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The Works of Voltaire, Vol. XIX (Philosophical Letters) [1733]

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The Works of Voltaire, Vol. XIX (Philosophical Letters) [1733] The Online Library of Liberty A Project Of Liberty Fund, Inc. Voltaire, The Works of Voltaire, Vol. XIX (Philosophical Letters) [1733] The Online Library Of Liberty This E-Book (PDF format) is published by Liberty Fund, Inc., a private, non-profit, educational foundation established in 1960 to encourage study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. 2010 was the 50th anniversary year of the founding of Liberty Fund. It is part of the Online Library of Liberty web site http://oll.libertyfund.org, which was established in 2004 in order to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. To find out more about the author or title, to use the site's powerful search engine, to see other titles in other formats (HTML, facsimile PDF), or to make use of the hundreds of essays, educational aids, and study guides, please visit the OLL web site. This title is also part of the Portable Library of Liberty DVD which contains over 1,000 books and quotes about liberty and power, and is available free of charge upon request. The cuneiform inscription that appears in the logo and serves as a design element in all Liberty Fund books and web sites is the earliest-known written appearance of the word “freedom” (amagi), or “liberty.” It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 B.C. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash, in present day Iraq. To find out more about Liberty Fund, Inc., or the Online Library of Liberty Project, please contact the Director at [email protected]. LIBERTY FUND, INC. 8335 Allison Pointe Trail, Suite 300 Indianapolis, Indiana 46250-1684 Online Library of Liberty: The Works of Voltaire, Vol. XIX (Philosophical Letters) Edition Used: The Works of Voltaire. A Contemporary Version. A Critique and Biography by John Morley, notes by Tobias Smollett, trans. William F. Fleming (New York: E.R. DuMont, 1901). In 21 vols. Vol. XIX. Author: Voltaire Translator: William F. Fleming About This Title: Taken from the 21 volume 1901 edition of the Complete Works, this is an early work by Voltaire of social and political analysis. Forced to go into exile in England, he was very impressed with the practice of religious toleration he found there, the comparative liberty the English enjoyed in economic activity, and the vigorous intellectual life. PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 2 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/666 Online Library of Liberty: The Works of Voltaire, Vol. XIX (Philosophical Letters) About Liberty Fund: Liberty Fund, Inc. is a private, educational foundation established to encourage the study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. Copyright Information: The text is in the public domain. Fair Use Statement: This material is put online to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. Unless otherwise stated in the Copyright Information section above, this material may be used freely for educational and academic purposes. It may not be used in any way for profit. PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 3 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/666 Online Library of Liberty: The Works of Voltaire, Vol. XIX (Philosophical Letters) Table Of Contents Voltaire List of Plates Short Studies On English Topics. With Notes On the Peopling of America. The English Parliament. The English Constitution. English Commerce. Inoculation. Chancellor Bacon. Locke. Suicide. English Tragedy. On the English Comedy. On Courtiers Who Have Cultivated Learning. The Earl of Rochester and Mr. Waller. Prior; That Singular Poem Called “hudibras”; and Dean Swift. On Pope. The Royal Society and Academies. On Cromwell. The Misfortunes of Charles I. Oliver Cromwell. England Under Charles II. The English Theatre. 1 Plan of the Tragedy of Hamlet. Plan of “the Orphan.” The Several Revolutions In the Tragic Art. A Discourse On Tragedy. The Religion of the Quakers. The Church of England. The Presbyterians. The Socinians, Or Arians, Or Antitrinitarians. The Peopling of America. Fernando CortÉs. The Conquest of Peru. The Negro. The French In America. The French Islands, and the Buccaneers, Or Freebooters. Possessions of the English and Dutch In America. On Paraguay. The Changes That Have Happened In Our Globe. “Between two servants of Humanity, who appeared eighteen hundred years apart, there is a mysterious relation. * * * * Let us say it with a sentiment of profound respect: JESUS WEPT: VOLTAIRE SMILED. Of that divine tear and of that human smile is composed the sweetness of the present civilization.” PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 4 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/666 Online Library of Liberty: The Works of Voltaire, Vol. XIX (Philosophical Letters) VICTOR HUGO. PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 5 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/666 Online Library of Liberty: The Works of Voltaire, Vol. XIX (Philosophical Letters) [Back to Table of Contents] VOLTAIRE SHORT STUDIES IN ENGLISH AND AMERICAN SUBJECTS Vol. XIX — Part II Voltaire recorded his views upon the English people and government in a series of “Philosophic Letters,” which were published in France and in England in 1733. According to Parton, Lafayette declared that it was his reading of these letters that made him a republican at nine years of age, and to them Rousseau “attributed in great measure the awakening of his late–maturing intelligence.” The author had to tone the letters down to get them passed by the censor. His praise of English liberty of thought and speech even then proved too irritating to the authorities. The book was denounced as heretical, in May, 1734. Every known copy was confiscated. The publisher was sent to the Bastille; a lettre de cachet was issued against the author; his house was searched, and the Parliament of Paris had the book publicly burned by the executioner. A few later pieces have been included here. PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 6 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/666 Online Library of Liberty: The Works of Voltaire, Vol. XIX (Philosophical Letters) [Back to Table of Contents] LIST OF PLATES PART II page Thalia Frontispiece William Penn 210 PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 7 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/666 Online Library of Liberty: The Works of Voltaire, Vol. XIX (Philosophical Letters) [Back to Table of Contents] SHORT STUDIES ON ENGLISH TOPICS. With Notes On The Peopling Of America. THE ENGLISH PARLIAMENT. The members of the English Parliament are fond of comparing themselves, on all occasions, to the old Romans. Not long since, Mr. Shippen opened a speech in the house of commons with these words: “The majesty of the people of England would be wounded.” The singularity of this expression occasioned a loud laugh; but this gentleman, far from being disconcerted, repeated the statement with a resolute tone of voice, and the laugh ceased. I must own, I see no resemblance between the majesty of the people of England and that of the Romans, and still less between the two governments. There is in London a senate, some of the members whereof are accused—doubtless very unjustly—of selling their votes, on certain occasions, as was done at Rome; and herein lies the whole resemblance. In other respects, the two nations appear to be quite opposite in character, with regard both to good and to evil. The Romans never knew the terrible madness of religious wars. This abomination was reserved for devout preachers of patience and humility. Marius and Sulla, Cæsar and Pompey, Antony and Augustus, did not draw their swords against one another to determine whether the flamen should wear his shirt over his robe, or his robe over his shirt; or whether the sacred chickens should both eat and drink, or eat only, in order to take the augury. The English have formerly destroyed one another, by sword or halter, for disputes of as trifling a nature. The Episcopalians and the Presbyterians quite turned the heads of these gloomy people for a time; but I believe they will hardly be so silly again, as they seem to have grown wiser at their own expense; and I do not perceive the least inclination in them to murder one another any more for mere syllogisms. But who can answer for the follies and prejudices of mankind? Here follows a more essential difference between Rome and England, which throws the advantage entirely on the side of the latter; namely, that the civil wars of Rome ended in slavery, and those of the English in liberty. The English are the only people on earth who have been able to prescribe limits to the power of kings by resisting them, and who, by a series of struggles, have at length established that wise and happy form of government where the prince is all–powerful to do good, and at the same time is restrained from committing evil; where the nobles are great without insolence or lordly power, and the people share in the government without confusion. The house of lords and the house of commons divide the legislative power under the king; but the Romans had no such balance. Their patricians and plebeians were continually at variance, without any intermediate power to reconcile them. The Roman senate, who were so unjustly, so criminally, formed as to exclude the plebeians from having any share in the affairs of government, could find no other artifice to effect their design than to employ them in foreign wars. They considered PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 8 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/666 Online Library of Liberty: The Works of Voltaire, Vol. XIX (Philosophical Letters) the people as wild beasts, whom they were to let loose upon their neighbors, for fear they should turn upon their masters. Thus the greatest defect in the government of the Romans was the means of making them conquerors; and, by being unhappy at home, they became masters of the world, till in the end their divisions sank them into slavery.
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