Newsletter 1/2018

Newsletter1/2018 Société suisse d’études africaines Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien SSEA – SGAS ISSN 1019–9276

IMPRESSUM: Rédaction• Redaktion: Oluwasooto Ajayi, Veit Arlt, Natalie Tarr Mise en page • Layout: Veit Arlt Relecture • Korrekturlesen: Oluwasooto Ajayi, Veit Arlt, Andrea Fuchs, Natalie Tarr Site web • Webseite: www.sagw.ch/africa Abonnement List-serv • Abonnierung List-serv: [email protected]

La newsletter de la SSEA est publiée avec le concours de l’Académie suisse des sciences humaines et sociales. Les articles et informations publiés, tout comme les opinions qui y sont exprimées, sont sous l’entière responsabilité de leurs auteurs, et ne sauraient être considérés comme reflétant l’opinion de la SSEA.

Der Publikationsbeitrag der Schweizerischen Akademie der Geistes- und Sozialwissen- schaften sei dankend erwähnt. Die Verantwortung für die Inhalte der veröffentlichten Beiträge und Informationen liegt bei deren Autoren. Die darin enthaltenen Standpunk- te decken sich nicht immer mit jenen der SGAS.

Cover: Unser Titelbild wurde im Wettbewerb des Schweizerischen Nationalfonds in der Kategorie «Die Frauen und Männer der Wissenschaft» ausgezeichnet und zeigt einen oft unerwähnten Aspekt des Berufs: Die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und akademischer Karriere (Bild: Michelle Engeler 2017).

2 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien TABLE DES MATIÈRES • INHALTSVERZEICHNIS • TABLE OF CONTENTS

ÉDITORIAL • EDITORIAL 4 RECHERCHE • FORSCHUNG • RESEARCH

COMMUNICATIONS • MITTEILUNGEN Illegal Migration as a Quest for Security 31

Anzeige: Max Liniger (1930 – 2018) 5 JEUNES CHERCHEURS • NACHWUCHS • YOUNG SCHOLARS Nachruf: Hartmann P. Koechlin (1919 – 2018) 7 Divers/Varia: Publication de thèses et assemblée générale 2018 8 Une éducation bilingue en Côte d'Ivoire 37 Les politiques migratoires en Côte d'Ivoire 40 ÉVÉNEMENTS • VERANSTALTUNGEN • EVENTS University of Basel Engagement Award 44 Black Panther – Cinema Conversations by ZASB Students 45 ANNONCES • ANKÜNDIGUNGEN • ANNOUNCEMENTS RENCONTRES • BEGEGNUNGEN • ENCOUNTERS Schweizerische Tage der Afrikaforschung 10 Civil Wars and State Formation 13 Rendez-vous avec Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie 47 The Past, Present and Future of African–Asian Relations 14 Peopling History of Africa 16 PUBLICATIONS • PUBLIKATIONEN

RAPPORTS • BERICHTE • REPORTS Claudia Roth: Urban Dreams 49 Pascal Schmid: Medicine, Faith and Politics in Agogo 50 Ausstellung: Sichtweisen – Visionen einer Museumspartnerschaft 17 Olivier Moreillon et al.: Cities in Flux 50 12th International Language and Development Conference 21 Ellen Ndeshi Namhila: “Of Little Research Value” 51 Tagung: Schuldenkrise und der Fall Credit Suisse 23 Mirjam de Bruijn: Digitalization and the Field of African Studies 52 A Joint Semester at the University of Cape Town 25

3 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien ÉDITORIAL • EDITORIAL

DANIEL KÜNZLER, KOPRÄSIDENT Der wissenschaftliche Nachwuchs ist häufig sehr engagiert. Dies wird teilweise im Rahmen der Ausbildung gefördert, etwa im Masterprogramm Critical Urbanisms, Viele Mitglieder der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien sind Doktorie- welches seit 2017 an der Universität Basel angeboten wird. Integraler Bestandteil ist rende oder arbeiten als Postdocs in oftmals befristeten Arbeitsverhältnissen. In der ein Austauschsemester an der Universität Kapstadt, welches stark auf erfahrungsba- Schweiz gibt es zwischen 5 000 und 8 000 Postdocs – nur schon die Bandbreite der siertes Lernen setzt. Die Studierenden setzen sich unterschiedlichen Alltagsrealitäten Schätzung sagt einiges aus – und die meisten dieser qualifizierten Forschenden wissen in Kapstadt aus und tauchen in verschiedene Methoden und Inhalte ein. Eine andere im Alter zwischen 35 und 45 Jahren nicht, ob sie eine Zukunft im Wissenschaftssystem Form des Engagements beschreibt Ayé Clarisse Hager-M’Boua in ihrem Beitrag. Im haben. Rahmen ihres Doktorats in Linguistik an der Universität Genf hat sie die Abidji-Sprache untersucht. Sie setzt sich nun dafür ein, dass diese Sprache im Rahmen eines zwei- Im Rahmen ihrer diesjährigen Jahresversammlung hat die Schweizerische Akademie für sprachigen Bildungssystems verwendet wird. Dies würde zu einer Verbesserung der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften – die wichtigste Geldgeberin unserer Gesellschaft Sprachkompetenzen der Schulkinder beitragen. Engagement wird an der Universität – einen Bericht vorgestellt, der sich mit der unbefriedigenden Situation des akade- Basel mit einem neugeschaffenen Preis für Postdocs ausgezeichnet. Er ging dieses Jahr mischen Nachwuchses auseinandersetzt. Interessant ist beispielsweise die Forderung, an Rita Kesselring für ihr Projekt Valueworks. dass neben dem Karriereziel ‘Professur’ weitere definierte Karrierewege geschaffen werden, die zu einer unbefristeten Anstellung im Wissenschaftssystem führen. Vorge- Die Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien leistet selbst auch verschiedene Bei- schlagen werden Karrierewege im Bereich Forschung und Lehre (gleichsam als entfris- träge zur Nachwuchsförderung. In diesem Newsletter vorgestellt wird beispielsweise teter Mittelbau) und im Bereich Wissenschaftsmanagement und Support. Es bleibt zu die Möglichkeit, sehr gute Dissertationen in unserer Schriftenreihe zu veröffentlichen. hoffen, dass es gelingt, in den nächsten Jahren etwas in diese Richtung zu bewegen. Die Auch führen wir bereits zum fünften Mal die Schweizerischen Tage der Afrikaforschung der Vorstellung des Berichts folgende Podiumsdiskussion hat allerdings auch aufgezeigt, durch. Am 26. und 27. Oktober 2018 haben Masterstudierende, Doktorierende und dass der Weg steinig wird. Der wissenschaftliche Nachwuchs taucht auch in verschiede- Post-Docs in Bern die Möglichkeit, im Rahmen von 13 Panels und von Postersessions nen Beiträgen dieses Newsletters auf. Ich möchte einige Beiträge ansprechen, die sich ihre Forschungen vorzustellen. Der Anlass bietet auch die einmalige Gelegenheit, den diesem weitgefassten Thema widmen, auch wenn damit die erneut grosse thematische Austausch mit Forschenden von anderen schweizerischen Universitäten und anderen Vielfalt des Newsletters nicht adäquat wiedergegeben ist. Disziplinen zu pflegen oder aufzunehmen. Im Rahmen dieses Anlasses halten wir am 26. Oktober unsere Mitgliederversammlung ab und würden uns freuen, viele unserer Die unsichere Postdoc-Phase fällt häufig mit der Familiengründung zusammen. Die Mitglieder in Bern begrüssen zu können! im Titelbild dieses Newsletters angesprochene Vereinbarkeit von akademischer Kar- riere und Familie ist nach wie vor schwierig und bedarf Veränderungen, die über die LINK: Schaffung von neuen Karrierewegen hinausgehen. >> www.sagw.ch/de/dms/sagw/schwerpunkte/wissenschaft_und_technikgeschichte/ publikationen/NextGeneration2018.pdf

4 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien COMMUNICATIONS DU COMITÉ • MITTEILUNGEN DES VORSTANDS • COMMUNICATIONS

ANZEIGE: MAX LINIGER (1930 – 2018) AUSWAHLBIBLIOGRAPHIE • 2013: Guinea Ecuatorial : memorándum : medio siglo de terror y saqueo. Ma- VEIT ARLT drid: SIAL Ediciones (Casa de Africa). • 2013: Guinée équatoriale : un demi siècle de terreur et de pillage. Paris: L’Har- Am 12. April 2018 verstarb im Alter von 88 Jahren unser Ehrenmitglied Max Liniger. mattan. Der Soziologe gehörte der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien seit 1976 • 2005: La Guinée Equatoriale : opprimée et convoitée : aide mémoire d’une dé- an. Linigers berufliche Laufbahn umfasste Stationen auf dem ganzen Kontinent Afrika mocrature : 1968–2005. Paris etc.: L’Harmattan. – vom damaligen Zaïre über Äquatorialguinea, Côte d’Ivoire, Kamerun, Sambia zum • 2003: A l’aune de la Guinée équatoriale : colonisation – néocolonisation – démo- damaligen Rhodesien, wo er ein Jahr als IKRK-Delegierter weilte. cratisation – corruption. Edited by Luis Ondo Ayang. Genève, Sierre: Les Editions du temps, [Editions à la carte]. Vielen Mitgliedern ist er durch seine regelmässigen Beiträge zu unserem Newsletter • 2000: La Guinea equatoriale : trenta anni di dittatura. Edited by Novella Fantas- bekannt, in denen er neue Publikationen zu Äquatorialguinea vorstellte und über die tico. Torino: L’Harmattan Italia (Il politico e la memoria). Afrikastudien in Spanien berichtete. In der nächsten Nummer werden wir einen aus- • 1999: Äquatorialguinea : 30 Jahre nguemistischer Verbrecherstaat.L eipzig: Inst. führlichen Nachruf publizieren, den uns sein langjähriger Weggefährte und Freund für Afrikanistik (University of Leipzig Papers on Africa Politics and Economics). Jacques Rial in Aussicht gestellt hat. • 1996: Guinea Ecuatorial y el ensayo democrático: la conquista del Golfo de Gui- nea. Edited by Luis Ondo Ayang. Madrid, Alcobendas-Madrid: Editorial Claves para el futuro, difusión: R. Chapi. • 1992: L’Afrique à refaire : vers un impôt planétaire. Paris: Editions L’Harmattan. • 1992: La démocrature : dictature camouflée, démocratie truquée. Paris: Editions L’Harmattan. • 1988: Historical Dictionary of Equatorial Guinea. 2. Aufl. Metuchen (N.J.): Scare- crow Press (African Historical Dictionaries). • 1988: Small Is Not Always Beautiful: the story of Equatorial Guinea. Edited by John Wood. London: C. Hurst.

Max Liniger mit spanischen Kollegen anlässlich der Präsentation seines Buches «Guinea Ecuatorial. Memorándum» im Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Señora de África in Madrid. Von links nach rechts: Mbuy Kabunda, Francisco Zamora, Jus- to Bolekia Boleka und Basilio Cañadas (Bild: enarenasmovezidas.com 2013).

5 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien • 1984: ONU et dictatures : de la démocratie et des droits de l’homme. Paris: Edi- tions L’Harmattan. • 1983: De la Guinée équatoriale nguemiste : éléments pour le dossier de l’afro- fascisme. Genève: Les Editions du Temps. • 1979: La Guinée équatoriale : un pays méconnu : [de A à Z]. Paris: Editions L’Har- mattan. • 1977: Africana : L’Afrique d’hier à demain. Genève: Editions du temps. • 1974: Guinea Ecuatorial : bibliografía general. Berne, Genève: Commission nationale suisse pour l’Unesco; Les Editions du Temps. • 1972: L’Eurafrique : Utopie ou réalité? Les métamorphoses d’une idée. Yaoundé: Editions CLE (Etudes et documents africains).

Mit Valentin Oyono Abegue verband Max Liniger nicht nur die pub- lizistische Tätigkeit. Die beiden teilten gewissermassen auch die -Er fahrung des Exils (Bild: Laurent Giraud 2017).

Hartmann P. Köchlin anlässlich des 35jährigen Bestehens des von ihm mitbegründeten Hilfswerks Iamaneh Schweiz (Bild: Nils Fischer 2013).

6 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien NACHRUF: HARTMANN P. KOECHLIN (1919 – 2018) Koechlin, der zwischen Weltkrieg und spanischer Grippe am 28. September 1919 in Basel zur Welt kam, hatte schon früh den Wunsch Chemie zu studieren. Nach dem Stu- NATALIE TARR, ANNE MAYOR UND VEIT ARLT dium und einem Postdoc am California Institute of Technology in Pasadena (1947–49), entschied er sich trotzdem für eine technische Karriere in der freien Wirtschaft. Zu- Hartmann P. Koechlin-Staehelin war langjähriges Mitglied der Schweizerischen Ge- rück in der Schweiz, trat er 1949 eine Stelle bei der damaligen J. R. Geigy AG an. Dort sellschaft für Afrikastudien und wurde am 10. September 2013 von der Mitglieder- leitete er unter anderem das Projekt einer landwirtschaftlichen Forschungsstation in versammlung in Anerkennung seiner vielfältigen Bemühungen um den afrikanischen Mali und übernahm in den 1970er Jahren die neugeschaffene Stabsstelle Dritte Welt. Kontinent zum Ehrenmitglied der Gesellschaft ernannt. Koechlin, der im hohen Alter Koechlin war überzeugt, dass namhafte Firmen durchaus Beiträge zur Entwicklung der von 98 Jahren am 10. Februar 2018 verstarb, war lange Jahre beruflich in Mali tätig. Dritten Welt leisten können und sollen. So bereitete er den Grund für die heutige Sein ganz persönliches Interesse galt denn auch diesem Land und erlaubte ihm, es als Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development. mehr als nur ein «armes, afrikanisches Entwicklungsland» einer breiten Öffentlichkeit in der Schweiz zugänglich zu machen. Im Rahmen seiner beruflichen Tätigkeit konnte Hartmann P. Koechlin ein persönliches Interesse an Mali pflegen. Die Verbundenheit mit der Republik Mali und das grosse Engagement führten nach der Pensionierung 1983 zur Ernennung zum Honorarkonsul von Mali in der Schweiz. Dieses Amt nahm er bis 2004 wahr – also über 20 Jahre lang. Da er der Ansicht war, dass kommerzielle Kontakte schwer aufrecht zu erhalten seien, entschied er sich – pragmatisch und auch aus Leidenschaft – für eine Förderung der schönen Künste und organisierte immer wieder Auftritte malischer Künstler (Musiker, Maler, Cinéasten) hier in der Schweiz, aber auch in Mali und unterstützte Ausstellun- gen wie Boubou c’est chic im Jahr 2000 am Museum der Kulturen Basel.

Daneben waltete Koechlin als Vorstandsmitglied der Stiftung Iamaneh (International Association for Maternal and Neonatal Health) und setzte sich für wissenschaftliche Aktivitäten wie die archäologische und ethnoarchäologische Forschung an der Uni- versität Genf ein. Den Kontakt zur Universität Basel hielt er als Mitglied der Kuratel aufrecht, der Vorgängerin des heutigen Universitätsrates. Bis 1993 amtete er als deren Präsident. Für seine vielen Tätigkeiten für und mit Mali wurde Hartmann P. Koechlin zum Chevalier de l’ordre national du Mali ernannt.

7 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien DIVERS VARIA

PUBLICATION DE THÈSES PUBLIKATION VON DISSERTATIONEN La série « Études africaines suisses » chez Lit-Verlag est ouverte aux thèses doctorales Die Serie „Schweizerische Afrikastudien“ beim Lit-Verlag ist für die Publikation von Dis- inscrites dans une université suisse et ayant reçu la mention « très bien » ou « insigni sertationen schweizerischer Universitäten geöffnet. Diese müssen die Mindestnote cum laude » soit, au minimum, la note de 5.5. 5.5 (insigni cum laude oder „mention très bien“) erreicht haben.

Les directeurs de thèse mettent à disposition du comité le rapport des membres du Die Betreuer der Arbeit stellen dem Vorstand die Gutachten zur Arbeit zur Verfügung jury ou des experts, accompagné d'une déclaration écrite stipulant que l'ensemble und bestätigen schriftlich, dass alle Auflagen zur Überarbeitung erfüllt wurden, das des modifications a été effectué et que le manuscrit est complet et prêt à être publié. Manuskript vollständig redigiert wurde und zur Publikation bereit ist.

Il est à noter que la SSEA n'offre aucun soutien financier ni service pour la publication Finanzierung und Realisierung der Publikation liegen in der alleinigen Verantwortung de thèse. En effet, la mise sur pied d'un comité de lecture, exigée pour toute évalua- der Autoren und Betreuer. Zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt kann und will der Vorstand keine tion d'un manuscrit, n'est pas prévue, ni réalisable pour l'instant. Publikationskommission und Prüfverfahren einführen. Die SGAS kann folglich weder einen finanziellen Beitrag leisten, noch Redaktionsarbeiten übernehmen. THÈSES PUBLIÉS DANS LA SÉRIE • Pascal Schmid: Medicine, Faith and Politics in Agogo. A history of health care IN DER REIHE VERÖFFENTLICHTE DISSERTATIONEN delivery in rural Ghana, ca. 1925 to 1980 (Vol. 13). • Pascal Schmid: Medicine, Faith and Politics in Agogo. A history of health care • Jana Gerold: Full of Life. Old age and care in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Vol. 11). delivery in rural Ghana, ca. 1925 to 1980 (Band 13). • Jana Gerold: Full of Life. Old age and care in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Band 11). ASSEMBLÉE ANNUELLE 2018 La prochaine assemblée aura lieu le 26 octobre 2018 à Berne dans le cadre des 5es MITGLIEDERVERSAMMLUNG 2018 journées suisses d'études africaines. Die nächste Mitgliederversammlung findet am 26. Oktober 2018 in Bern statt im Rah- men der 5. Schweizerischen Tage der Afrikasforschung.

8 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien VARIA

PUBLICATION OF DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS The series “Schweizerische Afrikastudien / Études africaines suisses” (Lit publishers) is open for doctoral theses from Swiss universities that have earned the grade 5.5 (insigni cum laude) or in French “mention très bien”.

The supervisors of the thesis must submit the assessments of the examiners to the board of the society, and provide a written declaration that all stipulated amendments have been effected, that the text has been fully edited and that it is ready for publication.

Since the Society at this stage cannot introduce a special publication board and peer review process it neither offers financial support for the publication nor engages in editorial tasks. Both are the sole responsibility of the author and supervisors.

THESES PUBLISHED IN THE SERIES • Pascal Schmid: Medicine, Faith and Politics in Agogo. A history of health care delivery in rural Ghana, ca. 1925 to 1980 (Vol. 13). • Jana Gerold: Full of Life. Old age and care in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Vol. 11).

GENERAL ASSEMBLY 2018 The General Assembly will be held on 26 October 2018 in Berne in connection with the 5th Swiss Researching Africa Days.

9 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien ÉVÉNEMENTS • VERANSTALTUNGEN • EVENTS

JOURNÉES SUISSES D'ÉTUDES AFRICAINES 4. ´Brokers´ and interpreters within the judicial and human rights fields in West (BERNE, 26.–27.10.2018) Africa / « Courtiers » et interprètes dans les champs de la justice et des droits de l´Homme en Afrique de l´Ouest La 5e édition des journées suisses d’études africaines aura lieu le vendredi 26 et le 5. Theorizing African Aesthetics samedi 27 octobre 2018 à l’institut d’anthropologie de l’Université de Berne. Ces jour- 6. Sous le signe du retour : migration et migrance littéraire nées se tiennent tous les deux ans, en alternance avec les colloques thématiques 7. Dance, Power and Subjectivities in African cities internationaux de la SSEA. Placées sous le signe de l’échange entre les acteurs de la 8. Multilingualism and Governance in Sub-Saharan Africa: a key to participation scène africaniste en Suisse, elles ont pour principaux objectifs : and sustainability? 9. So what about youth in Africa? Reappraisals after the academic buzz • de faire connaître des études et projets en cours à tous les niveaux (master, 10. State-Making and State-Breaking in sub-Sahara Africa doctorats, post-docs, professeurs) ; 11. Contested Wildlife • d’assurer une meilleure circulation des informations entre personnes et institutions ; POSTERS • d’offrir une plateforme pour susciter de nouvelles synergies et collaborations ; En outre, la SSEA souhaite dresser un inventaire des thèses de doctorat en cours dans • d’accroître la visibilité des études africaines en Suisse au sein des universités et le champ des études africaines en Suisse. Pour cela, nous invitons toutes les docto- des organismes de recherche concernés ; rantes et tous les doctorants ayant une thèse en cours dans une université suisse, • de renforcer l’ancrage institutionnel des études africaines en Suisse. ou ayant soutenu une thèse en 2017 ou 2018, à préparer un poster (A0, orientation portrait) et le présenter lors des journées. Un moment sera réservé pour que les par- Le programme consistera de 13 panels et de sessions posters. En plus, la publication ticipants puissent prendre connaissance des posters et discuter avec leurs auteurs. posthume de l'œuvre de notre ancienne présidente Claudia Roth sera presenté. Le Tous les posters seront ensuite publiés (en ligne) dans une petite brochure. programme sera publié d'ici debut séptembre 2018. Au moment de publication de la newsletter il reste encore de la place pour des pos- PANELS ters additionels. Si vous voulez faire une proposition tardive, veuillez contacter Veit 1. Knowing Justice: The Politics of Knowledge Production for, and of, Peace and Arlt par e-mail à l'adresse suivante: [email protected]. Justice in Africa 2. Disentangling the knot: illuminating the dynamics between globalised land and ORGANISATION: local well-being in Africa Pour le comité de la SSEA : Didier Péclard, Tobias Haller and Veit Arlt 3. Environmental justice and land management practices in Africa Pour l’Université de Berne : Tobias Haller, Carole Ammann et Mélanie Sampoyo

10 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien SCHWEIZERISCHE TAGE DER AFRIKAFORSCHUNG 3. Environmental justice and land management practices in Africa (BERN, 26.–27.10.2018) 4. ´Brokers´ and interpreters within the judicial and human rights fields in West Africa / « Courtiers » et interprètes dans les champs de la justice et des droits de Die fünften schweizerischen Tage der Afrikaforschung finden am Freitag und Samstag, l´Homme en Afrique de l´Ouest 26.–27. Oktober 2018 am Institut für Sozialanthropologie der Universität Bern statt. 5. Theorizing African Aesthetics Diese Forschungstage werden alle zwei Jahre im Wechsel mit den internationalen the- 6. Sous le signe du retour : migration et migrance littéraire matischen Kolloquien der SGAS durchgeführt und stehen allen Disziplinen offen. Sie 7. Dance, Power and Subjectivities in African cities dienen dem Austausch zwischen den verschiedenen AkteurInnen der Afrikaforschung 8. Multilingualism and Governance in Sub-Saharan Africa: a key to participation in der Schweiz mit folgenden Zielen: and sustainability? 9. So what about youth in Africa? Reappraisals after the academic buzz • laufende Forschungsprojekte von Masterstudierenden, Doktoranden, Post-Docs 10. State-Making and State-Breaking in sub-Sahara Africa und ProfessorInnen bekannt zu machen; 11. Contested Wildlife • eine bessere Zirkulation der relevanten Informationen zwischen Personen und Institutionen zu ermöglichen; POSTERS • eine Plattform für neue Synergien und Kollaborationen anzubieten; Die SGAS dokumentiert die Dissertationen in der Schweizerischen Afrikaforschung. • die Wahrnehmung der Afrikawissenschaften in der Schweiz und in den betroffe- Aus diesem Grund bitten wir all jene, die ein Dissertationsprojekt an einer Schweizer nen Hochschulen und Forschungsorganisationen zu verbessern; Universität laufen oder ihre Promotion in den Jahren 2017 oder 2018 abgeschlossen • die Institutionalisierung der Afrikawissenschaften voranzutreiben. haben, ein Poster zu präsentieren (Grösse A0, vertikale Orientierung). Für die Besich- tigung der Poster und den Austausch mit den AutorInnen wird im Programm entspre- Das Programm wird aus 13 Panels und Postersessions bestehen. Zusätzlich werden wir chend Zeit vorgesehen. Die Poster werden im Anschluss auf der Webseite der SGAS in die posthume Veröffentlichung der Arbeiten unserer vormaligen Präsidentin Claudia Form eines Readers publiziert. Roth vorstellen. Das Programm wird Anfang September 2018 publiziert werden. Bei Redaktionsschluss bestand noch Platz für weitere Poster. Verspätete Meldungen PANELS sind an Veit Arlt ([email protected]) zu senden. 1. Knowing Justice: The Politics of Knowledge Production for, and of, Peace and Justice in Africa ORGANISATION: 2. Disentangling the knot: illuminating the dynamics between globalised land and Für den Vorstand der SGAS: Didier Péclard, Tobias Haller und Veit Arlt local well-being in Africa Für die Universität Bern: Tobias Haller, Carole Ammann und Mélanie Sampoyo

11 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien SWISS RESEARCHING AFRICA DAYS (BERNE, 26.–27.10.2018) 3. Environmental justice and land management practices in Africa 4. ´Brokers´ and interpreters within the judicial and human rights fields in West The 5th edition of the Swiss Researching Africa Days will take place on Friday 26 and Africa / « Courtiers » et interprètes dans les champs de la justice et des droits de Saturday 27 October 2018 at the Institute for Social Anthropology, University of Bern. l´Homme en Afrique de l´Ouest The Researching Africa Days are held biennially alternating with the international 5. Theorizing African Aesthetics thematic conferences of the Swiss Society for African Studies and are open to all 6. Sous le signe du retour : migration et migrance littéraire disciplines representing African Studies. The objective of the meeting is to promote 7. Dance, Power and Subjectivities in African cities the exchange among the community of researchers working on Africa in Switzerland. 8. Multilingualism and Governance in Sub-Saharan Africa: a key to participation Its goals are to and sustainability? 9. So what about youth in Africa? Reappraisals after the academic buzz • present current research projects of MA- and doctoral students, post-docs and 10. State-Making and State-Breaking in sub-Sahara Africa senior scholars; 11. Contested Wildlife • enhance the circulation of relevant information between these actors and the respective institutions; POSTERS • offer a platform for synergies and collaboration; One of our aims is to present ongoing or recently completed PhD research on a topic • enhance the visibility of African Studies in Switzerland, the universities and re- related to Africa at Swiss universities. The organizers invite researchers to submit a search institutions; scientific poster (size A0, vertical orientation) on their PhD research for the Swiss- Re • promote the institutionalisation of African Studies. searching Africa Days. There will be time slots for the presentation of the posters during the conference. The posters will also be compiled as an electronic reader to be The programme will feature 13 panels and poster sessions. In addition we will launch published on the website of the Swiss Society for African Studies. the posthumous publication of the research of our former president Claudia Roth. The programme will be published in early September 2018. At the moment of going to print there was still space for further posters. If you would like to submit a late proposal, please contact Veit Arlt ([email protected]). PANELS 1. Knowing Justice: The Politics of Knowledge Production for, and of, Peace and ORGANISATION: Justice in Africa For the Board of the SSAS/SGAS/SSEA: Didier Péclard, Tobias Haller and Veit Arlt 2. Disentangling the knot: illuminating the dynamics between globalised land and For the University of Bern: Tobias Haller, Carole Ammann and Mélanie Sampoyo local well-being in Africa

12 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien CIVIL WARS AND STATE FORMATION Based on this critical perspective on the politics of government in war zones, the -con (GENEVA 15.–17.11.2018) ference will follow three interconnected main lines of inquiry:

This conference seeks to debate the social construction of order and legitimacy during 1. Manufacturing consent. What kind of narratives do armed groups construct to and after violent conflict. It focuses on political orders put in place by armed groups, legitimise their military actions and shore up popular consent? How do rebel their strategies to legitimise their very existence as movements as well as their claim movements and other armed groups build their social base and garner support to power, and on the extent to which they strive and manage to institutionalise their for their cause and what narratives do they produce to legitimise their milita- military power and transform it into political domination. ry actions in order to counter the negative effects of the ‘shadow of violence’ (Schlichte) cast by warfare? Recent literature has provided important insights into the organisational structures 2. Institutionalising rule. To which degree do armed movements in different socio- of armed groups, the emergence of alternative forms of social order in war-affected political environments engage in the development of a system of civilian rule zones, as well as into the relationships between territorial control and the use of vi- and a bureaucratic apparatus? How does military control by armed groups trans- olence. Taken together these studies build a new, ‘re-politicised’ narrative of state- society relations during violent conflict. However, scant attention has been paid to how relations and institutions of governance that were developed in areas controlled by armed groups fit into long-term dynamics of state formation through armed conflict. Moreover, much of the literature on the peace-building/state-building nexus still relies on a normative and prescriptive concept of states as structures rather than as processes, and on the idea that states are the product of conscious policies aimed at constructing the institutional infrastructure of governance rather than historical formations. We argue that states cannot be engineered, but are the results of long- lasting historical processes including phases of violence. Accordingly, civil wars need to be seen as part and parcel of historical processes of state formation and not as the expression of states’ inability to maintain their monopoly over the use of violence, or as the result of their ‘collapse’ and ‘failure’. A processual, bottom-up approach to capturing formations of statehood provides for a better understanding of legitimate institutions and their formation.

Traces of the civil war in Huambo, Angola (picture: Didier Péclard 2012).

13 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien late (or not) into civilian political institutions in times of war and what, if- any THE PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF AFRICAN–ASIAN RELATIONS thing, distinguishes wartime governance from other forms of governance? Here, (NEUCHÂTEL 25.–27.04.2019) we posit that the ability of armed movements to institutionalise their power is strongly influenced by the kind of state-society relationship that characterised With this call for papers, the organizers encourage researchers to investigate sociologi- social life prior to conflict in the areas under their control, and we therefore look cal theories and conceptual tools for the analysis of the relationships between Asia at how the government of people in times of war relates to other sources of and Africa. They welcome reflections on questions of methods and data for analysis of power (traditional or religious authorities, remnants of the state administration, these relationships. The organizers are interested in past and current developments local, national and international NGOs, etc.). in the social structure of the world society. They invite papers on the economic, politi- 3. The wartime fabric of post-war state domination. Engaging with what we see as cal and social changes triggered by African–Asian relationships, both on the African a blind spot in the literature on governance in times of war, and especially in the continent but also in China and other Asian countries. Finally, this call is interested emerging sub-field of ‘rebel governance’, we suggest to focus here on the con- in the driving forces behind these developments and their interests, again on both tinuities and discontinuities between war and post-war orders. How does ‘rebel continents. rule’ transform into state domination and how does the culture of governance developed under ‘rebel rule’ shape post-war governance by former rebels? This Issues that may be addressed by papers include (but are not limited to): panel will discuss how the symbolic and material aspects of rebel rule ‘survive’ the end of hostilities, especially in formerly rebel-held territories, and how this • Institutionalized Asian–African relationships, such as China’sOne Belt, One Road impacts long-term state formation processes. Initiative or the FOCAC, the India Africa Forum Summit, or Japan’s TICAD. • Consequences of the Asian–African relationships such as changing inequalities, ORGANIZERS unequal exchanges, indebtedness, changes in poverty, (dis)continuities in labor Didier Péclard (University of Geneva) movements Martina Santschi (swisspeace) • Other social consequences including changes of gender and generational rela- Jon Schubert (University of Geneva) tions • Changes in the economy triggered by foreign direct investment, the diffusion of CONTACT agricultural and other technologies, labor migration and changing trade patterns [email protected] • Political issues such as the shift of military power, new conflict lines or human rights issues • Ideational aspects of the Asian–African relationships such as Asian- (develop mental) states as blue print for development strategies in African countries, Gulf States as models for non-Western modernity, or mutual (racist) stereotypes.

14 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien The new Addis Ababa National Stadium, built by a Chi- nese state company (picture: Daniel Künzler 2018).

Please note that the organizers are seeking original contributions. Papers that have already been published or submitted for publication will not be accepted. Authors will be notified before the end of October 2018 of paper proposal acceptance. Successful applicants are invited to elaborate their proposals into full papers and to participate in the World Society Foundation Award of Excellence Program for Research Papers.

WORLD SOCIETY FOUNDATION AWARD FOR RESEARCH PAPERS Successful applicants of abstract proposals interested in having their papers considered for the World Society Foundation Award for Research Papers are invited to submit their full paper (25–30 pages, but no more than 8 000 words) in English before 6 • Transnational aspects such as the role of networks and diasporas or forms of January 2019 (CET) to [email protected]. The authors of the most out- migration for business, recreation, health care or education standing papers will be invited to the conference and they become candidates for the • Ecological issues such as the consumption of resources and its impact on the Foundation’s 2019 Award. Notification of selected papers will be given by 15 February environment or the potential for green technologies 2019. The Award, with a prize of USD 10 000 (first prize) and USD 5 000 (second prize) will be presented at the Neuchâtel conference. Highest priority will be given to papers that combine a general theoretical discussion with new empirical findings. These papers may be based on new comparative ORGANIZING COMMITTEE research as well as single-case studies, and on qualitative as well as quantitative- re Marilyn Grell-Brisk (University of Neuchâtel), Daniel Künzler (University of Fribourg), search methods. Papers can take a long durée perspective or focus on limited time Christian Suter (University of Neuchâtel), Patrick Ziltener (University of Zurich). periods, including contemporary ones. CONFERENCE SPONSORSHIP SUBMISSION PROCEDURE World Society Foundation, Swiss Society for African Studies, Swiss Sociological Asso- Please submit a 500 word paper abstract in English before 30 September 2018 (CET) to ciation, Sociological Institute of the University of Neuchâtel [email protected]. The abstract should include the title of the paper, all author(s) names and affiliation as well as contact information. It should contain clear WEBSITE information on the research methods, data sources and analytical tools to be used. www.worldsociety.ch

15 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien PEOPLING HISTORY OF AFRICA: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY geographic dispersals linked to climatic changes, environmental adaptations associ- PERSPECTIVE (GENEVA, 06.–07.06.2019) ated with diseases, cultural adaptations and many others.

The continent of Africa, which currently encompasses about one third of all existing Additionally, recent research in prehistory has deepened our understanding of the ethnicities worldwide, is fascinating because it is not only the most likely homeland emergence of tools and cognition during the Early Stone Age, long before the appear- of the genus Homo, but also of modern humans (our species Homo sapiens). For this ance of Homo sapiens. Among other cultural innovations, discoveries of evidence of reason, it meets the interests of most researchers in anthropology, including palae- symbolism and art, in southern Africa, are also important to discuss the issue of the ontologists, archaeologists, geneticists and scholars of many other related disciplines emergence of so-called “modern behaviour”, purportedly associated in Africa with (e.g. ethnology, historical linguistics, and so on). In all these diverse fields, recent dis- our species. Bio-archaeological and archaeological research have also much improved coveries and results have challenged current hypotheses on the peopling history of our understanding of the circulation of important new knowledge, like the- manu this continent. First, very old fossils attributed to modern humans have been found facture of complex techniques (stone tools, pottery, iron metallurgy), or animal and in the Moroccan archaeological site of Jebel Irhoud, dating back to the emergence plant domestication. The diffusion of these new techniques, modes of subsistence, of our species from 200 000 to about 300 000 years ago and extending the putative and important migrations throughout the African continent are highly correlated to origin of Homo sapiens from East to North-West Africa. This finding appears to be climatic and environmental variations, but also to cultural factors, including resilience. compatible with the age estimated for a very old modern human bone recently found The pattern of adoption of these innovations is also quite different from theones outside Africa in the Near East, which suggests more ancient dispersals from Africa known in Europe or elsewhere, and still needs much more investigations. Therefore, than previously thought, in better agreement with palaeoclimatic data. Researchers it is more and more necessary to approach the questions of human peopling and the now also debate on alternative locations for our origins based on genetic data;- be evolution of the different modes of subsistence with a multidisciplinary perspective. sides East Africa, a great attention is paid to South Africa where the analyses of -an Some regions of Africa are currently studied with such a strategy, combining data from cient genomes indicate a possible divergence of the first modern human populations genetics, linguistics, bio-archaeology, palaeo-environment and archaeology, and will more than 250 000 years ago. be presented as examples.

Besides its role as a putative homeland of modern humans, Africa has also been the This conference aims at gathering a number of outstanding international research- scene of multiple migrations resulting in remarkable population diversity, today- rep ers active in different fields in order to present a comprehensive view of our present resented by more than 2 000 population groups who follow distinct lifestyles and knowledge about the peopling of Africa. It should offer the opportunity to discuss the who speak different languages belonging to four separate linguistic phyla. Extensive advantages and perspectives of such research, as well as the challenges of a multidis- genomic studies have considerably enlightened our understanding of the great ge- ciplinary strategy. An open call will allow researchers and students to present posters netic variation observed in Africa, which was likely shaped by multiple factors such as within the focus of the conference.

16 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien ORGANIZERS «SICHTWEISEN – VISIONEN EINER MUSEUMSPARTNERSCHAFT» Anne Mayor and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas (ZÜRICH, 13.04.2018 – 06.01.2019) Department of Genetics and Evolution, Anthropology Unit, University of Geneva Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3) THOMAS LAELY Swiss Society of African Studies Swiss Society of Anthropology

CONTACT [email protected]

Für einmal steht im Völkerkundemuseum der Universität Zürich die ethnologische Museumsarbeit selbst im Zentrum. Die Ausstellung Sichtweisen – Visionen einer Mu- seumspartnerschaft / Points of View – Visions of a Museum Partnership dokumentiert die Kooperation zwischen zwei ugandischen Museen und dem Völkerkundemuseum in Zürich. Zu sehen gibt es gleich drei Ausstellungen in einer.

17 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien Gegenwärtig verwirklichen drei Museen, das Uganda National Museum in Kampala, das Igongo Cultural Centre in Mbarara, Südwest-Uganda und das Völkerkundemu- seum der Universität Zürich eine ungewöhnliche Kooperation: In Uganda und in der Schweiz wird gemeinsam geforscht und werden Ausstellungen im Dialog erarbeitet. Die Zürcher Ausstellung Sichtweisen bietet selbstkritische Einblicke in die bisherige Zusammenarbeit und ermöglicht einen virtuellen Ausflug in die ugandischen Museen.

Zum Auftakt der zweisprachigen Ausstellung (Deutsch und Englisch) werden die Be- suchenden mit der kontroversen Geschichte ethnologischer Museen konfrontiert. Bis zur Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts gab es ‹Völkerschauen› – etwa das ‹Negerdorf› in Alts- tetten bei Zürich, welches in seiner nachgestellten ‹natürlichen Umgebung› besucht werden konnte. Ein Schaukasten dokumentiert den voyeuristischen Blick auf- Men schen aus den Kolonialgebieten. Ethnologische Museen wurden in den letzten Jahren verstärkt kritisiert, andere Gesellschaften zur Schau zu stellen, ohne die Menschen und ihr Wissen einzubeziehen. Sie stehen zunehmend unter dem Druck der Öffent- lichkeit, ihre Geschichte aufzuarbeiten und in Zukunft mit externen Interessengruppen zusammenzuarbeiten. Zu Wort kommen sollen nicht mehr nur die Kuratierenden und Fotografie einer Besprechung in Zürich während der Vorbereitun- Museumsleute selbst, sondern alle Betroffenen – gefragt sind Mehrstimmigkeit und gen der Ausstellung im Uganda Museum (Bild: Thomas Laely 2012). Multiperspektivität.

WEGWEISENDE INTERNATIONALE ZUSAMMENARBEIT nanderzusetzen, jeweils gefolgt von einem Gegenbesuch der Schweizer Partner in Internationale Kooperation erweist sich als wegweisender Ansatz für die Museums- Uganda. Leitprinzip war und ist eine Zusammenarbeit auf Augenhöhe – alle Partner arbeit. Im Unterschied zu manchen anderen Kooperationsprojekten stehen im vor- sollen in allen Arbeitsphasen einbezogen sein, von der Konzeption bis zur abschlie- gestellten Projekt weder die finanzielle Unterstützung noch eine einseitige Nord-Süd- ssenden Umsetzung. Beratungstätigkeit im Zentrum. Vielmehr geht es darum, gemeinsam zu forschen und zu kuratieren. Die Kuratorinnen und Kuratoren aus Uganda und der Schweiz erstellten Die Vorteile einer solchen Kooperation liegen auf der Hand. Von anderer Warte betrach- zusammen ihre Ausstellungskonzepte, recherchierten gemeinsam und tauschten sich tet, erschliesst sich Zusätzliches – oder Gleiches – anders. So kann ein komplexeres und fortlaufend aus. Alternierend kamen die ugandischen Forschenden in die Schweiz, um facettenreicheres Bild der Realität gezeichnet werden, können neue Erkenntnisse über sich mit der Milchwirtschaft im Alpenraum und der hiesigen Museumsarbeit ausei- Objekte und Zusammenhänge, aber auch über die Museumsarbeit selbst entstehen.

18 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien Die ugandischen Kuratoren bei der Feldforschung über Milchkul- tur in der Schweiz. Die Kooperation wurde filmisch dokumentiert. (Bild: Thomas Laely 2015).

VIRTUELLER AUSSTELLUNGSBESUCH IN UGANDA Mittels Touchbildschirmen tauchen Interessierte virtuell in die ugandischen Museen ein. Die beiden Ausstellungen Drink deeply – Milk Exhibition (in Kampala) und The Power of Milk (in Mbarara) widmen sich schweizerischen und ugandischen Milchkul- turen und wurden im September 2017 mit grossem Erfolg eröffnet. Tausende von Schulkindern, Viehhaltern, Milchproduzenten und weiteren interessierten Erwach- senen setzten sich seither nicht nur mit dem reichen Milch-Kulturerbe der beiden Länder auseinander, sondern auch mit den Chancen und Herausforderungen aktueller technologischer, global-wirtschaftlicher und ökologischer Entwicklungen.

MOBILES MUSEUM IN UGANDA Das Kooperationsprojekt endet nicht mit der Ausstellung in Zürich. Geplant ist ein mobiles Museum in Uganda, das die Inhalte der ‹Milchausstellungen› auch den Men- KONSEQUENT PARTIZIPATIVER ANSPRUCH BRINGT HERAUSFORDERUNGEN schen in ländlichen Gebieten zugänglich macht. Den ugandischen Kuratoren ist es ein Doch eine Kooperation über kulturelle und geographische Grenzen hinweg bringt Anliegen, dass die mobile Ausstellung an die unterschiedlichen Probleme und Bedürf- auch Herausforderungen, zumal jedes Museum in je eigene politische, wirtschaftli- nisse der verschiedenen Landesregionen angepasst wird. Sie soll den Viehbauern eine che, infrastrukturelle und kulturelle Verhältnisse eingebunden ist. In der Zusammen- Plattform zum Austausch geben und nützliches Wissen zur Verfügung stellen. Auch für arbeit muss mit unterschiedlichen Sichtweisen umgegangen werden. Die aktuelle das Museum in Zürich ist mit der nun eröffnenden Ausstellung die Zusammenarbeit Ausstellung im Zürcher Völkerkundemuseum thematisiert an verschiedenen Statio- nicht abgeschlossen. Die Kooperation mit Partnermuseen, insbesondere mit solchen nen die Aushandlungsprozesse, den Wissensaustausch und Umgang mit Mehrstim- in den Herkunftsregionen der Sammlungen, ist für die ethnologische Museumsarbeit migkeit und Multiperspektivität, die Mediennutzung und die Kommunikationskultur. vielmehr eine zentrale ständige Aufgabe. Besucher können Skype-Gespräche und die Kommunikation mittels WhatsApp mitver- folgen. Darüber hinaus dokumentieren Videoaufnahmen das Partnerschaftsprojekt Im Rahmen der Partnerschaft ist auch ein Sammelband zum Thema entstanden: aus einer unabhängigen Aussenperspektive. Museum Cooperation between Africa and Europe. A new field for Museum Studies,

19 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien ORT Völkerkundemuseum der Universität Zürich Pelikanstrasse 40 8001 Zürich www.musethno.uzh.ch

ÖFFNUNGSZEITEN Dienstag, Mittwoch und Freitag 10–17 Uhr Donnerstag 10–19 Uhr, Samstag 14–17 Uhr, Sonntag 11–17 Uhr Montag geschlossen, Eintritt frei

Thomas Laely ist seit 2010 Vizedirektor des Völkerkundemuseums der Universität Zü- rich. Der Ethnologe promovierte 1992 an der Universität Zürich zu Staatlichkeit und Autorität in Burundi und war anschliessend bei Pro Helvetia, wo er zuletzt den Bereich Internationales leitete. Kontakt: [email protected]. Die Ausstellung "Drink Deeply! Milk Exhibition" im Uganda Mu- seum kommt nicht zuletzt auch bei jüngeren Besuchern sehr gut an (Bild: Ali Nkwasibwe 2017). transcript Verlag, Bielefeld & Fountain Publishers, Kampala. Das Buch enthält in der Mehrzahl Beiträge afrikanischer Wissenschaftler und Wissenschaftlerinnen und -Mu seumsleute und ist eines der Resultate einer internationalen Konferenz von Dezem- ber 2016. Sowohl die Tagung wie die Publikation wurden von der Schweizerischen Ge- sellschaft für Afrikastudien SGAS gefördert. Der Band soll Ende Juni 2018 erscheinen.

20 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien REPORT: 12TH INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE AND DEVELOPMENT Not only had the organizers put together a coherent set of panels, they had made sure CONFERENCE: LANGUAGE AND THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOP- each panel had a discussant steeped in the topic to be presented. MENT GOALS (DAKAR, 27.–29.11.2017) The conference theme focused on the crucial role of language and communication NATALIE TARR & GABI SLEZAK as enabling factors in a sustainable development process for a society. Referring to the UN Agenda on Sustainable Development and the 17 goals adopted in Septem- The Language and Development Conference is part of a well-established tradition. ber 2015, it pointed to the fact that this role is completely neglected when it comes The organizers were proud to announce that for the first time the conference was to local or international development. Here we would like to add that the role of taking place in a francophone African country. So-called francophone, we would like language(s) has been quite overlooked in the elaboration of these UN sustainable to add, because, as Guy Ossito Midiohouan has already stated over 30 years ago, development goals. The main topics of the conference were multilingual education, Africa is by no means francophone (or anglophone, lusophone, for that matter), but language skills for sustainable economic growth, and the role of languages for justice, africanophone. This was one of the major themes accompanying us throughout the communication and peace. conference—making the innumerable African languages in use on the continent more visible, be it by analyzing their use in higher education (Gabi Slezak, Vuyokazi Nom- There were three parallel panel sessions every day, which were flanked by a keynote lomo) and in innovative, community-based ways of evaluating children’s school per- address or plenary in the morning and evening. It was—as is usual at these large formance (Mary Goretti Nakabugo) or in new approaches to language independent events—quite a challenge to choose between panels. And since the conference concepts of literacy (Friederike Lüpke). The public was also thrilled to see how the use theme’s main focus was on language, all contributions were simultaneously translated of a range of national languages were being promoted in administration and politics in English and French by a team of professional interpreters. Every conference room (Ahmeth Diouf, Malick Sy, Serigne Ndiaye) or by their use in the justice system (Leigh was equipped with interpreter cabins—an innovative and exceptional organization of Swigart, Aly Sambou & Natalie Tarr, Peter Mayeso Jiyajiya, Mouhamed Adbdallah Ly & a three-day conference! The work of the interpreters was made especially palpable in Abdourahmane Seck & Yamar Samb). a plenary presentation on the last day of the conference, where interpreters working for the national assembly of Senegal interpreted into/from the six Senegalese- lan The conference brought together over 250 participants (practitioners from NGOs and guages codified as national languages in the Senegalese constitution. Under the -guid development professionals, researchers, international & national policy makers) and ance of the doyen Malick Sy, they proved that it is indeed possible to have professional had been organized by a highly professional core team from the British Council. The interpreters for Jola (Bernard Senghor and Maïmouna Tamba), Mandinka (Fadel Touré conference was also hosted by Senegal’s Ministry of Higher Education, Research and and Pape Abasse Drame), Pulaar (Binta Ly), Serere (Birane Séné and Jean Christophe Innovation, the Ministry of National Education, CODESRIA, SIL International, La -Fran Faye), Wolof (Cheikhouna Thiam, Sokhna Diagne, Elhadji Faye and Saliou Dieng), using cophonie, SOAS, and UNESCO. sophisticated vocabulary and concepts.

21 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien The conference got kick-started on Monday 27 November after the usual words of welcome from the organizers, sponsors and hosts. Paulin Djité, a sociolinguist, who today is working as an international consultant in language and education, gave the first key note address. He talked about the challenges of doctor-patient communication in the health sector.

Another prominent keynote speaker was linguist Salikoko Mufwene. He presented his ideas and concepts of bringing about sustainable economic development through a stronger integration of African languages. The creation of new job profiles, which are adapted to the linguistic situation in African societies, can enable the working population to secure adequate homes and access to sanitation and to afford health care and schooling for their children.

Ahmeth Diouf, the general lawyer at the Supreme Court in Dakar and researcher in The conference held at the King Fahd Palace Hotel in Dakar attract- legal terminology and anthropology, has for years dedicated himself to creating a ed a great and diverse crowd (picture: British Council Senegal 2017) Wolof-based language for criminal procedures in Senegal in collaboration with the department of linguistics at Cheikh Anta Diop University (Ucad) of Dakar. Together with One aspect that made this conference particularly enriching was being able to interact a linguist from Ucad, Ahmeth Diouf is researching how to most adequately create ter- with a very diverse crowd of attendees. Not only academic researchers came to Dakar, minology and translate codes of law into Wolof. Referring to the low comprehension but also members of NGOs, researchers working in applied fields such as language of French in the Senegalese population, he emphasized the importance of translations policy or the codification of languages that have so far not been reduced to writing. in order to allow access to basic rights. Governance and citizenship require respect for Missionaries as well came to present their work. The representative of SIL Africa, Bar- linguistic diversity – meaning also the coexistence of diverse linguistic groups – and bara Trudell, concluded this first day with her keynote address, a plenary presentation unity, which is a huge challenge not only to language policy makers, but, in this case, on African languages in education. This cross-disciplinarity made for discussions allow- to the justice system, its representatives, and to the national government. ing us to leave our own comfort zone and to listen to voices not usually heard within our known disciplinary boundaries. Quite a fruitful experience! Two further keynote speakers we would like to mention specifically were Leigh Swigart and Mary Goretti Nakabugo. Both gave passionate presentations on their research and The organizers had made sure this conference was also an event to be remembered work in the international court of law (Swigart) and in novels assessments of school for its culinary highlights and cultural events. On the Sunday evening before the actual performance by primary school children (Nakabugo). start of the conference, we were invited to attend a slam poetry session at a club

22 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien known for regularly hosting renowned artists from all over the world. This excellent BERICHT: TAGUNG SCHULDENKRISE UND DER FALL first evening was topped off by a performance by Cheikh Lo and his band. Lo is a Sen- CREDIT SUISSE–MOSAMBIK (BASEL, 18.11.2017) egalese musician, who is well known abroad and at home. We conference participants were truly spoiled before the conference had even started! BARBARA MÜLLER

The next social highlight was the conference gala dinner on Monday evening, follow- Die von der Kampagne für Entschuldung und Entschädigung im südlichen Afrika (KEE- ing a rich day of presentations. This, too, was accompanied by sets of performances SA) organisierte Tagung war nicht nur gut besucht, die Themen Schuldenkrise und der playing with language in a diversity of ways. A kora player/griot, slam poets, and sing- skandalöse Kredit der Credit Suisse an drei mosambikanische Firmen lösten engagierte ers entertained us while we enjoyed a wonderful meal and socialized. und auch kontroverse Diskussionen aus. Die Tagung befasste sich mit den Krediten im Umfang von 2 Milliarden US Dollar, welche u.a. die Credit Suisse (CS) 2013–14 drei mo- The second and third days of the Language and Development Conference continued sambikanischen Firmen unter Missachtung ihrer eigenen Sorgfaltskriterien gewährt in the same vein with three parallel sessions of highly professional presentations and hatte. Die unfairen und ungleichen Strukturen des internationalen Wirtschaftssys- cultural highlights topping off the day. tems, die durch die Verschuldung immer wieder neu generiert werden, zeigte Jürgen Kaiser von der deutschen NRO Erlassjahr.de auf.

Natalie Tarr is a PhD researcher at the Center for African Studies, University of Basel. Der mosambikanische Ökonom Carlos Nuno Castel-Branco legte dar, weshalb Erklä- Contact: [email protected]. rungen und Massnahmen, die sich auf Korruptionsbekämpfung (vor allem in Mosam- bik) beschränken, zu kurz greifen. Für ihn sind Länder wie Mosambik Teil eines abhän- Gabi Slezak is senior lecturer in sociolinguistics at the Department of African Studies gigen Kapitalismus und befinden sich aufgrund dieser Position in einer strukturellen at the University of Vienna, Austria. Contact: [email protected]. Dauerkrise. Der Prozess der kapitalistischen Akkumulation führe unvermeidlich zur Krise, die durch das Abwälzen der Kosten auf die abhängigen Länder saniert werde. Der renommierte Mosambikkenner JosephHanlon verwies auf die Entwicklungen, die Mosambik seit seiner Unabhängkeit im Jahr 1975 durchlief. Das ehemals sozialistische Land wurde in die Weltwirtschaft integriert, indem die internationalen Finanz- und Wirtschaftsinstitutionen eine kapitalistische Elite heranzogen.

An der Tagung wurde kritisiert, dass die Direktion für Entwicklung und Zusammenar- beit (DEZA) ihre Beiträge an Mosambik gekürzt hat und damit die Bevölkerung den Preis für verantwortungslos gewährte Kredite bezahlen muss, die durch ein schweizeri-

23 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien Schlusspodium mit Rita Kesselring, Jürgen Kaiser, Barbara Müller, Jo- seph Hanlon und Carlo Nuno Castel-Branco (Bild: Urs Sekinger 2017).

Auf Wunsch aus dem Kreis der Teilnehmer wird die KEESA den Fall Credit Suisse–Mo- sambik weiter verfolgen und interessierte Akteure zusammenbringen. Zusammen mit Experten aus verschiedenen Fachgebieten, sollen Handlungsmöglichkeiten ausgelotet werden.

Barbara Müller war lange Jahre Geschäftsführerin des Fonds für Entwicklung und partnerschaft in Afrika FEPA. Kontakt: [email protected].

sches Finanzinstitut wesentlich mitverantwortet wurden, das an diesem Deal rund 200 Millionen verdiente. Wie Gerhard Siegfried, Programmverantwortlicher bei der DEZA ausführte, hat diese versucht, die CS zur Verantwortung zu ziehen, wurde jedoch vom Eidgenössischen Departement für ausswärtige Angelegenheiten (EDA) zurückgepfiffen.

Gemäss dem politischen Sekretär der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Schweiz (SP), Peter Hug fehlt ganz einfach der politische Wille, sich mit dem skandalösen Verhalten der CS auseinanderzusetzen. Er forderte die Staatsanwaltschaft dazu auf, eine Strafuntersu- chung gegen die CS einzuleiten. Sein manchmal einseitiger Korruptionsbegriff, der sich auf die mosambikanischen Akteure konzentrierte, löste eine grössere Debatte darü- ber aus, was unter Korruption zu verstehen ist. Die Klärung dieser Begrifflichkeiten ist wichtig, denn ihre Verwischung hat politische Implikationen.

24 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien REPORT: OUT OF THE CLASSROOM, INTO THE CITY – From participating in the27forFreedom race to remember Nelson Mandela at the site A JOINT SEMESTER AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN of his final release from prison, to exploring migrant lives in Maitland and tracing slave histories in the heart of the busy central business district, students got to engage with SOPHIE OLDFIELD AND LAURA NKULA-WENZ a plethora of living histories that shape Cape Town today. On a practical level, the course also helps students to orient themselves in the city and settle into what would In 2017 the University of Basel (UNIBAS) introduced the Masters programme Critical become their home for the next six months. In addition to the dedicated academic Urbanisms. An integral part of the programme is a semester hosted by the African staff and student affairs coordinator, Basel students are also able to draw on several Centre for Cities (ACC) at the University of Cape Town (UCT), directed and taught by friendly student liaisons, who assist them with navigating daily life on campus and Sophie Oldfield, the UCT–UNIBAS Professor of Urban Studies, Dr Anna Selmeczi and beyond. Dr Laura Nkula-Wenz. The semester at UCT offers a fantastic set of opportunities to get out of the classroom and into the city to grapple with contemporary city challenges and a southern urban studies literature. University of Basel students take two courses at the University of Cape Town and complete a semester-long programme of urban experiential learning, providing opportunities to get to grips with everyday city realities, try out different research methods, and find a personal niche in this exciting field. The programme also offers collaborative opportunities to work with the new Masters in Southern Urbanism, a programme launched this year at the ACC. As the first cohort of eight University of Basel students have just completed their semester in Cape Town, we are happy to share some impressions below.

NICE TO MEET YOU CAPE TOWN! The programme kicked off with the block course ‘Contemporary South African De- bates’. This two weeklong introduction provides an entry point for students to explore powerful legacies and debates on apartheid, democracy, and the possibilities and limits of transformation and decolonization that shape South African cities.

Critical Urbanisms students with Dr Laura Nkula-Wenz and Professor So- phie Oldfield at the 27forFreedom event, commemorating Nelson Man- dela’s release from prison (photo: Adesola Adelowo, 10 February 2018).

25 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien ‘The Urban Everyday’ course, joint cohorts Masters in Southern Urbanism, African Centre for Cities and Masters in Critical Urban- isms, University of Basel (picture: Rosca Warries, 22 May 2018).

From this point, students are registered at the University of Cape Town from February to mid-June. At UCT, students join the Masters in Southern Urbanism in a core course on ‘The Urban Everyday' and select a second postgraduate course in the Humanities Faculty as an elective. The course ‘The Urban Everyday’ approaches urban studies through literature grounded in everyday practices central to the dynamism that shape African and Southern city contexts and their continuous transformations. The course reflects on the productive tensions in and between structural forces (the state, capital etc.) with ordinary forms of agency (citizenship, collective movements, and ordinary acts of encroachment) and thinks though the ways the everyday locates and disrupts theorising Southern cities.

CITY IMMERSIONS: RESEARCH METHODS AND PRACTICES rary housing’ in this area. In our second site, Ruo Emoh in Mitchells Plain, we gained A fantastic feature of the semester are the semester-long ‘City Immersions’, which insights into the housing struggles of families who finally moved into this long-fought provide students with three distinct sets of opportunities to experiment with research for housing project in December 2017, as well as into the work of PEP and the South methods and engage with important urban debates first hand. In its first iteration, African SDI Alliance, who both supported Ruo Emoh during their long journey to de- ‘City Immersions’ focused on the ‘Lived Experience of Housing Policy,’ a programme cent housing. In partnership with these NGOs, we recorded the housing and family run in partnership with People’s Environmental Planning (PEP), a Cape Town-based histories of the new residents, whose recent move to permanent housing marks the NGO that works to solve stalled housing projects. culmination of nearly twenty years of advocating and fighting for housing and tenure security. In our third site, Vukuzenzele in Gugulethu, we participated in a workshop Together with PEP we met with residents and community leaders in a range of sites organised by PEP, where thirty residents who have been living here for twenty years at where city residents have struggled to access shelter and to build decent homes, long last received the title deeds to their homes. working with a mix of NGOs along the way. Our first site visit to Sweet Home Farm, in Philippi, organised with Ubuhle Bakhle Ubuhle (UBU), an NGO working in the area, Archie Orkers, community leader, discusses the origins of the gave us insight into the building of water and sanitation infrastructure in this informal Ruo Emoh project with students, residents and participating settlement, as well as a chance to speak to community leaders and visit public ‘tempo- NGOs (picture: Sophie Oldfield, 14 April 2018).

26 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien At each of these three sites, students got to grapple with pertinent questions, such Conversations and practical collaborations with residents and NGO partners have offered as: What does it mean for ordinary city dwellers to secure housing? And, its corollary, expansive opportunities for students to experiment with interviewing skills, engage with what has it meant for families to be in precarious housing? What are the challenges the long-term, multi-generational lived realities of housing shortages and struggles for and strategies of ordinary people to secure and build a place in the city? How can we shelter in South Africa, and to hear about the everyday experiences of trying to engage trace the lived experiences of policy? Finally, how does this perspective on policy help with government over housing access. Students commented on how eye-opening it was us understand struggles to access and secure housing; what do they require and de- to engage with this topic on the ground and to understand that owning a house and mand of ordinary citizens and NGOs? Through this rich engagement, students not only building a home are not necessarily the same thing in the post-apartheid city. Compared got to conduct their own housing research, but also reflected on the kinds of roles, to the common academic work of critique, the recording of personal and often very -in purposes and possibilities collaborative research can offer in this field. From this work, spirational stories was something very different. It emphasised how vital it is to hear and we have co-produced with our partner NGOs and community leaders ‘Ruo Emoh, Our amplify the stories of residents, if one is to better understand the inner workings of the Home, Our Story’, a booklet that tracks the histories of housing struggle and records current housing struggles in South Africa. In varied ways the CRS has helped engage with the hope residents feel in their new homes. the complexities of community participation and waiting for housing, offering insights into what transformation in housing access might look like in South Africa.

EMBODYING OUR RESEARCH In the second part of ‘City Immersions’, titled ‘Experimenting with Publics’, students explored Cape Town’s diverse city publics, i.e. the ordinary spaces in which people’s daily lives take place. They were able to choose between two options: ‘Sensing the City’, focusing on art and public performance and ‘Running the City’, experiencing the city through running as a community sport.

In ‘Sensing the City’ the group experimented with knowing the city and its publics as an aesthetic order — to learn about how it’s made up of particular spatial patterns of sense experience. Weaving experimental and experiential learning together, the class focused on embodied research methods through observing the very sensations we are exposed to while researching city spaces. For example, students were asked to visit a set of public spaces and take note of what they see, smell, hear and feel over the course of an hour. As audiences (performance art, public art and concerts) or artists themselves (photography workshop), students were invited to observe and practice

27 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien ways in which various art forms engage Cape Town’s urban sensibilities. As one student noted “I loved that the course happened outside of the regulated space and time frame of a normal class. Most of the meetings we really had outside, in public spaces or venues. Studying art/performance/affect in the city in this way was very productive and inspiring.” In parallel, ‘Running the City’ provided a chance to engage public space and to experiment with mobility and movement. What do we see when we run, how do we engage, what are the ways running is a means to move collectively in and through different parts of the city on foot?

Experimental methods and experiential forms of representation and writing were- en couraged through a host of participatory methods. Each member of the group joined a Cape Town running club, participating in training runs on week nights and in organised races in different parts of the city on weekends. Together, we produced various forms of field notes (texts, film, sound, artifacts) and forms of interviewing and conversations ‘on the move’. We read both scholarly and popular texts on mobilities—walking and running—as well as affect and explored ‘running’ as a way of doing urban studies and seeing the city through its ‘running’ publics.

Students found running a way to meet different people and engage with the cityscape. One reflected that ‘when you join a running club in Cape Town you are not only signing up to improve your running and your health, you are signing onto a family who will make sure you reach your goals and enjoy every step along the way.’ Another loved the aspect of being out in the city and working with a new form of research – participant observation coupled with the study of mobility.

In a joint exhibit, both groups shared the results of the embodied methodologies they had experimented with, one student describing it as ‘a beautiful way of seeing a city from a different perspectives and picking up far different sensory data than there search methods we had defaulted to previously.’

28 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien Sensing the City and Running the City Joint Ex- …FROM TOPIC TO THESIS hibit (Photo: Adesola Adelowo, 2 May 2018). For the majority of students, the Cape Town ‘Seminararbeit’ also serves as a crucial ‘dry run’ for their subsequent MA thesis, with some students going into their thesis SUPPORTING ORIGINAL RESEARCH… fieldwork right after the end of the semester. By providing a well-balanced mix of col- The final section of ‘City Immersions’ at the end of the semester is dedicated to sup- lective and individual support (‘writing hacks’ session, one-on-one supervision etc.), porting the students in writing their final paper (Seminararbeit). This is an 8 000-word, particularly with regards to the fieldwork component, the students gain confidence in article-style paper based on original field research. It also serves as a conceptual and their capabilities as academic researchers. Another crucial tool for putting this kind methodological ‘test case’, in which students can explore tools, which they’d like to of personalized research support into practice is the thesis workshop retreat, which take further into their Master thesis research. marks the semester’s halfway point.

In their papers, students get to develop and pursue their own research on issues that Joined by our colleagues from the University of Basel—Profs Manuel Herz and Kenny they feel passionate about. The manifold interests of this year’s cohort are reflected in Cupers—we spent two days turning rough topics into feasible thesis projects amidst the following list of topics: the beautiful landscape of the Cape West Coast. For most of the students, intense working retreats like these were new and unfamiliar, initially producing a healthy por- • Understanding Situated Practices in Edith Stephens Wetland Park tion of scepticism as one participant recalls: “Before the workshop I was quite afraid • Of Cotton Dolls and Wooden Puzzles: Following Commodity Stories of Produc- of it. I was very unsure about my preliminary idea about the thesis topic. I was unsure er-traders at the Bay Harbour Market about what the spatial/urban aspect in my topic could be. I was not confident about • When Density Meets Heritage: Competing Rationalities in Bo-Kaap my ability to develop a topic at this stage.” However, she continues “[i]t did change • Making Home: Home-making and Precarity in Eastridge, Cape Town quite a lot. I gained more trust in the companionship by my professors in this ‘thesis • Death Traps and Dispossession: Traumas of Homemaking in a Housing project journey.’ The lightness of the atmosphere created a space in which thematical con- in Cape Town versation were suddenly easier to have. I feel more confident about the thesis and I • Transformation of Public Space through Performance Art am looking forward to starting it. From something that puts me under pressure [the • Shouting at Planners, Writings on the Wall: Conflicting Visions of Salt River, Cape thesis] has become something I am more and more excited about.” Town • Planning for Social Justice? Professional Identities and Strategies of Built Envi- Thus, at the end of the semester, the students leave Cape Town not only with a wealth ronment Practitioners in Cape Town of new experiences and practical knowledge but also with a workable thesis project. Perhaps most importantly however, they also return to Basel with an inter-institutional support network that will guide them in the successful completion of their programme, as well as in becoming the next generation of urban scholars and practitioners.

29 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien Critical Urbanisms students and faculty at the thesis research retreat (picture: Anna Selmeczi, 10 April 2018).

Laura Nkula-Wenz is a lecturer and student affairs coordinator for the University of Basel–African Centre for Cities Masters in Critical Urbanisms. She holds a PhD in Geog- raphy from the University of Münster/Germany, where she also completed a degree in Human Geography, Communication Studies and Political Science. Her research -fo cuses on the transformation of urban governance and local political agency, as well as the role of cultural policies in African cities. Contact: [email protected].

Sophie Oldfield holds the University of Basel–University of Cape Town Professorship in Urban Studies, based at the African Centre for Cities at the University of Cape Town. She is an urban and human geographer with a focus on cities in the Global South. She served as president of the Society of South African Geographers from 2012 to 2014 and helping to establish and develop the Southern African City Studies Network from 2007 to the present. Contact: [email protected].

LINKS: Master in Critical Urbanisms >> https://criticalurbanisms.philhist.unibas.ch/master African Centre for Cities >> https://www.africancentreforcities.net

30 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien RECHERCHE • FORSCHUNG • RESEARCH THE CLASH OF PERCEPTIONS: zagh”, which can be translated as “Barcelona or beyond”. Senegalese migration along ILLEGAL MIGRATION AS A QUEST FOR SECURITY this route has a long history: far-ranging traditional fishermen were used to sailing as far as the rich waters of Mauritania, Western Sahara and, sometimes, even ventured IBRAHIMA GUISSÉ to the Canary Islands, where some would remain. In modern times, the practice has gained momentum and experienced diversification, even if it remains poorly quanti- While cross-border movement for trade, commerce, agriculture, and herding has al- fied and overestimated in comparison with South-South migration flows. ways been the reality for the peoples of the Sahel, since the 2000s a new form of migration has been added to the circulatory networks at work in the vast Saharan- The myths around travel and migration have strong religious references, particularly Sahelian area. This new form is the so-called clandestine migration of young Saharan in Islam – the religion shared by the Sahelian countries, and which informs and struc- people who idealize the countries of final destination – in this case in Europe – which tures most of the cultural conduct of the region’s people. Islam states that the prophet they imagine as an Eldorado. Mohammed, faced with enemies and adversity, left Mecca for the town of Yathrib (which became Medina). This founding moment, marked by the displacement of the ILLEGAL MIGRATION AND THE INTERNALIZATION OF RISK first Muslims, is called the Hegira (hijra), Arabic for “emigration”. In the Senegal River While there are regular emigrations among young people (for family reunification, Valley, inhabited by the Peul/Tukulor/Fulani (a pastoralist ethnic group found in all further education, and training etc.), some young sub-Saharans, for various reasons, Sahelian countries), migration is seen as the route to success. According to legend, resort to illegal migration by land routes or by sea. In West Africa, particularly in Sen- the great 19th century Marabout of the Tukulor, El Hadj Omar Tall, leaving for the egal and Mauritania, young people increasingly see illegal migration as an adventurous former French Sudan to islamise its people and fight the colonial power, proclaimed, way to reach the international labor market and 'get one's relatives out of poverty'. “Foutankobé, péréndarjon”, meaning “O people of the Fouta, migrate to succeed!” This attitude overshadows the risks of migration. To get through the physical chal- The citizens of this northern region of Senegal – the Tukulor or Toucouleurs – who also lenges involved in illegal migration (“I know the forests of Morocco. We know how constitute a significant indigenous population in southern Mauritania, are known to to bypass the border guards and even how to dupe them...”), illegal migrants are not have been a precursor for later Senegalese emigration, first towards African countries only required to conceal their bodies, but also their identity and history. This makes and then to Europe. the process clandestine, both internally and in reality. Out of fear of revealing who one really is, this internalized clandestinity can bring the migrant to hide all or part of his or Clandestine migration to Europe, then, is understandable only when placed within the her life, temporarily or permanently. greater myth which idealizes the West as a place of self-fulfillment. As one of the people we interviewed, referring to the closure of borders and the security hysteria, said: THE MYTH OF ELDORADO: ITS NECESSITY AND ITS SOCIO-CULTURAL CONTEXT The phenomenon of illegal migration to the Canary Islands began in the 2000s and “If you lock your home and prevent anyone from entering, it is because you was extensively covered by the media. In Senegal, the route is known as “Barça or Bar- are hiding something good. Then, if every day and every night, you show on

31 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien TV, the internet, etc., the good things that you are hiding, you cannot stop In most of the countries and/or cities of the sub-regions of the Sahel, hit hard by the needy people wanting to come inside. The more you protect yourself with economic crisis which makes young people vulnerable and blurs their bearings, it is walls, the more you encourage people to want to climb over your walls... ” vital to revive a model of success. Television contributes to the fabrication of the West- ern success model and social networks function to ‘pre-sell’ the West to the young. In the remarks of people considering migration, ‘away’ has multiple meanings (a place of success, happiness, security) and is seen as an earthly paradise. One of those in- TRANSNATIONAL FACTORS OF ILLEGAL MIGRATION TO EUROPE terviewed used the phrase “teexe” which, in Wolof, means access to paradise, or a A complexity of push and pull factors thus exists, explaining migration which chal- place where one is permanently saved and in which risk is non-existent. Others use the lenges, or does not fit into, an established regulatory framework. Most of the work phrase “fofu moko yor” which can be translated as “there where salvation is”. Europe done on this issue shows that the difficulty of obtaining a visa is the main reason why is perceived as the place to satisfy the basic need to work and earn a living with dignity, young people opt for illegal channels. It is a forced choice. Legal emigration assumes which is increasingly difficult for many West African youth to attain. This perception one has sufficient material and financial resources to apply for a visa with the relevant is empirical. The money transferred home, the comfortable villas or buildings con- embassies. It may also assume connections to religious or artistic networks which are structed in their home countries by those who have migrated abroad (sometimes in powerful ramps for emigration used by migrants. The restrictive migration policies rural areas devoid of basic infrastructure such as drinking water, electricity, clinics and of European states rarely allow the legal arrival of African workers into the Schengen schools), the standard of living of households with migrants abroad, are all perceived area, thus leaving little choice in entry methods. The political dimension of migration as compelling evidence that migration, even illegal migration, remains a necessity. -Ac is most significant here: one could see illegal immigration as a component of a ‘cul- cording to the President of the Women’s Collective Against Clandestine Emigration: ture of opposition’ and a refusal of the established order making young people feel excluded. It would, thus, appear to be a phenomenon of adaptation for large sections “Unfortunately, what we have found is that these young people are not ready of the working class – young people with few or no qualifications – excluded de facto to give up; they tell you that, with nothing offered at home, ‘We are ready by a dominant system. to go’. Clearly, it is a political problem of the State unable to deal with illegal emigration. For those who stay here, when they see the achievements of their The globalization of trade as well as the construction of the European Union and trade brethren, for them, emigration is the key to success. There is still this idea liberalization have produced a frantic search for competitiveness and productivity. This that wealth is outside, that one can achieve nothing by staying here. This has created a need for cheap labour, particularly in sectors that require high-value but poses a problem in relation to the possibilities that do exist here. If there was low-skilled manual labourers, such as the agricultural sector. Despite these structural political will and support, we could mobilize all sectors of employment today, factors attracting migrants to jobs that nationals do not want to carry out, and despite whether in agriculture, farms, etc. But most often, these are just campaign the aging of the population in Europe, there continues to be a hardening towards promises...”

32 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien immigration and of reception conditions. Paradoxically, at the same time there are policies of massive regularization of unauthorized immigrants in response to the need for labour.

MIGRATORY TRAJECTORIES AND TRAFFIC NETWORKS Over months, even years, migrants use a number of land and sea routes to try to reach the inaccessible European Eldorado, passing through one or more stages of transit. All of these routes are characterized by complexity and tortuosity. The points labelled “Cities of departure towards Bamako” and/or “Transit cities” on the map below, are subject to change, with spikes of use and periods of forced calm due to media cover- age, security crackdowns, or the outbreak of conflicts.

Often, migrants temporarily settle in towns or staging areas along the migration route in order to work and earn enough money to continue their journey. One person interviewed for this report, from the Ivory Coast, currently lives in Nouakchott after going through Kidal in Mali, Algeria, Libya and failing twice to get to Ceuta and Melilla. This appears to be a typical pattern of migration for young Africans.

In the 1990s, Gao (Mali) was in the centre of the main land route for illegal migration. In the 2000s, Mauritania also became a major transit centre for candidates of illegal migration to the Canary Islands. This recent phenomenon quickly escalated in significance, with the emergence of migrant communities in Nouadhibou, a port and commercial city. Their presence is particularly felt in some neighbourhoods of the Migratory trajectories and trafficking networks from Bamako, the city of departure: Ciities city centre, such as Qairaan, with its Senegalese restaurants and a range of activities of departure towards Bamako | Stop-over towns |Transit cities | Ports of embarkation | managed by sub-Saharans. There is a veritable diaspora waiting for the opportunity Final destination (source: Open Society Initiative for West Africa, OISWA, Dakar 2007). to continue their migration by sea or land. Unable to go home to reactivate family networks – going home also means facing the prospect of eventually leaving again, whether due to a lack of money or the shame of admitting failure – many migrants find themselves in a bind.

33 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien This post-transit situation, which often creates tensions between migrants and local populations, can also be seen in Maghreb countries like Morocco. In fact, increasingly, the transit countries become the final destination for many sub-Saharan or Asian- mi grants transiting through Africa, as described by this migrant originally from Niger now living in Nouakchott:

“I took the canoe twice, in 2004 and 2006. Each time I paid 200,000 ouguiyas to the recruiters. They are well organised, the recruiters. They may also ask you to find them 3 or 4 candidates for emigration, in exchange for a free seat. But I paid top price and we got as far as the Moroccan coast where we were turned away. Before coming here to Mauritania, I left my country, Niger, to go to Cotonou, then I went to Accra, Ghana, then to Lome, and finally here to Nouakchott. Now I'm tired of wasting my money.”

THE OVERLAP AND INDEPENDENCE OF MIGRATORY ROUTES AND ZONES OF VIOLENT EXTREMISTS The Saharan-Sahelian region has always been a mysterious place, intensively traversed by state and non-state actors, merchants and adventurers. The double border of land and sea, and the peripheral location of some of the great cities of the Sahel, also favour the entry and exit of all kinds of material and non-material goods. From this point of view, the routes taken by illegal migrants are an update of the Saharan-Sahelian trans- border routes traced long ago. The migration routes depicted in the map above reflect the closeness to – even the overlap with – the different cross-border areas where jihadist activities and violent extremism develop.

However, this overlapping should not overshadow the important fact that migrants nificance of the life goals structuring the direction of their migration. As mentioned (and civil society actors in the countries of departure) consider, and experience, illegal earlier, the decision to migrate unfolds in a social setting where mythic, cultural, and migration as a quest for security and wellbeing. The likelihood, then, of sub-Saharan economic reasons are all at work. These appear to be the meta-social guarantors in- migrants falling into jihadist networks appears weak, particularly because of the sig- forming the migratory paths of these young people and which are capable of reduc-

34 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien A lorry carrying migrants and goods beside the southern Libya highway PERCEPTIONS ON MIGRATION, INSECURITY AND VIOLENT EXTREMISM towards Niger near Sebha in 2015 (picture: www.globalinitiative.net). A Nigerien national based in Nouakchott notes the danger facing Niger: “... if the country explodes, it will be worse than other countries because of the Hausa, the Kamdi, ing, or preventing, the risk of ideological instability of the jihadist type. The comments and Tubu”. According to him, radicalization is also related to the fact “that we often below, from an Ivorian migrant living in Nouakchott, seem to describe emblematically wrongly accuse some groups of people of being terrorists, and they are tortured to the mythical-political-security context in which the migratory reality unfolds: death. You see a child who sees his mother or father tortured and even killed, that’s why he becomes jihadist”. “... Frankly, it is ignoring reality to think that these young people will fall into terrorism. What motivates me – and I can say that it applies to all the mi- As for insecurity and the risk of being recruited by jihadist networks, the interviewee grants with whom I have been through a lot – is a successful life, earning a liv- is clear: ing. We do not take all these crazy paths, the forest, the bush, the ocean, the desert, endure hunger and thirst, fall ill and recover with no medical treat- “No, why? We left home to escape insecurity, unemployment, to earn an hon- ment ... in order to place a bomb to kill innocents. If you spend all your time est living. What I also want to add is that, here in Mauritania, there are many in the forest, you suffer everything, you play cat and mouse with the police important Tuareg. If Mauritania supports a country or the West, these Tuareg and customs, so if you get the chance to get to Europe, you will do anything can do some damage. There are a lot of dormant terrorists here, and Mauri- to find work ... We are deaf to the arguments of terrorists who do not believe tania knows it. That is why the country refuses to take tough positions against in the pleasures of this world. I'm tired of moving, I have been in the north terrorists and does not dare to openly support the West.” of Mali, in Kidal, in Algeria and in Morocco, which plays a lot with security to please Europe.... And now I have come back here to Nouakchott, where I have This comment by the migrant from Niger coincides with the remark made by the mi- decided to earn my living." grant from the Ivory Coast quoted above: “... We are deaf to the arguments of terrorists who do not believe in the pleasures of this world”. It is also closer to the position Indeed, these migrants are clearly aware of their place in the geo-strategic reasoning of a historic Mauritanian leader who fought against slavery, a leader in the human and the political issues behind it. They are also witness to the political use being made rights movement in Mauritania. For this actor in Mauritanian civil society, migrants of their illegal status by some countries of the south and aware that the north uses are in search of safety: them as scarecrows to counter the threat of terrorism. Nevertheless, the symbolic moral arguments permeating their remarks (“fear of failure”, “succeed like others”, “Violent extremism and jihadism, actual or potential, both search for vulner- “shaming the family”, “social security” etc.) reflect an unwavering commitment to able locals, people who are discriminated against, from poor and marginal- their initial reasons for departure. ized communities, from the Sebha neighbourhoods, for example. The Islamist

35 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien arguments may seem open and egalitarian to the youth of these neighbor- to provide a credible alternative. This inability has, for most of the state institutions hoods, entirely populated by black Africans. Extremism dangles equality be- in the Sahel region, a political and economic dimension insofar as they have not been fore their eyes. It conjures up all the values of Islam. So, there is, in Mauri- able to offer ‘social security’ to the thousands of young people crossing ocean and tania, a real danger of confrontation between communities. The failure of desert, nor offer them prospects of a future that could be built locally. citizenship, then, is the legitimate son of terrorism in this country.”

As this argument suggests, as a result of internal factors specific to their country, local Ibrahima Guissé, PhD is associate researcher at the Institute of Sociological Research, De- citizens are more vulnerable than migrants to the calls of violent extremism. From this partment of Sociology at the University of Geneva. Contact: [email protected]. perspective, it could be inferred that the illegal migration of young sub-Saharans is Lien: https://www.unige.ch/sciences-societe/socio/fr/ibrahima-guisse/ an attempt to leave behind the resentment of a state unable to meet the needs of its citizens. It is at this level of analysis, this report suggests, that considering the mobility of young people as a ‘front’ or ‘culture of opposition’ takes its full meaning. Moreover, one could even read the migration of young people across borders as the expression of a form of transnationalism from below, which reveals the limits of the political institutions in their own countries to build and maintain a society for citizens which avoids disillusionment with, and detachment from, their country.

CONCLUSION: FROM THE MYTH OF ELDORADO TO THE MYTH OF SECURITY The existence of a relationship between myth and the migration phenomenon seems to have been established. This report has shown that the myth of ‘over there’ – which is as much an idealized way out of crisis as it is a preferred means of social promotion – helps produce the migratory phenomenon. It has also shown that what is generally thought of as a risky, insecure undertaking is, to the migrants themselves, a necessary and sure path to safety and wellbeing. The report has also shown how this en- trenched belief grows in difficult and tormented contexts within broken economies in de-territorialized spaces. Other studies have shown that the “phenomena of mythical acceleration” occur when institutions are overwhelmed, when they are no longer able

36 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien JEUNES CHERCHEURS • NACHWUCHS • YOUNG SCHOLARS UNE EDUCATION BILINGUE DANS LE SYSTÈME EDUCATIF DE le développement de la littératie des élèves dès les premières années d’école. En effet, CÔTE D’IVOIRE il y a un manque d’outils, de tests standards, validés par le gouvernement (Ministère de l'Éducation nationale) de ces pays et disponibles pour évaluer les compétences AYÉ CLARISSE HAGER-M’BOUA en littératie (savoir lire et écrire) des élèves du primaire. Et le plus grand défi pour le développement de la littératie chez les enfants vivant en Afrique subsaharienne est Après mon doctorat en linguistique en 2014 à l'Université de Genève, mon désir est de leur environnement plurilingue. Ce défi découle du fait que leur première langue (leur pouvoir participer au développement dans mon pays d'origine, la République de Côte langue maternelle), la langue parlée à la maison et dans la communauté, n'est souvent d'Ivoire. J'ai beaucoup reçu du pays lors de mes années d'études, ce qui m’a permis pas la langue d'enseignement à l'école. d'obtenir la Bourse d’excellence de la Confédération suisse pour chercheurs étrangers et de poursuivre mes études et mes recherches sur l’abidji, ma langue maternelle, une Une solution à ce problème de communication, cette barrière linguistique, est l'usage langue kwa de Côte d'Ivoire, à l'Université de Genève. D’où la vision de promouvoir simultané des deux langues : la langue officielle (L2) et la langue maternelle (L1). Aussi l'éducation bilingue : français / abidji du préscolaire à la ème4 classe du primaire, puis proposons-nous un programme d'apprentissage à deux langues pour renforcer le Pro- français / anglais dès la 5ème classe du primaire. gramme d’Ecole Intégrée (PEI), un programme pilot élaboré depuis l’an 2000 par le Ministère de l'Éducation nationale. Les élèves apprendront : Selon le rapport PASEC2014, la plupart des élèves des écoles primaires publiques de Côte d’Ivoire ne savent pas lire et écrire, ce qui engendre un taux d’échecs trop élevé 1. les différentes matières de l’école primaire (mathématiques, français, etc.) en et des renvois au niveau de l’école ivoirienne. Ces mauvaises performances en litté- français, avec des enseignants bilingues (français / abidji) ayant reçu une for- ratie sont-elles dues à la barrière linguistique entre la langue maternelle et la langue mation en abidji, qui comprennent les élèves lorsqu'ils posent des questions en d'enseignement, et au fait que les enfants soient en contact avec le français que seu- abidji, mais qui répondent le plus possible en français ; lement à l’âge de 5 ou 6 ans, une fois à l’école ? Un programme d’éducation qui prend 2. l’alphabet abidji (voir Hager-M’Boua, 2014 pour la description de l’abidji), cours en compte les deux langues : le français et la langue maternelle pourrait-il améliorer dispensés en abidji, et qui amélioreront les capacités linguistiques des élèves ; le développement de la littératie des élèves des écoles de Côte d’Ivoire en vue d’une car ceux-ci transfèreront les compétences acquises plus facilement vers le fran- meilleure performance en lecture et en écriture et, par conséquent, de meilleurs ré- çais ; et sultats scolaires, renforçant ainsi le système éducatif ivoirien ? 3. l’anglais (langue internationale et langue de science) dès la ème5 classe du primaire de sorte à acquérir les bases de l’anglais pour une meilleure performance Le besoin dans les pays en développement (en particulier les pays de l’Afrique subsa- en anglais durant les quatre années du 1er cycle du secondaire, devenant des harienne), c’est d'avoir des outils adaptés aux contextes socio-culturels ; afin d’évaluer citoyens du monde.

37 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien L’objectif, c’est de favoriser le développement humain des enfants de 5 à 18 ans ; bénéficiaires du projet NEC sont les enfants de la Côte d’Ivoire âgés de 5 à 18 ans afin d'avoir une jeunesse compétente, forte et apte à participer de façon active aux en général et, en particulier, les enfants de la région de Sikensi, ayant l’abidji comme efforts de développement durable, en promouvant une éducation bilingue mais aussi langue maternelle pour les accompagner dans leur développement humain. l’apprentissage pour les élèves en vue d’une bonne insertion professionnelle. Le PEI est un programme d'éducation de base du Ministère de l'Éducation - natio Pour répondre aux Articles 25 et 26 de la Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme nale, élaboré pour combler le fossé entre l'école et l'environnement socioculturel du 10 décembre 1948, nous avons développé le projet NEC (Nutrition & Education for des élèves du primaire. Contrairement aux attentes, les résultats préliminaires de la Children) en Côte d’Ivoire, pour le droit de toute personne au développement de sa recherche en cours semblent indiquer que les élèves qui fréquentent les écoles dites personnalité (développement humain), et à une éducation de qualité. Il s’agit donc de « classiques » ont obtenu de meilleurs résultats aux tests d’évaluation des capacités la construction d’une école primaire publique pilote avec cantine scolaire pour le -re linguistiques et de la lecture en français en comparaison aux élèves qui fréquentent pas de midi pour tous les élèves et, quelques années plus tard, d’une école secondaire les écoles dites « PEI ». Il y a donc un besoin pour une meilleure approche du PEI. (collège) publique pilote avec cantine scolaire également, sachant que le développe- ment humain consiste en la satisfaction des besoins recensés par Abraham Maslow Le programme d'apprentissage en deux langues peut renforcer le PEI. En effet, les dans la pyramide ci-dessous: recherches scientifiques indiquent que ce programme est très efficace pour aider les élèves à apprendre une autre langue, et utile à long terme pour le développement de Besoin d'accomplissement de soi la littératie de l'apprenant. En Côte d'Ivoire, comme au Sénégal et bien d’autres pays Besoins d'estime (confiance et respect de soi, de l’Afrique francophone, bien qu'il existe des écoles bilingues, la plupart des écoles reconnaissance et appréciation des autres) publiques ivoiriennes enseignent en français et suivent le système éducatif français. Besoins d'appartenance et d’amour (affection des autres) Mais des études ont montré qu'environ 80% des enseignants au Sénégal utilisent une Besoins de sécurité (environnement stable et prévisible, sans anxiété ni crise) « langue locale » pour communiquer avec leurs élèves. C’est ce que nous avons aussi Besoins physiologiques (faim, soif, sexualité, respiration, sommeil, élimination) constaté dans les écoles dites « PEI » en Côte d’Ivoire lors de nos enquêtes sur terrain.

A notre humble avis, l’éducation doit être une priorité en Côte d’Ivoire. C’est un moyen C’est scientifiquement prouvé que les bilingues dans les programmes simultanés avec tangible pour rattraper le retard accumulé depuis des décennies en ayant non seule- l'exposition à deux langues ont mieux réussi que les bilingues dans les programmes ment le français et la langue maternelle, mais aussi l’anglais comme langues d’ensei- séquentiels lors des évaluations au niveau du décodage et de la compréhension de gnement dans les écoles primaires et secondaires publiques de Côte d’Ivoire. Aussi, texte. Cette différence est due au fait que l'élève est exposé à une langue en premier c’est un honneur de pouvoir travailler, en tant qu’ONG, mais aussi en tant que lin- lieu avant d’être, de façon plus tardive, exposé à l'autre langue. Et c'est le cas pour guiste et chercheur, en partenariat avec le Ministère de l'Éducation nationale pour le PEI tel qu’il est implémenté actuellement : exposition à la langue maternelle, et l’éducation des enfants du pays et leur insertion dans le monde professionnel. Les beaucoup plus tard, seulement à la 4ème classe du primaire, exposition au français.

38 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien respondances lors de la lecture et de l’écriture. Le fait est que les élèves des écoles primaires publiques de Côte d’Ivoire, principalement ceux en milieu rural, n’ont pas la conscience phonologique de leur langue maternelle, encore moins celle du français, langue seconde. Ils doivent donc apprendre et intérioriser l’alphabet de leur langue maternelle ; afin d’apprendre avec plus d’aisance l’alphabet français, après avoir inté- riorisé l’alphabet de la langue maternelle (l’abidji dans notre cas). Cela permettra aux élèves des écoles primaires publiques de Côte d’Ivoire d’être plus performants en lecture et écriture, et donc d’avoir de meilleurs résultats scolaires.

Ayé Clarisse Hager-M’Boua a eu sa maîtrise en Linguistique à l'Université d'Abidjan- Cocody en 1998, avant de completer ses études avec un doctorat en linguistique à l'Université de Genève avec une description scientifique de l’abidji. Contact : [email protected]. Recherches appliqués de l'auteure à l'école primaire de Yaobou en Côte d'Ivoire (photo: Clarisse Hager, 2017).

La lecture et l'écriture impliquent différents systèmes du langage, entre autres la pho- nologie, la sémantique et la syntaxe. Le système phonologique est le premier système en raison de son importance dans les premières années de la vie. En effet, les compé- tences phonologiques d’un enfant sont mises en place dès les premières années de vie avant les premières instructions de lecture et d'écriture ; et elles sont en corrélation avec le développement de la littératie. Le système phonologique est impliqué dans l’apprentissage de la lecture et de l'écriture ; car comprendre qu’un son correspond à une lettre/groupe de lettres est une base fondamentale pour apprendre à lire et écrire. La correspondance phonème <–> graphème permet au jeune lecteur de déco- der avec succès un mot inconnu en épelant chaque lettre. Le recodage phonologique est essentiel à l'acquisition de toutes représentations orthographiques spécifiques au mot. De plus, un niveau de décodage phonémique est nécessaire pour faire ces cor-

39 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien LES POLITIQUES MIGRATOIRES EN CÔTE D’IVOIRE ET LA des réfugiés libériens en Côte d’Ivoire, nous mettrons en évidence des théories de NOTION DE SÉCURITISATION certains auteurs qui traitent de la « sécuritisation » comme forme de stabilité pour la Côte d’Ivoire. HERVÉ TIVOLY L’étude portant sur la notion de sécurité et la politique des migrations soulève des Plusieurs décennies après son indépendance, la Côte d’Ivoire a été considérée comme questions qui se situent à l’intersection de diverses problématiques, notamment un havre de paix, une terre d’hospitalité, et une oasis de stabilité de la région ouest l’identification des personnes et les types de contrôles des personnes étrangères. africaine, particulièrement secouée par une succession de coup d’États militaires, de Percevoir la notion de sécurité dans le domaine des migrations engendre un- inté crises et de conflits. Bien qu’ayant connu un passé plutôt glorieux avec la période du rêt d’ordre politique et juridique pris parfois entre théorie et pratiques. Pour cette « miracle ivoirien », la Côte d’Ivoire a toutefois donné ces dernières années l’image réflexion, nous employons la notion de « sécuritisation » qui sert à décrire un- pro d’un État dont la situation politique interne pourrait inquiéter la communauté interna- cessus consistant à élever un sujet politique (la migration) en problème de sécurité. tionale. Cette inquiétude s’explique par les conflits armés de cette dernière décennie Il est convenable que le processus d’étatisation soit fondamentalement un processus et les répercussions qu’ils ont occasionné sur les migrations, surtout celles des réfu- de sécuritisation, où la sécurité devient un « speech act ». Ici, nous faisons donc réfé- giés libériens, sujet d’étude de notre recherche. rence à la dimension performative du langage sécuritaire telle qu’énoncée par Waever « Security is not of interest as a sign that refers to something more real; the utte- Dans le contexte historique où les personnes étrangères des pays limitrophes et rance itself is the act. By uttering ‘security’, a state-representative moves a particular les réfugiés libériens ont vécu en Côte d’Ivoire depuis plusieurs années, le constat development into a specific area, and thereby claims a special right to use whatever est qu’aujourd’hui il existe une sorte de méfiance qui s’installe entre les différentes means are necessary to block it » (Waever, 1995:55). Dans le cas de la Côte d’Ivoire, communautés. Cette méfiance a des conséquences sur les politiques migratoires ivoi- les moyens sécuritaires mis à disposition commencent par l’identification des réfugiés riennes et face à cela, les dispositions mises en œuvre par les organisations nationales et pour une meilleure analyse de ces moyens sécuritaires, nous mobilisons une litté- et internationales semblent donner le sentiment que les migrations en Côte d’Ivoire rature basée autour de l’identification des personnes. sont une menace réelle et existante. Il s’agira de présenter les représentations que les migrations ont sur la sécurité puis ensuite, d’analyser le fait que la stabilité actuelle de En effet, les techniques de contrôle des réfugiés libériens en Côte d’Ivoire passent par la Côte d’Ivoire passerait par une bonne gestion des frontières. l’identification mais en pratique, elles sont parfois jugées comme étant stigmatisantes. Selon des auteurs comme Noirel, « les identités individuelles ou collectives résultent I. MIGRATION MENAÇANTE: ANCRAGE THÉORIQUE AUTOUR DU CONCEPT d’un processus d’identification qui met aux prises des acteurs dont les uns disposent « SÉCURITISATION » du pouvoir de nommer les autres, de les catégoriser (donc de les mettre à part), de Dans cette partie, nous essayons de comprendre comment la migration pourrait être fixer les éléments considérés comme essentiels dans l’identité d’une personne, en une menace à la sécurité nationale. A partir d’une analyse du contexte historique isolant certaines de ses caractéristiques au détriment des autres » (Noirel, 2006:32).

40 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien En effet, lorsque l’identité d’une personne étrangère est établie, elle prend en compte étrangers » (Noirel, 2006:36). Ce procédé est dénoncé par certaines organisations des seulement qu’une partie de son identité, mais certains éléments sont ignorés lors droits de l’homme qui voient en cela une forme de discrimination à l’égard des étran- de la prise d’information sur cette personne, notamment son ethnie, sa culture, ses gers et par ricochet les demandeurs d’asile et réfugiés. Dans ce contexte sécuritaire origines et cela isole parfois la véritable identité de la personne. Selon Noirel, dans son ivoirien, l’identification des réfugiés passe par une carte de réfugié ou une attestation étude sur l’identification des personnes, « les innovations du XVIIIe siècle sont, malgré nommée « A qui de droit » pour les demandeurs d’asile. Relativement aux théma- tout, d’une grande importance dans l’histoire des papiers d’identités parce que, dès tiques « sécuritisation » et « migration » qui nous intéressent dans cet article,on le départ, elles sont reliées à la sécurité publique (lutte contre la criminalité), à la trouve des études qui ont traité les techniques de contrôle des personnes étrangères. sécurité sociale (lutte contre la mendicité), à la protection du pouvoir d’État » (Noirel, L’approche théorique pour cet article est de porter une analyse des représentations 2006 :34). L’identification des réfugiés libériens en Côte d’Ivoire permettrait donc de que la littérature et certains auteurs mobilisent autour de la question liée aux tech- prendre en compte les préoccupations sécuritaires du territoire ivoirien et faciliterait niques de contrôle des réfugiés. Le discours actuel en matière de sécurité identifierait des prises de décisions en matière de protection des citoyens. la migration comme une menace et serait donc une menace à la sécurité « intérieure / extérieure ». Mais dans cette optique de sécuritisation de l’État ivoirien par une identification des réfugiés libériens, certains auteurs stipulent que le processus d’identification mettrait II. LA STABILITÉ DE LA CÔTE D’IVOIRE : UNE QUESTION DE « SÉCURITISATION » en évidence le principe de discrimination, puisque « la mise en carte sert à tracer Représentant un maillon faible, la proximité des frontières entre la Côte d’Ivoire et le une nouvelle ligne de partage entre « soi » et les « autres », rendant concrètement Libéria a contribué à la déstabilisation de la nation ivoirienne, avec des conséquences visible la séparation juridique établie entre nationaux et étrangers » (Crettiez et Piazza, humanitaires désastreuses. Selon l’International Crisis Group (ICG), l’insurrection des 2006:16). Cette assertion de Crettiez et Piazza appuie l’idée que, dans la pratique, groupes armés venus du Libéria et de la Sierra Léone a provoqué un désastre dans toute forme de politique publique rencontre des obstacles, des résistances et connaît toute la région ouest africaine du fait de la multiplication des exactions, des tueries et dans le même temps des adaptations sous l’influence de la technique et selon les -me des pillages contre les populations civiles. naces, justifiant le processus d’encartement (Crettiez et Piazza, 2006:25). Dans cette optique, le principe d’encartement (c'est-à-dire mettre en place un système de carte Quelques années après, la question de la sécurité territoriale se pose et il est important d’identité) serait donc perçu comme processus de distinction ou de discrimination pour le gouvernement ivoirien de prendre des mesures pour entamer un processus de entre étrangers désirables et indésirables et par conséquent, différents des citoyens sécuritisation qui mettrait en évidence les discours et pratiques élevant la migration nationaux. de branches armées au rang de problème de sécurité. La notion de sécuritisation dans un sens plus large serait une rationalité sécuritaire (Foucault 1994 ; Huysmans 2006) Partant de cela, le constat en matière de sécuritisation dans notre société actuelle qui « englobe des discours, l’élaboration et l’application de lois et de procédures, le selon Noirel est que « la police s’efforce de contourner les résistances des citoyens en fonctionnement de la bureaucratie et des institutions, des technologies ». s’attaquant aux maillons faibles de la société républicaine à savoir : les nomades et les

41 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien Dans ce discours sécuritaire, le problème de forces centrifuges agissant hors du politique en Côte d’Ivoire. Celui-ci, par l’intermédiaire de ses institutions, fournira en contrôle de l’État ivoirien semble refléter des limites et difficultés inquiétantes, dans réponses concrètes les biens et les services nécessaires pour garantir la sécurité et le sa capacité à étendre son autorité sur l’ensemble du territoire. La naissance et l’in- bien-être revendiqués par les citoyens. tensification du risque d’instabilité constitue un sujet récurrent en Relations Interna- tionales et Jackson (1993:21) forgeait à cet effet dans les années 1990 le concept Pour que la Côte d’Ivoire puisse répondre aux besoins sécuritaires de ses citoyens et de « quasi-states » pour mettre davantage en évidence le problème lié à l’existence des réfugiés libériens, il faut qu’il existe un certain consensus sur la question de la d’États confrontés à des lacunes institutionnelles et des difficultés pour garantir la définition et de l’évaluation des défis à rencontrer. Cela ne sera possible que s’il existe prospérité et le bien-être des populations au niveau interne. entre les individus un certain accord, voire une vision commune en ce qui concerne un État régularisé et sécurisé, par les activités et les réglementations fournies par l’auto- Les risques de déstabilisation relevés dans chacun des États en Afrique de l’ouest rité politique. Si au contraire, la définition des risques et des défis, ressentis comme peuvent indiquer qu’il existe une certaine carence de ceux-ci à accomplir leurs fonc- mettant en péril la sécurité de chaque individu, et en même temps des communau- tions sécuritaires, et pour le cas de la Côte d’Ivoire, il serait mieux de dégager ce lien tés, l’action étatique ne peut pas satisfaire les besoins de sécurité de l’ensemble des entre la sécurité et la stabilité. Dans une logique proche de la pensée du Philosophe citoyens. Thomas Hobbes (2000), il est possible de voir dans le maintien de la sécurité à l’inté- rieur de ses frontières un des champs d’action essentiels de tout État, si ce n’est même CONCLUSION sa principale raison d’être. Si les migrations sont liées à l’aspect économique et politique comme l’a indiqué Kear- ney (1986: 331–361) : « la migration est souvent expliquée par deux types de causes : Ce cas d’étude ivoirien entre migration et sécurité nous amène à dire qu’il existe une l’une est politique, engendrée par les conflits armés et l’autre est économique, carac- diversité de types de menaces dans le contexte de la migration et la sécurité, une térisée par l’attraction exercée par les marchés du travail des pays riches », aujourd’hui « connection between international migration, on the one hand, and human and state la migration constitue une menace à la sécurité interne en Côte d’Ivoire. Cette- re security, on the other hand » (Faist, 2004:3). Cette diversité s’étend à la souverai- présentation qui est faite de la migration engendre de nouvelles stratégies dans la neté des États, à l’identité nationale et à la sécurité intérieure et extérieure (Adamson manière de cohabiter entre les communautés, occasionnant ainsi un sentiment de 2006; Rudolph 2003). Et lorsque la migration des réfugiés libériens est perçue comme méfiance. une menace à la sécurité de la Côte d’Ivoire, c’est parce que le groupe de réfugiés a été assimilé aux groupes armés venus du Libéria pour combattre et participer aux Par ailleurs, la perspective sécuritaire dans laquelle l’Etat ivoirien s’inscrit nous em- pillages. Une certaine unanimité à l’égard des éléments ressentis par la population mène à redéfinir le concept de sécurité. Face à cette problématique du lien entre- mi ivoirienne sur les réfugiés libériens comme menace à la sécurité permet la formulation gration et sécurité, il existe une multiplication des différentes dimensions du concept de demandes et de besoins sécuritaires, plus ou moins clairs, vis-à-vis du système sécuritaire auquel s’ajoute celui de son caractère transnational. La nouvelle perception

42 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien de la sécurité, comme dimension approchant directement ou indirectement les com- BIBLIOGRAPHIE munautés étrangères oblige l’État ivoirien en tant que garant de la sécurité à répondre • Adamson, Fiona B. 2006 : Crossing Borders – International migration and natio- également à des menaces dont les origines ne se trouvent pas directement sur son nal security. International Security 31(1) : 165–199. territoire. Le défi posé par l’arrivée d’anciens combattants libériens présente des pro- • Crettiez, Xavier et Pierre Piazza (eds.) 2006 :Du papier à la biométrie : identifier blèmes dont les sources et les origines ne sont souvent pas faciles à aborder. les individus. Paris : Presses de Sciences Po (PFNSP). • Faist, Thomas 2004: The Transnational Turn in Migration Research : perspectives for the study of politics and polity. In : Maya P. Frykman (ed.) : Transnational Hervé Tivoly, est docteur en Sociologie du développement, spécialiste des migrations, Spaces : disciplinary perspectives. Malmö : Malmö University: 11–45. l'aide humanitaire et l'asile et chercheur associé à l'Institut de Recherche Sociolo- • Foucault, Michel 1994 : Polémique, politique et problématisations. In : Michel gique (IRS) de l'Université de Genève. Il est également titulaire d'un Master of Arts Foucault : Dits et écrits: 591–598. en Sciences sociales (pilier Migration et Citoyenneté) à l'Université de Neuchâtel, puis • Frykman, Maya P. (ed.) 2004 : Transnational Spaces : disciplinary perspectives. d'un Diploma of Advanced Study (DAS) in Humanitarian Action à The Graduate Insi- Malmö : Malmö University tute/Université de Genève. Contact : [email protected].. • Huysmans, Jef 2006 : The Politics of Insecurity : fear, migration and asylum in the EU. London etc. : Routledge. • Hobbes, Thomas 2000 (1651) : Leviathan ou Matière, forme et puissance de l’État chrétien et civil. (Traduction de Gérard Mairet). Paris : Gallimard. • Jackson, Robert H. 1993 : Quasi-states : sovereignty, international relations and the Third World. Cambridge University Press. • Kearney, Michael 1986 : From the Invisible Hand to Visible Feet : anthropological studies of migration and development. Annual Review of Anthropology 15(1) : 331–361. • Noiriel, Gérard 2006 : L'identification des personnes. In : Crettiez, Xavier et Pierre Piazza (eds.) : Du papier à la biométrie : identifier les individus. Paris : Presses de Sciences Po (P.F.N.S.P.): 29–37. • Rudolph, Christopher 2003 : Security and the Political Economy of International Migration. American Political Science Review 97(4) : 603–620. • Waever, Ole 1995 : Identity, Integration and Security: solving the sovereignty puzzle in EU studies. Journal of International Affairs 48(2) : 389–431.

43 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien ENGAGEMENT AWARD FOR UNIVERSITY OF BASEL SCHOLAR Rita Kesselring is post-doctoral researcher at the University of Basel. Already her thesis on the formation of victims’ subject position in post-apartheid South Africa earned THE EDITORS the award of the faculty of the Humanities at the University of Basel (2013) and the Young Scholars Award of the Association of African Studies in Germany, VAD e.V. It was The University of Basel, for the first time, awarded its Engagement Award to a post- published as Bodies of Truth: law, memory, and emancipation in post-Apartheid South doctoral researcher. With the award, the University seeks “to honor a researcher for Africa (Stanford Studies in Human Rights). Contact: [email protected]. his or her innovative research, initiatives or activities in cultural and social engagement in line with regional development�. Dr Rita Kesselring received the award for her LINK project Valueworks: Effects of Financialization along the Copper Value Chain. Project website >> https://snis.ch/project/valueworks-effects-financialisation-copper-value-chain The project is funded by the Swiss Network for International Studies (SNIS) for a pe- riod of two-years (2017–2018) and analyses the effects of financialization on copper extraction, trading and consumption from mining towns in the Zambian Copperbelt and Northwestern Province to commodity trading desks in Geneva and end users in China. It explores the effects of this process on the lives of Zambians and the state and analyses the connections and disjunctures that bring copper to the world, in material and derivative forms, while often excluding mineral-rich countries like Zambia from much of the wealth generated.

The project involves an interdisciplinary team of experts, both academic and professional (UNRISD, Swiss and Zambian NGOs), who are exploring, from different disciplinary perspectives, the transnational agreements and exclusions that make copper a commodity, and their consequences for social and economic justice. It also aims to make targeted policy recommendations to Swiss financial regulators. To that effect, it will hold its final public symposium at the Palais des Nations in Geneva from 10–11 December, 2018.

Copper cathodes at Kansanshi Mine in Solwezi District, Zambia's Northwestern Province (Rita Kesselring, 2018).

44 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien REPORT: BLACK PANTHER – CINEMA CONVERSATIONS OF STUDENTS AT THE CENTRE FOR AFRICAN STUDIES BASEL

SOOTO AJAYI

THE WORLD OF WAKANDA The movie trailer opens with a scene of two white men seated opposite each other. One, a jovial, evil white grandfather-lookalike and the other, an aloof American, naïve in the assumed knowledge he gained from his work as a CIA agent.

“Tell me something. What do you know about Wakanda?”

Wakanda, a fictional African country, is the setting for the story in Black Panther, a record-breaking movie that has made over USD 1.2 billion to date, making it one of only thirty-three movies that have crossed the USD 1-billion mark so far. However, this success is not only comprised of box office sales. With the highest number of tweets about a movie, hundreds of cinema-goers—proudly adorned in African attire—and dozens of celebrities joining the #BlackPantherChallenge to pay for children’s cinema tickets, it is easy to see that Black Panther has dominated in pop culture.

One of the reasons for this is the representation of Africans that Black Panther has provided in an industry with mostly white superheroes. With a star-studded nearly all-black cast, Black Panther tells the story of an African egalitarian society where resources, technology and spirituality intersect to create a utopia unstained by the curse of colonialism and untouched by the reality of the rest of the world. Through the interplay of very diverse characters, the main protagonist, King T’Challa is called upon to defend and challenge Wakanda and the world. (No spoilers!)

45 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien The idea of a Wakanda, or the Africa that should have been, is both central to the There were many questions as well. To what extent can a movie like Black Panther ef- plot of the film and potentially contentious. Not everyone has responded to the film fectually change the way people see the world? How practical is the development that in the same way. Nevertheless, Black Panther is an important film for African Studies King T’Challa tries to bring? How might this film affect relationships between Africans scholars. For its own version of the #BlackPantherChallenge, the board of the Fach- and African-Americans? gruppe, the student council of the Centre for African Studies at the University of Basel (Zentrum für Afrikastudien Basel), partly sponsored cinema tickets for African Studies Hopefully, the sequel (which has now been confirmed by the president of Marvel) will students. provide answers. Until then…#WakandaForever.

WHAT STUDENTS SAY Oluwasooto Ajayi is a student in the Master programme African Studies at the Univer- “Black Panther is based on African culture and values so I think that’s a good way to sity of Basel. She did her undergraduate studies at the University of Bristol, where she get a conversation going about what Africa is” says Winnie Kanyimba, president of the earned a BSc Honours in Pharmacology. Sooto is a member of the Fachgruppe African Fachgruppe board. However, regardless of the global conversations that the movie Studies. Contact: [email protected]. has initiated about the concept of Africa, or blackness, Kanyimba believes it is not cor- rect to refer to it as a ‘black movie’. “That suggests that only black people can relate to this movie, but this is something that anyone and everyone should be interested in” she says.

Many other members of the Fachgruppe echoed this as well. One member noted that aspects such as the relationship between King T’Challa and his sister Shuri made the film relatable regardless of race. Most members also mentioned that the excellence in acting, directing and costume designing created a high-quality piece of entertainment. However, there were a number of criticisms as well. Some members felt that the movie was nothing more than a corporate decision to profit from a political movement and that it promoted an exoticization or essentialization of what the movie makers perceived to be ‘African culture’. From a critical, African Studies perspective this concept does simply not exist. Other students also criticized what they considered as the unfair fate of the antagonist.

46 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien RENCONTRES • BEGEGNUNGEN • ENCOUNTERS RENDEZ-VOUS AVEC CHIMAMANDA NGOZI ADICHIE, AUTEURE DE « CHÈRE IJEAWELE, OU UN MANIFESTE POUR UNE ÉDUCA- TION FÉMINISTE » (GENÈVE, 17.03.2018)

LÉONORE CACHAT

C’est avec espoir et émotion que le public du Théâtre Pitoëff a accueillie le 17 mars Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie au Festival du Film et Forum International sur les Droits Humains. Auteure nigérianne de trois romans à succès – Purple Hibiscus (2003), Half of a Yellow Sun (2006), Americanah (2013) – et d'une collection de nouvelles – The Thing Around Your Neck (2009) – son œuvre a été traduite dans de nombreuses langues, récompensée et primée à de nombreuse reprises – le plus récemment le PEN Pinter Prize en juin 2018. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie a une plume qui a su convaincre et inspirer des millions de personnes. Et c’est en 2009 qu’elle fait entendre sa voix et son engagement pour la première fois lors de la conférence TED : The Danger of a Single Story, suivi de We Should All Be Feminists en 2012; et par le biais de nombreuses interventions dans différentes structures du monde entier, dont le FIFDH à Genève ce mois-ci pour libérer un message poétique d’équilibre et de bienveillance entre les Hommes.

À travers une lettre rédigée pour une amie désireuse de donner une éducation fémi- niste adaptée au monde complexe d’aujourd’hui, Chimamanda N. Adichie ainsi qu’une quinzaine de femmes nous ont fait le plaisir de se partager la lecture du manifeste dans leur langue maternelle. C’est en allemand, anglais, arabe, bosnien, catalan, chinois, coréen, créole, espagnol, français, igbo, italien, portugais, russe et suédois que nous avons eu le privilège de découvrir les quinze sugestions de l’auteure. Le choix des passages n’était pas anodin, chaque langue était associée à un point faisant réfé-

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (image: Waniola Tunde, Gallimard 2017).

47 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien rence à une polémique autour de la culture associée incite le lecteur à être un exemple pour soi afin d’être un exemple pour les autres. Et à la langue. L’union de quinze femmes affirmant leur c’est parmi quinze sugestions que Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie s’adresse à tout individu singularité tout en partageant une vision commune, curieux et désireux du devenir d’un monde plus juste où la femme compte autant que illustre et renforce le message d’universalité autour l’homme pour encourager l’égalité des sexes. du féminisme. Par ses précieux conseils tirés de ses expériences de vie, l’écrivaine redonne respect, di- Ce sont sur des remerciements du public que s’est conclu cette rencontre. Se sont gnité, espoir et pouvoir aux femmes du monde entier. sur des remerciements que se conclut ce compte rendu : merci à Chimamanda Ngozi Dans un contexte d’urgence morale, son discours à la Adichie pour sa sensibilité, sa justesse, mais pas seulement; merci à cette femme ins- fois engagé et juste a été interprété par une mise en pirante de donner sa voix, par la pureté de son discours, à une majorité vue comme scène puissante et touchante, accueilli dans un mo- une minorité aux yeux de la société. ment de communion entre lectrices et spectateurs lors de la rencontre du 17 mars 2018. Léonore Cachat est étudiante au Master en Études Africaines au Global Studies Insti- tute de l’Université de Genève. Contact : [email protected]. Chimamanda N. Adichie nous a proposé un discours pour transcender la réalité de la domination masculine par la société, que l’on retrouve dans les institutions, et qui se reproduit dans les relations sociales. Par un discours où le champ du possible est infini, qui implique de dépasser la misogynie et le conditionnement des femmes dans leurs rapports sociaux. En déconstruisant le concept tant critiqué du féminisme, l’auteure deChère Ijeawele, ou un manifeste pour une éducation féministe (2017) en fait une approche universelle. Un féminisme sans genre, sans couleur de peau, sans classe sociale. Un féminisme que peut s’approprier et être interprété par chaque individu.

Étant citoyenne de deux pays (les Etats-Unis et le Nigéria) l’écrivaine a fait de l’identité son approche de base pour aborder un féminisme à la fois universel et singulier. Lors de la discussion avec Sylvain Bourmeau, producteur et journaliste de La Suite dans les idées sur France Culture, qui a suivi la lecture de la lettre, elle a définit l’identité comme profonde, intime, fluide et mouvante en fonction de l’histoire, de la culture, des appartenances sociales et religieuses de tout un chacun. Par sa lettre, l’auteure

48 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien PUBLICATIONS • PUBLIKATIONEN • PUBLICATIONS

URBAN FAMILIES IN BURKINA FASO CONTENTS

In 2012 the social anthropologist Claudia Roth, former Acknowledgements board member of the Swiss Society for African Stud- Introduction: Claudia Roth’s Work on Bobo-Dioulasso in Burkina Faso (Willemijn de Jong) ies, passed away. She had taught at the Universities of Bern, Lucerne and Zürich and her research focussed PART I: ETHNOGRAPHY AND REFLEXIVITY foremost on Burkina Faso (see the obituary in our Chapter 1. Culture Shock, Power and Knowledge: Negotiating Boundaries in Ethno- Newsletter 2/2012-1/2013). graphic Fieldwork

Now, her friends have edited and posthumously re- PART II: NEGOTIATING LOVE AND MARRIAGE leased her research on transformations of family life Chapter 2. Beware When the Women of Bobo Dress Up!: An Ethnographic Contribution in Burina Faso. Her work on Bobo-Dioulasso, a city of Chapter 3. “What is Love?”: Changing Matrimony in Bobo-Dioulasso – A Case Study half a million residents, provides uniquely detailed Chapter 4. Social Security and Gender: Marital Crisis as a Mirror of the Economic Crisis insight into the evolving life-world of a West African urban population in one of the poorest countries in PART III: ELDERLY PARENTS AND THEIR CHILDREN: SHARING OR LIVING IN POVERTY the world. Closely documenting the livelihood strategies of members of various neigh- Chapter 5. Blood Ties as a Social Network: The African Extended Family as an Econo- bourhoods, Roth’s work calls into question established notions of ‘the African family‘ mic Association as a solidary network, documents changing marriage and kinship relations under the Chapter 6. The Invisible Impoverishment of the Elderly in Bobo-Dioulasso impact of a persistent economic crisis, and explores the increasingly precarious social Chapter 7. 'Shameful': The Inverted Intergenerational Contract in Bobo-Dioulasso status of young women and men. Chapter 8. The Strength of Badenya Ties: Siblings and Social Security in Old Age – The Case of Urban Burkina Faso CLAUDIA ROTH†: URBAN DREAMS. TRANSFORMATIONS OF FAMILY LIFE IN BUR- KINA FASO. EDITED BY WILLEMIJN DE JONG, MANFRED PERLIK, NOEMI STEUER, PART IV: YOUTH: DREAMS AND HARDSHIPS AND HEINZPETER ZNOJ. NEW YORK 2018 (BERGHAHN). Chapter 9. Tea and Dreams: Men’s Generational Conflict in Bobo-Dioulasso Chapter 10. Between Dreams of Grandeur and Pragmatism: Young People in Urban Burkina Faso

Publications of Claudia Roth Index

49 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE IN GHANA HONOURING THERESE STEFFEN

Medicine, Faith and Politics in Agogo examines the The essays in this volume all circle around questions development of health care delivery at a former mis- of urbanisation in (post-)apartheid South Africa and its sion hospital in Ghana. It reveals configurations of effects on the country's socio-political realities as well interests, values and ideologies that shaped the devel- as its representation in, and effect on, the country's opment and implementation of health care practices, literary and artistic production. (South) Africa's- con strategies and concepts. By providing an in-depth tinuous urbanisation is expressed in the title of this analysis, the book contributes a particular perspective book: ‘Cities in Flux’. The contributions account for the on the history of health care delivery in rural Africa constant flow of people (not only into, within, and out and beyond. It addresses topics that are still heavily of a city, but also between different cities), the con- under-researched. These include the `decolonisation' tinuously changing conditions (both physical and -im of health care as well as the development and imple- material as well as past and present) of (South) Africa's mentation of medical concepts for `developing coun- urban areas, and these shifting conditions' effects on tries' such as primary health care. (South) Africa's cities.

Pascal Schmid received his PhD in history (University of Basel, Switzerland) in 2013 Olivier Moreillon is a researcher at the Department of English at the University of and is currently an academic associate at the Centre for African Studies Basel. Basel, Switzerland. Alan Muller is a Junior Fellow at the Bayreuth International Graduate School of African PASCAL SCHMID: MEDICINE, FAITH AND POLITICS IN AGOGO. A HISTORY OF HEALTH Studies (BIGSAS), Germany. CARE DELIVERY IN RURAL GHANA, CA. 1925 TO 1980. SCHWEIZERISCHE AFRIKASTU- Lindy Stiebel is Professor Emeritus of English Studies at the University of KwaZulu- DIEN – ETUDES AFRICAINES SUISSES, VOL. 13. BERLIN 2018 (LIT-VERLAG) Natal.

OLIVIER MOREILLON, ALAN MULLER, LINDY STIEBEL (EDS.): CITIES IN FLUX: MET- ROPOLITAN SPACES IN SOUTH AFRICAN LITERARY AND VISUAL TEXTS. FESTSCHRIFT IN HONOUR OF PROFESSOR EM. DR. THERESE STEFFEN. SCHWEIZERISCHE AFRI- KASTUDIEN – ETUDES AFRICAINES SUISSES, VOL. 12. BERLIN 2017 (LIT-VERLAG).

50 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien A HIGHLY VALUABLE SOURCE

Ellen Ndeshi Namhila is intrigued by the question: ELLEN NDESHI NAMHILA: “LITTLE RESEARCH VALUE”. AFRICAN ESTATE RECORDS Why can the National Archives of Namibia respond AND COLONIAL GAPS IN A POST-COLONIAL NATIONAL ARCHIVE. BASEL NAMIBIA to genealogical enquiries of Whites in a matter of STUDIES SERIES. BASEL 2017 (BASLER AFRIKA BIBLIOGRAPHIEN). minutes with finding estate records of deceased persons, while similar requests from Blacks cannot be served? Not satisfied with the sweeping statement that this is the result of colonialism and apartheid, she follows the track of so-called ‘Native estates’ through legislation, record creation and dispersal, records management and administrative neglect, authorised and unauthorised destruction, transfer and appraisal, selective processing, and (almost) final amnesia. Eventually she discovers over 11 000 forgotten surviving African estate records—but also evidence for the destruction of many others. And she demonstrates the potential of these records to interpret the lives of those who otherwise appear in history only as statistics—records which were condemned to destruction by colonial archivists stating they had “little research value and no functional value.” This study of memory against forgetting is a call to post-colonial archives to re-visit their holdings and the systemic colonial bias that continues to haunt them.

Ellen Ndeshi Namhila is the head librarian and Pro-Vice-Chancellor of the University of Namibia (UNAM) in Windhoek and a well-known Namibian writer, historian and manager of knowledge and heritage. This is the revised version of Ellen Namhila’s 2015 doctoral thesis published at the University of Tampere, Finland.

51 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien DIGITALIZATION AND AFRICAN STUDIES

Urbanization in Africa also means rapid technological Mirjam de Bruijn is Professor of Contemporary History and Anthropology of Africa, change. At the turn of the 21st century, mobile telepho- at Leiden University (The Netherlands). As an anthropologist she has done much in- ny appeared in urban Africa. Ten years later, it covered terdisciplinary research on the interrelationship between agency, marginality, mobil- large parts of rural Africa and—thanks to the smart- ity, communication and technology in West and Central Africa, especially Cameroon, phone—became the main access to the internet. This Chad and Mali, leading major research projects on Information and Communication development is part of technological transformations in Technologies (ICTs). In this connection she published numerous articles in scholarly digitalization that are supposed to bridge the urban and journals and edited the volumes The Social Life of Connectivity in Africa (with Rijk van the rural and will make their borders blurred. They do Dijk, Palgrave Mac Millan 2012) and Side@Ways: Marginality and Communication in so through the creation of economic opportunities, the Africa (with Inge Brinkman and Francis Nyamnjoh, ASC Leiden and Langaa 2013). flow of information and by influencing people’s defini- tion of self, belonging and citizenship. These changes MIRJAM DE BRUIJN: DIGITALIZATION AND THE FIELD OF AFRICAN STUDIES. CARL are met with huge optimism and the message of- In SCHLETTWEIN LECTURES, VOL. 12. BASEL 2018 (BASLER AFRIKA BIBLIOGRAPHIEN). formation and Communications Technologies for Development (ICT4D) for Africa has been one of glory and revolution. Practice, however, reveals other sides. Increasingly, academic publications show that we are facing a new form of digital divide in which Africa is (again) at the margins.

These technological transformations influence the relation between urban and rural Africa, and between ‘Africa’ and the World, and hence the field of African Studies both in its objects as well as in its forms of knowledge production and in the formulation of the problems we should study. In this lecture, Mirjam de Bruijn reflects on two decades of research experience in West and Central Africa and discusses how, for her, the field has changed. The author was forced to decolonize her thinking even further, and to enter into co-creation in knowledge production. How can these lessons be translated into a form of critical knowledge production and how does the study of technological change inform the redefinition of African Studies for the st21 century?

52 Société suisse d‘études africaines Newsletter1/2018 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Afrikastudien