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How Soon Is Safe?
HOW SOON IS SAFE? IRAQI FORCE DEVELOPMENT AND ―CONDITIONS-BASED‖ US WITHDRAWALS Final Review Draft: February 5, 2009 Anthony H. Cordesman Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy And Adam Mausner [email protected] [email protected] Cordesman: Iraqi Forces and US Withdrawals 4/22/09 Page ii The Authors would like to thank the men and women of the Multinational Force–Iraq and Multinational Security Transition Command - Iraq for their generous contribution to our work. The Authors would also like to thank David Kasten for his research assistance. Cordesman: Iraqi Forces and US Withdrawals 4/22/09 Page iii Executive Summary The US and Iraq now face a transition period that may well be as challenging as defeating Al Qa‘ida in Iraq, the other elements of the insurgency, and the threat from militias like the Mahdi Army. Iraq has made progress in political accommodation and in improving security. No one, however, can yet be certain that Iraq will achieve a enough political accommodation to deal with its remaining internal problems, whether there will be a new surge of civil violence, or whether Iraq will face problems with its neighbors. Iran seeks to expand its influence, and Turkey will not tolerate a sanctuary for hostile Kurdish movements like the PKK. Arab support for Iraq remains weak, and Iraq‘s Arab neighbors fear both Shi‘ite and Iranian dominance of Iraq as well as a ―Shi‘ite crescent‖ that includes Syria and Lebanon.. Much will depend on the capabilities of Iraqi security forces (ISF) and their ability to deal with internal conflicts and external pressures. -
A Tale of Two Cities the Use of Explosive Weapons in Basra and Fallujah, Iraq, 2003-4 Report by Jenna Corderoy and Robert Perkins
December 2014 A TALE OF TWO CITIES The use of explosive weapons in Basra and Fallujah, Iraq, 2003-4 Report by Jenna Corderoy and Robert Perkins Editor Iain Overton With thanks to Henry Dodd, Jane Hunter, Steve Smith and Iraq Body Count Copyright © Action on Armed Violence (December 2014) Cover Illustration A US Marine Corps M1A1 Abrams tank fires its main gun into a building in Fallujah during Operation Al Fajr/Phantom Fury, 10 December 2004, Lance Corporal James J. Vooris (UMSC) Infographic Sarah Leo Design and Printing Matt Bellamy Clarifications or corrections from interested parties are welcome Research and publications funded by the Government of Norway, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. A tale of two cities | 1 CONTENTS FOREWORD 2 IRAQ: A TIMELINE 3 INTRODUCTION: IRAQ AND EXPLOSIVE WEAPONS 4 INTERnatiONAL HumanitaRIAN LAW 6 AND RulES OF ENGAGEMENT BASRA, 2003 8 Rattling the Cage 8 Air strikes: Munition selection 11 FALLUJAH, 2004 14 Firepower for manpower 14 Counting the cost 17 THE AFTERmath AND LESSONS LEARNED 20 CONCLUSION 22 RECOMMENDatiONS 23 2 | Action on Armed Violence FOREWORD Sound military tactics employed in the pursuit of strategic objectives tend to restrict the use of explosive force in populated areas “ [... There are] ample examples from other international military operations that indicate that the excessive use of explosive force in populated areas can undermine both tactical and strategic objectives.” Bård Glad Pedersen, State Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Norway, 17 June 20141 The language of conflict has changed enormously. their government is not the governing authority. Today engagements are often fought and justified Three case studies in three places most heavily- through a public mandate to protect civilians. -
The Real Outcome of the Iraq War: US and Iranian Strategic Competition in Iraq
The Real Outcome of the Iraq War: US and Iranian Strategic Competition in Iraq By Anthony H. Cordesman, Peter Alsis, Adam Mausner, and Charles Loi Anthony H. Cordesman Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy Revised: December 20, 2011 Note: This draft is being circulated for comments and suggestions. Please provide them to [email protected] Chapter 6: US Strategic Competition with Iran: Competition in Iraq 2 Executive Summary "Americans planted a tree in Iraq. They watered that tree, pruned it, and cared for it. Ask your American friends why they're leaving now before the tree bears fruit." --Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.1 Iraq has become a key focus of the strategic competition between the United States and Iran. The history of this competition has been shaped by the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), the 1991 Gulf War, and the US invasion of Iraq in 2003. Since the 2003 war, both the US and Iran have competed to shape the structure of Post-Saddam Iraq’s politics, governance, economics, and security. The US has gone to great lengths to counter Iranian influence in Iraq, including using its status as an occupying power and Iraq’s main source of aid, as well as through information operations and more traditional press statements highlighting Iranian meddling. However, containing Iranian influence, while important, is not America’s main goal in Iraq. It is rather to create a stable democratic Iraq that can defeat the remaining extremist and insurgent elements, defend against foreign threats, sustain an able civil society, and emerge as a stable power friendly to the US and its Gulf allies. -
The Outcome of Invasion: US and Iranian Strategic Competition in Iraq
a report of the csis burke chair in strategy The Outcome of Invasion: US and Iranian Strategic Competition in Iraq Authors Adam Mausner Sam Khazai Anthony H. Cordesman Peter Alsis Charles Loi March 2012 Chapter VII: US Strategic Competition with Iran: Competition in Iraq 16/3/12 2 Executive Summary "Americans planted a tree in Iraq. They watered that tree, pruned it, and cared for it. Ask your American friends why they're leaving now before the tree bears fruit." --Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.1 Iraq has become a key focus of the strategic competition between the United States and Iran. The history of this competition has been shaped by the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), the 1991 Gulf War, the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, and now by the withdrawal of US military forces. It is a competition increasingly shaped by Iraq’s turbulent domestic politics and power struggles, and where both the US and Iran compete to shape the structure of Iraq’s future politics, governance, economics, and security. An Uncertain Level of US Influence The US has gone to great lengths to counter Iranian influence in Iraq, including using its status as an occupying power and Iraq’s main source of aid, as well as through information operations and more traditional press statements highlighting Iranian meddling. However, containing Iranian influence, while important, is not America’s main goal in Iraq. It is rather to create a stable democratic Iraq that can defeat the remaining extremist and insurgent elements, defend against foreign threats, sustain an able civil society, and emerge as a stable power friendly to the US and its Gulf allies. -
Iraqi-Owned Bank Opens on U.S. Base by Maj
March 22, 2010 | Issue 8 Iraqi-owned bank opens on U.S. base By Maj. Luke Hammond 4th BCT, 1st Armd Div COB ADDER – The Iraqi-Based Industrial Zone at Contingency Operating Base Adder has long been a place where aspiring busi- ness-minded Iraqis work with U.S. forces and support the local economy by providing jobs. Whether they are contractors com- peting for contracts on COB Adder, or vendors selling everything from paintings to rugs, the IBIZ is abuzz with constant activity. However, on Jan. 13, COB Adder saw one of the most signifi- cant events to happen in IBIZ since its establishment: the grand opening and ribbon-cutting ceremony of Warka Bank. Warka has one of the largest banking operations in Iraq, oper- ating over 150 locations throughout the country. Initially proposed in the summer of 2009, the establishment of a bank within IBIZ presents will greatly aid Iraqi businesses and U.S. objectives. The bank will bring to the area – for the first time – electronic funds transfer capabilities. Having EFT capability within the IBIZ is a critical turning point in how U.S. forces and contracting agencies such as KBR pay the Iraqi contractors who will soon do a majority of the busi- ness on COB Adder. The base, also known as the Tallil – meaning “rule of Ali” – Airbase, is home to over 13,000 Soldiers and civilians and serves as a major logistics hub for U.S. forces in the nine provinces over- seen by United States Division-South. Photo by Maj. Myles Caggins Maj. -
Provincialdevelopment Strategy Basragovernorate
LADP in Iraq – Basra PDS Local Area Development Programme in Iraq Financed by the Implemented European Union by UNDP PROVINCIAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY BASRA GOVERNORATE November 2017 LADP in Iraq – Basra PDS 2 LADP in Iraq – Basra PDS FOREWORD BY THE GOVERNOR … 3 LADP in Iraq – Basra PDS 4 LADP in Iraq – Basra PDS CONTENT PSD Basra Governorate Foreword by the Governor ............................................................................................................................... 3 Content ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................... 7 List of Tables .................................................................................................................................................... 8 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................... 9 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 11 1. Purpose of the PDS ................................................................................................................................... 11 2. Organisation of the PDS........................................................................................................................... -
Iraq in Crisis
Burke Chair in Strategy Iraq in Crisis By Anthony H. Cordesman and Sam Khazai January 6, 2014 Request for comments: This report is a draft that will be turned into an electronic book. Comments and suggested changes would be greatly appreciated. Please send any comments to Anthony H. Cordsman, Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy, at [email protected]. ANTHONY H. CORDESMAN Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy [email protected] Iraq in Crisis: Cordesman and Khazai AHC Final Review Draft 6.1.14 ii Acknowledgements This analysis was written with the assistance of Burke Chair researcher Daniel DeWit. Iraq in Crisis: Cordesman and Khazai AHC Final Review Draft 6.1.14 iii Executive Summary As events in late December 2013 and early 2014 have made brutally clear, Iraq is a nation in crisis bordering on civil war. It is burdened by a long history of war, internal power struggles, and failed governance. Is also a nation whose failed leadership is now creating a steady increase in the sectarian divisions between Shi’ite and Sunni, and the ethnic divisions between Arab and Kurd. Iraq suffers badly from the legacy of mistakes the US made during and after its invasion in 2003. It suffers from threat posed by the reemergence of violent Sunni extremist movements like Al Qaeda and equally violent Shi’ite militias. It suffers from pressure from Iran and near isolation by several key Arab states. It has increasingly become the victim of the forces unleashed by the Syrian civil war. Its main threats, however, are self-inflicted wounds caused by its political leaders. -
PEOPLE's DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC of ALGERIA Ministry of Higher
PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ALGERIA Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University Mohammed Boudiaf of M’sila Faculty of Letters and Languages Department of English UK media coverage of the War on Iraq: A content analysis of the Guardian newspaper Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Master Degree in English Literature and Civilization Submitted by: Supervised by: Yassamine Rokbi Mr. Boutkhil Guemide Memebers of the Jury Dr. Salima Maouche Maitre des University Abd Al Rahmane Mira, Conférences (A) Bejaia Mr. Boutkhil Guemide Maitre Assistant (B) Unibersity Mohammed Boudiaf, Msila Mr. Samir Amir Maitre Assistant (A) High School of Economics, Oran Academic year 2019- 2020 To my beloved parents who are the reason for all the successes in my life; Their unlimited love has been always my motivation. Without them, I might not the person I am today. To my grandmother for her prayers; To my aunt Mrs. Rachida Benaissa for her motivation; To my little brother Iyad; To my dear brother Fethi Houssam Eddine; To my beloved sisters: Lina, Nada, and Maria for their encouragement; To my best friends Karima Kabouya, my soul mate and Nesrine Guesmia for their encouragement and support. I First of all, I thank almighty Allah for giving me the volition and strength to accomplish this work. My special thanks and sincere gratitude go to my dear supervisor Mr. Boutkhil Guemide for his guidance, patience and constructive criticism. I really appreciate his tremendous efforts. My words cannot express my thanks to him. I warmly thank my colleague Mr. El- Hosseyn Khirani who motivated me from the beginning until the end of this work and he was willing always to help me at any time. -
Iraq in Crisis
MAY 2014 Iraq in Crisis ANTHONY H. CORDESMAN AND SAM KHAZAI AND SAM ANTHONY H. CORDESMAN 1616 Rhode Island Avenue NW| Washington DC 20036 t. (202) 887-0200 | f. (202) 775-3199 | www.csis.org Iraq in ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Lanham, MD 20706 t. (800) 462-6420 | f. (301) 429-5749 | www.rowman.com Crisis AUTHORS Cover photo: Photo by Kaveh Seyedahmadian. http://www.flickr.com/photos/samanvari/3388535986/. Anthony H. Cordesman ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD ISBN 978-1-4422-2855-9 Sam Khazai Ë|xHSLEOCy228559z v*:+:!:+:! A Report of the CSIS Burke Chair in Strategy Blank Iraq in Crisis Authors Anthony H. Cordesman Sam Khazai A Report of the CSIS Burke Chair in Strategy May 2014 ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK About CSIS For over 50 years, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) has worked to develop solutions to the world’s greatest policy challenges. Today, CSIS scholars are providing strategic insights and bipartisan policy solutions to help decisionmakers chart a course toward a better world. CSIS is a nonprofit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C. The Center’s 220 full-time staff and large network of affiliated scholars conduct research and analysis and develop policy initiatives that look into the future and anticipate change. Founded at the height of the Cold War by David M. Abshire and Admiral Arleigh Burke, CSIS was dedicated to finding ways to sustain American prominence and prosperity as a force for good in the world. Since 1962, CSIS has become one of the world’s preeminent international institutions focused on defense and security; regional stability; and transnational challenges ranging from energy and climate to global health and economic integration. -
Iraqi Force Development
IRAQI FORCE DEVELOPMENT July 2008 Anthony H. Cordesman Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy And Adam Mausner [email protected] [email protected] Contents THE IRAQI SECURITY FORCES IN MAY 2008: PROGRESS, PROBLEMS, AND TRENDS ....... 4 MAJOR ISSUES AND UNCERTAINTIES ........................................................................................................... 4 THE BATTLE FOR BASRA, THE SOUTH, AND BAGHDAD .............................................................................. 8 Setting the Stage in Southern Iraq ........................................................................................................ 8 The Government Offensive in March 2008 ..........................................................................................10 ISF Performance in the Battle for Basra .............................................................................................13 Loyalty and Desertions ................................................................................................................................... 13 Planning .......................................................................................................................................................... 14 Logistics and Support ...................................................................................................................................... 16 The Battle for Sadr City .......................................................................................................................16 The Battle for Mosul -
US and Iranian Strategic Competition in Iraq
The Outcome of Invasion: US and Iranian Strategic Competition in Iraq Peter Alsis, Anthony H. Cordesman, Adam Mausner, and Charles Loi Anthony H. Cordesman Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy [email protected] Draft: November 28, 2011 Note: This draft is being circulated for comments and suggestions. Please provide them to [email protected] Chapter 6: US Strategic Competition with Iran: Competition in Iraq 24/11/11 Rev 2 Executive Summary "Americans planted a tree in Iraq. They watered that tree, pruned it, and cared for it. Ask your American friends why they're leaving now before the tree bears fruit." --Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.1 Iraq has become a key focus of the strategic competition between the United States and Iran. The history of this competition has been shaped by the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), the 1991 Gulf War, and the US invasion of Iraq in 2003. Since the 2003 war, both the US and Iran have competed to shape the structure of Post-Saddam Iraq‘s politics, governance, economics, and security. The US has gone to great lengths to counter Iranian influence in Iraq, including using its status as an occupying power and Iraq‘s main source of aid, as well as through information operations and more traditional press statements highlighting Iranian meddling. However, containing Iranian influence, while important, is not America‘s main goal in Iraq. It is rather to create a stable democratic Iraq that can defeat the remaining extremist and insurgent elements, defend against foreign threats, sustain an able civil society, and emerge as a stable power friendly to the US and its Gulf allies. -
Covert Relationship: American Foreign Policy, Intelligence, and the Iran-Iraq War, 1980-1988
NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. ® UMI u Ottawa l.'Universilc cnnnrficnne Ginadn's university FACULTE DES ETUDES SUPERIEURES l==l FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND ET POSTOCTORALES U Ottawa POSDOCTORAL STUDIES I/Universittf canadienne Canada's university Bryan Gibson "^EUlMIJTHiS^UTHOR'orfHESrs" M.A. (History) GRADE/DEGREE Department of History TAClTfOr6Ll7DlEPWE¥^ Covert Relationship: American Foreign Policy, Intelligence, and the Iran-Iraq War, 1980-1988 TITRE DE LA THESE / TITLE OF THESIS Dr. Galen Perras DIRECTEUR (DIRECTRICE) DE LA THESE / THESIS SUPERVISOR „„„„„______ EXAMINATEURS (EXAMINATRICES) DE LA THESE / THESIS EXAMINERS Dr. Ryme Seferdjeli Dr. Lotfi Ben Rejeb Gary W. Slater Le Doyen de la Faculte des etudes superieures et postdoctorales / Dean of the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies COVERT RELATIONSHIP: American Foreign Policy, Intelligence, and the Iran-Iraq War, 1980-1988 By Bryan Gibson 2643170 Submitted to The School of Graduate Studies University of Ottawa In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts (History) August 21, 2007 © Bryan R. Gibson, Ottawa, Canada, 2007 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-49206-2 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-49206-2 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive