DOCSLIB.ORG

ABSTRACT Garifuna Waguia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ABSTRACT Garifuna Waguia ABSTRACT Garifuna Waguia: Conservation and Revitalization of Garifuna Language in the Southern Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua The Garifuna Nation is an afro-indigenous ethnic group that can be found throughout Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and the island of St. Vincent. This project outlines the current status and community efforts towards the revitalization of Garifuna language in the Southern Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua, specifically the town of Orinoco. While there are an estimated 100,000 speakers of Garifuna across the world, there are currently only two fluent speakers in Orinoco, both of whom are elderly. Although language classes are given at the Manuel Mongalo Elementary School in Orinoco, Nicaragua, language education is not provided to those who are not enrolled in school. My thesis reports on community demands towards the implementation of a language program for the adults of the community who may not have the opportunity to learn the language otherwise. In order to meet the community demands and needs, this work draws from two approaches: a comparison between other indigenous language revitalization efforts throughout Latin America and the United States and the development of a Pedagogical Grammar for Garifuna, the latter of which aids adult learners with second language acquisition. The overarching objective of this study is to contribute to the ongoing effort of the Garifuna community in order to achieve an accessible pathway to the revitalization and conservation of the language. Garifuna Waguia: Conservation and Revitalization of Garifuna Language in the Southern Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua Michele Margarita Cubillo Baltodano Senior Thesis Thesis Advisor: Esther Castro-Cuenca May 5th, 2017 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I want to thank my thesis advisor, Professor Esther Castro-Cuenca, for supporting me unconditionally, providing constructive feedback, and continuously encouraging me throughout this project. Thank you for being patient with me since the beginning and for always challenging me to be my best self. I also want to thank my thesis committee, Professors Mara Breen, Dorothy Mosby, Eleanor Townsley, and Luiz Amaral. Mara, I would like to thank you for the questions you raised, which helped me clarify terms and concepts to those who do not know about the subject area. Professor Mosby, thank you for providing me with the seeds for this project, the books on Garifuna history and culture that ignited my project. Professor Townsley, thank you for sitting with me and having challenging my notion of what it means to belong to a community as well as reclaiming a language. Professor Amaral, thank you for firstly accepting me into your graduate courses, as I gained so much knowledge that helped me throughout the project. Next, I want to thank my amigxs for their constant support. Mil gracias to all of my friends who took time from their busy schedules to listen to my rants and for providing me with the emotional support I needed when I felt like giving up. I couldn’t have done this without your chisme and chistes. I would like to thank the other students of color who wrote theses, such as Anqa Khan and Aria Pahari for being a support network as we understood the struggle of being some of the few students of color writing theses. V, thank you for your emotional support and for allowing me a space in your home to write the majority of my thesis. Melanie White, thank you for helping me create a network with Garifuna community members in the U.S. and in Nicaragua. My research in the homeland could not have been possible without your support! You all have reinforced the power of community. I would also like to thank Mount Holyoke College’s LYNK UAF for providing me with the needed funds in order to conduct my research in Nicaragua. Thank you Dean Hall and Drs. Vorwerk and Feldman for supporting me financially so I could present on my thesis at the 20th Workshop on Indigenous Languages at University of California Santa Barbara. Most importantly, I would like to thank the Garifuna community in the Southern Caribbean Coast for warmly welcoming me into the community and for agreeing to be part of this project. Thank you Elson for introducing me to the rest of the community and for also being involved in the conservation of our culture through your Master’s Thesis on Garifuna Agricultural Practices. As you taught me, Au bun, amürü nu! Thank you Kensy and Victorina for taking your time to introduce me to our culture and for sharing ancestral knowledge, as well as the demands of the community and how I could be of service. Seremein! Lastly, I thank my ancestors and mi familia for their everlasting love and support. Gracias mita, pito, Elvin y Graciela por siempre apoyarme en todos mis proyectos y por mostrar interés en mis intereses. Este proyecto es dedicado a ustedes y para la comunidad en Nicaragua. Gracias por siempre entablar conversaciones conmigo acerca de nuestras raíces. ¡Los amo mucho! 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................... 2 “Au bun amürünu” -Garifuna Proverb .......................................................................................................... 5 Garifuna Nuguya -We are Garifuna ............................................................................................................ 10 1.0 Arawak and West African Intermarriage .......................................................................................... 11 1.1 Population and Racial Categorization ............................................................................................... 12 1.2 Displacement..................................................................................................................................... 13 1.2.1 Belize .......................................................................................................................................... 13 1.2.2 Honduras .................................................................................................................................... 14 1.2.3 Guatemala .................................................................................................................................. 15 1.2.4 Nicaragua .................................................................................................................................. 15 1.3 Religion ............................................................................................................................................. 16 1.4 Culture............................................................................................................................................... 17 1.4.1 Gastronomy ................................................................................................................................ 17 1.4.2 Music and Dance ....................................................................................................................... 22 1.5 Relationship to the Environment....................................................................................................... 23 Uwala Uwala Busiganu -Don’t be ashamed of your culture ....................................................................... 27 2.0 Basic Language Overview ................................................................................................................ 28 2.0.1 Garifuna Alphabetic Inventory .................................................................................................. 28 2.0.2 Garifuna Phonemic Inventory .................................................................................................... 28 2.1 Language Endangerment Status ........................................................................................................ 29 2.1.1 Belize .......................................................................................................................................... 30 2.1.2 Honduras .................................................................................................................................... 30 2.1.3 Guatemala .................................................................................................................................. 30 2.1.4 Nicaragua .................................................................................................................................. 31 2.2 Linguistic Politics ............................................................................................................................. 32 2.2.1 Belize .......................................................................................................................................... 35 2.2.2 Honduras .................................................................................................................................... 35 2.2.3 Guatemala .................................................................................................................................. 36 2.2.4 Nicaragua .................................................................................................................................. 36 2.3 Bilingual Education .........................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Study of the Garifuna of Belize's Toledo District Alexander Gough
    Indigenous identity in a contested land: A study of the Garifuna of Belize’s Toledo district Alexander Gough This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2018 Lancaster University Law School 1 Declaration This thesis has not been submitted in support of an application for another degree at this or any other university. It is the result of my own work and includes nothing that is the outcome of work done in collaboration except where specifically indicated. Many of the ideas in this thesis were the product of discussion with my supervisors. Alexander Gough, Lancaster University 21st September 2018 2 Abstract The past fifty years has seen a significant shift in the recognition of indigenous peoples within international law. Once conceptualised as the antithesis to European identity, which in turn facilitated colonial ambitions, the recognition of indigenous identity and responding to indigenous peoples’ demands is now a well-established norm within the international legal system. Furthermore, the recognition of this identity can lead to benefits, such as a stake in controlling valuable resources. However, gaining tangible indigenous recognition remains inherently complex. A key reason for this complexity is that gaining successful recognition as being indigenous is highly dependent upon specific regional, national and local circumstances. Belize is an example of a State whose colonial and post-colonial geographies continue to collide, most notably in its southernmost Toledo district. Aside from remaining the subject of a continued territorial claim from the Republic of Guatemala, in recent years Toledo has also been the battleground for the globally renowned indigenous Maya land rights case.
    [Show full text]
  • The Song of Kriol: a Grammar of the Kriol Language of Belize
    The Song of Kriol: A Grammar of the Kriol Language of Belize Ken Decker THE SONG OF KRIOL: A GRAMMAR OF THE KRIOL LANGUAGE OF BELIZE Ken Decker SIL International DIS DA FI WI LANGWIJ Belize Kriol Project This is a publication of the Belize Kriol Project, the language and literacy arm of the National Kriol Council No part of this publication may be altered, and no part may be reproduced in any form without the express permission of the author or of the Belize Kriol Project, with the exception of brief excerpts in articles or reviews or for educational purposes. Please send any comments to: Ken Decker SIL International 7500 West Camp Wisdom Rd. Dallas, TX 75236 e-mail: [email protected] or Belize Kriol Project P.O. Box 2120 Belize City, Belize c/o e-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] Copies of this and other publications of the Belize Kriol Project may be obtained through the publisher or the Bible Society Bookstore 33 Central American Blvd. Belize City, Belize e-mail: [email protected] © Belize Kriol Project 2005 ISBN # 978-976-95215-2-0 First Published 2005 2nd Edition 2009 Electronic Edition 2013 CONTENTS 1. LANGUAGE IN BELIZE ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 AN INTRODUCTION TO LANGUAGE ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 DEFINING BELIZE KRIOL AND BELIZE CREOLE ...................................................................................... 2 1.3
    [Show full text]
  • “I'm Not a Bloody Pop Star!”
    Andy Palacio (in white) and the Garifuna Collective onstage in Dangriga, Belize, last November, and with admirers (below) the voice of thPHOTOGRAPHYe p BYe ZACH oSTOVALLple BY DAVE HERNDON Andy Palacio was more than a world-music star. “I’m not a bloody pop star!” He was a cultural hero who insisted Andy Palacio after an outdoor gig in Hopkins, Belize, that revived the hopes of a was so incendiary, a sudden rainstorm only added sizzle. But if it Caribbean people whose was true that Palacio wasn’t a pop star, you couldn’t tell it from the heritage was slipping away. royal treatment he got everywhere he went last November upon 80 CARIBBEANTRAVELMAG.COM APRIL 2008 81 THE EVENTS OF THAT NOVEMBER TOUR WILL HAVE TO GO DOWN AS PALACIO’S LAST LAP, AND FOR ALL WHO WITNESSED ANY PART OF IT, THE STUFF OF HIS LEGEND. Palacio with his role model, the singer and spirit healer Paul Nabor, at Nabor’s home in Punta Gorda (left). The women of Barranco celebrated with their favorite son on the day he was named a UNESCO Artist for Peace (below left and right). for me as an artist, and for the Belizean people which had not been seen before in those parts. There was no as an audience.” The Minister of Tourism Belizean roots music scene or industry besides what they them- thanked Palacio for putting Belize on the map selves had generated over more than a dozen years of collabora- in Europe, UNESCO named him an Artist tion. To make Watina, they started with traditional themes and for Peace, and the Garifuna celebrated him motifs and added songcraft, contemporary production values as their world champion.
    [Show full text]
  • The Afro-Nicaraguans (Creoles) a Historico-Anthropological Approach to Their National Identity
    MARIÁN BELTRÁN NÚÑEZ ] The Afro-Nicaraguans (Creoles) A Historico-Anthropological Approach to their National Identity WOULD LIKE TO PRESENT a brief historico-anthropological ana- lysis of the sense of national identity1 of the Nicaraguan Creoles, I placing special emphasis on the Sandinista period. As is well known, the Afro-Nicaraguans form a Caribbean society which displays Afro-English characteristics, but is legally and spatially an integral part of the Nicaraguan nation. They are descendants of slaves who were brought to the area by the British between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries and speak an English-based creole. 1 I refer to William Bloom’s definition of ‘national identity’: “[National identity is] that condition in which a mass of people have made the same identification with national symbols – have internalized the symbols of the nation – so that they may act as one psychological group when there is a threat to, or the possibility of enhancement of this symbols of national identity. This is also to say that national identity does not exist simply because a group of people is externally identified as a nation or told that they are a nation. For national identity to exist, the people in mass must have gone through the actual psychological process of making that general identification with the nation”; Bloom, Personal Identity, National Identity and International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1990): 27. © A Pepper-Pot of Cultures: Aspects of Creolization in the Caribbean, ed. Gordon Collier & Ulrich Fleischmann (Matatu 27–28; Amsterdam & New York: Editions Rodopi, 2003). 190 MARIÁN BELTRÁN NÚÑEZ ] For several hundred years, the Creoles have lived in a state of permanent struggle.
    [Show full text]
  • SALVAGUARDA DO PATRIMÔNIO CULTURAL IMATERIAL Uma Análise Comparativa Entre Brasil E Itália UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA BAHIA
    SALVAGUARDA DO PATRIMÔNIO CULTURAL IMATERIAL uma análise comparativa entre Brasil e Itália UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA BAHIA REITOR João Carlos Salles Pires da Silva VICE-REITOR Paulo Cesar Miguez de Oliveira ASSESSOR DO REITOR Paulo Costa Lima EDITORA DA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA BAHIA DIRETORA Flávia Goulart Mota Garcia Rosa CONSELHO EDITORIAL Alberto Brum Novaes Angelo Szaniecki Perret Serpa Caiuby Alves da Costa Charbel Niño El Hani Cleise Furtado Mendes Evelina de Carvalho Sá Hoisel Maria do Carmo Soares de Freitas Maria Vidal de Negreiros Camargo O presente trabalho foi realizado com o apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de pessoal de nível superior – Brasil (CAPES) – Código de financiamento 001 F. Humberto Cunha Filho Tullio Scovazzi organizadores SALVAGUARDA DO PATRIMÔNIO CULTURAL IMATERIAL uma análise comparativa entre Brasil e Itália também com textos de Anita Mattes, Benedetta Ubertazzi, Mário Pragmácio, Pier Luigi Petrillo, Rodrigo Vieira Costa Salvador EDUFBA 2020 Autores, 2020. Direitos para esta edição cedidos à Edufba. Feito o Depósito Legal. Grafia atualizada conforme o Acordo Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa de 1990, em vigor no Brasil desde 2009. capa e projeto gráfico Igor Almeida revisão Cristovão Mascarenhas normalização Bianca Rodrigues de Oliveira Sistema de Bibliotecas – SIBI/UFBA Salvaguarda do patrimônio cultural imaterial : uma análise comparativa entre Brasil e Itália / F. Humberto Cunha Filho, Tullio Scovazzi (organizadores). – Salvador : EDUFBA, 2020. 335 p. Capítulos em Português, Italiano e Inglês. ISBN:
    [Show full text]
  • 302232 Travelguide
    302232 TRAVELGUIDE <P.1> (118*205) G5-15 DANIEL V2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 INTRODUCTION 5 WELCOME 6 GENERAL VISITOR INFORMATION 8 GETTING TO BELIZE 9 TRAVELING WITHIN BELIZE 10 CALENDAR OF EVENTS 14 CRUISE PASSENGER ADVENTURES Half Day Cultural and Historical Tours Full Day Adventure Tours 16 SUGGESTED OVERNIGHT ADVENTURES Four-Day Itinerary Five-Day Itinerary Six-Day Itinerary Seven-Day Itinerary 25 ISLANDS, BEACHES AND REEF 32 MAYA CITIES AND MYSTIC CAVES 42 PEOPLE AND CULTURE 50 SPECIAL INTERESTS 57 NORTHERN BELIZE 65 NORTH ISLANDS 71 CENTRAL COAST 77 WESTERN BELIZE 87 SOUTHEAST COAST 93 SOUTHERN BELIZE 99 BELIZE REEF 104 HOTEL DIRECTORY 120 TOUR GUIDE DIRECTORY 302232 TRAVELGUIDE <P.2> (118*205) G5-15 DANIEL V2 302232 TRAVELGUIDE <P.3> (118*205) G5-15 DANIEL V2 The variety of activities is matched by the variety of our people. You will meet Belizeans from many cultural traditions: Mestizo, Creole, Maya and Garifuna. You can sample their varied cuisines and enjoy their music and Belize is one of the few unspoiled places left on Earth, their company. and has something to appeal to everyone. It offers rainforests, ancient Maya cities, tropical islands and the Since we are a small country you will be able to travel longest barrier reef in the Western Hemisphere. from East to West in just two hours. Or from North to South in only a little over that time. Imagine... your Visit our rainforest to see exotic plants, animals and birds, possible destinations are so accessible that you will get climb to the top of temples where the Maya celebrated the most out of your valuable vacation time.
    [Show full text]
  • Lopez Niu 0162D 12061.Pdf (3.188Mb)
    ABSTRACT BECOMING WHO WE ARE: INFORMAL LEARNING AND IDENTITY FORMATION AMONG THE GARINAGU OF WESTERN BELIZE Harold Anthony Lopez, Ed.D. Department of Counseling, Adult, and Higher Education Northern Illinois University, 2014 Gene Roth and Jorge Jeria, Co-Directors This ethnography explores the wholesome contexts of informal learning and identity formation among an ethnic minority group in Belize. The central research question of the study was: How is informal learning manifested among the Garinagu of Western Belize. Snowball sampling technique was used to recruit 20 participants aged between 36 and 82 years. The group’s ways of learning were examined through the lens of Sociocultural learning theory. In the conduct of the maintenance of culture, learning is centered on their resiliency as examined through the various experiences that they acquired as a result of their movements, disruption and setbacks, the concept of Garifunaduaü, the meet and greet process, and the roles of rituals and ancestry. The Garinagu display remarkable resiliency in their quest to maintain their cultural identity. Their resiliency is demonstrated through the ways in which they navigate their world that constantly changes through the many moves, disruptions and setbacks that they experience and share. Garifunaduaü pays homage to the principles of caring, daring, sharing and family. Rituals and ancestry provides for connection and continuity. Connection with traditional Garifuna communities as maintained through regular or extended visits to traditional communities helped participants retain key cultural habits and artifacts including fluency in the Garifuna language, participation in the rituals, and regular preparation of traditional foods. Smaller family sizes and a shrinking of the extended family are threatening cultural practice.
    [Show full text]
  • Anthropology / Anthropologie/ Antropología
    Bibliographical collection on the garifuna people The word garifuna comes from Karina in Arawak language which means “yucca eaters”. ANTHROPOLOGY / ANTHROPOLOGIE/ ANTROPOLOGÍA Acosta Saignes, Miguel (1950). Tlacaxipeualiztli, Un Complejo Mesoamericano Entre los Caribes. Caracas: Instituto de Antropología y Geografía, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad Central. Adams, Richard N. (1956). «Cultural Components of Central America». American Anthropologist, 58, 881- 907. Adams, Sharon Wilcox (2001). The Garifuna of Belize: Strategies of Representation. B.A. Honors Thesis, Mary Washington College. Adams, Sharon Wilcox (2006). Reconstructing Identity: Representational Strategies in the Garifuna Community of Dangriga, Belize. M. A. Thesis, University of Texas, Austin. Agudelo, Carlos (2012). “Qu’est-ce qui vient après la reconnaissance ? Multiculturalisme et populations noires en Amérique latine» in Christian Gros et David Dumoulin Kervran (eds.) Le multiculturalisme au concret. Un modèle latino américain?. Paris: Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle, pp. 267-277. Agudelo, Carlos (2012). «The afro-guatemalan Political Mobilization: Between Identity, Construction Process, Global Influences and Institutionalization» in Jean Rahier (ed) Black Social Movements in Latin America. From Monocultural Mestizaje to Multiculturalism. Miami: Palgrave Macmillan. Agudelo, Carlos (2012). “Los garifunas, identidades y reivindicaciones de un pueblo afrodescendiente de América Central” in CINU-Centro de información de las Naciones Unidas (ed.) Afrodescendencia: aproximaciones contemporáneas desde América Latina y el Caribe, pp. 59-66. http://www.cinu.mx/AFRODESCENDENCIA.pdf viewed 06.04.2012. Agudelo, Carlos (2010). “Génesis de redes transnacionales. Movimientos afrolatinoamericanos en América Central» in Odile Hoffmann (ed.) Política e Identidad. Afrodescendientes en México y América Central. México: INAH, UNAM, CEMCA, IRD, pp. 65-92. Agudelo, Carlos (2011). “Les Garifuna.
    [Show full text]
  • The Place of Ata in Belizean Kriol
    Encoding Contrast, Inviting Disapproval: The Place of Ata in Belizean Kriol WILLIAM SALMON University of Minnesota, Duluth1 1 Introduction This paper investigates the semantics and pragmatics of the discourse marker ata in Belizean Kriol, as seen in (1). I show that ata is an adversative discourse marker similar to the Spanish discourse marker si, as described in Schwenter (1999, 2002), and that the two share much in terms of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. This is interesting, as there seems to be no English counterpart to the Kriol ata or Spanish si. (1) A: Wai yu nak yu sista?2 B: Ata da shee nak me fos! [KID] A: Why did you hit your sister? B: (But) it was she who hit me first!3 In terms of ata, I argue that it is used to convey an emphatic contrast with the immediately preceding discourse and that this contrast is a conventional implicature of the type described in Grice (1975). In addition, it is frequently used in conveying negative attitudes toward the preceding discourse. I argue that this is not a conventional aspect of ata’s meaning but that it is instead calculated in context via Gricean pragmatic reasoning as a conversational implicature. Finally, I suggest a diachronic origin for ata in the Kriol focus marker da. This present account of ata, then, covers significantly different ground than the account given in Salmon (to appear). In the next section, which follows from Salmon (to appear), I provide a brief background on the Kriol language as well as a discussion of where and how the data used in this paper were collected.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnobotany of the Miskitu of Eastern Nicaragua
    Journal of Ethnobiology 17(2):171-214 Winter 1997 ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MISKITU OF EASTERN NICARAGUA FELIXG.COE Department of Biology Tennessee Technological University P.O. Box5063, Cookeville, TN 38505 GREGORY J. ANDERSON Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut, Box U-43, Storrs, CT 06269-3043 ABSTRACT.-The Miskitu are one of the three indigenous groups of eastern Nicaragua. Their uses of 353 species of plants in 262 genera and 89 families were documented in two years of fieldwork. Included are 310 species of medicinals, 95 species of food plants, and 127 species used for construction and crafts, dyes and tannins, firewood, and forage. Only 14 of 50 domesticated food species are native to the New World tropics, and only three to Mesoamerica. A majority of plant species used for purposes other than food or medicine are wild species native to eastern Nicaragua. Miskitu medicinal plants are used to treat more than 50 human ailments. Most (80%) of the medicinal plants are native to eastern Nicaragua, and two thirds have some bioactive principle. Many medicinal plants are herbs (40%) or trees (30%), and leaves are the most frequently used plant part. Herbal remedies are most often prepared as decoctions that are administered orally. The Miskitu people are undergoing rapid acculturation caused by immigration of outsiders. This study is important not only for documenting uses of plants for science in general, but also because it provides a written record in particular of the oral tradition of medicinal uses of plants of and for the Miskitu. RESUMEN.-Los Miskitus son uno de los tres grupos indigenas del oriente de Nicaragua.
    [Show full text]
  • Nicaragua - Garifuna
    Nicaragua - Garifuna minorityrights.org/minorities/garifuna/ June 19, 2015 Profile The Garífuna – also known as Black Caribs – are a people of mixed African and indigenous descent who mainly live in the Pearl Lagoon basin in the communities of Orinoco, La Fé and San Vicente. Besides communities in the Pearl Lagoon basin there are small numbers of Garífunas in Bluefields. Garifuna who live in the Lagoon practice subsistence farming and fishing those in the urban areas live similarly to their Creole neighbors attending local universities and pursuing professional occupations. The majority of Garifuna are bilingual although some indigenous language revival is taking place. With pressure to assimilate into regional cultures the Garifuna language fell into disuse but it has been enjoying a small resurgence. The majority of Garifuna are Catholic but an essential aspect of the culture revolves around maintaining African influenced ancestral traditions based on ritual songs and dances. Historical context Garífuna, entered Nicaragua in 1880 from Honduras after having become a highly marginalized community in that country as a result of having sided with the Spanish loyalists in the 1830 war of independence.(see Honduras). In Nicargua they worked as seasonal loggers in US-owned mahogany camps and earned positions of responsibility within the company hierarchies. The Garifuna already had significant experience working with US companies and in tree felling having at times made up 90% of the labor force that cleared the forested land in Honduras to create the coastal fruit plantations and construct the railroad. 1/2 Being economically favoured newcomers with a closely-knit society, their own special history, language, and African-indigenous based traditions, the Garifuna could exist somewhat independently of other previously established coastal groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Annotations 1963-2005
    The Anthropological Caribbeana: Annotations 1963-2005 Lambros Comitas CIFAS Author Title Description Annotation Subject Headings 1977. Les Protestants de la Guadeloupe et la Les Protestants de la Guadeloupe et Author deals with origin of Protestants in Guadeloupe, their social situation, problem of property, and communauté réformée de Capesterre sous Abénon, Lucien la communauté réformée de maintenance of the religion into 18th century. Rather than a history of Protestantism in Guadeloupe, this is an GUADELOUPE. L'Ancien Régime. Bulletin de la Société Capesterre sous L'Ancien Régime. essay on its importance in the religiou d'Histoire de la Guadeloupe 32 (2):25-62. 1993. Caught in the Shift: The Impact of Industrialization on Female-Headed Caught in the Shift: The Impact of Households in Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles. Industrialization on Female-Headed Changes in the social position of women (specifically as reflected in marriage rates and percentages of Abraham, Eva In Where Did All the Men Go? Female- CURAÇAO. Households in Curaçao, Netherlands children born to unmarried mothers) are linked to major changes in the economy of Curaçao. Headed/Female-Supported Households in Antilles Cross-Cultural Perspective. Joan P. Mencher and Anne Okongwu 1976. The West Indian Tea Meeting: An With specific reference to "tea meetings" on Nevis and St. Vincent, author provides a thorough review of the The West Indian Tea Meeting: An Essay in Civilization. In Old Roots in New NEVIS. ST. VINCENT. Abrahams, Roger history and the development of this institution in the British Caribbean. Introduced by Methodist missionaries Essay in Civilization. Lands. Ann M. Pescatello, ed. Pp. 173-208.
    [Show full text]