High Technology Letters ISSN NO : 1006-6748

Teachings of – Relevance to Modern Management

B. Sreenivsacharyulu Research Scholar, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India Parthasarathy, Research Supervisor, Bharathiar University, India

Abstract: Success and sustainability of organisation depends on the culture which prevails in the organisation.Leaders make difference in bringing cultural change in the organisation. A leader with value system and exceptional leadership qualities changes the fate of organisation. Several western management theorists have spelt out essential qualities of leaders and other management principles in running an organisation effectively. Broadly, these principles holdgood across the globe, but a region specific cultural and spiritual touch make them more effective. This has diverted the attention towards east especially India (Bharat). Indian Epics like and are great sources for management principles with a spiritual and cultural touch. In Mahabharata, Vidura advises his King about qualities,traits of a leader and several principles to rule/administer i.e. Raja-. Vidura Neeti is a mine of wisdom. Though society is changed many folds from the period of Mahabharatha, fundamental value system remains same. Vidura’s teachings revolves on the eternal value system. Vidura has rationally portrayed the duties of a king / Leader while stressing upon ethical values.His teachings are appropriateto modern management fraternity.This studyanalyses the relevance of the teachings of Vidura to modern management andits linkage to western theories.

Key Words: Traits of a Leader, Leadership, Ethics, Success, Teamwork, Raja-dharma

1. Introduction Value based traits of a leader is key to keep the organisation competitive and sustain in todays’ competitive business environment. In the present business environmentorganizations strive to remain competitive and win over the competition and business challenges.A leader can keep the organisation in high trajectory and winning path or he can ruin the organisation by spoiling the morale in the organisation.However, a vital point to be considered is that every organization must recruit and build an ethical team who in turn canbring success with their appreciable personal traits, leadership and good governance capabilities. Empowered people with great conduct, behaviour and vision not only make the organisation survive and sustain in the competitive world, but also help the economy. To name a few, organisationslike Tata Group, Wipro, Amar Raja Batteries, TVS, ChemplastSanmar do this in India, MNC like Unilever, P&G, Huntsman, Petronas, BASF . Western management theorists believe that eastern philosophies, especially India has a lot to add and gives innovative and simple thoughts because of her rich heritage and culture.Ancient Indian

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kings and epic heroes gave more importance to ethical leadership either in administration or in war. Mahabharata and Ramayana are two great epics of India. Ramayana teaches values and idealistic character of individuals, principles of ruling and human behaviour. Mahabharata,spelled by Sri Veda gave many pearls of wisdom regarding management principles and covers all facets of human values, principles of life, science, moral values, war strategies, ammunition, management principles, diplomacy and the like. It is not just anepic, but a great source of reference for various aspects of present-day problems. There is a proverb in Telugu (Indian Language) that “If you want to eat, prefer Vada and if you want to listenprefer Mahabharata” (TinteGarale Tinali VinteBhratamVinali- In Telugu Script). Scholars opine that one can find solutions for all problems in Mahabharata. Mahabharata gavethree major management treatisesto human kind more than 5000 years ago: 1. - A great personality development and motivational book. You can findsolutions to various personal and societal problems. 2. Vidura Neeti – A guide for Raja Dharma, Qualities of a Ruler / Leader. Gave substantial material for Managerial / Leadership Skills. 3. Shanti Parva – Bhisma narrates the principles of Raja Dharma, Administrative principles.

Vidura Neeti comprises rules of conduct and ethics of life. Vidura’s thoughts will provide innovative and simple thoughts to the present generation of leaders to improve their performance as leaders. The present study discusses about Vidura’s management thoughts from Vidura Neeti and gives a temporal analysis. 2. Literature Review: Ganguli Kisari Mohan (4th edition, 1981) translation of Mahabharata gave a base material for study on Vidura teachings.Dr. Sir C.P. Ramaswamy Aiyar, in his Vidura Niti (1955) has emphasised that how the great EPICS of India have played crucial role in the formation of character of modern India. Vidura covers all aspects of individual and social life. Vidura Niti is a Civil and moral mine of wisdom. Though the society has gone through various changes, fundamental value system remains same even today. Vidura Niti is applicable to society without any bias and sectarian outlook. As Central idea of Vidura Niti is based on eternal values, it is applicable to all ages regardless of cast, creed, religion and race. Ravindra Shenoy(April,2012 – ISBN 978-81-920639-1-1)discussed about Vidura neeti as a part of his analysis on vedic literature and lessons for management. He describes the essence of

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spiritual touch for good governance, optimum utilisation of resources, wealth sharing, managing human resources, leadership and motivational methods. Sri Ramanuja Achari (May, 2017)has done exhaustive research on Vidura’s teachings andlisted qualities of individuals, leaders, rulers and substantiated with appropriate verses fromVidura Neeti. Jayasmita Rath and Guruprasad(2017)iterated that people with high spiritual traits display better leadership performance based on Vidura Neeti. Vidura has given various thoughts about Leadership and Principles to manage Organisations more than 5000 years ago. His thoughts are time tested and are more relevant to present and future also. S.K.Chakraborty and Debangshu Chakraborty (2008) spells that spiritual values prevails in business, management, administration and governing. They have explained that how spiritual traits of great leaders from history inspired top CEO’s and lead to immense leadership performance.

Henri Fayol (1917)gave 14 basic management principles have significant influence on modern management theories and helped managers to learn how to run an organisation effectively. Trait Theory by Kelly (1974)liststhe traits of a leader that are essential in building an organisation.Andrew J Dubrin(8th edition,2015)states that leader’s effectiveness is assessed based on personal characteristics and effective leaders are made of the right stuff. He discusses in his book of Leadership about the effective traits, motives and characteristics of a leader. He stresses that apart from basic traits, a leader should have an achieving motive andproblem-solving skills. Peter Drucker’s Theory of management (1975)proposes Management by Objectives(MBO), a new concept in the modern management to improve the efficiency of organisation by reviewing, setting, monitoring, evaluating performance and rewarding employees in a SMART way. Managerial Grid theory proposed by Blake and Mouton (1964)speaks about leader’s ability to influence team in implementing goals in the organisation. Scientific Management proposed by Taylor (1909)emphasises about training of employees and division of work among managers and workers. R.B. Cattell(1950)Big Five personality traits also more useful in identifying good leaders.Maslow(1943) proposed a motivational model which talks about basic needs, psychological needs and self-fulfilment needs. Doug Lennick, Fred Kiel (2005) proposes four competencies for moral intelligence – Integrity, Responsibility, Forgiveness and compassion. These four principles are very vital for personal and organisational success.

Vidura, many thousands of years back, has given all these modern management principles with a touch of spirituality and culture. This paper aims to discuss and analyse management thoughts of

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Vidura and how they are relevant to present day modern management principles vis-a-vis with principles spelled by western theorists.

3. Discussions and Analysis: Vidura iis one of the oldest Management Guru.Vidura’s teachings are based on moral values. Vidura says that spiritual traits that gives fame and charisma to a leader. Though society has gone through various changes, fundamental values remains same even today. Vidura Neeti is centered on the eternal and fundamental obligations of individual and society. Vidura Neeti is beneficial to all ages, literate and illiterate, men and women, rich and poor, teacher and student, political and corporate leaders, employees and employers. Vidura Neeti is applicable and useful not only in India but across the world. It will be more useful in grooming future business and political leaders with value system. His management thoughts and suggestions are time tested. His suggestions are rich in knowledge with foresight having more extent of practicability. He has spelled essential duties of a king, Raja Dharma. And also advised many principles and qualities for an ideal King. Some qualities: Polity, interaction, treatment of others, truthful behaviour, Dharma, means to achieve happiness and eschew actions that lead to suffering, discrimination between undesirable and desirable qualities, importance of renunciation,justice to all, Truth, welfare to all, forgiveness, nonviolence, attributes of a friend, and effect of ingratitude. Vidura has rationally portrayed the duties of a king / Leader while stressing upon ethical values. These principles and qualities are relevant to run organisations of present day. These qualities are guidelines for present modern management schools to groom future leaders with an underlined moral value system.

Leadership is the most important factor in determining the effectiveness and success of an organisation. Hence, organisations are constantly on the lookout to recruit leaders who display high level of moral values and performance. A bad leader not only a single performer, he spoils not only organisation’s culture and also reputation of organisation. Hence, it is very essential to have an ethical value-based leadership in the organisation. According to Vidura “ Intellect, Origin of a person, knowledge, control over senses, courage in difficult times, communication, listening and appreciation to others” – these eight qualities are ornament to any leader. In this study we are limiting to very few traits of a leader in the context of individual traits to perform and influence team members pronounced by Vidura. Secondly, Vidura has advised

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what are all the traits required to run and mange an organisation. Hence, broadly we can classify Vidura’s thoughts into the following groups: 1. General Leadership Traits 2. Traits for ManagingOrganisations 3. Others

3.1. General Leadership Traits: 3.1.1. Qualities of a Leader : A leader is the person who inspires entire team and leads from front.Teams performance depends on the leader. How he motivates his team and communicates depends on his personal traits. In the modern times it is very difficult to lead a team with multicultural back ground, different brought ups and attitudes. As per Vidura a leader must have following qualities: Atmagnanamsamarambhastitiksha dharmanityaya I arthannapakarsantisavai pandita uchyate II (20/33) (sloka / Chapter) A leader is a person who knows about himself well i.e. strengths and weakness .He should be more industrious and does not deviate from his duty under any circumstances. Person who hasSelf Control will be able to lead a team well. Nisevateprasastanininditaninasevate I Anastikahshraddadhanetatpanditalakshnam II (21/33) Krodhoharshaschadarpaschahri: stambhomanyamanita I Yamarthannapakarshantisavai pandita uchyate II (22/33) Yasyakrutyamnavighnantisitamushnambhayamratih I Samruddhirasamruddhirvasavai pandita uchyate II (24/33) All actions done by a good leader are admirable to the team and organisation.One should control his emotions, anger, joy, pride, shame, obstinacy and false sense of superiority and will not divert from his path of duty are the desirable qualities of good leader. A leader should not deviate from his duty because of circumstances. In general, there may be pressure either from supplier, customer, employees or other stakeholders. Despite all pressures a leader should be able to do what he is supposed to. Leader should not get affected by seasons, fear of consequences nor by lust, by poor or rich. 3.1.2. Attributes of a Leader Kshipramvijanatichiramsrunotivijnayacharthambhajatenakamat I

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Nasamprushtoyupayuduktepararthe tat prajnanamprthamampanditasya II (27/33) A successful leader listens attentively others words. Whether he acts according to that or not but listen to others whatever may be the cadre, this act will make people happy and feel that their views have been listened. This will create a feeling of belongingness to all. A leader should grasp the essence of speech or subject in no time . A firm action by using discretion and not by emotion will give good results .

Yadhasaktichikirshantiyadhasakti cha kurvate I Na kinchidavamnyantenarah pandita bubdhvah II (26/33) Na prapyambhivachhantinashtamnechhantisochitum I Aapatsu cha namuhyantinarahpanditabudvayah II (28/33) A leader will know his / team’s / organisation’s limitations . They aspire to achieve what is possible by their team within their power, strength and work for the same. They will not feel shy to put effort even though work or target is small. They will not leave any chances to achieve their goals. A leader will not aspire for the unattainable , will not grieve for the loss and will not rattle by any misfortune or failures. According to Trait Theory 1 proposed by Kelly in 1974 , an effective leader will have good Judgement ability, Knowledge, Experience, Diplomacy and cooperativeness as traits.According to Blake and Mouton 2 (1978) a leader should be able to implement goals of organisation by influencing his team members. He should be able to mingle with all people. He should be able to exert formal and informal leadership styles. Taylor F.W.3 emphasises to have scientific principles in place, train employees, ensure efficient ways of working, divide work between managers and workers and payment should be based on results.Andrew.J.Dubrin 4 classifies personality traits of an effective leader into two

1 According to Trait Theory proposed by Kelly in 1974, an effective leader will have the following traits: Physical characteristics: Age, Height and weight Intelligence: Judgement ability, Knowledge Back ground characteristics: Education, Experience Personality: Aggressiveness, Alertness, Dominance, Decisiveness, Enthusiasm, Independence, Self Confidence Task Oriented: Responsibility, Initiative, Persistence and achievement need. Social Characteristics: Diplomacy, Cooperativeness, Responsibility, Popularity. 2Blake and Mouton (1978) proposed the Managerial grid theory. According to them a leader should be task oriented and also person oriented. As per them who achieves grid 9,9 will give equal importance to task and also concern about people. A leader should be able to implement goals of organisation by influencing his team members. He should be able to mingle with all people. He should be able to exert formal and informal leadership styles 3Taylor F.W . in 1911 proposed Scientific Management. 4Andrew J. Dubrin , in his book Leadership (7 th Edition), describes about traits, motives & characteristics of leaders. See Chapter Two.

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groups – General personality traits ( Self-Confidence, Humility, Self-Evaluation, Trustworthiness, Authenticity, Enthusiasm, Optimism, Warmth, Sense of Humour) and Task related traits ( Passion for the Work, Control and Courage). R.B. Cattell’s 5 Big Five Personality traits are: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism.In general, Modern management theories lists out the best qualities of good leaders as Vision, Courage, Integrity, Humility, Strategic Planning, Focus, Cooperation. Vidura also mentions above desirable characteristics in a Leader. A leader in the difficult times, should be courageous, determined and unwavering. Should not insult his subordinates. Either competitor is small or big, treats in equal manner. He should not underestimate anybody.One should avoid conflict with powerful or bigger competitor and will fight with courage if situation occurs. One should put determined efforts systematically, carefully and promptly in such situations. He should be able to see advantage in disadvantage situation also (adversity into advantage).A leader should be able to maintain balance and bear all difficulties in silence without uttering any adverse feelings or words. One should strategise to overcome this type stiff competition and difficult times. AndrewJ.Dubrin, discusses about task related personality traits. According to him leader should possess passion for the work and his people. Leader should be courageous to tackle any type of problem with ease and control. 3.1.3. Adaptability: In the present scenario every organisation is facing turnaround of employees. One way it is good to strengthen the organisation with new thoughts and new skills. In this process an employee be it be a Manager or lower level employee, they should be able to adjust to new environment and culture of the new organisation. A person would have accustomed to certain work culture and habits in his past experience. As the change in the job will bring lot of pressure to the individual. He has to prove himself in the new organisation and he has to gain the confidence of his Peers, other Team members and Bosses. He has to understand and adjust to organisation’s policies and culture. How fast he is adapting to new environment and owning the organisation, that will be better for his career and growth. Vidura discusses about this quality of a person as below: Desacharansamayajjatidharmanbubhushate yah saparavarajnah I Sa yatra tatrabhigatahsadaivamahajanasyadhipatyamkarothi II (119/33)

5R.B Cattell proposes 16PF (16 personality factors) theory and Big Five theory and many more contributions to management studies. As per him a) Warmth, b) Reasoning, c) Emotional Stability, d) Dominance, e) Liveliness, f) Rule consciousness, g) Social boldness, h) Sensitivity, i) Vigilance, j) Abstractedness, k) Privateness, l) Apprehension, m) Openness to change, n) Self-reliance, o) Perfectionism, p) Tension.

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A person who makes an effort to learn about the habits, social conduct of that organisation, soon able to understand which are desirable and the undesirable. Such person, wherever he goes, is able to establish his hold over the masses. That means how fast a person is able to adapt to new situations, culture of organisation will be able to get recognition among peers, down the line people and be able to gain the confidence of bosses. He has to put enormous amount of hard work, commitment towards work and owning the organisation. Attitudinal change and acquiring new skills will quickly makes him successful. Andrew J. Dubrin classifies Flexibility and Adaptability - qualities of a leader as Task related Personality Traits. He mentions that Leader should have self -awareness, Self-Management, Social Awareness, Relationship Management, Courage and control as an effective trait of a leader. 3.1.4. Foresight: No decisions will be taken in a hurried manner. Decisions should be reviewed carefully by self and with team members. Policy decisions should not be taken unilaterally. To be discussed with team members. Consider team members opinions and achieve consensus. Review pros and cons of actions what are planned. We have to see the impact of decisions on organisation in the long run. Those who reviews and grab the opportunity will be benefited. At the same time there should not be any delay in decision taking. Decisions should not be taken with emotions and attachments. There should be a logical reasoning for decision making. Whether it is beneficial to organisation or not only criteria we have to consider. Once the leader convinced that the action is beneficial, he has to work till it is achieved. Vidura Says : Kinnu me syadidumkrutvakinnu me syadukurvatah I Iti karmanisamchintyakuryadvapurushonava II (19/34)

Anubandhanapekshetsanubandheshukarmasu I Sampradharya cha kurveetnavegenasamachareth II (8/34) Ekam swadunabhunjeethekascharthaannachintayet I Eko nagachhedhwanamnaikahsupteshujagruyath II (51/33) As per Vidura, leader should not take decisions unilaterally. It should discuss with all senior team members. Take the people along with him. Otherwise the task may face delays and may not implemented or achieved in a successful manner.

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One should carefully consider an action and review it critically. One should be able to judge whether that action will be beneficial or harmful to organisation. Actions should be based on advantages to organisation and it should not be carried out if it is harmful. One should be clear about his objective and purpose, before initiating activity. What is the long-term benefit to be seen?Vidura, reiterates this quality of a leader in the 8th and 19th slokas of Chapter 34 of Prajagara Parva a sub section of Udyogaparva. 3.1.5. Communication: Communication is one important quality of a leader. It is a powerful tool. With proper communication we can avoid misunderstandings in the team and among employees. Indian Prime Minister is using ‘Man ki Bath’ as a medium to address the nation and communicating what all are his thoughts on various issues and how people should follow. He is also encouraging with this to highlight all topics which are to be addressed in the coming days. A leader should be able to speak by using an appropriate and meaningful words. A word of appreciation will make miracles with team members. A proper communication and talk will console and inspire the people. Unpleasant speech will hurt the people and spoil the team’s morale. An improper communication created problems in many organisations and many business deals are failed. Negotiations with Unions fails with single wrong word. Hence, it is very much important to use right words, to choose right platforms and right time. When to talk and what to talk also an art. Vidura advices as follows: Pravruttavakchitrakathauhavanprathibhanavan I Aasu grandhsyavakta cha yah sa pandita uchyate II (33/33) Vaksamyamo hi nrupatesuduskaratamomatah I Arthavachyavichitram cha nasakyam bahu bhashitumII (76/34) Abhyavahatikalyanamvividhamvakkusubhashitam I Saiva durbhashita rajan anarthayopapadyate II (77/34) Rohatesayakairvindamvanamparasunahatam I Vacha duruktambibhatsamnasamrohativakshatam II (78/34) Vaksayakavadanannishpatantiyairahatahsochatiratryahani I Parasyanamarmasutepatanti tan panditonavasrujetparebhyah II (80/34) Vidura says that a communicator should be fluent in his speech. His choice of words should be unique. He should be able to put his argument well and brilliantly. He should be able to play with words.

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Best examples in the Indian contemporary scenario: Late Sri Atal Bihari Vajpayee & Sri Narendra Modi.As per Vidura, one should use meaningful words. One should use simple and easily understandable words instead of high literary words. One should control his utterances. A well-spoken word can be a source of joy and well-being. It will motivate and inspire people to do miracles. The same message with bitter words can cause a lot of damage. He gives an example, if any forest damages by the mistake of man, or trees sliced in to pieces by axes, will be able to revive. But a wound caused by bitter does not heal. Unpleasant words coming out of a mouth of a leader hurts people like arrows. The aggrieved person suffers day and night. Hence the leader should avoid using foul language. A bitter word makes friends into foes. Creates lots of distance and they will become apart. Employees also those who hurts because of leaders’ utterances, will lose heart and leave the organisation. Many learned and skilled people will feel that their self-respect is very important. If it hurts because of others words they will quietly leave the organisation which is a loss to organisation.A good communication makes a leader more acceptable to all and it will bring harmony among people and organisation. Elton Mayo 6, says that Communication is a vital skill for any leader. Effective communication will help not only to keep all employees on the same word, but also makes them motivated. A leader should adapt the language to suit to various situations and use appropriate words.

3.2. Traits for Managing Organisations 3.2.1. GOAL SETTING: Every organisation will set strategic goals for long term and short term for the success. From these goals’ critical success factors will be derived and focusses on that to achieve. This can be operation side or future expansions or investments. Organisations will work to improve its market share, Revenue and Profit. They will put efforts to minimise costs, improve quality of product by innovations.Management Goals can be cascaded down to the lowest man of organisation. Manufacturing and Marketing teams will make their goals by taking clue from management, and departmental heads will make their goals from the Functional head goals. Then individual section head will make goal chart.

6 Elton Mayo (1920): Proposed 5 Human relation skills in his Human Relations Management Theory. Communication, Conflict resolution, Multitasking, Negotiation and Organisation skills are vital to human relations. Leaders who develops these skills are well accepted and successful. Mayo popularised the idea of “Social Person”, i.e. treat people as individuals - not as machines – with individual needs. If employee receive special attention and encouraged to participate, they owns the work and motivated as a result gives more output and quality of work.

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For each goal there will be small project assigned to departments / sections. For projects there will be action plan with target dates for completion. All these goals will be included in individual’s performance targets which is a part of Performance Management.

Peter F. Drucker 7 emphasises that Goals should be SMART: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time bound.

1. Management by Objectives

Review Organisation Objectives Objectives

Reward Set Objectives Cycle of Management by Objectives

Evaluate Monitor

In 1990, Locke & Latham proposed Five Principles of successful Goal Setting: Commitment, Clarity, Challenge, Complexity and Feedback. Goals will make everyone focussed in the organisation to reduce cost and competitive. They will think in Innovative manner and make various KAIZENs to improve efficiency of organisation.

Vidura Says Anubandhanapekhsetsanubandhesukarmasu I Sampradharyachakurvitnavegensamacharet II (8/34) Anubandham cha samprekshyavipakamchaivakarnaam I Utthanamatmanaschaivadheerahkurvitvanava II (9/34) Nischitya yah prkramatenantarvasatikarmanah I Abandhyakalovasyatma sav ai pandita uchyate II (29/33)

7Peter Drucker (1909-2005): He is called “Founder of Modern Management”. He proposed many concepts. Management by Objectives (MBO) in 1954, is the main contribution to management

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One should make up his mind before taking a Goal or Project. Once it firmed up, work relentlessly and should not leave in the midway. Think before initiating the activity and be clear about the objective. Think purpose and consequencesand benefits before finalising the Goal. One should be determined till the completion of goal. There should not be any hurried decision without any thought . While doing this one should think about the organisation’s strengths and resources also.Andrew J. Dubrin states that leaders are known for working hard in achieving their Goals. They will be putting high energy to achieve goals and be persistent in following up activities to achieve goals. Leaders should feel joy in accomplishing goals. As per Dubrin, this is the drive and achievement motive of a leader. 3.2.2. Classification of People – Work Allocation A leader should be able to identify and understands their team members strengths and weakness. In a cricket team, Captain should know all fast bowlers’ strengths like at what speed a person can bowl, how much turn he can make by using with the pitch conditions, whether he can bowl Yorkers. Spinners capabilities, batsmen’s strengths - whether he can hit or he can play defence. Based on need batsman’s playing order to be reorganised. Like that only in industrial organisations, Manager should know about his people. Based on their merits work allocation can be done. One should see their commitment to work, speed and accuracy in delivering. One should consider the acumen of a person about his job and cost effectiveness. Henry Fayol 8 theory states that division of work is to be done based on skill level of individuals and specialisation. If a person is good at repairing machines, he should be used at repairing of machines and not to be put for routine maintenance. When a person is engaged based his specialisation, skill of person will improve and in turn speed of work will also improves. The specialised work will improve efficiency, performance and quality. Vidura stressed similar principles: Trayonyayamanushyanamshruyantebharatarshabha I Kaniyanmadhyamahshreshthaitivedavidoviduh II (67/33) Trividha purusha rajannuttamadhamadhyamah I Niyojayedyadhavattamstrividheshyevakarmasu II (68/33) A leader quickly should understand and classify people into three categories – Exceptional, Above Average and Ordinary based on their performance and attitude. Work allocation should be done based on their capability:

8Henry Fayol (1916) proposed theory of 14 principles of Management which is one of the earliest theories of management. He is one of the top contributors to the modern management theories. His theory is opposed by Taylor F.W, who proposed Scientific Management.

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Exceptional People: Work of Strategic importance Above Average People: Moderate complexity Ordinary People : Routine work

One should give the work based on his specialisation of knowledge. After subjecting to practical work performance, based on his ability, attitude, grasping, application of knowledge, spontaneous decisions, quality of work, presentation skills, physical work capability work allocation and designations can be decided.

3.2.3. EMPOWERMENT: In any organisation empowerment is an issue. The team leaders should be empowered to take decisions and implement. But in most of the cases it will not happen. Entire decision-making authority and power will be situated at one person. Decision paralysis will have impact in all activities. Hence delay in works, costs will increase. This is mainly lack of confidence to bosses on the next level people and also insecurity feeling to the bosses. Hence bosses should be given a task and practice voluntarily to train second round team leaders. If a person is to be empowered, that persons should possesscertain qualities. Vidura suggests: Abhiprayamyoviditvatubhartuhsarvanikaryanikarotyatandree I Vaktahitanamanuraktaaaryahsaktijnaaatmeva hi sonukampyah II (25/37) If a person is able to think and understands the nuances of Leader’s thinking on various issues, treat him as an equal and be kind with him. Such type of person will attend his duties with utmost promptness and fulfils his assignment in total. He speaks for Leader’s and organisation’s wellbeing, is loyal, well-behaved and gentle. He knows the strength and competence of leader.One should be able to think logically. A person’s decision making ability, his trust worthiness, his output and dependability are some of traits which will make a person to be empowered. He narrates five qualities of a person for Empowerment Balam panchvidhamnityampurushanamnibodh me I Yattubahubalamnamakanishtambalamuchyate II (52/37) Amatyalabhobhadramtedvitiyambalamuchyate I Trutiyamdhanalabhamtubalamahurmanishinah II (53/37) Ytvasyasahajam rajan pitrupitamahambalam I Abhijatabalamnamatatchaturdhambalamsmrutam II (54/37)

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Yena tvetanisarvanisamgruhitanibharat I Yad balanambalamshrestham tat prajnabalamuchyate II (55/37) 1. Physically fit (this is the least important) 2. Highly admirable behaviour. 3. Strong in subject knowledge 4. Inherited family traits.Good family back ground will give confidence about his trustworthiness. 5. Intelligence which includes all of the above A person with all above qualities can be trusted and empowered.

3.3. Others: 3.3.1. Sources of Happiness: In the modern management, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a very important theory of happiness.It comprises Psychological, Safety, Love and Belonging, Esteem and Self- actualisation. Maslow’s five stage model can be divided into Deficiency needs and Growth needs. First four needs falls under deficiency needs and top level known as growth needs. When a deficit need satisfied it will go away and try to fulfil next level of needs.Maslow stated that people will try to fulfil their basic needs and then try to fulfil their esteem and actualisation needs.Psychological needs: Biological requirements for human survival, e.g. Food, Water, Warmth and Rest. Safety Needs: Security, Safety and Stability needs. Belonging and Love Needs: Intimate Relations ships and Friends.Esteem Needs: Prestige and feeling of Accomplishment – Dignity, Achievement,Mastery, Independence, Status, Prestige. Self-Actualisation Needs: Realising Personal Potential, Self-fulfilment. Malsow’s Hierarchy of Needs Summary: a) Humans are motivated by a hierarchy of needs b) Needs are put in a hierarchy pyramid. This explains basic needs to be fulfilled first prior to higher level of needs. c) Order of needs are not rigid but flexible based on circumstances. d) Most behaviour is multi motivated, i.e. people will work to achieve these needs simultaneously. Vidura has expressed similar factors for happiness of human kind more than 5000 years back. Arthagamonityamarogita cha Priya cha bharyapriyavadineecha I Vasyaschaputrorthakaree cha vidya shad jeevalokasyasukhanirajan II (87/33)

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Study flow of income, Sound Health, Loving and soft-spoken wife, an obedient Son, Knowledge that can help in earning wealth. These are the Basic Psychological needs. Maslow also expressed these needs as psychological needs in 1943, 1954 and 1970. Arogyamanrunyamavipravasahsadbhirmanushyaihsahasamprayogah I Swapratyayavruttirabheetavasah shad jeevalokasyasukhanirajan II (94/33)

Freedom from sickness (HEALTH), Freedom from DEBT, Not living away from one’s home (Living in his Home town with near and dear), Company of Noble Persons, living on one’s own earnings and Leading a Fearless life are the factors for one’s Happiness. These factors are representing a combination of Safety Needs and Belongingness and Love Needs.

Ashtavimaniharshyasyanavaneetanibharata I Vartamananidrusyantetanyevaswasukhanyapi II (101/33) Samagamaschasakhibhirmahamschaivadhanagamah I Putrena cha pariswangahsannipataschamaithune II (102/33) Samayai cha priyalapahswayuyeshusamunnatih I Abhipretasyalabhascha puja cha janasamsadi II (103/33)

People will feel happy when they are having gatherings and interactions with Friends, Increase in Wealth, Affection between family members, Fondness between Couples – Basic Needs , Appropriate, Pleasant and timely Words in Conversation, Rise in status amongst Equals –

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Self Actualisation

Esteem Needs: Prestige and feeling of accomplishment

Belonging Needs: Intimate relation ship and Friends

Safety & Security Needs

Physiological Needs: Food, Water, warmth, Rest

2. Maslow’s Hierarchy Needs (1943)

Psychological Needs,Acquisition of Desired Goals and Social Approval, Appreciation in the congregations (Self Actualisation Need) The above needs all are similar to all Deficiency Needs and Growth Needs of Maslow’s Pyramid of hierarchy.In addition to the above, Vidura says the above Indicators of Happiness will be augmented by the following: Svadheetasyasuyuddhasyasukrutasya cha karmanah I TapasaschasutaptsyatasyantesukhamedhateII (54/36)

Individual’s Indicators of Happiness’ value will be increased with Balanced Education , a justified struggle to achieve all basic needs , safety needs . Virtuous Deeds and intense efforts to achieve all the above.

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Acquision of Desired Goals

Psychological Needs :Rise in status amongst Equals, Interactions with Friends Basic Needs : physiological and Safety needs: Wealth, Bonding between famiy members, Couples fondness,

3.Vidura’s Happiness Indicators 5000+ years back

4. Conclusion: Attempted to draw a comparison and similarities between Western Theories and Vidura Teachings which are relevant to modern management. While addressing his brother and King of , he narrated many valuable qualities of individual as a person, how an individual can be happy, what are all duties and qualities of a leader. His advices, ethical conduct what he speeled, counsels, guidanceand instructions are very relevant even today. Vidura Neeti has given substantial inputs on managerial skills, leadership skills and also given tips for how a leader can be successful. How to do the work division, how to communicate and motivate team members, what are all essential qualities of PR, Command and direction to team, Happiness factors. In short, Vidura’s teachings are message and advice to humanity at large in the entire globe. Vidura’s Teachings in combination of modern management principles to be taught in the business schools, so that a complete personality can be evolved. By practicing these principles, present business world will be able to get quality business leaders. This study is not covered entire teachings of Vidura. There is lot of scope to explore and analyse which are more useful for management fraternity.

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References:

1. Andrew J. Dubrin, Leadership: Research Findings, Practise and Skills

2. Cattell, R.B. (1950), Personality, a systematic theoretical and factual study, New York: Mc Graw-Hill. 3. Doug Lennick, Fred Kiel (2005), Moral Intelligence, Pearson Power 2006

4. Drucker. Peter. F (1975), Management Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices., Allied Publishers, New Delhi. 5. Dr.Jayasmita Rath and Guruprasad (2017) – Spiritual Traits that affect the Leadership Performance – Reflection from Vidura Neeti , IJM, 8(2),2017, pp 29-35 6. Dr. Sir C.P. Ramaswamy Aiyar (1955) , Vice Chancellor, Benaras Hindu University – A foreword to Vidura Niti, Indian Classics Series No.3 7. Dr. Uma Maheswari Shankar (2018): Reflections on Vidura Niti and Niti – IJCRT, Vol.6, issue 2, April 2018: ISSN:2320-2882. 8. Ganguli Kisari Mohan, The Mahabharata Book V: , translation (Sec XXXIII to XLI), Press. 9. Kappagantula Lakshmana Sastry, Vedavyasa Krita Mahabharatam, Verbatim Translation (1990), Publishers: K. Annapurnamma, Hyderabad. 10. Karanam Nagaraja Rao & Kishore (2014) EJBO,Vol.19, No.2 (2014) : Dharmic Education – A Panacea for Social Evils in Emerging Economies. 11. Oracle White Paper,2012, Goal Setting: A Fresh Perspective.

12. Ravindra U Shenoy (January,2016) – Mahabharata Spiritual Model for Good Governance and Sustainability, Research Gate, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291802068 13. Sarma, M.V.R.S, Article on Vidura in TATVALOKA,1994

14. S.K.Chakraborty and Debangshu Chakraborty, “ Spirituality in Management – Means or End?”, Oxford University press 2008. 15. Sri Ramanuja Achari, The Teachings of a Sudra Advisor, Translated and edited (2017), Srimatham, Australia. 16. Veda Vyasa, Vidura Neeti : Mahabharata-Udyogaparva (2001) , Gita Press,

Gorakhpur.

17. Mike Clayton (2011/08/02), Peter Drucker: Management by Objectives. https://www.pocketbook.co.uk/blog/2011/08/02/management-by-objectives/

18. Principles of Management by Henri Fayol, source : Management Study HQ.https://www.managementstudyhq.com/henri-fayol-principles-of-management.html

19. Saul McLeod (2018), Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs . https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html

20. Sean Peek (06/05/2020) Human Relations Management Theory Basics. https://www.business.com/articles/human-relations-management-theory-basics/

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i Vidura is a brother of and Raja. He is Prime Minister of Kuru Kingdom. The meaning of word Vidur in is skilled, intelligent and wise. He was born to a servant of who is a queen of Hastinapura. Both Ambika and were married to who died without any child. (Queen – Rajamatha) was worried and anxious to have successor to the kingdom. With the blessings of Maharshi Veda Vyasa, both Ambika and Ambalika accepted to bore and deliver successor to kingdom, with fear and hesitation. Both of them delivers boys who were blind and weak. This is because they have frightened and not attracted with Maharshi’s Physical appearance. Upon request of Satyavati, Maharshi Veda Vyasa went to Ambika to bless her a child again, she sent her servant maid to him. The maid servant was not frightened by his appearance and received him with great respect and treated him with affection. Vidura born to the servant lady of queen and brought up as brother of Dhritharashtra and Pandu Kumar. As Vidura was not born to a royal lady and King, he was not a contender of throne at any time. He served the Kingdom as a prime Minister. As per epic, he is an incarnation of God of Death, Yama Dharmaraja. That is the reason why he always on the right path till the end of his life. Lord Krishna, respected him as a great Scholar, man of Values and epitome of truthfulness. He is a great devotee of Lord Krishna. He always advised king Truth without any fear and hesitation. Vidura is an uncle to both Kuravas and . He helped in administration of kingdom, in decision making on many critical situations. Vidura cautioned Dhritharashtra about ’s character and his bad ambitions. He warned many times Duryodhana about his bad intensions and ambitions. He guided Yudhistar as a future king. He helped and guided in crisis situation. Always protected the truth & values. He favoured people with truth and good behaviour. Vidura, warned pandavas many occasions about plots of Duryodhana. He advised Dhritarashtra to avoid War and make peace with Pandavas by giving their rightful share in the kingdom. Vidura is a Prime minister of Kuru Kingdome and a wise character in the Mahabharata. He advises King Dhritarashtra on various issues which is good, and which is bad. It is the duty of king to take his minister’s suggestion or not. He always stood by Dharma which is a righteous path to follow in life. As per epic he is an incarnation of Yama Dharmaraja. That is the reason why he always on the right path till end of his life. Being an uncle of Kuravas and Pandavas, he is a well-wisher of both. Vidura Neeti: In Udyoga Parva of Mahabharata, , a minister of King Dhritarashtra, went to Pandavas as an ambassador to advise them to avoid war. He came back and talks to Dhritarashtra in anger about his bad deeds and left for that night by informing to continue his discussions to next day. The tidings he brought gave no cheers to Dritarashtra. Then Dhritarashtra calls Vidura and asks for an advice as he is not able to sleep and his mind is unstable. Upon request of King Dritarashtra, Vidura delivers an advice. In this conversation process of advising, Vidura spelled the duties of a King / Ruler for human welfare. This episode is in Prajagara Parva a sub parva (33-44 chapters) of Udyoga Parva. His advises have become famous as Vidura Neeti. His management thoughts and suggestions are time tested. His suggestions are rich in knowledge with foresight having more extent of practicability. He has spelled essential duties of a king, Raja Dharma. And also advised many principles and qualities for an ideal King. Some qualities: Polity, interaction, treatment of others, truthful behaviour, Dharma, means to achieve happiness and eschew actions that lead to suffering, discrimination between undesirable and desirable qualities, importance of renunciation, different facets of justice, Truth, human welfare, forgiveness, nonviolence, attributes of a friend, and consequences of ingratitude. Vidura has rationally portrayed the duties of a king / Leader while stressing upon ethical values.

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