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Abdalonymus, King of Sidon, 66 Alexander historians, 6, 7, 11, 38, 47, 60, 82, Abisares, 113–16, 126, 128 121, 174 Abreas (Habreas), 187 Alexander I (Philhellene), 10, 14, 21, 22 Abulites, 81, 136, 180–81, 186–87 Alexander II, 15 Abydus, 41 Alexander III (the Great), Lost sources: 6–8; Acesines (Chenab), 187 extant sources: 8–10; son of Philip II and Achaemenid, 1, 3, 31–32, 35, 65, 85–87, 96, Olympias: 15; Chaeronea and events leading 99, 112–13, 122, 126–27, 136–37, 142 to his accession: 17–24; his army: 24–28, Achaemenid empire, 31 153–65; his campaigns in Europe: 28–30; Achaemenid scholars, 32 beginning of his campaign: 41–44; battle of Achilles, vii, 8, 28, 42, 149, 173, 177 the Granicus River: 45–51; ﬁrst indications Ada, Queen of Halicarnasus, 51–52 of orientalizing policies: 51–53; learns of the Ada the Younger, 52 plot of Alexander Lyncestes: 51–54; undoes Adams, Simon, viii the Gordian knot: 54–55; defeats Darius III Admetus, 175 at Issus: 57–65; besieges Tyre and Gaza: Adrestae, 127 65–71; affairs in Egypt: 71–73; negotiations Aegae (Vergina), 24 with Darius: 73–74; defeats Darius at Aegean, 1, 2, 13, 34, 35, 45, 56, 57, 65, 67 Gaugamela: 75–80; captures the capitals of Aegospotami, 35 the Persian empire: 80–84; his reaction to Aelian, 148 the death of Darius’ wife: 84–85; pursuit of Aeolia, 51 Bessus: 87–88, 92–95; conspiracy of Philotas: Aeropus,¨ 24 88–92; campaigns in Bactria and Sogdiana: Aetolia, 147 96–100; kills Cleitus at Maracanda: Afghanistan, 183 100–04; marries Rhoxane, daughter of Agamemnon, 42 Oxyartes: 104–05; attempts to introduce Agathocles, 52 proskynesis: 106–09; conspiracy of Agathon, 78, 135 Hermolaus and execution of Callisthenes: agema, 25, 128 109–11; conquest of the Punjab: 112–25; Agesilaus, 32, 35, 37–38, 40, 42, 177 defeats Porus at the Hydaspes: 115–20; his Aggalasseis, 127 troops refuse to cross the Hyphasis: 120–25; Agis III, 69, 83 descent of the Indus: 126–31; near-fatal Agis’ war, 147 wounding at the town of the Mallians: Agrianes, 26–28, 61, 120, 128, 158, 160, 128–29; the Gedrosian march: 131–33; 163 punishment of the satraps (no “Reign of Ajax, 42 Terror”): 133–37; mass-marriages in Susa: Alcetas, 116, 160, 163 137–39; introduction of orientals into the Alcibiades, 35 army and mutiny at Opis: 139–41; Alcimachus, 22, 51 demobilization of veterans: 142–44; learns Alderfeld, M. Gustavus, 187 of Harpalus’ crimes and ﬂight: 144–46;

205

206 index

Alexander III (cont.) Andromache, 176 issues Exiles’ Decree: 146–47; Alexander’s Andromachus, 78, 98, 102 “divinity”: 147–48; death of his best friend, Andromenes, sons of, 90 Hephaestion: 149; Alexander’s death: Anticles, son of Theocritus, 185 150–52 Antigenes, 160, 174 Alexander I of Epirus, 23, 175 Antigonus the One-Eyed, 55, 151, 174, 181, Alexander Mosaic, 173 190 Alexander Romance, 71 Antiochus, 24, 57, 70, 72, 73 Alexander Sarcophagus, 174, 181 Antipater, son of Iolaus, 22, 24–25, 29, 53–54, Alexander the Lyncestian, 24, 53–54 (his 88, 136, 138, 140, 145–47, 151, 189 arrest), 73, 88, 91, 102, 145 Antipater, father of Leonnatus, 184 Alexandria-Eschate (mod. Khojend), 97–98 Antipater, son of Asclepiodorus, 185 Alexandria-in-Areia, 88, 182 antitagma, 140 Alexandria-in-Arachosia, 92, 130 Antony (Marcus Antonius), 104, 131 Alexandria-in-Egypt, 7, 9, 72, 190 Aornus, 94, 114, 185 Alexandria-in-the-Caucasus, 113 Apame, daughter of Artaxerxes II, 56 Alexandrou Praxeis, 7 Aphrices, 114 Alfred the Great, 188 Aphobetus, 182 Allawi, 181 Apis, 39 Alor, 130 Apollo, 16, 96 Alorus, 15 Apollonides, 178 Amanus, 58 Apollophanes, 136 Amasis, 177, 180 apotropaic sacriﬁce, 42 Amastris, 138, 188 Apries (Hophra), 180 Amazon queen, 149, 190 Aqaba, 132, 187 Amazons, 124 Arachosia, 75, 162 Amminapes, 178 Arachosians, 113, 140 Amphictyonic League, 17 Aral, 92 Amphoterus, brother of Craterus, 53, 67 Araxes, 82 Amun, 21, 72, 73, 91, 108, 143, 148 Arbela, 75, 80, 180 Amyntas I, 14 Arcadia, 38, 181 Amyntas III, 22, 14–15 Archelaus I, 14, 174 Amyntas IV, 24, 53, 73, 90 Archepolis, 182 Amyntas, member of Dimnus conspiracy, archers, 27, 36, 46, 81, 120, 128, 140 182 archihypaspistes, 26 Amyntas, member of Macedonian garrison archon, 28 at Thebes, 29 archonship, 16 Amyntas, son of Antiochus, 57, 70, 72–73 Areia, 88, 92 Amyntas, son of Arrhabaeus, 39, 46, 51, 54 Areians, 140 Amyntas, son of Nicolaus, 104, 184 Aretes, 78 Anabasis (of Xenophon), 10, 31, 52 Argaeus, 15 Anabasis Alexandrou, 20 Argeadae, 14 Anaxarchus, 110, 148 Argos, 173 Anaxippus, 88 Argyraspides, 140, 175, 189

index 207

Ariamazes, 100, 104–05, 120 Atheas, 66, 179 Ariaspians, 92 Athena, 42, 124, 129, 187 Ariobarzanes, former satrap of Hellespontine Athenaeus of Naucratis, 20 Phrygia, 43 Athenian Empire, 3, 36, 55 Ariobarzanes, satrap of Persis, 81–82 Athenians, 2, 9, 17, 28, 35–37, 51, 145, 176 Ariobarzanes, 182 Athens, 10, 14, 17, 22, 35, 37, 144–45, 147 aristeia, 50, 94 Atizyes, 53 Aristobulus, 8, 10, 11, 55, 180, 185, 190 Atropates, 136, 148 Aristomedes, 57 Attalus, son of Andromenes, 116, 119, Ariston, 182 160–62, 186 Aristotle, 6, 146 Attalus, uncle of Cleopatra, enemy of Armenia, 31, 51 Alexander III, 16, 20–24, 39, 56, 73, 158 Arrhabaeus, 24, 39, 46, 51, 53–54, 57, 73 Attica, 17 Arrhidaeus (Philip III), 15, 52, 180 Attinas, 99 Arrian, 8, 10–11 Audata, 15 Arsames, 50 Aulis, 42, 177 Arses ( = Artaxerxes IV), 38–39, 182 Autariatae, 28 Arsites, 45, 50 autonomous Thracians, 28 Artabazus, 45, 56, 57, 92, 100–01, 104, 178, 181 Axius, 13 Artacoana, 88, 182 Azemilcus, king of Tyre, 66, 68 Artasata (see Darius III), 38 Artaxerxes I, 176 Babylon, 31, 75, 81, 83, 136, 142, 144–45, 149, Artaxerxes II, 31, 34–35, 38, 45, 56, 182 151, 180, 189 Artaxerxes III Ochus, 34, 38, 45, 65, 71, 137, Babylonia, 55, 139 179 Bacchae, 14 Artaxerxes IV ( = Arses), 38–39, 182 Bactra (Zariaspa), 94, 99, 102, 109, 183 Artaxerxes V ( = Bessus), 87 Bactria, 75, 87, 92, 95, 99–101, 112, 140, 187 Artemis, temple of (Ephesus), 43 Bactrians, 78, 94, 96, 113, 140, 160, 182–83 Asander, 183 Badian, Ernst, 90 Ascalon (Ashkelon), 179 Bagoas, 38–39, 98, 137 Asclepiodorus, satrap of Syria, 183, 185 Bagoas the Elder, 38 Ashdod, 179 Bagodaras (Gobares), 183 Asia, 2, 3, 23–24, 36, 39, 40, 42–43, 45, 51–54, Bahc¸e Pass, 58 56–57, 66, 74, 81, 84–88, 92, 94, 98, 100, Bajaur, 113 104, 128, 136, 140, 146, 150, 189 Balacrus, son of Nicanor, 145, 189 Asia Minor, 2, 3, 24, 39–40, 43, 45, 53–54, Bamian, 182 56–57, 66, 74, 98 Bardiya, 182 Aspasians, 113–14 Bardylis, 15 Assacenians, 113–14, 185 Barsaentes, 113, 182 Assacenus, 114 Barsine (daughter of Artabazus, mistress of Assyrians, 178 Alexander), 45, 56, 65, see also 85 Astaspes, 136 Batis, 69, 120 Astis, 115 Bazira (Bir-Kot), 114 Atarrhias, 175 Beas (see also Hyphasis), 121, 126, 186

208 index

Begram, 92 Caranus, alleged son of Philip II, 175 Behistun inscription of Darius I, 190 Caria, 39, 51 Belisarius, 177 Carmania, 132, 134 Bessus, 75, 78, 87–88, 92, 94–95, 97, 99, 101, Carney, Elizabeth, 89 105, 113, 182–83 Carthaginians, 67 Bianor, 57, 178 Caspian, 92, 150 Bion, 180 Cassander, 145, 188–89 Black Sea, 16–17, 31 Castabulum, 58 Bodyguard, 51, 90 Catanes, 95 Boeotia, 17, 29 Cathaeans, 126 Boeotian League, 173 Caucasus, 92, 113 Bolan Pass, 132 cavalry, 17, 25–27, 40, 46–48, 58, 60–61, 75, Bol´ıvar, 132 78, 80, 97, 101–02, 116, 119–20, 128, 140, Bosworth, A. B., 58, 123 144, 158–63, 177 Brahmins, 130 Cebalinus, 89, 90 Branchidae, 95–96, 104, 183 Celaenae, 55 Briant, Pierre, 85 Cephisus River, 17, 19 British Empire, 4 Chababash, 39, 72 Bronze Age, 179 Chaeronea, 2, 9, 17, 20, 22, 25, 29, 39, 41, Brosius, Maria, 139 147, 150, 181 Brown, R. Allen, 136 Chandragupta (Sandrocottus), 126 Bubaces, 14 Chares, 7, 57, 109, 111, 173, 185 Bucephala, 121–22, 127 Chares, Athenian, 178 Bucephalas, vii Charicles, 111, 185 Bull Run (Manasses), 179 Charidemus, 57, 159 Bumelus, 75 Charikar, 92 Buner, 113–14 Charlemagne, 110 Bupares, 180 Charles V, 135 Charles XII of Sweden, 121, 133, 187 Cadmeia, 29 Charsadda, 115 Cadusian(s), 177 Chenab River, 187 Caesar, 188 Chiliarch, 38, 140 Calas, 43, 45, 54, 90 chiliarchies, 26 Calis, 90, 182 Chitral, 114 Callicratidas, 37 Choerilus, 8 Callisthenes of Olynthus (historian), 6–7, Chorienes (see also Sisimithres), 105, 183–84 43, 49–50, 52, 60, 80, 82, 96, 109–11, 130, Christie, Agatha, 182 134, 177–78, 180, 183, 185 CIA, 3 Cambyses, 71–72, 179–80, 182 Cicero, M. Tullius (orator), 7 Cannae, 27 Cicero, Q. Tullius, 8 Cappadocia, 55 Cilicia, 57–58, 66, 81, 145 Cappadocians, 178 Cilician Gates, 55 Caracalla, 148 Cleander, son of Polemocrates, 53, 91, 135, Caranus, 78, 92, 98, 102 182

index 209

Cleitarchus, 7–9, 82–83, 109, 130, 174, 181, Crimean War, 179 183, 187 Critobulus, 129 Cleitus (“the Black”), 50, 100–05, 107, 110, Crocus Field, 16 130, 173, 185 Croesus, 2, 173 Cleitus (“the White”), 160, 163, 185, 190 Crusades, Crusaders, 16, 67, 173, 188 Cleitus, Illyrian chieftain, 29 Crusader states (kingdoms), 67, 173 Cleopatra, sister of Alexander the Great, 15, Crusader’s cross, 16 22–23 Ctesias of Cnidus, 177, 181, 183 Cleopatra (Eurydice), last wife of Philip II, Cummings, Lewis V., 132 16, 20, 22, 175 Cunaxa, 31, 35, 64–65, 176, 180–81 Cleopatra VII of Egypt, 114 Curiati, 94 Cleophis, 114 Curtius (Quintus Curtius Rufus), 8–9 Climax (Mt.), 52 Cyclades, 57 Cnidus, battle of (394 BC), 35 Cynnane, 15 Codomannus ( = Darius III), 38 Cypriotes, 179 Coenus, son of Polemocrates, 53, 68, 104–05, Cyprus, 70 119–20, 123, 160, 175, 182, 186 Cyrus the Great, 2, 64, 71, 85, 92, 97, 131, Coeranus, 78 137, 176, 180 Cold War, 37, 176 Cyrus the Younger, 31–32, 35, 52, 64 color romanus, 11, 137 Cyzicus, 45 Common Peace, 3, 173 Companion Cavalry, 25, 52, 101, 140 Dahae, 75, 94, 98–99, 160 Companions, 2, 25, 26, 27, 46, 52, 61, 78, 99, Damascus, 57, 65, 70 143, 175, 185 Danube, 13, 28, 97, 124 condottieri, 56 Darius I, 2, 14, 36, 55, 73, 83, 112, 113, 148, Conon, Athenian strategos, 35 176, 182 conquistadors, 135, 137 Darius II, 34–35, 71, 176 Conrad of Montferrat, 67 Darius III, ix, 24, 27; 38–40 (his early reign); Constantius II, 10 45, 53–54; 57–61, 64 (at Issus), 65–6, 69–80 Copais (Lake), 29 (negotiations, battle of Gaugamela), 81 Cophes son of Artabazus, 100 (ﬂees to Ecbatana); 83–88 (death); 99, 101, Copsi, 136 105; 112–13 (Indian support for Darius); Corinth, 38, 52, 173 138, 139, 142, 177, 182–83 Corinthian War, 35 Datames, 57 Coronea, 38, 181 Dataphernes, 95 Corrhagus, 129–30, 187 Datis, 36 Cossaeans, 149, 181 David and Goliath, 94 Cothelas, 16 Davis, Jefferson, 34 Cowardly Porus, 126 Deli C¸ay,58 Coya, 188 Delian League, 3 Craterus, 27, 53, 75, 81, 97, 99, 105, 114, 116, Demaratus, 38, 50, 52, 177–78 120, 127–28, 130, 132, 138, 140, 144–45, 147, Demetrius (Pheidon), 109 151, 161–63, 185 Demetrius, son of Althaemenes, 120, 160 Crete, 27, 145 Demetrius the Somatophylax, 90, 182

210 index

Demosthenes, 28, 42 Epaminondas (Theban general), 10 Derdas, 15 Ephemerides, 6 Devine, A. M., 46 Ephesus, 40, 43 Diadochoi (see also Successors), 190 Ephialtes, Athenian exile, 57, 135 Diana, Princess of Wales, 182 Ephialtes, Greek traitor at Thermopylae, 82 Diarium itineris in Moscoviam, 184 Epigonoi, 140, 143 D´ıaz del Castillo, 138 Epimenes, son of Arsaeus, 111, 185 Dicaearchus, 175 Epirotes, 13 Didyma, 96 Epirus, 21, 22, 23 Dimnus, 89–91 Eretrians, 2 Dinon, 7 Erigyius, 78, 92, 94 Diodorus of Sicily, 8, 47–48 (account of the Euacae, 140 Granicus battle) Euctemon, 82 Diodotus of Erythrae, 6 Eumenes of Cardia, 6, 130, 178, 190 Dionysius of Pontic Heraclea, 138 Eunostus of Soli, 181 Dionysus, 148 eunuch(s), 38, 69, 84, 98, 137, 177 Dioxenus, 182 Euphrates, 52, 74 Dioxippus, 129–30, 148, 180, 187 Euripides, 14, 176 Dium, 42 Europa, daughter of Philip II, 175 Dnieper River, 92 Europe, 1, 24, 32, 40, 83, 88, 92, 147 Domesday Book, 136 European Scythians, 182 Don River, 92 Eurydice, 15, 22 Drangiana, 128, 131, 162 Eurylochus, 111 Drangians, 140 Eurymedon, 3 Drypetis, 137 Exiles’ Decree, 145–47, 189 Dudo of Saint-Quentin, 174 Fabius (Q. Fabius Maximus), viii Eastern Bloc, 37 Fawcett, Bill, 80 Ecbatana, 81, 83, 91, 95, 142, 144, 149 feudalism, 173 Edith (Matilda), wife of Henry I, 188 finances, 41 Edgar (atheling), 136 financial, 3, 34, 45, 57, 85, 137, 174 Edward the Confessor, 188 fleet, 7, 39, 43, 45, 57, 65–69, 71, 98, 122, 124, Edwin (earl), 136 127–29, 131–34, 162–63, 187, 190 Egypt, 8, 39, 45, 66, 70–72, 74, 91, 97, 114, Fredricksmeyer, E. A., ix 180, 190 Fuller, Major-General J. F. C., 121 Egyptian harbor (of Tyre), 67 Egyptians, 34, 39, 71, 72, 180 Gandhara, 112, 113, 122, 185 Eirene, wife of Eunostus, 181 Ganges, 120, 121 eisangeleus, 184 Gath, 179 Ekron, 179 Gaugamela, 64, 75, 80–81, 86, 142–43, 159, Elagabalus, 148 175, 180, 182, 185 Elam, 81 Gaza, 68, 70–72, 120, 175, 179 Elateia, 17 gazophylakes, 87 Emma, Queen, 188 Gedrosia, 131, 133, 163, 187

index 211

Genghis Khan, 150, 183 (Temujin) hazarapatish (chiliarch), 184 Getae, 28, 97, 124 Hecatompylus, 84 Glaucias, 29 Hegelochus, 67, 73, 178, 190 Glaucus, 57 hegemon, 2, 146, 148 Glycera, 189 Helios, 122 Gobares, 183 Hellanicus, 175 Goldsworthy, Adrian, 27 Hellenicity, 176 Gordian knot, viii, 54 Hellenistic kingdoms, 110, 141 Gordium, 53, 54 Hellespont, 1, 17, 25, 40–42, 45, 49 Gordius, father of Midas, 54 Hellespontine Phrygia, 34, 43, 45, 54, 56 Gorgias, 116, 119, 160–62, 185–86 Helmand, 92 Gorgias of Leontini, 37 Henry I, King of England, 188 Granicus, 25, 45, 47, 49–52, 56, 86, 100, 143, Hephaestion, 42, 69, 101, 104, 109, 114–15, 159, 177–78 127–28, 133, 137, 140, 142, 148–49, 160, 179 Great Game, 94 Hera, 175 Great King, 3, 24, 31, 34, 36, 50, 52, 55–57, 61, Heracles, 14, 66, 68, 124, 127, 129, 148 64–65, 75, 82, 84–85, 86, 88, 95, 101, Heracon, 135 106–07 Herat, 88, 182 Great Persian War, 42 Hermolaus, 7, 107–11, 184 Great Satraps’ Revolt, 56 Herodotus, 42, 96, 106, 173 Greek allies, 50, 84, 87, 143 Heromenes, son of Aeropus¨ (regicide), 24, Greek freedom, 10, 29, 145, 147 53, 73 Greek hoplites, 26, 40 hetairoi, 15, 51, 52, 54, 89–91, 102, 104, 109, Greek unity, 37 128, 137–39, 143 Gryneum, 43 hetairos, 89, 115 Gygaea, 15 Hindu Kush, 92, 97, 113, 182 hippakontistai, 88 Habreas, 175 hipparch, 54, 101 Hadrian, 10 hipparchy, 25, 119, 140 Haemus, 28 Hippostratus, brother of Haliacmon River, 13, 29 Cleopatra-Eurydice, 16 Halicarnassus, 51, 56–57, 175 Hippostratus, father of Hegelochus, 73 Halys River, 74 hippotoxotai, 160 hamippoi, 26 Hitler, ix, 22, 187–88 Hammurabi, Code of, 189 Hittite origin of Gordian myth, 178 Hannibal, 188 Holt, Frank, 102 Haranpur, 116 Holy Land, 133, 188 Hari Rud, 182 Homer, 8, 14, 28, 42, 173, 177 Harlan, Josiah, 132, 182–83 Horatii, 94 Harold Godwinson, 188 Horns of Hattin (AD 1187), 67 Harpalus, father of Calas, 54, Hydaspes, 26, 98, 115, 116, 122, 123, 124, 126, Harpalus (treasurer), 135, 144–45, 188–89 127, 160–61 Hastings, battle of (AD 1066), 136 Hydraotes, 186–87 Hazara, 126 hyparchoi, 99

212 index

hyparchos, 113 Jupiter (Zeus), 108 hypaspist, 26, 129 Justin, 8–9, 11, 21, 114 hypaspists, 23, 26, 27, 42, 46, 61, 68, 70, 71, 75, 78, 89, 128, 143, 159–60 Kabul, 92 Hyperboreans, 173 Kandahar, 92, 130 Hyphasis (Beas), viii, 26, 120–24, 126, 131–32, Kardakes, 61, 159 143, 186–87 Karshi, 184 Hyrcania, 149 Karzai, 181 Hyrcanians, 177–78 Katgala Pass, 114 Khawak Pass, 94, 182 Iaxartes (Syr-darya), 92, 94, 97–100, 104, 124 Koh-i-nor, 1;84 ilai, 25 King’s Peace, 36 Ilam (Mt.), 185 Koine Eirene, 3 ile, 25 komos, 83 ile basilike, 25 Korb, Johann Georg, 184 Iliad, 8, 177 kowtowing, 106 Ilium ( = Troy), 42 Kunar, 114 Illyrians, 15, 21, 22, 23, 28, 138, 158 Kuru C¸ay,60 Inarus, 71 Kuwait City, 181 Indus Delta, 1, 128, 131 Kuwaitis, 82, 181 Indus River, 7, 42, 112–16, 122, 124, 126–28, 130, 134 Lagus, 8, 83, 114 infantry, 17, 25–26, 29, 46, 48, 60–61, 71, 75, Lake Urmia, 80 78, 116, 119, 120, 127–28, 131–32, 140, 144, Lamian War, 141, 189 158–63, 178, 183, 185 Langarus, 28 inscriptions, 5–6 Larichus, 52 Iolaus, 182 Larissa, 15 Ionia, 32, 34–36, 73, 145 Last Days and Testament of Alexander, 174 Iphigenia in Aulis, 14 Latin East, 67, 188 Iraqi invasion (Gulf War), 181 Lawrence, T. E., 132 Isidore of Seville, 110 le Brun, Charles, 81 Islamabad, 115 League of Corinth, 2, 20, 23, 26, 39, 51, 146 Ismenias (Theban), 184 Lefort, 103 Isocrates, 37–39 legitimacy, 21, 72, 87 Issus, 28, 39, 50, 55, 57–58, 60, 64, 68–69, 70, Leonnatus, son of Anteas, 106, 133, 152, 163, 72–73, 75, 80, 85–86, 143–44, 159 184 Isthmian games, 37 Leonnatus, son of Antipater of Aegae, 184 Itinerarium Alexandri,(Itinerary of Leuctra, 36, 38, 181 Alexander), 8, 10 liberation, 43 Limnaeus, 187 Jalalpur, 116 lochoi, 25 javelin-men, 27, 88 Lonsdale, David, 121, 124 Jhelum (see also Hydaspes), 115, 126, 186 Lower Macedonia, 13 John, King of England, 185 Lucius Flavius Arrianus Xenophon, 10

index 213

Lycia, 179 Media, 81, 148 Lycomendes of Rhodes, 178 Medes, 177 Lydia, 51 Medism, 36, 43 Lydian, 2 Mediterranean, 4, 13, 65, 67, 71–72, 75, 174, Lysander, Spartan navarrch, 35 179 Lysimachus, 51 Medizers, 30, 176 Lysippus (his equestrian statues), 51 Meleager, 53, 116, 119, 160–62, 185–86 melophoroi, 78 MacArthur, 80 Melqart ( = Phoenician Heracles), 66, 68 Mac Donnel, Count, 184 Memnon, 40, 43, 45, 50, 54, 56–57, 65, 85 Macedon, 14, 20, 28, 37, 50, 53, 57, 66, 147 Memphis, 71–72 Macedonia, 1, 13–14, 17, 20–22, 29, 39, 42, Menander, 136, 185 45–46, 52–53, 57, 70, 73, 137, 140, 145–46, Menedemus, 98, 102 151, 183, 189 Menidas, 78, 91, 183 Macedonian cavalry, 17, 46 Mentor, 45, 56, 57 Macedonian garrison, 29, 112 mercenaries, 2, 31, 34–35, 43, 45–48, 50, Macedonian phalanx, 16, 26 55–57, 61, 66, 69–70, 72, 82, 116, 119, 143, Macedonians, 14–15, 22–23, 25–27, 36, 146, 150, 158–59, 177–78, 185, 187 39–40, 46, 52–53, 58, 61, 67, 71–72, 74–75, Merv Oasis, 87 78, 81, 92, 94–96, 98, 100–02, 105, Mesopotamia, 55, 58, 80, 182 107–09, 111–12, 114–15, 129–31, 133, 138, Methone, 129 140–41, 143, 158–63, 180 Metron, 89 Machatas, 15, 127 Metz Epitome, 114, 174 Madates, 81 Midas, 54 Makran, 131 Milesians, 95 malaria, 151 Miletus, 51, 56, 65, 179 Mallians, 42, 126, 128, 130, 175, 187 Minerva Victoria ( = Athena NIke), 124 Mallus, 58, 178–79 Mithrenes, 51–52 Maracanda (Samarcand), 97, 98, 99, 100, Mithridates, 50 103, 104 Mithrobuzanes, 178 Marathon, 2, 36, 181 mole, 67–68, 71 Marathus, 73 Mongols, 75, 150 Mardonius, 73 monomachia, 125 Margiana, 87 Montgomery, Field Marshal Bernard, vii Margites, 28, 42 Morcar (earl), 136 Marsyas of Philippi, 178 Moseiwitsch, Mikitin, 103 Massaga, 114 Muhammad, 150 Massagetae, 64, 75, 98–99, 104–05 Mulla Pass, 132 Massie, Robert K., 104 Multan, 42 Matilda (see Edith) Murison, C. L., viii Mazaces, 72 Muses, 42 Mazaeus, 74, 78, 80–81, 180–81 Musicanus, 130, 187 McLynn, Frank, 139 Myriandrus, 58, 70, 178 Meda, 16 Mytilene, 7, 178

214 index

Nabarzanes, chiliarch of Darius III, 53 Olympic games, 14, 37 Nabonidus Chronicle, 173 Olympic Games, xi, 146 Nandas, 122 Olympus, 13 Napoleon, 97, 131, 139, 188 Olynthus, 6, 49 Narses, Byzantine eunuch, 38, 177 Omphis, 115 Naucratis, 179 Onesicritus, 7, 174 Nautaca (mod. Shahrisabz), 94, 104, 184 Opis, 139, 140, 142, 144 navarch, 37 Ora (Ude-gram), 114 Nazis, 176 Orcynia, 178 Near East, 4, 110 Orderic Vitalis, 173, 188 Nearchus, 7, 130, 131, 142, 162–63, 173–74 Oreitae, 133, 163 Nectanebo, 71 Oreus, 57 Neiloxenus son of Satyrus, 92, 113 Orontopates, 39 Nemean games, 37 Orxines, 136–37, 188 Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, 176 Otto of Freising, 133 Neoptolemus, son of Arrhabaeus, 24, 57 Otumba, battle of (AD 1520), 182 Neoptolemus, hypaspist commander, 71, 175 Oxartes, 184 Nereids, 42 Oxathres, 136, 180 Nesean plain, 148 Oxicanus, 130 Nestus, 13 Oxus (Amu-darya), 92, 94, 99, 104, 183–84 New Spain, 137 Oxyartes (father of Rhoxane), 105, 183–84 New World, 183 Oxyathres (brother of Darius III), 61 Nicanor, son of Parmenion, 71, Nicanor, father of Balacrus, 145 Paeonians, 158 Nicanor of Stageira, 146 Pages, 23, 185 Nicanor, ﬂeet commander, 57, 179 Palaetyrus (Old Tyre), 66 Nicanor, member of Dimnus conspiracy, 182 palimpsests, 6 Nicesipolis of Pherae, 15–16 Panhellenic, 4, 7, 28, 30, 36–39, 42–43, 49, Nicocles, 115 52, 55, 80, 82, 84, 86, 96, 110, 130, 177 Nicomachus, 89 Panhellenism, 36–37, 143 Niphates, 50 papyri, 5 Normans, Norman conquest, 173, 188 Paraetacene, 180 North Africa, 9, 150, 189–90 Parapamisadae, 92, 114 Nubia, 71 Paris (mythical), 177 Parmenion, 7, 24, 27, 39, 43, 45, 47, 49, 53, Ochus, son of Darius III, 65, 139 56, 65, 70–71, 74, 78, 80, 83, 88, 90–91, Odrysians, 158 101–02, 145, 151, 158, 180–82 Odysseus, 82 Parysatis, daughter of Artaxerxes III, 137, 188 Oeta (Mt.), 28 Parysatis, wife of Darius II, 176 Olmstead, 34 Pasargadae, 137 Olympia, 22, 37, 189 Pasion, 178 Olympian gods, 23, 42 Patalene, 127 Olympias (mother of Alexander), 15–16, Patroclus, 42 20–22, 71, 145, 175, 188 Patron, 57

index 215

Pausanias, eromenos of Philip II, 23, Petenes, 50 Pausanias of Orestis, 23–24 Peter the Great (Tsar), 103–04 Pausanias (Spartan), 55 Peucelaotis, 114, 115, 185 Pausanias, servant of Harpalus, 189 Peucestas, 129, 136, 140 Payas, 60 Peucolaus, 182 Peace of Antalcidas, 3, 36 pezetairoi, 25 Peace of Callias, 3 pezhetairoi, 25, 26, 46, 61, 70, 75, 78, 159 pederasty, 23 phalanx, 26, 27, 61, 70, 78, 116, 119 Peithon son of Agenor, 131, 160, 163, 187 Phanes, 177 Peithon son of Sosicles, 99 Pharaoh, 71, 72 Pelinna, 29 Pharaohs, 71 Pella, 14, 56, 137, 190 Pharasmenes, king of Chorasmians, 100, 124 Pellium, 29 Pharnabazus, father of Artabazus, satrap of Peloponnese, 53 Hellespontine Phrygia, 56 Peloponnesian League, 3 Pharnabazus, son of Artabazus, 56–57, 69 Peloponnesian War, 3, 34 Pharnuches, 98 Pelusium, 70, 72 Pharsalus, 78 Penelope, 82 Phaselis, 53 Peneus River, 13, 174 Pheidon, 109 pentakosiarchies, 26 Pherae, 15 Perdiccas, son of Orontes, 29, 114–15, 129, Phila, 15, 138, 145, 189 138, 140, 148–49, 151, 160, 176 Philhellene, 14 Perdiccas II, 14 Philinna, 15–16 Perdiccas III, 15, 24, 53, 73, 90 Philip II, 2–3, 9, 14–17, 20–26, 28–29, Persepolis, 80–84, 142, 181 37–40, 43, 51–53, 55–57, 66, 71, 73, 83, 101, Persia, 3, 20, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 55, 103, 110, 129, 143–44, 148, 150 57, 66, 72, 82, 83, 85, 87, 124, 137, 139, 152, Philip III (see also Arrhidaeus), 189 174 Philip of Acarnania, 180 Persian (or Susian) Gates, 81 Philip, son of Machatas, 127, 161 Persian army, 27 Philippeum, 22 Persian Court, 3 Philippic History, 9 Persian Empire, 2, 7, 14, 24, 31, 32, 34, 39, 71, Philistines, 179 85, 96, 112, 123, 124, 139 Philotas (phrourarchos of Thebes?), 29 Persian garrisons, 24, 43 Philotas, son of Carsis, 185 Persian gold, 35 Philotas, son of Parmenion, 80, 88–91, 102, Persian Gulf, 7, 131, 142 145, 151, 175, 182, 190 Persian horse, 46, 75, 78 Philoxenus, 136, 145, Persian king, 2, 61, 69, 70, 80, 107 Philoxenus of Eretria, 173 Persian Wars, 34, 36 Phocians, 16–17 Persians, 2, 25, 27, 28, 34, 35, 40, 46, 47, 48, Phocis, 17 55, 57, 58, 73, 75, 80, 84, 96, 106, 107, 113, Phoenicia, 179 139, 140, 143 Phoenicians, 34, 66, 68–69 Persika, 7 Phoenix, 29 Peru, 135, 137, 188 Phrada (mod. Farah), 88, 92

216 index

phrourarchoi, 87 Ptolemy, son of Seleucus, 61 phrourarchos, 29, 81, 99 Ptolemy, 183 Phrygia, 45, 53, 55, 56 Punjab, 1, 112, 120–22, 126–27, 130, 186 Pillar of Jonah, 58, 60 Pythian games, 37 Pinarus River, 58, 60 Pythionice, 189 Pisidia, 54 Python (of Byzantium or Catana?), 189 Pisidians, 145 Pixodarus, ruler of Caria, 39, 51 Qattara Depression, 72 Pizarro, Gonzalo, 188 Quellenforschung, 10 Plataea, 36, 55, 181 Quetta, 132 Pleuratus, 175 Pleurias, 175 ramp, 71, 115 Pliny the Younger, 9 Rawlinson, Henry, 190 Plutarch, 4, 8–10 Renault, Mary, ix, 182 poleis, 2, 37, 51 Rheomithres, 50 Poltava, 133 Rhodes, 43, 179 Polybius, 7, 60 Rhoesaces, 50 Polydamas, 91 Rhoxane, 102, 105, 151, 183–85 Polymachus, 137 Richard II, Duke of Normandy, 174 Polyperchon, 78, 116, 144, 160, 163, 184, 189 Rock of Sogdiana, 100 Polytimetus River, 98, 99, 102 Romadanowsky, 103 Pompeius Trogus, 8–9, 11, 21 Romans, 190 porpax, 26 Rome, 11, 72, 152 Porticanus, 130 Royal Journal, 151 Porus, 115–16, 119–22, 124–28, 161–62, Russell, William Howard, 179 186 Russians, 179 Poseidon, 1, 42 postcolonial studies, 173 Sacae, 75, 183 pothos, 131 Sacred Band, 17, 19 Prescott, William H., x, 135 Sacred War, 16, 17 prodromoi, 25 Sagalassus, 54 propaganda, 4, 38, 42, 52, 55, 61, 95–96, 109, Sais, 179 121, 189 Saladin, 67, 179 propagandists, 58, 65, 74 Salamanca, Juan de, 182 Prophthasia, 92 Salamis, 36 proskynesis, 7, 52, 102, 106–11 (Alexander’s Salmous, 134 attempt to introduce the practice at Sambus, 187 court), 184, 189 Sangaeus, 115 Proteas, 57 Sardis, 51 Protesilaus, 42 sarissa, 16, 25, 26, 46, 130, 134, 175 Prothytes, 29 sarissophoroi, 25, 175 Ptolemy of Alorus, 15 Satibarzanes, 88, 92, 94, 182 Ptolemy, son of Lagus (historian), 8–11, 51, satrap, 3, 31, 39, 43, 45, 51, 53, 70, 72, 81, 86, 83, 95, 109, 114, 130, 133, 174, 181, 183, 185, 92, 100, 101, 104, 122, 126, 127, 131, 139–40, 187, 190 148

index 217

satraps, 34, 40, 45, 53, 55–56, 64, 70, 87, 113, Sparta, 3, 14, 17, 23, 34–37 133–36, 140 Spartans, 35–37, 41, 51, 66 Satropates, 182 Spitaces, 161–62 Satyrus, 15, 175 Spitamenes, 95, 98–99, 102, 104–05, 139 Sauaces, satrap of Egypt, 39, 70, 72 Spithridates, 50 Saxons, 174, 188 (West Saxons) Stalin, ix, 22, 187 Scipio (P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus), 10 Stark, Freya, 60 Scythians, 75, 92, 94, 97–98, 100, 105, 124, Stasanor, 136 183 Stateira, daughter of Darius III, 137, 188 Sea Peoples, 179 Stateira, wife of Artaxerxes II, 182 Seleucus, son of Antiochus, 139–40, 160, 174 Stateira, wife of Darius III, 65, 84–85, 101, Seleucus, father of Ptolemy, 53, 61 180 Semiramis, 131 Stone, Oliver, 81 Sestos, 41 strategoi, 87, 135 Sevastopol, 179 Straton, son of Tennes, 66 Shein, Alexis, 103–04 Strymon River, 2, 13 Shibar Pass, 182 stuprum, 21 Sibi, 127 Successors, of Alexander, 2, 6, 55, 129, 141, Sicilian disaster, 35 150–51, 174, 177, 189 Sidon, 66, 68 Sudracae, 115, 126–28, 187 Sidonian harbor (of Tyre), 67 Suetonius, 9 Sidonians, 68, 179 Susa, 36, 50, 81, 83–84, 137, 139–40, 142, 177, Silver Shields (Argyraspides), 140, 175 183, 186–87, 189 Simmias, son of Andromenes, 78 Susia (Tus), 182 Sindh, 122, 127, 187 Susiana, 180, 186 Sisimithres (see also Chorienes), 104–05, Swat, 113 183–84 syngeneis, 143 Sisines, 53, 178 Syrmus, 28 Sistan, 88, 92 Syria, 180 Sitalces, 78, 91, 135 Siwah, 72, 179–80 Tacitus, 9 Skudra (Thracian satrapy), 14 Taliban, 96 slingers, 27, 140 Tamerlane, 184 Smerdis, 86, 182 Tarn, 9 Sochi, 57–58 Tarsus, 55, 145 Socrates, 14 Tauron, 81 Sogdiana, 75, 92, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, taxeis, 25, 75 105, 112, 120, 139, 183 Taxila, 113, 115–16, 122, 161, 185 Sogdiani (Sogdianians), 96, 160, 183 Taxiles, 115, 161, 186 Sogdianian Rock, 105 taxis, 26, 61 Soli, 179 Telegraph Hill, 179 Somatophylakes, 89, 111 Temenids, 14 Sopolis, 185 Temujin (Genghis Khan), 183 Sostratus, son of Amyntas, 185 Temur, 184 Soviet Union, 37 Ten Thousand, 10, 31–32, 56, 176

218 index

Tennes, king of Sidon, 179 Tyre, 66–69, 71, 74, 175, 179–80 Tha¨ıs, 83, 84 Tyrians, 66–68, 120 Thapsacus, 52, 74 Tyriaspes, 136 Theaetetus, 82 Thebans, 9, 17, 19, 28, 29, 36, 37, 43, 120, Urban II, Pope, 181 176 U.S. Civil War, 6, 179 Thebes, 14–15, 17, 23, 25, 29–30, 34, 36, 41, U.S. Congressional Human Rights 43, 57, 176 committee, 82, 181 Themistocles, 55 Upper Macedonia, 13 Theopompus, 26, 189 Upper Zab (or Upper Zab), 80 Thermaic Gulf, 13 Uxians, 81 Thermopylae, 17, 36, 82, 176 Thersites, 8 Vaison-la-Romaine, 9 Thessalian cavalry, 26, 50, 54, 61, 70, 78 Vale of Tempe, 13 Thessalian League, 28 Vardar, 13 Thessalians, 40, 50, 158 Vasio, 9 Thessaliscus, 176 Venice, 181 Thessalonice (daughter of Philip II), 15 Verschmelzungspolitik, 188 Thessaly, 16, 29, 41 Vietnam, 135 Thibron, 189 Thrace, 16, 53 Waksch River, 184 Thracians, 25, 28, 78, 138, 158 Waltheof, 136 Thucydides, 35 warships, 41, 127 Thymondas, 57 West Nile virus, 151, 190 tiara, 87, 101 White Man’s Burden, 4 Tiberius, 9 Widukind, 174 Tiger Force, 135, 188 Wilcken, Ulrich, 66 Tigris, 7, 74, 75, 142, 143 William the Conqueror, 136, 188 Timaeus (Limnaeus), 187 Timagenes of Alexandria, 9, 114, 187 Xenias, 178 Timocrates of Rhodes, 176 Xenippa, 104, 184 Timolaus, 29 Xenophilus, 81, 186 Tissaphernes, 31–32, 35, 56 Xenophon, 10, 31, 32, 34, 37, 52, 64, 110 Totonacs, 138 Xerxes, 2, 34, 36, 42, 55, 73, 83, 96 Triballians, 28, 158 xyston, 25, 50 Triparadeisus, 176 Tripolis, 70 Yancey, William, 34 Tritle, Lawrence, 102 Troy, 42, 129 Zagros, 80, 148 tyche, 50 Zeleia, 45 typhus, 151 Zeus, 21, 42, 72, 148