Syntrophic Acetate Oxidation in the Anaerobic Digestion of Nitrogen-Rich Wastes: from Microbial Interactions to Process Optimization

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Syntrophic Acetate Oxidation in the Anaerobic Digestion of Nitrogen-Rich Wastes: from Microbial Interactions to Process Optimization PhD Thesis UPC – Program on Environmental Engineering Syntrophic acetate oxidation in the anaerobic digestion of nitrogen-rich wastes: from microbial interactions to process optimization Josep Ruiz Sánchez Supervised by: Dr. Francesc X. Prenafeta Boldú and Dra. Belén Fernández García Barcelona, 2018 September I El Dr. Francesc X. Prenafeta Boldí i la Dra. Belén Fernández García de GIRO-IRTA CERTIFIQUEM: Que en Josep Ruiz Sánchez realitzat sota la nostra direcció el treball titulat: “The syntrophic acetate oxidation in anaerobic digestion of nitrogen-rich wastes: from microbial interactions to process optimization presentat en aquesta memòria, i que constitueix la seva Tesi Doctoral per optar al Grau de Doctor per la Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. I perquè es tingui coneixement i consti als efectes oportuns, presentem al Programa de Doctorat d’Enginyeria Ambiental de l`Institut de Recerca en Ciència i Tecnologia de la Sostenibilitat, l`esmentada Tesi Doctoral, signant el present certificat a: Caldes de Montbui, Setembre del 2018 II The failures are also useful, because, well analyzed, can lead to success. Alexander Fleming Ce sont les microbes qui ont le dernier mot Louis Pasteur III IV AGRAÏMENTS Qui m’havia de dir que desprès d’acabar la carrera de Biotecnologia al 2008 i decidir prendrem un “break” de ciència i d’estudis em veuria uns anys desprès redactant una tesis doctoral... Però com diu aquella frase, la vida dona moltes voltes, i les voltes em van portar fins al GIRO, on comença i acaba aquesta historia. I entre volta i volta m’he envoltat de gent increïble a la qual he d’agrair immensament el recolzament al llarg d’aquest camí. En primer lloc, agrair a qui em va donar aquesta oportunitat, els meus supervisors, Francesc X. Prenafeta i Belén Fernandez; pels consells, per la supervisió, per guiar-me en aquest món enrevessat de la ciència i per oferir-me part del seu temps en resoldre els meus dubtes (moltes vegades molt a prop de la crisis). També al Dr. Xavier Flotats i a la Dra. Ivet Ferrer per aceptar la tutoria d’aquesta tesis. Òbviament, i en aquest racó de la tesis, no puc deixar d’agrair a la Miriam Guivernau el seu enorme recolzament moral en moments crítics, així com el seu talent (que és infinit). Gràcies pels esforços dedicats en aquest treball, i per aquest “dreamteam” creat entre gens i microbis; que indiscutiblement també és un “dreamteam” de disputes i riures que va més enllà del laboratori. Gràcies també, a una peça clau en la microbiologia d’aquest treball, en Marc Viñas, per ser una font de coneixement i d’idees brillants d’especial importància en aquesta tesis. I al Quim, per tenir sempre la voluntat d’ajudar. Han sigut quatre anys que m’han donat la oportunitat de conèixer gent meravellosa amb la que compartir moments de treball, però també de compartir riures incansables; Edu, Lluis, Nancy, Lauras, Martina, Carolina, Erica, Nuria, Maycoll... Sense oblidar molts companys del giro que m’han donat suport en aquests anys Victor, Eva, Joan, Miriam, August, Ana S, Ana P, Assumpció,... Ha sigut un viatge que m’ha portat a molts llocs, entre ells Itàlia. Sempre sarò grato al Dott Stephano Campanaro. Per la sua gentile e calorosa accoglienza a Padova, e per l'indiscussa e solida formazione nel campo della bioinformática. È stato un grande piacere imparare da un grande talento. I parlant d’Italia, no pot faltar la meva companya de fatigues, Jessi. Infinitas V gracias por alegrar mi paso por Padova, por ser mi incondicional en la búsqueda de la Romana, y por seguir ahí, pese la distancia. Igualment agrair a la meva família i amics pel suport en moments baixos, i celebrar les alegries conjuntes. I finalment, però òbviament no menys important, a l’Albert. Crec en aquest cas un gràcies no cobriria tot el que ha suposat suportar la tesis. Però gràcies per ficar-me les coses molt fàcils, per ser la estabilitat i la serenitat que a vegades perdo, i per ser el millor company de congressos, de viatges, de riures,... de vida! A tots, moltes gràcies!!! VI VII TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY ............................................................................................................. 1 RESUMEN ............................................................................................................. 3 RESUM .................................................................................................................. 5 PREFACE .............................................................................................................. 8 PART I .................................................................................................................. 0 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1 1.1. CURRENT STATE..................................................................................... 2 1.2. ANAEROBIC DIGESTION ......................................................................... 3 1.2.1 Stages in the anaerobic digestion process ....................................................... 4 1.2.2 Process inhibition by nitrogen compounds .................................................... 5 1.2.3 Process inhibition by long chain fatty acids (LCFA)....................................... 7 1.2.4 Process inhibition by sulfate compounds ....................................................... 8 1.2.5 Microbiology of anaerobic digestion .............................................................. 8 1.2.6 Syntrophic acetate oxidation proces ............................................................. 10 1.3. BIOTECNOLOGICAL STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTING INHIBITION .... 13 1.3.1 Pretreatment ................................................................................................ 14 1.3.2 Digester configuration ................................................................................. 15 1.3.3 Strategies to enhance AD-reactors performance .......................................... 19 1.4 COMPARISON BETWEEN STRATEGIES ................................................. 21 1.5 REFERENCES ........................................................................................ 22 CHAPTER 2 OBJECTIVES ................................................................................... 32 2.1. OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................... 33 2.1.1 To enrich and identify relevant microorganisms from methanogenic biomass, both in the Bacteria and Archaea domains, that are involved in the syntrophic acetate oxidation (SAO) process. ..................................................................................... 34 VIII 2.1.2 To assess microbial community structure and dynamics in response to increasing ammonia exposure. ............................................................................. 34 2.1.3 To characterize the SAO process at the metagenome level in order to pinpoint specific metabolic and physiologic traits that contribute to the stability of the methanogenic activity........................................................................................... 35 2.1.4 To elucidate the effect of packing materials with different physicochemical properties on the development of methanogenic biomass that functions via the SAO process. ....................................................................................................... 35 2.1.5 To develop reactor configuration strategies for anaerobic digesters in order to increase the process robustness and stability in front of ammonia inhibition. ... 36 CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS .......................................................... 37 3.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 38 3.2. METHANOGENIC ASSAYS: ACTIVITY AND TOXICITY .......................... 38 3.3. PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYTICAL METHODS ...................................... 38 3.4. ALKALINITY .......................................................................................... 38 3.5. TOTAL AND VOLATILE SOLIDS ............................................................. 38 3.6. CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND ............................................................. 39 3.7. DETERMINATION OF ISOTOPIC CARBON ............................................ 39 3.8. ASSEMBLY AND OPERATION OF CONTINUOUS ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS 40 3.8.1. Lab-scale digester: general set-up ............................................................ 40 3.8.2. Operational conditions ........................................................................... 40 3.8.3. Stirred reactor......................................................................................... 41 3.8.4. Hybrid reactor ........................................................................................ 41 3.8.5. Enrichment digester ............................................................................... 41 3.9. MICROBIOLOGY CHARACTERIZATION ................................................ 42 3.9.1. Quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) ............................................................. 42 3.9.2. Next Generation Sequencing (Illumina Sequencing) ............................... 42 3.9.3. Metagenome sequencing, assembly and binning process ......................... 43 3.10. REFERENCES ........................................................................................ 44 IX PART II ............................................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER 4 FUNCTIONAL
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