stores, Interstate 540,theonlyfreewayinthis Arkansas GrowthCorridorKeytoEconomy © 2010by theAmericanAssociation ofState HighwayandTransportation Officials. example of a beneficial new investment underscores the importance ofthe exampleofabeneficialnewinvestmentunderscorestheimportance All rights reserved. Duplication is aviolation ofapplicable law. Arkansas ’S MOSTESSENTIALOPERATING SYSTEM region, is the primary link to many region, istheprimarylinktomany page 17 Interstate freight traffic Interstate freight traffic traveling to and from the coasts. East and West I-15 is a major route in this area. Photo courtesy of Utah Department of Transportation Utah is the crossroads Utah is the crossroads of the west for major OF TRADE

THE GROWING TRANSPORTATION DEMANDS TRANSPORTATION GROWING THE

All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. —Sherri LeBas, Louisiana Transportation and Development Secretary and Development Louisiana Transportation —Sherri LeBas, © 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. HAPTER 3 :: MEETING HAPTER C communities along the I-49 corridor are connected to the Shreveport the I-49 corridor are connected to the communities along Louisiana the I-49 extension northvia two-lane highways. Completion of metropolitan area of Shreveport traffic in support to the Arkansas border will improve and of international domestic commerce; increase the transportation efficiency for industries dependent of raw materials and finished products; and upon trucking; facilitate the shipment improve intermodal connectivity. Extending I-49 North from Shreveport Extending I-49 at a level of Interstate system be maintained Louisiana’s “It is imperative that through urban areas, but in efficient truck travel, not only service that will support rural areas as well.” page 18 Transportation Texas Departmentof J. GriffisSmith, Photo courtesyof every spring. hosts abikerace Fayetteville, Texas, with bucolicbyways, A bicyclingmecca page 19 HAPTER 4 C AND RECREATION INDUSTRY RECREATION AND I-70 Mountain Corridor is a frustrating Colorado’s traffic on summer drive of bumper-to-bumper and winter weekends, during holidays, and often in-between. The primary route west of Denver, traffic on I-70 is so heavy that it adds an hour to a normal trip down from the mountains on a Sunday afternoon. By 2035, it is expected to take an extra three hours, impacting not just the communities that rely on I-70, but freight haulers and anyone else traveling across the state. TOURISM GROWING All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. © 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 4 :: SUPPORTING HAPTER A and Recreation Industry and Recreation C

Day-Trippers Adding to Delays on I-70 Mountain Corridor Day-Trippers Photo courtesy of Colorado Department of Transportation Supporting a Growing Tourism Tourism a Growing Supporting Travel and tourism generated over $700 billion in revenues in 2009, more than $93 billion from tourism generated over $700 billion in revenues in 2009, more than $93 and Travel international visitors alone. Fourteen million people used overnight camping and lodging facilities The number of visitors to the National Parks is approaching in the National Park System in 2009. Service had 176 In FY 2008, the U.S. Forest busy. 300 million. The Forest Service was equally used Forest Service roads each day. million visitors; and 1.7 million vehicles As the Baby Boom generation reaches retirement age, the nation will see a new wave of highly As the Baby Boom generation reaches highways. tourism and recreation, traveling on the nation’s mobile citizens who want to pursue to meet the growing needs of tourism, travel, Highway system capacity will be required industries rank as the most important,and recreation. In three states, these as measured by and recreation are among the top 10 industries in all but employment. Overall, tourism, travel, two states. page 20 is becomingaweekend Downtown Chico,CA, Alpine Photography and Alpine Photographyand Yunker Photography Photo courtesy of Photo courtesyof tourism mecca. TRANSPORTATION REBOOT ::RESTARTING AMERICA traffic onthedrivetotheirvacationspots.” society, vacation timeisincreasinglyvaluableandfamiliesdeservebetterthanspendinghoursin and makingtripstoourcountry’s beautifulrecreationareas more ofahassle.Inourfast-paced congestion thatfrustratescommutersdaily, seasonalbottlenecksareslowingdownvacationers American HighwayUsersAlliance,andTRIP. Vacation DestinationsRemainAccessible Bottlenecks andStepsNeededtoEnsureThatOurFavorite Source: by Traffic Bottlenecks Top 10Tourist Destinations Hampered 10. CatskillMountainsregioninNewYork 9. PennsylvaniaDutchandAmishCountry 8. NapaValley, CA 7. NewJerseyshore 6. CapeCod,MA Carolina 5. OuterBanksofNorth 4. Branson,MO 3. Maryland/Delawareshore 2. Tidewater regionofVirginia 1. TheOregonCoast bottlenecks are: worst summertrafficdelaysresultingfrom The 10summertouristdestinationswiththe Are We ThereYet? AReportonSummerTraffic © 2010by theAmericanAssociation ofState HighwayandTransportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is aviolation ofapplicable law. . AAA, the . AAA,the

’S MOSTESSENTIALOPERATING SYSTEM A 2005studybyAAA,theAmerican visitors. roads that serve as primary access routes for year experiencesignificanttrafficdelays on slopes, seashores,andNationalParks—each popular touristdestinations—includingski Unfortunately, manyofthenation’s most preservationinvestments. well asimportant of whichwillneedcapacityimprovementsas often vialongtwo-laneruralhighways,some in large,ruralstatesandaccesstothemis visited nationalparksandforestsarelocated Many ofthelargestandmostfrequently destinations, warningthat,“Liketheurban the top10mostcongestedtourism Highway UsersAlliance,andTRIPidentified n page 21

AND RECREATION INDUSTRY RECREATION AND TOURISM GROWING , by providing through Morrisville, Vermont Unclogging traffic an agency priority for 30 years. Morrisvillea bypass has been just eight miles northeast ofis located in northern Vermont, Vermont’s signature ski destination. During Stowe, Vermont’s busiest Route 100 is one of the state’s fall foliage season, more and winding, the road was laid out thoroughfares. Narrow kind of and was never intended to carry the than a century ago it experiences today. auto and truck traffic Outer Banks attract visitors from all across the Outer Banks attract visitors from all North Carolina’s Eastern seaboard; unfortunately the accompanying traffic congestion alike. The queue of traffic is maddening for tourists and residents miles back into Currituck begins at Kitty Hawk and extends several help alleviate congestion in the northern end of the Outer To County. from this hurricane- Banks and to improve emergency evacuations the Mid-Currituck Sound prone area, planning is underway for congestion at the northernBridge. This should significantly reduce end of the Outer Banks.

© 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 4 :: SUPPORTING HAPTER A C on Oregon’s proposed 99W Newberg-Dundee Bypass in the wine country on Oregon’s — Dave Haugeberg, Parkway Committee chairman, Dave Haugeberg, Parkway Committee — The Morrisville Route 100 Bypass in Vermont The Morrisville Mid-Currituck Sound Bridge Would Help Unclog the Roads to Would Mid-Currituck Sound Bridge Beaches North Carolina’s Photo courtesy of Dan Lindley, Photo courtesy of Dan Lindley, Manager Morrisville Town Photo courtesy of North Carolina Department of Transportation “It’s been hard to evolve our economic structure when the traffic is so “It’s tough because congested. People want to build new businesses, but it’s need this bypass to ease congestion so the roads are unreliable. We to stay in that tourists can get to the local vineyards and don’t choose County instead.” Washington page 22 Photography and Yunker Alpine Photography Photo courtesyof Chico, CA page 23 HAPTER 5 C THE NEW GEOGRAPHY THE 5 :: FOLLOWING HAPTER C All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. © 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Following the New Geography Geography the New Following A new American geography has taken shape since World War II. The shift from agriculture to War shape since World A new American geography has taken areas and suburbs. a more industrialized economy has prompted the growth of metropolitan in the Sunbelt After years of decline, the population in the Frost Belt stabilized, as growth exploded. These patterns will persist into the future, and require transportation systems to serve population needs. During the next 30 years, 80 percent of the nation’s population growth is expected to concentrate population growth is expected to concentrate of the nation’s During the next 30 years, 80 percent in the South and West. Since the Interstate was launched in 1956, the nation has grown from a population of 165 million Since the Interstate was launched in 420 million by 2050. to 308 million—and is expected to reach Sunbelt growth, suburbs, and edge cities are all “post-Interstate” developments. Some cities, Sunbelt growth, suburbs, and edge cities metropolitan and Orlando were never envisioned in the 1950s as the such as Phoenix, Las Vegas, II planners of the War not anticipated by the pre-World centers they have become. They were West and some metropolitan regions in the South and original Interstate. As a result, significant by the existing highway system. regions are substantially underserved The Interstate Highway System, conceived in the 1940s and built in the ‘50s and ‘60s, is the The Interstate Highway System, conceived transportation and commerce system. But changes in population, trade, workhorse of the nation’s have new transportationdemands. page 24 Photo courtesyofwww.abc3340.com Alabama’s I-65Connector TRANSPORTATION REBOOT ::RESTARTING AMERICA …To Danville, Virginia From Chico,California… to theInterstateHighwaySystem. identified 66citiesthathavegrowntomorethan50,000people,yetdonotadequateaccess on In 2007,aresearchreport America’s NewCities Chico, California Ann Schwab,Mayor, Commerce, VA County Chamberof Danville Pittsylvania Laurie Moran, © 2010by theAmericanAssociation ofState HighwayandTransportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is aviolation ofapplicable law. distribution component.” challenging forChicotoretainandattractbusinessesthathaveasignificant Coast market,these20milesofseparationfromtheInterstatecanmakeit for hercity. “Even thoughChicoisideallylocatedinthemiddleofWest miles fromInterstate5.MayorAnnSchwabseesthisasaseriousdisadvantage Chico, consideration bybusinesses thatrequireInterstateaccess.” highway systemservingourregion,weknowthat often areeliminatedfrom attraction andrecruitmentofnewbusinesses.Whilewe haveagoodprimary System definitelyimpairstheDanvilleregion’s abilitytobecompetitiveinthe of CommerceinVirginia, commented,“ThelackofanInterstateHighway residents. LaurieMoran,presidentoftheDanvillePittsylvania CountyChamber since soughttodiversifyitseconomyandemployment foritsnow50,000 bytobacco andtextilemanufacturing,Danville, Once supported continued jobgrowth,aswellaccesstohealthcareandtourism. a dailybasis.Capacityimprovementswillbecriticaltoensuring Travel delaysduetotrafficcongestionhampercommutingtimeon 1970, thepopulationwas38,000;by2009,ithadgrownto188,000. to andMontgomery thesouth. In oftocity Birmingham thenorth I-65 isacriticalconnectorbetweensuburbanShelbyCountyandthe California Future OptionsfortheInterstateandDefenseHighwaySystem , isonesuchcity. With atotalpopulationof107,000,Chicois20 ’S MOSTESSENTIALOPERATING SYSTEM Virginia , has page 25 THE NEW GEOGRAPHY THE

Ithaca, NY Bend, OR Corvallis, OR Johnstown, PA Myrtle Beach, SC Brownsville, TX College Station–Bryan, TX Harlingen, TX McAllen, TX San Angelo, TX Sherman, TX TX Victoria, Logan, UT Danville, VA VA Lynchburg, WA Wenatchee, Clarkston, WA Appleton, WI Fond du Lac, WI Oshkosh, WI Rome, GA Bloomington, IN Kokomo, IN Owensboro, KY Houma, LA MO Jefferson City, Greenville, NC Jacksonville, NC Farmington, NM NV Carson City, NY OR OR PA SC TX TX TX TX TX TX TX UT VA VA WA WA WI WI WI StateGA IA-IL Urbanized Area* ID-WAIN Dubuque, IA–IL IN ID–WA Lewiston, KY LA MD-DEMO NC MD–DE Salisbury, NC NM NV HAPTER 5 :: FOLLOWING HAPTER C All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. © 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Hinesville, GA Dover, DE Dover, Beach, FL Fort Walton FL Panama City, GA Albany, GA Athens-Clarke County, Visalia, CA Visalia, CA Watsonville, CA City, Yuba Hamden, CT Bristol, CT CO Greeley, Santa Barbara, CA Santa Maria, CA Santa Rosa, CA Seaside–Monterey–Marina, CA CA Turlock, Modesto, CA Petaluma, CA Porterville, CA Salinas, CA San Luis Obispo, CA Atascadero–El Paso de Robles (Paso Robles), CA Atascadero–El Paso de Chico, CA Fresno, CA Lompoc, CA Madera, CA Merced, CA Dothan, AL Florence, AL Jonesboro, AR Hot Springs, AR Prescott, AZ densely settled territory that together contain at least 50,000 people, generally with an overall population density of at least 1,000 people densely settled territory that together contain at least 50,000 people, generally with the transportationper square mile. Within planning community, Urbanized Areas are typically referred to as the UZAs. GA GA FL FL GA CO DE CA CT CT CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA AZ CA CA AL AR AR StateAL Urbanized Area* * An “Urbanized Area” is a statistical geographic entity designated by the Census Bureau, consisting of a central core and adjacent * Cities with Populations Over 50,000 with No Direct Access to Interstates Direct Access to 50,000 with No Populations Over Cities with page 26 100% Atlanta–Sandy Springs–Marietta,GA; Myers,FL; Fort Rock, TX; 1 PalmCoast,FL; 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 0% ______9

Gainesville, GA; 83.9 1 – 14 was basedontheYear 2000Census,tellsusthatfrom1990to2000,64percent ofthegrowth areas. Mostjobcreationtodayistakingplaceinthesuburbs. CommutinginAmericaIII,which The newpost-industrialeconomyhasalsodispersedthe locationofemploymentintoexurban communities willneedtoexpandkeeppacewiththis growth. percent, addingatotaloffivemillionpeople.Thehighways andtransitsystemsthatservethese of itscurrentpopulation.Alltold,the20-fastest-growing urbanareaswillexpandby30to80 size byaddingover40,000people—tothelargest,Atlanta, adding1.2millionornearly30percent Palm Coast,Florida,thesmallestandfastestgrowingarea thatisexpectedtonearlydoublein each inColorado,Oregon,andArkansas.These20metropolitan areasareallsizes,rangingfrom South Carolina,threeinTexas, twoeachinUtah,Florida,Georgia,Arizona,andIdaho,one and Of the20fastest-growingMetropolitanStatisticalAreasfrom2000to2009,fourareinNorth estimates showurbanareasintheSouthandWest alsoexperiencedthemostdramaticgrowth. Just asCensusestimatesshowdramaticgrowthinsouthernandwesternstates, Growing CommunitiesCopewithTransportation Demands 2

10 3 –

Phoenix–Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ; 41.2

19 40.9 Represents urbanpopulationgrowthof5,301,772

Prescott, AZ; 5 – 38.3 6 – 37.5 4 20 7 – Raleigh, Cary, NC; 15 C Coeur d’Alene,ID HAPTER 5::FOLLOWING Boise City–Nampa,ID;

11 8 –

Myrtle Beach,SC; Myrtle 34.8 9 – 34.2

5 10– Greeley, CO; 34.2

16 11– 12 33.9 McAllen–Edinburg–Mission, TX; Fayetteville–Springdale–Rogers, AR-MO; 12– 6

Las Vegas–Paradise, NV; 33.1 13– THE NEWGEOGRAPHY 31.2 14– 30.4 15– 30.1 16– 7 17 Bend, OR;

Wilmington, NC; 17– 28.9 13

8 18– Cape Coral– Austin–Round Austin–Round 19–

18 18 28.3 20– page 27 MOST ESSENTIAL OPERATING SYSTEM OPERATING ESSENTIAL MOST ’S No Nevada corridor needs more congestion relief than An economic and tourist lifeline, Interstate 15 in Las Vegas. Strip, bringing commerce I-15 travels alongside the Las Vegas and over 40 million visitors a year to the famed vacation 75 percent of In addition to supplying more than getaway. southern Nevada goods movements, I-15 is also part of the CANAMEX transportation corridor connecting United States, Mexican, and Canadian trade. As a vital trade route, the U.S. has designated I-15 through Department of Transportation California, Nevada, and Utah as a “Corridor of the Future.” Designed to carry approximately 130,000 vehicles per day, I-15 currently sees over 270,000 vehicles daily through That number is expected to balloon to central Las Vegas. over 500,000 by 2030. Phoenix and Tucson are at the core of the Arizona Sun are at the Phoenix and Tucson area, one of 11 emerging megaregions Corridor Megapolitan 10 is the only high-capacity corridor in the U.S. Interstate and recent studies have shown connecting these cities the freeway to 10 lanes, adding parallel the need to widen the freight and traffic movements capacity to accommodate Service to the rural communities projected for the area. and Marana Casa Grande, Eloy, including along the corridor, and economic development will enhance employment opportunities.

All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. © 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. TRANSPORTATION REBOOT :: RESTARTING AMERICA RESTARTING :: REBOOT TRANSPORTATION Tourism and Trade Spur Nevada Capacity Needs and Trade Tourism Arizona’s Sun Corridor Arizona’s of Transportation Photo courtesy of Nevada Department Photo courtesy of Tom Boone, Arizona Department Photo courtesy of Tom of Transportation in metropolitan commuting was in-flows from suburb to suburb, representing 46 percent of in metropolitan commuting was in-flows suburb-to-suburb highways are just not equipped to handle commuting trips. Many of these new next largest growth area was the “reverse commute” from these growing volumes of traffic. The 9 percent of commutes. The “traditional commute”— central city to suburb, which represented in share to 19 percent during the 1990s. from suburbs to central city—dropped page 28 Department ofTransportation River bridge,connecting steel Boone andMadrid,IA. A constructionworker Photo courtesy of Keven Photo courtesyofKeven on theDesMoines installs Arrowsmith, Iowa Arrowsmith, Iowa reinforced enhancements aswellpreservation. is oftenprovidedonnon-Interstateroutesthatwouldbenefitfromselectivecapacity the roadsafelyandefficiently. Accesstopopularnationalparksandrecreationaldestinations passenger carsandoversizetrucksmovingwindturbinesoroilserviceequipmenttoshare pullouts, shoulders,andturnlanestoaddresscapacitysafetyneeds,betterenabling Two-lane, Federal-aidhighways,oftenontheNationalHighwaySystem,needpassinglanes, roadstotheInterstatestandardsrequiringfourlaneswithadividedmedian. converting In manystatesandruralareas,criticalimprovementsareneeded,butmaynotrequire Additional ImprovementsNeeded © 2010by theAmericanAssociation ofState HighwayandTransportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is aviolation ofapplicable law. C HAPTER 5::FOLLOWING THE NEWGEOGRAPHY page 29 - N–S: 70 miles N–S: 30 miles N–S: 50 miles N–S: 30 miles N–S: 150 miles NJ Relative Size of States

E–W: 110 miles E–W: 40 miles E–W: 190 miles E–W: 100 miles E–W: 70 miles E–W:

South South

Dakota North Dakota North RI

Idaho MA Interstate Highways National Highway System—Major Roads ample, for a farmer to move his grain harvest from one major highway to another, it would be like crossing the width it would be like crossing ample, for a farmer to move his grain harvest one major highway to another, from additional arterial commonwealth of Massachusetts. What’s needed are to make easier and of the entire roadways Highway program. faster connections—which would be eligible to be funded, in part, by the Federal System are so vast that their ability to efficiently carry so vast that their ability to efficiently to market, ruralSystem are and other freight resi- products agriculture illustrate the scale of these distances, as significantly diminished. To travelers is dents to jobs, and cross-border As an ex Northeastshown above, entire even within a single county. states would fit between these highways, and Connectivity is Critically Important to Western States to Western is Critically Important Connectivity : Within several large Western states, the areas between Interstates and major highways on the National Highway states, the areas Western several large Note: Within Connectivity Is Critically Important to Western States Western to Important Critically Is Connectivity page 30 Administration Federal Highway Photo courtesyof Hoover DamBypass page 31 HAPTER 6 C AND CRITICAL INDUSTRIES CRITICAL AND INSTALLATIONS TO DEFENSE Critical Industries Critical Industries All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. © 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Ensuring Reliable Access Access Reliable Ensuring to Defense Installations and and Installations to Defense ACCESS RELIABLE 6 :: ENSURING HAPTER C National security also includes providing for public safety in the face of natural disasters. Creating disasters. natural of face the in safety public for providing includes also security National hurricanes, flooding, or the needed capacity to permit widespread evacuation of coastal areas in other emergencies is also a priority. Although it was determined that parts of the solution included hardening of transportation and better communications, the most importantinfrastructure, increased surveillance, strategy resilience.” If a bridge or highway were taken out of identified was the assurance of “system service by a terrorist attack, transportation access to a defense installation or a critical industry route. Where such resilience does not exist, it was could still be provided by an alternate should make it a priority to fund the construction of determined that states, cities, and counties routes that would allow alternate access. During the period immediately following the destruction of the World Trade Center towers in Trade the destruction of the World During the period immediately following upon to analyze how best to were called City on September 11, 2001, state DOTs New York assure that the national transportation system could continue to perform its critical functions should there be future terrorist attacks. page 32 Hurricane EvacuationRouteExpandedinAlabama Figure courtesyofwww.dot.state.al.us Southwest arealsopossible. interruption ofthepowerandwatersupplyforpeople inthe people couldbeatrisk.ThecontaminationofLakeMead, and disaster shouldoccurinthearea,significantnumbers of a potentiallydangeroussituation.Ifman-madeornatural sharp curvesonUS93inthevicinityofHooverDamcreate the newbridge,increasedtrafficvolumescombined with the to Unless thetrafficacrosstopofDamisdiverted nearly 900feetabovetheColoradoRiver. connecting the the BlackCanyon(about1,500feetsouthofHoover Dam), Dam BypassProject.Whencompleted,thebridgewillspan The ColoradoRiverBridgeisthecenterpieceofHoover Hoover DamBypassProjectCouldAvert Tragedy TRANSPORTATION REBOOT ::RESTARTING AMERICA Arizona and © 2010by theAmericanAssociation ofState HighwayandTransportation Officials. Nevada All rights reserved. Duplication is aviolation ofapplicable law. approachhighways harm’s way.” people willhaveaneasiertimegettingoutof positive donefortheircitizens.Duringhurricanes, working togetheracrossborderstogetsomething “This projectisagreatexampleofcommunities major chokepointalongthisvitalevacuationroute. State Highway113fromtwolanestofoureliminateda Alabama. Thecompletedwideningof13.5miles evacuation routefromcoastalFloridatoinland toimproveamajorhurricane a successfuleffort The Alabama ’S MOSTESSENTIALOPERATING SYSTEM Photo courtesyofFederalHighway Administration Department ofTransportation Department led —Alabama GovernorBobRiley page 33 AND CRITICAL INDUSTRIES CRITICAL AND Photo courtesy of Kansas Department of Transportation —Vance Smith, Jr., Georgia Transportation Commissioner Transportation Georgia Smith, Jr., —Vance On the island of Oahu, the Nimitz Highway is the sole access to the Nimitz Highway is the sole access On the island of Oahu, Hawaiian port the primary more than where the Honolulu Harbor, serves enter or leave the state. The route also 90 percent of goods Air to two military bases, the Hickam as an essential connection highway Pearl Harbor Naval Base. Although the Force Base and the andtwice, it must be improved to meet current has been widened at The cost for this project is estimated forecasted travel demands. $600 million. INSTALLATIONS TO DEFENSE All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. Georgia 133 is a 66-mile, two-lane roadway in rural Southwest Georgia. It is also truck to home to a Marine Corps logistics supply base, which ships equipment via this roadway is a priority Jacksonville, Florida, for deployment overseas. Widening for the Georgia Department of Transportation. and source “This is a vital military route, freight and commodities corridor, of connectivity for Southwest Georgia. It also is an expensive project—one to be we’re unable to do right now—but precisely the sort of project we hope a able to pursue with our Federal and local partners once Congress adopts new surface transportation reauthorization bill.” © 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Ensuring Vital Military Transport Through Georgia Military Transport Ensuring Vital Upgrading the K-18 Corridor in Kansas Upgrading the K-18 Corridor FortThe 16-mile, K-18 corridor between Riley and the city of military installation and Manhattan links a rapidly expanding Combined with the activity generated Kansas State University. of vehicles using this by regional agriculture, the number in the next 20 years. corridor will expand more than 40 percent explosive growth as the 1st The region already has experienced expanding the post by Infantry Division returns to Fort Riley, employees. Capacity 19,000 soldiers plus an additional 10,000 by the Departmentpressures on K-18 will be accelerated of locate the $450 million National Bio and decision to Defense’s which will provide 500 jobs and attract Agro-defense Facility, 50 additional research firms to Manhattan. Nimitz Highway in Hawaii is Critical Link Nimitz Highway ACCESS RELIABLE 6 :: ENSURING HAPTER C page 34 Transportation Nevada Departmentof Photo byJulieDuewel, “Wellington Crew.” Workers onthe page 35

HAPTER 7 AND URBAN AMERICA AND C FOR RURAL FOR CAPACITY OTHER HIGHWAY AND All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. © 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. INTERSTATE NEED: What We Need: Interstate Interstate Need: We What WE for Rural and Urban America for Rural and and Other Highway Capacity Capacity Highway and Other : Bend, Oregon, in Deschutes County, has a population of more than 100,000 but has In Oregon: Bend, Oregon, in Deschutes County, is miles from Interstate 5 to the west or Interstate 84 to the north. Bend is the gateway to Central Oregon recreational opportunities, including Crater Lake National Park, skiing at and golf at the Sun River resort. Improving connectivity will help support the Mount Bachelor, growing tourism economy in the region. : In Randolph County, West Virginia, County Roads Transit transports a County Roads Transit Virginia, West : In Randolph County, Virginia In West senior three times a week to a part-time job. As a result, this disabled individual is able to leading a fulfilling, continue to work and remain in her home because of the transit service, the aid of rural independent life in her local hometown. This would not be possible without public transit. : Improving service to rural areas of the state is critical to address growing traffic In Iowa: Improving service to rural areas of the biofuels, and electricity sustainable producing are that farms wind new by generated demands of its dependence on foreign oil. freeing the United States from some HAT 7 :: W HAPTER 3. Supporting the tourism economy. 3. Supporting the tourism economy. 2. Increasing mobility options for rural residents. 2. Increasing mobility options 1. Improving rural access. To meet the highway and Interstate capacity needs for both rural America and urban the highway and Interstate capacity needs for both rural America and meet To Interstate system, a range of improvements will be needed. areas underserved by today’s Here are four solutions: C page 36 keep up with yesterday.” society to run on such an society torunonsuchan Anniversary Celebration, use of computers, before use ofcomputers,before not one that struggles to not onethatstrugglesto years ago—before SUVs years ago—beforeSUVs and commercial trucks, and commercialtrucks, that worksfortoday— before the widespread before thewidespread transportation system transportation system Interstate system was Interstate systemwas archaic transportation archaic transportation microwave ovens and microwave ovensand planned more than 50 planned morethan50 — fast food. Why do we fast food.Whydowe AASHTO Executive Director, John Horsley, system? We need a system? We needa expect our modern expect ourmodern cell phones, before cell phones,before Iowa Department of Iowa Departmentof “The bulk of our “The bulkofour Photo courtesy of Photo courtesyof Des Moines,IA Interstate 50th Transportation TRANSPORTATION REBOOT ::RESTARTING AMERICA 4. entire country. networkfor thebenefitof will ensureaconnected,accessiblehighwayandtransportation be madetomaintainandpreserveexistinghighwaycapacityinruralAmerica,whichtogether investmentsthatmust Such improvementsareneededinadditiontothecriticallyimportant recreation centers. population andcommerce,suchasrapidlygrowingurbanizedareas Extending theInterstatetoconnectnewandemergingcentersof between thetwoareas. connections wouldenhancetravel,businesscompetitiveness,tourism,andfreightmovement two cities—295miles—nowtakessevenhourstospanviaexistinghighways.Improving benefit fromanewInterstatelinkingPhoenixandLas Vegas. Thedistancebetweenthe Linking ArizonaandNevada:Two ofthefastest-growingareasincountrywould © 2010by theAmericanAssociation ofState HighwayandTransportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is aviolation ofapplicable law. ’S MOSTESSENTIALOPERATING SYSTEM page 37 AND URBAN AMERICA AND

; 3 FOR RURAL FOR

AND OTHER HIGHWAY CAPACITY OTHER HIGHWAY AND

All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. © 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. NEED: INTERSTATE NEED: E W HAT the existing Interstate network to unconnected urbanized areas with a current or expected the existing Interstate network to unconnected urbanized areas with a current population greater than 50,000 in population. This would add 12,000 lane-miles. Expanding the existing rural Interstate Highway System by 16,000 lane-miles Expanding the existing rural Interstate routes to Interstate standards, an addition of 2,000 Upgrading rural National Highway System lane-miles; and that can connect Upgrading to Interstate standards those National Highway System routes Funding for the highway program, to include maintenance, preservation, and new projects to Funding for the highway program, to to $375 billion over six years; and address capacity issues, be increased should more than double over the next six years to Federal funding for rural transit service keep pace with rising demand. ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ HAPTER 7 :: W HAPTER One lane-mile is one mile of one lane of road (a one-mile length of four lanes on a highway equals four lane-miles). One lane-mile is one mile of one lane of road (a one-mile length of four lanes on a highway connect to the NHS system. They also provide important services to support agriculture, energy, connect to the NHS system. They also provide important services to support agriculture, energy, and tourism industries. or standards. Federal-aid highways that are not on the National Highway System, for example, or standards. Federal-aid highways that are not on the National Highway provide an important link between the NHS and local roads, while ensuring that regions can Many additional needed improvements may not warrant upgrades of routes to Interstate status Many additional needed improvements may not warrant upgrades of routes America, including: In 2007, a study of future options for the Interstate Highway System identified the capacity In 2007, a study of future options for the needs of rural America, tourism, new urban centers, and increases that are necessary to serve for a 30,000 lane-mile Interstate system expansion in rural homeland defense. That study called 3 To this end, AASHTO has recommended that: this To underserved by the transportationunderserved by the expansion, and freight growth and economic grid, accommodate and connectivity. provide access, mobility, As America grows in population and in economic opportunity, increases in highway capacity in population and in economic opportunity, As America grows congestion, serve areas that are the nation can meet the need to relieve are among the ways their top priorities. But preservation includes ensuring that the highway system that carries But preservation includes ensuring that their top priorities. the needs of commuters, truckers, of travel continues to function to meet more than 90 percent and school bus operators.ambulance drivers, How Much New Capacity Will Be Needed? Capacity Will New How Much State transportationsystems among of our highway and transit officials have placed preservation C page 38 Other proposedroutes: toStockton. throughFresno, north Wheeler Ridge, Interstate 9hasbeenproposedforStateRoute99incentralCalifornia.ItwouldgofromthesplitwithI-5at Interstate 9 Interstates wouldmeet. alongLakeMichiganfromMilwaukee toGreenBay,parallel Interstate43,whichrunsnorth–south wherethetwo ofU.S.Route45betweenMilwaukeeandGreenBay,a portion Wisconsin. ThenewInterstateroutewouldroughly of thepresentU.S.Route41,I-894,and A yet-to-bedeterminedInterstatedesignationisbeingplannedforportions Interstate 41 Birmingham by2012. is expectedby2011,withthefinalinterchangebeingbuiltatintersectionsofhighwaysI-65andUS31 in of thefreewayhasbeenbuilt.SignageinstalleddesignatingitasafutureInterstate,andcompletion Interstate 22isthenewnumberforcurrentUS78betweenMemphis,Tennessee, andBirmingham,Alabama.Most Interstate 22 Interstate System.Thefollowingisasamplingofpotentialroutesthathavecapturedpublicsupport. ofthe Several CongressionalHigh-PriorityCorridorshavebeendesignatedinFederallegislationasfutureparts Highway SystemtomeettheneedsofAmerica. issolidforproposedexpansionsoftheInterstate From ChambersofCommercetoMembersCongress,support Potential InterstatesoftheFuture? ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ Interstate 785 from Greensboro, North Carolina,toDanville,Virginia.Interstate 785 fromGreensboro,North beltlineofBirmingham, Alabama. Interstate 422,anorthern complete). (partially Interstate 99fromBedford, Pennsylvania, toCorning,NewYork, andfromBedfordtoCumberland,Maryland Staunton, Virginia, andLynchburg, Virginia. Extension ofInterstate66throughsouthernKentucky, throughWest Virginia andconnectingwithI-81in Louisiana. Louisiana,toKansasCity,Extensions ofInterstate49fromShreveport, Missouri,andfromLafayettetoNewOrleans, or analternativeproposedroute(Interstate29)fromJoplin, Missouri,toKansasCity. Extension ofInterstate45byupgradingUS75and69 fromDallas,Texas, toTulsa, Oklahoma,or Waverly, Kansas, Carolina. Extension ofInterstate20byupgradingUS76toWilmington, North TRANSPORTATION REBOOT ::RESTARTING AMERICA © 2010by theAmericanAssociation ofState HighwayandTransportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is aviolation ofapplicable law. ’S MOSTESSENTIALOPERATING SYSTEM page 39 AND URBAN AMERICA AND

FOR RURAL FOR

AND OTHER HIGHWAY CAPACITY OTHER HIGHWAY AND

All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. © 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. NEED: INTERSTATE NEED: E W HAT Conversion of California State Route 58 to an extension of Interstate 40 from Barstow to Interstate 5 near of Interstate 40 from Barstow to Interstate State Route 58 to an extension Conversion of California Bakersfield. as an extension of to be marked Highway 71 from FortConversion of U.S. Arkansas, to Texarkana, Smith, Interstate 49. Interstate 540, and ultimately, Conversion of New York State Route 17 into Interstate 86 from just east of Erie, Pennsylvania, to Harriman, east of Erie, Pennsylvania, to Harriman, Route 17 into Interstate 86 from just State York Conversion of New (partially complete). New York California Los of Francisco the Interstate freeway in from Angeles toConversion US 101 to system. San ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ Interstate 67 and South Bend, continuing Interstate 67 would be an upgrade of US 31 in Indiana between Indianapolis Michigan, and going northwardnorthward from there along via the US 31 freeway northHarbor, to Benton existing Interstate 196. Interstate 14 proposed in SAFETEA-LU to run from Augusta, Georgia, through Macon, The 14th Amendment Highway was or Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Meridian, and Jackson to end in Natchez, Mississippi, Columbus, Montgomery, Interstate 11 The corridor would for an Interstate connecting Phoenix to Las Vegas. Interstate 11 is the proposed route number be approximately 285 miles in length. Interstate 3 proposed in the 2005 highway funding bill (Safe, Accountable, Flexible, The 3rd Infantry Division Highway was Transportation to run from Savannah, Georgia, north Equity Act: A Legacy for Users or SAFETEA-LU) via Efficient Augusta, to Knoxville, Tennessee. Some proposed conversions of existing highways into Interstate highways: conversions of existing highways Some proposed HAPTER 7 :: W HAPTER C page 40 Congestion onOklahoma Oklahoma Department of Oklahoma Departmentof State Highway74. Photo courtesy of Photo courtesyof Transportation TRANSPORTATION REBOOT ::RESTARTING AMERICA America grows,somustitshighwaysystem. available atExpandingCapacity.transportation.org. Whattheseexamplesshowisthat, as focused onkeyprojects,andinothersbroadhighwayimprovement plans.Theseexamplesare few illustrativeexamplesoftheirvitalcapacityimprovement needs.Insomecases,theyhave haveprovidedjusta oftransportation In responsetoarequestbyAASHTO,statedepartments State-by-State Urgent CapacityNeedstoConnectRuralAmerica— © 2010by theAmericanAssociation ofState HighwayandTransportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is aviolation ofapplicable law. ’S MOSTESSENTIALOPERATING SYSTEM

Connecting Rural and Urban America—State Projects List

ALABAMA: Interstate 65 in Shelby County MISSOURI: U.S. Highway 63 Daniel Boone Bridge ALASKA: Knik Arm Bridge Interstate 29 from 210 to US 169 ARIzONA: Rail Improvements: Phoenix to Tucson Missouri 210 from Eldon Road to Missouri 291 Missouri Highway 5 ARKANSAS: Four-Lane Grid System Highway 167 NEBRASKA: NE 370 Gretna East Project

CALIFORNIA: Rural/Urban Connections Strategy Project NEVADA: Interstate 15 in Las Vegas COLORADO: Interstate 70 Mountain Corridor Pyramid Highway Expansion

DELAWARE: US 113 Improvements NEW HAMPSHIRE: New Hampshire 16, Conway Sussex County East/West Improvements NEW JERSEY: New Jersey 47/347 and New Jersey FLORIDA: Florida 79 in Bay, Holmes, and Washington Counties 49/50 Corridor Enhancements

GEORGIA: Georgia 133 Corridor between Albany and Valdosta NEW YORK: Adirondack Park Mobility

IDAHO: US 95 Expansion, Garwood to Sagle NORTH CAROLINA: US 158 Corridor Expansion of Port of Lewistown Dock and Idaho 128 OHIO: Hamilton County: Ohio 32 Eastern Corridor US 95 Expansion, Thorncreek Road to Moscow Lawrence County: Chesapeake Bypass Meridian Interchange Replacement Scioto County: Ohio 823 Portsmouth Bypass Interstate 84 Central Treasure Valley Gap Stark County: US 30 Widening Closure Project Wood County: Interstate 75 Widening from Findlay to Idaho 75, Timmerman to Ketchum Expansion Toledo Interstate 84/US 93 Interchange, Stage 2 Expansion to the Magic Valley OKLAHOMA: US-77 in Cleveland County from Lexington US 30, Lava Hot Springs to Fish Creek Expansions north to Noble US-70 corridor from I-35 east to the Arkansas state line US 20 at I-15 Reconstruction, Idaho Falls SH-20 in Tulsa and Rogers Counties from US-169 IOWA: US 61 Fort Madison east to Claremore SH-74 in Oklahoma County from Kilpatrick Turnpike KANSAS: Kansas 18 Corridor, Fort Riley-Manhattan north to Covell Rd. LOUISIANA: Interstate 49 North Segment OREGON: Newberg/Dundee Bypass MARYLAND: Eastern Shore Rail Rehabilitation Interstate 5 Southern Oregon Truck Climbing Lanes Maryland 404 Expansion Branch Avenue Metro Station Access Improvements SOUTH DAKOTA: Interstate 90 Corridor Preservation Project Military Base Access Improvements TENNESSEE: Tennessee 109 Corridor MASSACHUSETTS: South Coast Rail TExAS: Interstate 69 Middleborough Rotary VERMONT: Morrisville Bypass MICHIGAN: Detroit River International Crossing VIRGINIA: Virginia Passenger Rail Initiative MINNESOTA: Prairie Line Track Improvement WISCONSIN: Interstate 39/90 Corridor Door County Corridor: Green Bay to Sturgeon Bay

WYOMING: Interstate 80 Truck Climbing Lanes

Find details at http://ExpandingCapacity.transportation.org

http://ExpandingCapacity.transportation.org

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION OFFICIALS