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Del Olvido a La Memoria, 5: Nuestra Del olvido : a Ia memoria -. -p--q - vp I.- H - - MI - r 4 NA 1 --1 J ) :C CR/2017/CLT/PI/03 Cátedra de Estudios de África y el Caribe 5 Nuestra herencia afrocari beña Cátedra de Estudios de África y el Caribe Nuestra herencia Afrocaribejia IL . .r 4 Edición: Rina Cáceres GOmez, Universidad de Costa Rica. Revision FilolOgica: Lina Pochet Rodriguez. Diseno y diagramación: Ediciones Gráficas S.A. Diseño de portada: Carlos Picado Morales. La colección Del Olvido a Ia Memoria es resuitado de Ia inspiración del proyecto Memo- na u Olvido? La Africanla y las identidades Centroamericanas (NEH) coordinado por ci Dr. Lowell Gudmundson. FotografIa de portada: "Una escuela en una finca UFCO en La provincia de Limón, Costa Rica, ca.1920' TItulo original: "Children Going Home from School, Costa Rica, 1924:' United Fruit Company Photograph Collection, box 76A, #601. Baker Library Historical Collections. Harvard Business School. La impresiOn de este fascIculo es posible gracias a La Oficina de UNESCO San José y ai aporte del Coiegio de Licenciados y Profesores en Letras, Filosof ía, Ciencias y Artes de Costa Rica. Las opiniones aqui expresadas son responsabilidad de sus autores. Se autoriza el USO de este material con Ia condición de citar ia ftiente. Fecha de ediciOn: 2011 _______ 2 •-- - Cátedra de Estudios de África y el Caribe Nuestra herencia Afroearibeüa. Nk- INDICE *. N Kingston. Las migraciones laborales en las islas del Caribe. Michele A. Johnson........................................................................................................ Hacia la recuperación de La libertad, Cronologla. Rina Cáceres ........... 15 Qué tan ajenos, y qué tan extranjeros?: los antillanos británicos en America Central, 1870-1940, Lara Putnam.............................................. 22 Los garInagu: del cimarronaje a la nación garIfuna, Alfonso Arrivillaga.. 37 lntroducción a la müsica garIfuna, Juan Carlos Sanchez ........................ 47 Los caribes negros y los orIgenes del mes de la herencia africana, DarIoEuraque..................................................................................................50 El santo negro y el parranda rock, Guillermo Anderson ........................56 La mayanización, Darlo Euraque.................................................................57 Los discursos de la identidad etno-racial, DarIo Euraque .....................58 La costa de mosquitos y la construcción del Estado de Nicaragua, JulietKooker.....................................................................................................65 Los Afroantillanos en Panama. Gerardo Maloney...................................77 Prisioneros de enclave o forjadores de una precoz modernidad? Los afro-antillanos y el atlántico en la historia centroamericana. Lowell Gudmundson...................................................................................................83 Ferrocarril y banano en Centroamérica, Elizet Payne.............................90 Afroantillanos en El Salvador, Carlos Loucel ............................................93 Los movimientos sociales afrocaribeños. Sus orIgenes, Diana Senior 94 La literatura de La etnia negra en Centro AmericaQuince Duncan 99 La expresión musical y la herencia africana, Manuel Monestel...........106 Requiem a mi primo jamaiquino, Eulalia Bernard ....................................113 -- 3 Cátedra de Estudios de África y el Caribe Nuestraherenda Jrocqpña Cátedra de Estudios de África y el Caribe Nuestra herencia Afrocaribe4ia PROLOGO People without the knowledge of their past history, origin and culture is like a tree without roots. Marcus Garvey La region del Caribe centroarnericano ha sido desde tiempos pre co- loniales un sitio fundamental, ya como parte activa en el comercio del litoral Caribe; ya como punto de encuentro entre el interior de cada uno de los paIses y las islas del Caribe y el Atlántico. En su largo periodo histórico ha sido sitio de asentamiento de comunidades de los más Va- riados bagajes culturales que hacen de la region un crisol cultural que identifican al ethos de las sociedades centroamericanas. Este vibrante papel de sitio de intercambios se desarrolló desde tiern- P05 pre coloniales cuando las comunidades indIgenas intercambiaban productos a lo largo del litoral de Centroaméric,a mucho antes de la presencia española y británica en la region. Continuó durante el periodo colonial con la madera, la pesca, la zarzaparrilla, la concha nácar y el cacao, los principales productos de exportación de entonces. Durante los siglos XIX y XX los diferentes puertos del Caribe jugaron un papel central dinamizando la economIa local, regional e internacio- nal, conectando poblaciones de valles, rios y lagunas a través de intrica- das redes de intercambio de frutas, granos, laterIa, fibres, cacao y otros Items producidos tanto en la region atlántica como en el interior. Pero también fue un espacio donde hombres, mujeres y niños, construyeron sociedades que alimentaron a cada una de las naciones con sus historias de vida, sus costumbres y cultura. El impacto que produjeron las exportaciones de café y banano en las economias nacionales desde finales del siglo anterior y que posibilitaron la formación de los Estados Nacionales y la construcción de infraes- tructura como los ferrocarriles y carreteras - sin olvidar los edificios y teatros en sus capitales -no hubiera sido posible sin el trabajo de los mi- les de hombres y mujeres afrocaribenos que a lo largo del litoral Caribe cultivaron, construyeron y administraron los entonces nuevos polos de desarrollo: bananeros. Pero que también aportaron su particular vision 5 - Cátedra de Estudios de África y el Caribe iVuestraherencia 4frocaribefla 1 de la religiosidad. Enriquecieron el arte culinario, los conocimientos y prácticas tradicionales de medicina popular, asI como los estilos de vi- vienda y vestuario. Crearon poesla y müsica, las que hoy alimentan La paleta musical y literaria centroamericana, y aportaron al amplio re- pertorio deportivo que hoy luce la region y que ha generado a La region grandes satisfacciones. En las siguientes páginas de este fascIculo se da el encuadre histórico de este proceso, historias y vicisitudes detrás de este legado, dirigidas a alimentar La información que los docentes tienen sobre nuestra historia Caribe. La elaboración, edición y publicación de este quinto fasciculo de La Go- lección Del Olvido a la Memoria es posible gracias a La contribución de varias personas e instituciones. En primer lugar queremos agradecer a cada uno de los autores quienes pusieron su tiempo e información de años de investigación a disposición de nuestros lectores. Mapas, foto- grafIas, canciones acompanan y dan textura a una historia fundamental de nuestra identidad regional centroamericana: nuestro Caribe. Nuestro agradecimiento a Carlos Picado, Lina Pochet y Maria Gabrie- la Nüñez por su dedicación y compromiso con este proyecto asI como a Montserrat MarteLl, coordinadora de Cultura de la Oficina Regional de Unesco para Centroamérica por su compromiso de publicar este fascicuLo en el año 2011, dedicado a reflexionar sobre nuestra herencia afro-descen- diente. A Lara Putnam y a Pablo Delano por su generosidad de poner a disposición de este fascIculo las fotografIas que dan vida a estas páginas. AsI como a la ComisiOn CientIfica del Programa La Ruta del Esclavo de La UNESCO y a la Vicerectoria de Acción Social de la Universidad de Costa Rica por su apoyo para La publicación y difusión de la serie; a la Comisión Costarricense de Cooperación con La UNESCO y a La Escuela de Historia de La Universidad de Costa Rica por su constante apoyo. A los dirigentes que en los diferentes diversos foros han clamado por materiales de este tipo y a los docentes que hemos conocido a lo largo de estos ültimos años y que son nuestra inspiración por su interés, voca- ción, compromiso y trabajo. Rina Cáceres Quince Duncan - - 6 Cátedra de Estudios de África y el Caribe Nuestra here,icia Afrocaribeña KINGSTON. LAS MIGRACIONES LABORALES EN LAS ISLAS DEL CARIBE MICHELE A. JOHNSON Si bien no se sabe cuándo ilegaron los primeros habitantes a las is- las del Caribe; muchos sostienen que los primeros pobladores gua- nahuatebeys, arahuacos, talnos y kalinagos ilegaron a través de la cadena de islas desde America del Sur, o bien desde Centro America. Siglos después de su liegada fueron paulatinamente devastados por las nuevas enfermedades, el trabajo forzado y el espIritu colonial que se instaló en este 'nnuevo mundo>> a finales del siglo XVI. La catástrofe demografica indIgena pronto dio lugar a nuevos "lie- gados": europeos de diversos orIgenes culturales y sociales, asI como millones de africanos de diversos orIgenes étnicos y culturales, arrancados de sus hogares y tierras, esciavizados, y transportados a través del abismo del Atlántico que parecla empenado en devorarlos. Entre 1500 y 1850, más de quince millones de africanos cruzaron el Atlántico. La mayorIa nunca pudo regresar. Coaling a Steamer at Kingston Melton Prior. Coaling a Steamer at Kingston, Jamaica. London: 71w Illustrated London News, 1888 Si bien hubo importantes excepciones a la regla, la gran mayorIa de estos inmigrantes forzados africanos y sus descendientes fueron obli- gados a trabajar duro en la producción de café, en la ganaderIa o en el aziitcar, en ese entonces el "oro" del Caribe. Este vii sistema de trabajo, Cátedra de Estudios de África y el Caribe iVuestra herencia 4frcaribeña esciavista, durarla en el Caribe hasta 1848 en las colonias británicas, hasta 1863
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