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April Showers PARTART 2 Realism and Naturalism Mrs. Charles Thursby, 1897–1898. John Singer Sargent. 3 Oil on canvas, 78 x 39 /4 in. Collection of The Newark Museum. “There are two ways of spreading light: to be The candle or the mirror that reflects it.” —Edith Wharton, “Vesalius in Zante” 531 The Newark Museum/Art Resource, NY 0531 U4P2-845481.indd 531 4/7/06 6:06:33 PM LITERARY HISTORY The Two Faces of Urban America N THE LATE NINETEENTH AND EARLY twentieth centuries, despite the emergence of a Igrowing middle class, rapid industrialization created two sharply contrasting urban classes: wealthy entrepreneurs and poor immigrants from Europe and Asia who provided them with cheap labor. Although dependent upon each other, these two groups seldom met, as they lived in starkly different neighborhoods. The wealthiest families established fashionable districts in the hearts of cities, where they built fabulous mansions. By contrast, the majority of factory workers squeezed into dark, overcrowded tenements where crime, violence, fire, and disease were constant threats. U.S. writers of the time responded to and reflected these urban conditions in their novels, stories, essays, and articles. Picnicking in Central Park, 1885. Robert L. Bracklow. Black and white photograph. “The entire metropolitan center possessed a high and mighty air her heroine Lily Bart’s descent from wealth into poverty is mirrored by a decline in the houses she is calculated to overawe and abash the forced to inhabit. common applicant, and to make the Wharton’s older contemporary and friend Henry James gulf between poverty and success was born into a distinguished Boston family in 1843. James became the master chronicler of the inner lives seem both wide and deep.” of his characters, and his subtle innovations in narrative —Theodore Dreiser point of view contributed to the literary technique that Sister Carrie his brother William, the famous psychologist, called “the stream of consciousness.” James used this technique to probe the complex relationship between wealth and culture. One of his favorite themes was the The Face of the Urban Rich confrontation between naïve, wealthy, uncultured Two major Realist writers from the upper class who Americans and highly cultivated and sophisticated reflected and criticized its values, and who formed a Europeans, whose aristocratic civilization was in decline. famous literary friendship, were Edith Wharton and James’s treatment of this theme reached its zenith in his Henry James. late novel The Ambassadors (1903), in which the elderly, Edith Wharton was born in 1862 into one of New respectable American Lambert Strether is charmed by York’s most prominent families. Her interest in the pleasures of European civilization and learns too late architecture prompted her to criticize and satirize the that there is more to life than making money. “conspicuous consumption” (a term coined by social critic Thorstein Veblen) that led to the fashionable, The Face of the Urban Poor cluttered interior decoration favored by the members The plight of the urban poor was a favorite subject of her social class. Wharton’s early novel The House of the new group of Naturalist writers. Stephen Crane’s of Mirth (1905) uses architecture metaphorically, as Maggie: A Girl of the Streets is a bleak study of life in 532 UNIT 4 REGIONALISM AND REALISM Photo Collection Alexander Alland, Sr./CORBIS 0532-0533 U4P2LH-845481.indd 532 4/7/06 6:09:59 PM the slums of New York City. Although Crane later began to critically examine the social, economic, turned to other subjects, he retained his sympathy and political system that created the huge gulf for urban characters such as Maggie. between the rich and the poor. In his book How the Other Half Lives (1890), Jacob Riis attracted the Some writers focused their attention on the hardships of attention of President Roosevelt to the squalor of immigrants and ethnic groups who faced bigotry and life in New York City slum tenements. The result discrimination as well as poverty in U.S. cities. Anzia was an improved water supply, child labor laws, and Yezierska and Abraham Cahan wrote about the social, other improvements. The Jungle (1906), Upton cultural, and political tensions experienced by Eastern Sinclair’s exposé of the brutal and degrading European Jews living in New York’s Lower East Side. working conditions in the meatpacking industry, Perhaps the most famous writer to address the led to the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food socioeconomic plight of the urban poor was and Drug Act of 1906. Theodore Dreiser. Despite a mediocre education, his writing propelled him to the pinnacle of American Naturalism. In his first and perhaps greatest novel, Sister Carrie (1900), Dreiser tells the story of Carrie Meeber, a naïve country girl who comes to Chicago looking for work. While there, she endures the impersonal cruelty and loneliness of life in a large U.S. city at the turn of the century. Reformers and Muckrakers A social reform movement arose in the late nineteenth century that was dedicated to providing better conditions for the urban working class. Perhaps the most prominent of these reformers was Jane Addams. In Twenty Years at Hull-House (1910), she tells how she turned an old home in an immigrant neighborhood in Chicago into a settlement house where neighborhood residents could learn to speak English, discuss political events, and hold celebrations. A group of journalists and novelists known as “muckrakers,” a term coined by Theodore Roosevelt, Men gather in an alley called “Bandit’s Roost” in Manhattan’s Little Italy. Around the turn of the century, this part of Mulberry Bend was a notoriously dilapidated and dangerous section of New York City. ca. 1890s. Jacob August Riis. Literary History For more about Viewing the Photograph: How do the people in this scene the literature of urban America, go to www.glencoe.com. compare with those of the previous page? RESPONDING AND THINKING CRITICALLY 1. In Dreiser’s Sister Carrie, the protagonist believes that 2. What were Edith Wharton’s and Henry James’s main the city will provide her with new opportunities and a criticisms of the wealthy upper class in the United States? new life. Would you have wanted to live in a large city 3. What was the chief aim of the muckrakers? Do you at the turn of the twentieth century? Why or why not? think that they were successful? Explain. OBJECTIVES • Analyze literary periods. • Connect to cultural events. • Understand Realism and Naturalism. LITERARY HISTORY 533 Bettmann/CORBIS 0532-0533 U4P2LH-845481 533 1/9/07 8:34:51 PM BEFORE YOU READ April Showers MEET EDITH WHARTON years later, The House of Mirth, which was both popular and praised by critics, appeared. dith Wharton is best known for her novels In 1907, after selling her home and separating from depicting the intricate codes of conduct that her husband, Wharton permanently settled in Paris, Eruled the lives of New York City’s aristocracy where she felt female artists were more accepted. at the end of the 1800s. Wharton felt that upper- As World War I raged in Europe, Wharton worked class society discouraged both art and the artist. in support of the French cause—aiding Belgian refu- gees and raising money from Americans. For this she was given the Cross of the Legion of Honor, the “Mrs. Ballinger is one of the ladies who highest honor awarded to a foreigner in France. pursue Culture in Bands, as though it This was perhaps the most productive time in Wharton’s life, during which she published some of were dangerous to meet it alone.” her greatest novels, including Ethan Frome, The Reef, —Edith Wharton The Custom of the Country, and Summer. The Age of Xingu and Other Stories, 1916 Innocence, probably Wharton’s best-known work, appeared in 1920. For this she became the first woman to be awarded a Pulitzer Prize for fiction. A Privileged Youth Edith Newbold Jones was born Edith Wharton’s greatness came from her ability to into one of New York City’s wealthiest and most dis- depict the interplay between the life of the mind and tinguished families. Taught by private tutors, she of society. Alternately tragic and satiric, Wharton’s received an excellent education both in the United incisive fiction helped to establish Realism as the States and abroad. When she was sixteen, Edith pri- most important movement of her day. vately published her first book. Her mother may have Edith Wharton was born in 1862 and died in 1937. arranged the publication, hoping that Edith would feel fulfilled, stop writing, and take up interests con- sidered more suited to her social position. In 1885 Edith married Edward Wharton, a wealthy Boston banker. Shortly after, he began to suffer from both mental and physical illnesses. It was during this time that Wharton began seriously writing fic- tion with the intention of publishing. She modeled her work mostly after novelist Henry James—com- bining complicated psychological portraits with cri- tiques of social convention. Throughout the 1890s, she contributed to various magazines and produced two collections of short stories. A Novelist Abroad Wharton’s first novel, The Valley of Decision, was published in 1902. Three Author Search For more about Edith Wharton, go to www.glencoe.com. 534 UNIT 4 REGIONALISM AND REALISM Bettmann/CORBIS 0534-0543 U4P2 APP-845481.indd 534 4/7/06 6:14:43 PM LITERATURE PREVIEW READING PREVIEW Connecting to the Story Reading Strategy Making and Verifying Have you ever neglected your responsibilities in order to Predictions devote yourself to a project you felt passionately about? To predict means to make an educated guess about In Wharton’s story, the main character is so preoccupied what will happen in a text, using the clues that a writer with her novel that she forgets her household responsi- provides.
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