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\ THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB, LL.D.
EDITED BY
fT. E. PAGE, C.H., LITT.D.
tE. CAPPS, PH.D., LL.D. t W. H. D. ROUSE, litt.d. L. A. POST, m.a. E. H. WARMINGTON, m.a., f.r.hist.soc.
I
DIODORUS OF SICILY
VII
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)
ifl u 1 r
DIODORUS OF SICILY ,v 1
WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY CHARLES L. SHERMAN PROFESSOR OF, HISTORY" AND POLITICAL SCIENCE, AMHERST COLLEGE
3D / odoy~uS Sieved s * M rt< IN TWELVE VOLUMES
VII books xv. 20-xvi. 65
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD j MCMLII CONTENTS PAGE BOOK XV (CHAPS. 20-95) 1
book xvi (chaps. 1-65) 223
INDEX OF names 423
MAPS OF THE AREAS DESCRIBED IN VOL. VII At end,
1. SICILY AND GREECE (FROM DIODORUS III, L.C.L.)
2. EUROPE WESTERN AND SOUTHERN (FROM THE same)
°
Printed in Great Britain LITERATURE £9 L 'A 1452846 v >1 THE LIBRARY OF HISTORY OF DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV i « , AI0Ai2P0T THE LIBRARY OF HISTORY OF TOT 2IKEAinTOT DIODORUS OF SICILY BIBAIO0HKII2 ISTOPIKHS BOOK XV BIBA02 IIENTEKAIAEKATH 20. When Evander was archon at Athens, the 382/1 b.o. 8’ 1 1 20. ’E7t* (IpyovTOS ' Adr'/vr/cnv EvavSpov 'Pio- Romans elected six military tribunes with consular jialoi KarecrTrjijav avrl rwv VTidrujv %l\capyovs e£, power, Quintus Sulpicius, Gaius Fabius, Quintus Servilius, Publius Kotvrov HoAttlklov, P diov
DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 20. 2—21. 1
iv aTToppr/TOLS, (V eav 7Tore Kcupov Ad/3o)cu Kara- to their commanders, if ever they found an oppor- 382/] AafiwvTat, ttjv KaS/ueiav. to lavrrjs Se yevopiivqs tunity, to take possession of the Cadmeia. Acting •ndpoyyeAlas OoijSiSa? o Z 77 apTidryjs, reraypievos under these instructions, Phoebidas the Spartan, who ini tivos r/yepLovias xal 8vvapav rlyow ini ’OAvv- had been assigned to a command and was leading 9lovs, KrareAdjSero T'qv KaS/xeiav. ayavdKTOVVTWV an expeditionary force against Olynthus, seized the 3 Se tow Q'qfialojv koI pied ’ onAiov crvvSpapiovTwv, Cadmeia. 1 When the Thebans, resenting this act,
(jvvaipas pdyrjv aiiTois Kd i VLKrjaas rpiaKocrcovs gathered under arms, he joined battle with them and after piiv tovs im^dveoTOTOvs tow Qqfialcov i(f>vyd8evoe defeating them exiled three hundred of the most eminent tovs Se Aocnovs KdTdnAq^dpievos Kal c[>povpdv Thebans. Then after he had terrorized the rest and had stationed a strong garrison in the Cad- layypdv iyKdTddTqadpievos, iirl to.? i8ia? npdtjeis meia, he w ent off on his own business. For this act dnqAAayq. ol Se Aa/ceSai/iidvioi Sia T'qv np&ijiv the Lacedaemonians, being now discredited in the tolvttjv a8o^ovvTes Trapd rots "JdAAqan, tov piiv eyes of the Greeks, 2 punished Phoebidas with a fine 3>oij8t8av i^r/pilojaav yprjpiam, T'qv 8i ovk
DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 21. 1—22. 1
’OXvvOlovs- eW' ol pev ’OXvvOloc Svvapiv a£io- the Olynthians, who had collected a considerable 382/1 b.c. Xoyov ydpoueores inXcoveKrovv ev tolls p.dyacs, force, had the better in the field because they had orparudras rrXelovs eyovres row nodeplow ol Se more soldiers than the enemy ; but the Lacedae- AaxeSaipovioi Svvapiv ddidXoyov —poyeipiodpevoi monians, having made ready a considerable force, Kareoryoav arparyyov in’ avrfjs TeAeuriav. ov- appointed Teleutias general in charge of it. Teleu- tos S’ yv aSeXcfros pev ’AyyoiXaov rov fdaoiXecvs tias was brother of King Agesilaiis and was greatly davpat,opevos 8’ en’ apery rrapd rots' rroXlrais. admired for his valour by his fellow citizens. He ac- ava£ev£as ovv perd. Svvdipeojs ex rfjs I ! eXorrov- 2 cordingly set out from the Peloponnese with an army vr'joov Kai xaravryoas rrXyolov rfjs OXvvdlcuv and on arriving near the territory of the Olynthians napeXafie rods perd EvSapiSov orparicdras. yevo- took over the soldiers commanded by Eudamidas. pevos 8e d^Lopayos ro pev rrpcdrov ryv row ’OXvv- Being now a match for the enemy, he began by- 6lwv ydtpav eSycooe, koX ovvayaydw irXijdos Xelas plundering the Olynthian territory and dividing epepioe rols orparicdrais" rcdv Se OXvvOlcov pera among his troops the booty that he had collected row ovppdyow rravSypel naparatjapevcov ovvyipe ; but when the Olynthians and their allies in full force pdyyv. /cat to pev rrpcdrov loopporrov rov KivSvvov took the field, he gave battle. At first they drew yevopevov Sieycopiodyoaw pera Se ravra yevo- apart after an even contest, but later a stubborn pevys pdyVS loyvpds, avros re 6 TeAei/rta? erreoe battle was fought in which Teleutias himself fell after Xapnpcds dyowLodpevos /cat row A axeSaipovlow a splendid fight and the Lacedaemonians lost avypeOyoav rrXeiovs rcdv yiXlow /cat SiaKoolwv. more than twelve hundred men. 1 After the Olynthians 3 ryXixavrys 8’ evypeplas yevopevys rols ’OXvvdiois, had met with so remarkable a success, ol pev AaieeSaipovioi, fiouXopevoi SiopOcdaaadai the Lacedae- monians, wishing ro yeyovos eXdrrwpa, Svvdpeis aSporepas exnep- to repair the loss they had sustained, prepared to send out more rreiv rrapeoKeva^ovro, ol Se 'OXvvdioi, vopl^ovres numerous forces, while the Olynthians, judging that pelt,ooi Svvdpeoiv y£eiv rods Errapndras /cat rov the Spartans would come 1 with larger forces TroXepov eoeoOai rroXvypoviov, olrov re rrapaoKevds and that the war would last for a long time, prepared d^LoXoyovs erroLouvro /cat rrapd rcdv ovppdycov large supplies of grain and procured orparccdras -npooeXapfidvovro additional soldiers from their allies. 8’ 22. When Demophilus 22. ’Ew’ dpyovros ’Adyvyoi AypocfriXov 'Pa/- was archon at Athens, the 3si/o b.c. paloL dvri rcdv vrrdrcov ycXcd-pyovs /careoryoav Romans elected as military tribunes with consular power Publius Cornelius, 1 1 orrXiov KopvrjXiov, AevKiov Ovepyiviov , Aevxiov Lucius Verginius, Lucius Papirius, Hawlpiov, MapKov (t>oupcov, OvaXepiov, AvXov Marcus Furius, Valerius, Aulus Manlius,
1 1 . See ttoXvxpoviov Wesseling : voXvv xP°vov Xenophon, Hell. 5. 2. 37-3. 6. 6 7 . , a
DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 22. 1—23. 3
1 Lucius and Postumius. During their term of office .?8i/o b.c. 2 MaAAiov, AevKLov Kal HoarovpLov. errl 8e rov- the Lacedaemonians appointed as general Agesipolis rtt) AaKehaipovioi pev arparrjyov TTpoyeipiod- v their king, gave him an adequate army, and voted pevoL ’ Ayr/alrroAiv rov fiaoiXea, Kal 8vvap.LV LKavr/v to make war on the Olynthians. 1 On his arrival in rrapahovres, ii/rpcfiujavTo irpos 'OAvvdlovs rroAepelv ? Olynthian territory, he took under his command the ovros he Karavrrjaas els rrjv row 'OAvvdlcov yo'jpav soldiers previously encamped there and continued the Kal TrapaAapdw rovs rTpovrrdpxovras ev rfj rrapep- war against the inhabitants. The Olynthians, how- ever, fioAfj arparlowas hierroAepei ttpos rovs eyxcoplovs. engaged in no important battle this year, but ol 8’ ’OAvvOlol peyaArjv pev pdyqv ovheplav /card to the end fought only by exchanges of missiles and short engagements, being in awe of the rovrov tov evLavrov avvearpaavro , aKpofioALopovs strength of the king’s army. he Kal jSpayelas avprrAoKas rroLovpevoL hiereAeaav, 23. At the close of the year KaraTrerrAriypevoL rrjv perd rov /3acnAea)s hvvapiv. Pythias was archon 380/79 b.c. at Athens, and at Rome six military 8’ evLavoLov ypovov hieA'qAvOoros ’AOr/vqoL tribunes with 23. Tov consular 3 power were elected, Titus Quinctius, Lucius rjv ev 'Pcopr) 8’ avrl tlov vrrd- pev apyuLV HvOeas, Servilius, 4 Lucius Julius, Aquilius, Lucius Lucretius, ei; Tiros KoiWrio?, rcov xiAiapyoL Karearddqaav and Servius Sulpicius ; and in this year the Eleians SepotuAios, evKLOS TodAios, ’AkvAAlos,4 AevKLos A celebrated the hundredth Olympiad, at 7 which Diony- 5 AoKpr'jTLOs, 6 Sepodios AovAttIklos, rrapd AevKLos sodorus of Tarentum won the stadium race. During 8e ’HAeiois oAvpmds rjx^V eKaroarrj, Kad’ rjv ivLKa their term of office Agesipolis, king of the Lacedae- 2 ardhiov ALOvvaohcopos Tapavrlvos- errl he rovrwv monians, died of illness 2 after a reign of fourteen years ’Ay^owoAi? 6 row A aKehaLpovlow fiaalAevs ere- ; Cleombrotus his brother succeeded to the Aevrrjoe voaop, fiaoiAevoas err] heKareooapa- rrjv throne and reigned for nine years. 3 The Lacedae- monians he dpxty hLaheipapevos AAeopfiporos 6 dheA
DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 23. 3—24. 1
the . vucrjoas aweVAetcre tovs ’OAvvdlovs els rroXiopKiav Olynthians to a state of siege. In the end he 380/79 b . c reXos Se KaTaTrXrj^dpevos tovs rroXeplovs v pooera- thoroughly cowed his enemies and forced them to 1 become subjects of the Lacedaemonians . With the gev VTTOTayrjvcu A aKeSaipovlous . eyyparjrevTwv Se enrolment of the Olynthians in the Spartan alliance twv 'OXvvOlwv els T7]v row 1>TrapTiaTWV avppaylav, many other states likewise were eager to enlist under noXXal koA tu>v dXkow TroXecov earrevorav els tt)V the Lacedaemonian standard. As a result the Lace- tu)v AaKeSaipovlajv rjyepovlav KaTO.Xey9rjv(u. Sio daemonians at this particular juncture reached their koto, tovtovs tovs Kaipovs rrXeloTOV laryvcrav Kal greatest power and won the overlordship of Greece AaKeSaipLovioi, Kal Trjs 'EAAdSo? eoyov rrjv rjye/xo- 2 on both land and sea . For the Thebans were secured 4 vlav Kara yrjv a/xa Kal /card 9aXarrav. ©Tjpalox by a garrison ; the Corinthians and the Argives were pev yap vttfjpyov ep
DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 24. 1—25. 1
1 OTpa- During their term of office the Carthaginians invaded 379/8 AvXov McEAAtOV. €771 Se tovtwv Kapx^onoi 1 Italy restored their city to the Hipponiatae * and T€VOaVT€S € IS TTjV 1 TttAtaV TOLS p,€V 1 nnOJl'LdTGLS who had been exiled from it, and, having gathered eKTreTTTioKocnv e/e rijs naTplSos dnoKaTearrjaav rry together all the refugees, they showed themselves noXiv, Kal rravras rovs nec/revyoTas avvayayovTes very solicitous of their welfare. After this a plague enonjaavTO. /uera Se 2 noXXrjV imp-eXeiav avrtov broke out among the inhabitants of Carthage which KaroiKovai rry Kapyr/- ravra XoipuKrjs voaov tois was so violent and took off so many of the Cartha- 8ova yevoyevqs /cat rfjs voaov noXXry eniTaaiv ginians that they risked losing their commanding iyovarjs, noXXol tuiv Kap^Sovta/v Sieijrdapriaav, position. For the Libyans, undervaluing them, se- /cat Trjv rjyejiovlav eKivSvvevaav anofiaAeiv o'L re ceded, and the Sardinians, thinking they now had yap Aleves Kararf>povrjaavr€s avrwv dniarpaav an opportunity to oppose the Carthaginians, re- eLV volted, and, making common cause, attacked the ot re T17V SapSova KaroiKovvres , vopilaavTes ex Kaipov Kara rwv KapxySovltvv, aneoTrjaav an Carthaginians. And about the same time a super- natural disaster befell Carthage for turmoils and avrwv Kal ovp,
office £7rt Se tovtiov 6 kArtels Hoiojtlkos TToXepoS eVeaTTj what is known as the Boeotian War broke out 378/r b.c. AaKeSaipoviocs Trpos Botoirous' Sia roiavras curias, between the Lacedaemonians and the Boeotians for the following reasons. rrjv KaSpeiav cjjpovpovvTOjv A aKedaipoviiov aSlKcos When the Lacedaemonians maintained a garrison unjustly in the Kal ttoAAovs tojv a^LoXoyojv dvdpdjv rrecfjvyadevKo- Cadmeia and had exiled many important citizens, the exiles tojv, avveorpdcfi'rjoav ol (fjvydSes, Kal crvvemXapo- gathered together, secured the support of the pevoiv ’ Adrjvaioiv KaTrjXdov els rrjv narplda vvktos. Athenians, and returned by night to their native 2 Kal TTpdjrov pev tovs tol AaKeSaipoviojv (fjpovowras city. Having first slain in their own houses those ev rat? Id lacs olklols e
DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 26. 1-4
Athenian people heard the ambassadors 378/7 26. '0 Se Sfjpos twv \A6rjvaloJv ScaKovoas twv 26. The through to the end and voted 1 to dispatch immedi- irpiafiewv ei/irjcfnaaTo napaxprjpca Svvap,cv ws uXec- ately as large a force as possible for the liberation urrjv drrooTecXac rr/v eXevOepwoovcsav ras Qr/ftas, of Thebes, thus repaying their obligation for the d/xa evepyecrcas anoScSovs ras yapi-ras d/xa pev rrjs former service and at the same time moved by a Se fiovXopevos rovs Jiocwrovs etjcScwcracrdac /cat desire to win the Boeotians to their side and to have avvaywvcaTas Icryypovs eyeiv Kara rrjs Aa/ceSai- in them a powerful partner in the contest against povcwv VTrepo)(rjs' to yap edvos tovto /cat TrXrjOei the superiority of the Lacedaemonians. For the inferior to none of the rwv avSpwv /cat avSpeca Kara noXepov ovSevos Boeotian was reputed to be 1 Greek nations in the number of its men and in mili- 2 rwv ’JLXXrivtKwv eSoKec XecireaBac . reXos Se Aij/xo- tary valour. Finally Demophon, who had been made
7tAeiOVS TWV StCT^tAtCOV. TraVTCDV 8e TTpoOvpWS €771 two thousand horse were assembled. And since they 378/7 Or) were one and all eager for the siege, dividing their ttjv ttoXlopklav opprjodvTWV SieXopevoi ra 77Arj forces they kept making their assaults in relays, ra? rrpoafioXd.s e/c SiaSoyrjs irrocovvTO, rrpooKapTe- maintaining a persistent attack at all times both day povvres tols klvSvvols avveyws Kal Koff rjpepav and night. Kal vvktos. the under the exhorta- 1 27. The garrison in Cadmeia 8’ juei'a
4—28. 3 DIODORUS OF SICILY 1 BOOK XV. 27.
assailed 378/7 b.c els tt)V narplSa,3 Athenians returned home, and the Thebans 8 e tovt ’ Adrjvaloi. piev enavfjXdov Thespiae but were unsuccessful in their attack. QrjfiaioL Se Qecrmas noXiopKijoavres dnpaKTOV While these things were taking place in Greece, eoypv TTjv e'mfioXrjV the Romans dispatched five hundred colonists, who 1 "Apia Se tovtols npaTTop.evois 'Pwpicuoi piev were to be exempt from taxes, to Sardinia. 28. When Calleas was archon at Athens, the 377/6 b.c enl dreXela nevTOKoaiovs dnoixovs eis HapSoviav Romans elected as military tribunes with consular aneoreiXav. power four men, Lucius Papirius, Marcus Publius, ' 8’ ’AOrfvrjcri KaAAeou 'Pw- their 28 . ’E7r apxovTOS Titus Cornelius, and Quintus Lucius. During Lacedae- v-vtl twv vndrojv KaTeoTrjoav term of office, following the failure of the p,aloi x L ^L(*PXovs monians at Thebes, the Boeotians, uniting boldly, rerrapas, Aevieiov Wanlpiov Mapicov YlonXiov, formed an alliance and gathered a considerable ini Se tov- Titov KopvrjXiov, Koivtov* AevKiov. army, expecting that the Lacedaemonians would tidv, AaKeSaipiovlwv enraiKOTWV irepi ray Qrjfias, arrive in Boeotia in great strength. The Athenians kcu sent their most respected citizens as ambassadors to oi piev Botwrot dappr'joavres ovveoTpa^rjoav, the cities which were subject to the Lacedaemonians, vvap,iv a^ioXoyov CTU/x/nap^iav 77on] oauevot , 8 KoivrjV urging them to adhere to the common cause of liberty npouSoKWVTes i]£eiv tovs AaieeScu- size of the cjvveorTtjoavTO , For the Lacedaemonians, relying on the Svvapiecriv eis t?)v Boiwticiv. A8rj- force at their disposal, ruled their subject peoples 2 piovlovs pieyaXais ’ inconsiderately and severely, and consequently many vaioi Se npeopeis tovs a^ioXoywTaTOVS twv Trap of those who’ belonged to the Spartan sphere of egenepu/jav ini ray vtto tovs AaKeScupio- avTois influence fell away to the Athenians. The first to vlovs reraypevas noXeis, napaKoXovvres avTe'xecrOai respond to the plea to secede were the peoples of followed by the AaKeSaipovioi Chios and Byzantium ; they were ttJs Koivrjs eXevOepias . 01 yap peoples of Rhodes and Mytilene and certain others peyeOos Trjs trepi avTOVS Svvapews vnep- 8 id to of the movement steadily the islanders ; and as otttikcos leol j3opews Tj/r^ov TWV vnOTeTOypeVWV gathered force throughout Greece, many cities Sionep noXXoi twv vtt’ ovtovs reraypevwv an- 1 The Romans were scarcely interested in Sardinia before ' the Satricum, a city of Latium, may npwTOi 8 e npos first Punic War. Hence ti etcXivov npos tovs -A O'qvoiovs be the correct reading. See critical note and cp. Livy, 6. T7jv anooTaoiv vniqKovaav Xiot koi Bv^ovtioi, koi 16. 6.
pieTO tovtovs 'PoStot KOI MvTiXrjvaioi koi twv 1 jkv] omitted by Dindorf. 2 suggests Satricum. e paXXov av^opevr/s SapSormv] Wesseling aXXwv Tives vqcnwTWV aiei 8 3 Corrected from Kirchner, Pros. Att. no. 7766 : KaAAioe. ’ noXeis npocredevTO 4 P, /cat Koivrov FJK. tt}s twv KXXrjvwv opprjs noXXai Koonov Vogel : kvvtov 21 20 ,,
DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 28. 3—29. 1
1 demo- 377/6 b.c. ’ attached themselves to the Athenians. The toXs Adrjvalois . 6 Se dfjpos peTewpiodels enl rfj cracy, elated by the loyalty of the cities, established twv ndXeow1 evvola koivov avveSpiov dnavTWV twv a common council of all the allies and appointed avppaywv awearr/aavTO Kal avveSpovs aneSei^av representatives of each state. It was agreed by 4 eKaoTrjs noXews. erdyOrj S’ dm) Trjs Koivfjs yvwprjs common consent that, while the council should hold great and small to pev crvveSpiov iv raXs 'AOr/vais avvehpeveev its sessions in Athens, every city should be on an equal basis and enjoy but one vote, noXiv Se en corjs /cat peydXr/v /cat puepav pids and that all should continue independent, accepting S’ vnapyeiv avrovopovs ifrri
1 : after Sphodrias’ attempt to surprise the noXewv Sherman ; aTioardvron’ Post at/ppdx 1 1 2 reiav. ovk eyow 8e arparrjyov dgioxpeatv, /xer- campaign. But having no capable general, he sent 377/« b.c. iTTcpujiaTo XafipLav tov ’AOrjvalov, avhpa /cat for Chabrias the Athenian, a man distinguished both 2 for his prudence as general and his shrewdness in the (f>povrjae t /cat avveae t GTpa.rrjyLi [LayrjaovTa toZs Hepaaty. (Hall, l.c. 146). Chabrias went shortly afterward to Egypt. Hall (l.c. 148), on the other hand, says that he went to Egypt 1 eyatv P, Vogel : c^ovra/v. in 377 and was soon recalled. See my note 3 below. Hall 2 /cat tfjpovrjoei P, Vogel : Vulgate omits. on the dates for Chabrias is at variance with other historians 3 Treporemajpevov P, Vogel : irenon)p.ivov. and Greek evidence. A good discussion of dates is found in 4 em Schafer : <1770 (Reiske omits). Parke, Greek Mercenary Soldiers, 59-62. See recent treat- ment in Olmstead, op. cit. pp. 397 ff. Complete data in 1 This war between the Persians and the Egyptians (cp. Kirchner, Pros. Att. no. 15086. 3 Isocrates, Panegyricus, 140 f. ; Demosthenes, 20. 76 ; Nepos, The recall of Chabrias probably occurred in the winter Chabrias, 2. 1) belongs to an earlier period (according to 380/79, since in the next winter he held the Athenian frontier Hall, Cambridge Ancient History, 6. 145 f., to the years against Cleombrotus (Xenophon, Hell. 5. 4. 14) and in the 385-383). Nectanebos became king of Egypt in succes- early summer 378 helped defend Thebes against Agesilaiis. sion to Acoris by 378 (ibid. 148). Olmstead, A. T., History of He was probably elected general in the spring of 379 (see 2 the Persian Empire, p. 399, gives 385-383 as dates of the Beloch, Griechische Geschichte , 3. 2. 229-230). Chabrias war. was of good family, lived on a generous scale, kept a racing 2 This must have been c. 386-384 when Chabrias was in stable, and was an able condottiere. charge of the Athenian army which was recalled from Cyprus 4 Iphicrates was probably sent out to Persia (see Nepos, 24 25 . DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 29. 5-7 Lacedaemonians and Athenians 377/s b.c. 5 Tots Se AaKeSaufioviois /cat rots ’AOrjvaiots orrov- The truce which the concluded in the earlier period 1 remained un- Sds 7Te7Tot7]/c.eVot? ev rot? indvoi XP°V°LS ovvefiatve had shaken up to this time. But now Sphodriades the p.evetv r 7j v eiprjvrjv pteypi TWvSe TtSv Kdipoiv /xera Spartan, who had been placed in command and was 8e rat/Ta HcfioSpidSov rod YmapTtaTov reray/xevot/ 5 flighty and precipitate, was prevailed upon /xerecapov kcu by nature /xev e (/) rjyefxovias, tfjvcjei S’ ovtos by Cleombrotus, 2 the king of the Lacedaemonians, TTpoTTCTOVS e-netoev avrov \\Xt6fij3poros o flacnXevs , without the consent of the ephors to occupy the Aa/ceSai/xoviW aven rrj? yvwp-rjs twv e listratus. 1 They voted to levy twenty thousand hop- 377/6 onXlras KaraXetjat Stapvplovs Se arpaTLUJTCJS pev lites and five hundred cavalry, and to man two vavs Se nX-qpwaai Sia- Imrets Se tt€vto.kooIovs , hundred ships. They likewise admitted the Thebans Koalas. TTpooeXdpovro Se i DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 30. 2—31. 1 ing affairs proceeding to their liking, pdrwv avTois Kara vovv npoyo)povvrwv , Svvapiv dispatched a 377/6 B.c. e^eTTepi/iav els tt\v Evjdoiav rr/v napa^vAd^ovaav force to Euboea to serve at once as a protection for their allies and to subdue the opposition. In Euboea p.ev tovs crvppdxpvs , xaTanoAeprjaovoav Se rovs a short time before this a certain 3 evavrlovs. xara Se rr/v Evjjoiav /Spayi) pev rrpo Neogenes with the assistance of Jason of Pherae had gathered tovtwv twv ypovojv Neoyevrjs ns dvopa per' ’Ia- soldiers and occupied the citadel of Hestiaea, 1 and so aovos tov fyepalov crvAAe^as OTparuLras KareAdfdeTo ap- pointed himself tyrant of this country and of the city TTjv re dxpoTToAiv twv 'Eariaiewv, xal rvpavvov of the Oreitans. Because of his violent and arrogant eavrov dneSei^e Tavrrjs rfjs yd)pas xal rfjs twv rule the Lacedaemonians had then dispatched Theri- 1 8’ ’Clpeirwv TToAeojs . apyovro avrov fiialws xal pides against him. Theripides at first endeavoured AaxeSaipovioi QrjpnrlS'pv aireareiAav VTrep7](f>dvws to prevail upon the tyrant by reasoning with him to 4 €7t’ avrov. 6 Se to pev npwTov eneyelpei Aoyois leave the citadel ; but when the tyrant paid no heed neiaai tov rvpavvov ixywpeiv ex rijs axponoAews' to him, he rallied the people of the district to the cause of ws S' ov TTpoaetye , napaxaAeaas tovs eyywplovs freedom, took the place by storm, and 2 restored 7rpos rrjv eAevOeplav elpeTroAidpxrjoe to yoaplov xal their freedom to the people of Oreiis. For 1 this reason the people who inhabit is tols 'Elpelrais rrjv eAevOeplav d.TToxareaTrjaev , Si’ rjv what known as the country alrlav oi rr/v 'liariaieaiv xaAovpevrjv ywpav olxovv- of the Hestiaeans continued to be loyal to the Spartans and preserved intact their friendship. res olxelws SiereOrjoav npds tovs Yarapridras , xal Chabrias, in command of the force dispatched errjpovv rrjv 1 humanely. By this sort of treatment and by 377/6 b.c. 8 cities TroXeai DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 31. 3—32. 2 1 enrjXde Kpardiv tu>v inraldpuiv, Kal irepas, el prj of Asia, mastering the open country, and finally 377/6 b.c. pLeTerrepapavTo ai/TOV ol UnapTLarai Sid TLvas ttoXl- would probably have succeeded, had not the Spartans tlkos ypelas, cryeSov dv Kal Trjv oXrjv tow Hepowv recalled him because of political affairs, in reducing the paaiXelav els tovs eaydrovs klvSvvovs KaTeorrjoev. whole Persian empire to the direst straits. For he was a of energy, daring but highly intelli- 4 rjv yap 6 avrjp ovtos SpaoriKos Kal p.erd avveoews man gent, engaging in hazardous actions. Accordingly the rroXXfjs Opacrvs Kal rrapafioXois npa^eot ypcopevos Spartans, seeing that the magnitude of the war called 8id Kal Tore decopovvres ol HuTrapTiarai to peyeOos for a first-rate leader, again appointed him commander tov TToXefiov vpoa8eopevov rjyepovos d£ioXoyov, of the whole war. tovtov tov rroXepov TtavTos rjyepova Karearrjoav. 32. Agesilaiis led forth his army and reached 8’ 1 32. '0 ’AyrjcrlXaos rrpoayaydiv Trjv 8vvap.LV, Boeotia accompanied by all the soldiers, amounting fjKev els rrjv liouuTLav, eyow tovs avpiravras to more than eighteen thousand, in which were the OTparidnas TrXelovs tow pvvplow oKTaKicrycXlcvv five divisions of Lacedaemonians. Each division con- 2 tov fjoav at AaKeSacpovloiv trevre popaL- rrjv 8e tained five hundred men. The company known as 3 popav dvaTrXrjpovoLV avSpes nevTaKooioi. 6 8e Sciritae 2 amongst the Spartans is not drawn up with Xhaplrqs KaXovpevos Xoyos rrapa tols UnapTLaTaLS the rest, but has its own station with the king and it oil ovvTaTTeTaL peTa tow aXXcvv, aXX’ 18 lav eyaiv goes to the support of the sections that from time to time are in distress and since it is composed of crvoTaoLV peTa tov fiaoiXeois icrrarat, Kal 7rapa- ; 8’ picked men, it is an important factor in turning the fiorjdel tols alel 9XifiopevoLS pepecrL • ovveoTcus scale in pitched battles, and generally determines the eTriXeKTOW dvQpwmov peydXas TTOLelrai ponds victory. Agesilaiis also had fifteen hundred cavalry. ev Tals TrapaTaijeoL Kal Kara to rrXe lotov o’ltlos Passing on then to the city of Thespiae, which was ylveTai Trjs vlktjs. limels 8’ elyev 6 ’ AyrjcrlXaos garrisoned by the Lacedaemonians, he encamped 2 xlXlovs Kal irevTaKooLovs ovtos icev ovv rrapa- i ne;ir it and for several days rested his men from the yevopevos els ttoXlv rfipovpovpevrjv und Qeomas, hardships of the march. The Athenians, having AaKedaipovlow, rrXrjalov TavTTjs KaTeoTpaTorre- become aware of the arrival of the Lacedaemonians 8evoe Kal roils OTpaTLotTas ecfi’ rjpepas TLvds av- ln Boeotia, immediately went to the assistance of ’ €K Trjs KaKorraOelas . Adrjvaloi 8e * eXapfiavev See Book 14. 79-80, 83. " nvdopevoL Trjv twv Aa/ceSai/xovtcov rrapovolav els A people who lived on the mountainous northern frontier ot Laconia. rrjv VioLonlav evdvs ifdorjdovv els tols (dr/fdas, This special corps, considered apparently the , cream of the army, formed the vanguard of an advance and ue rearguard of a retreat. Thought by some to be light- 1 npoayaydiv Reiske : npoaayaycuv. armed, though this is doubted by Kromayer-Veith on the 2 ai Vogel : omitted by AJK, oi cet. '.length of this and other passages (p. 39, Heerwesen und 3 papal . . popav Vogel (cp. Ephorus, fr. 140) : pvpai . negsfuhrung der Griechen und Romer, Munich, 1928). 1 . . pvpay P, palpal . , palpal Vulgate. l°ee . . Thucydides, 5. 67. 1.) 34 35 DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 32. 2—6 eyovTes rre^ovs pev TrevTaKiayiXlovs , Imrels Se Thebes with five thousand foot-soldiers and two 377/6 b SiaKoaiovs. rovraiv Se tojv 8vvdpeiov adpoiadei- 3 hundred cavalry. When these forces had assembled, Xo yap ’ AyrjcnXdov S o£av kotaireTrXrjypevoi tov iv toIs them that they were too timid to await his attack on 1 4 neSlois e£ i(Jov kivSvvov vrropeveiv eiiXapovvTO . o equal terms in the level country. As for Agesilaiis , ’ he led S’ AyqalXaos avvTeTaypevrj T-fj 8vvd.pi.ei npoayatv out his army in battle array against the Boeo- tians, and, when he had drawn near, in the first place €7ri tovs HoLOjTovs, ws rjyyicre toZs TroXeplois , to launched his light-armed troops against his opponents, pev TTpcorov tovs i/nXovs erra eiarroorelXas erropdrjoe rrjv xibpav dSedjs Kal rroX- to plunder the countryside unhampered, and so took 377/6 b.c. Xdw Xtufivpow iyKparrjs eyevero. a great quantity of spoil. advisers, accompanied Agesi- 33. 01 Se arvvovTes tw WyrjrnXdoj UnapTLaraL 33. The Spartan who laiis, and his officers expressed to him their surprise ovpfiovXoi Kal ol ras rjyepovlas e'xovTes eBavpat,ov that Agesilaiis, who reputedly was a man of energy rrws SpaoTLKOS elvai Sokwv ’ AyqolXaos Kal peiCova and had the larger and more powerful force, should Kal SvvapLKwrepav eyow tt]v SvvapLV ov birjyayvi- have avoided a decisive contest with the enemy. To oato 7rpos tovs iroXepLovs . rrpos ovs 6 ' AyqalXaos them Agesilaiis made answer that, as it was, the aKivSvvws tovs AaKeSaipovlovs amKpWr], vvv pev Lacedaemonians had won the victory without the 1 - yoipq reroX- veviKrjKevai nopBovpevj] yap rfj FB risk was being sacked, ; for when the countryside pr/Kevai tovs Bolotovs fior)BrjoaL- el 8’ avrdw tow the Boeotians had not dared to rally to its defence ; rroXeplwv napaKeyopYjKOTOV rrjs vlktjs eftt-dcraTo but if, when the enemy themselves had conceded the TOVS TToXepLLOVS VTTOpeveLV TO SelVOV, lows av did victory, he had forced them to endure the risks of 2 to vapdXoyov rfjs Tvyr/s Suvaivro Kal nraloaL battle, perhaps through the uncertainty of fortune grief 2 Kara rov klvSvvov ol AaKehaipovLOL . tots pev the Lacedaemonians might even have come to 3 ovv Sia Trjs arroKploews ravTrjs e8o£e perplws in the contest. Now at the time he was thought in possible KareoTOxaodaL to 8vvapevov drrofdrjvaL, voTepov Se this reply of his to have estimated the outcome fairly but later in the light of events Sia tow dvoTeXeopdrwv e'So£ev ovk avBpwrTLvqv well, 1 he was believed to have uttered no mere human Belov TLva ,J Jj(>v elpr/KevaL, ol drr6(f>a . to pev yap Trpwrov ev 3 ovp DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 33. 3—34. 1 Agesilaiis, prudently satisfied with his first success, 377/6 b ini Tas Qrjfjas, ol pev OyfialoL 8voxwplas tlvcls 1 As described in chap. 32. 5. For the statues see Nepos, eTepas KaTaXapfiavopevoL 8ieKwXvov pev tovs no- Chabrias, 1. 2 The camp site of Agesilaiis, chap. 32. 2. Xeplovs XeyXarelv rr/v ipav, koto. OTopa 8e npos 3 See Xenophon, Hell. 5. 4. 42-46 ; Plutarch, Pelopidas, IS anaaav rr/v Svvapiv iv tols neSloLS ovk iroXpwv ; Polyaenus, 2. 5. 2. 4 This is the campaign of a new year (this time 377), the 1 account of which is found in Xenophon, Hell. 5. 4. 47-55 ; Zxcdv] AFLJ ; Seomals e\o)v cet. 2 Plutarch, Agesilaiis, 26. 3 f. iraXiv twv Dindorf : iravrcov. 40 41 ^ DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 34. 1-4 As Agesilaus advanced to the attack, 377/6 2 Trapardtjacrdcu. tov S’ ’AyqoiXdov irpoapaxo- tile enemy. battle 1 to meet him gradually. A bitter pevov ovyKaTefhjaav eK tov /car’ oXiyov irpos tov they came out which at first Agesilaus dywva. yevopevqs Se paxqs im ttoXvv xP°vov raged for a long time, in poured forth ’ men prevailed, but later, as the Thebans loxvpas, to p^v TtpwTov oi nepl rov AyqolXaov in full force from the city, Agesilaus, beholding the TTpoeTepovv, /xerd 8e raura twv eK tt\s rroAews multitude of men streaming down upon him, sum- Qqfialwv eKXvdeVTCDV iravSqpei,, dewpwv to TrXfjdos moned his soldiers by trumpet to withdraw from the twv imppeovTWV 6 ’ AyqcnAaos aveKaXevaTO rr| ^ battle. The Thebans, who found themselves now for crdXmyyi tovs oTpanwTas otto tt}? paxqs. oi Se the Lacedaemonians, /caraSeeoTe'pou? the first time not inferior to Qr/flaloi, So^avre? Tore 7rpwTWS pdj erected a trophy of victory and thereafter faced the iavTOiis elvcu AaKeSaipovlwv, Tpoircaov re eorqoav army of the Spartans with confidence. Kai to Xolttov KaTeddppqoav ttjs twv ’EirapTiaTWV With regard to the fighting of the land forces, such Svvapews occurred 2 was the issue. At sea about the same time 3 pev oSv irepi tols Trends Svvapeis tolovtov Ta a great naval battle between Naxos and Paros, of e to TeAos” twv Se vovtlkwv koto, tovs axnovs eox which the cause was as follows. Pollis, the admiral of eyeveTO peyaXq vavpax^a jicrudv Na£ov Kaipovs the Lacedaemonians, learning that a large shipment Kal Udpov Sia Toiavras atria?. IldAAt? o' twv of grain was on its way to Athens in freighters, lay in aKeSaipovlwv vavapxos, -rrvdopevos oLtov TrXfjdos A wait watching for the grain fleet as it put in to port, napaKopli^eodai rot? ASr/vaiois , e BOOK XV. 34. 4—35. 1 DIODORUS OF SICILY 1 Chabrias 377/6 b.c. each other. Pollis had sixty-five triremes ; 5 £avres krre.'nXeov dXXrjXois. Se Tpirjpecs 6 pev eighty-three. As the ships bore down on one another, the ndAAt? f^r'jKovra Kal vevre 6 Se Xapplas oySorp Pollis, leading the right wing, was first to attack left which Cedon the Kovra Kal Tpels. imTrXeovawv Se row vewv aX- opposing triremes on the wing , brilliant contest he slew Xr'jXais, IIoAAt? pev rjyovpevos tov S egiov Kepws Athenian commanded. In a his ship and, in similar rrpwTOS iveflaXe rais avTireTaypevais Tpippecnv im Cedon himself and sank ; teai- ’ the other ships of Cedon and tov Xaiov Keparos, fSv rjyeiTO Kr'jScov 6 A6r]valos‘ fashion engaging with the beaks of his ships, he destroyed ayorviaapevos Se XapnpZvs avTOV re tov Kr^Saiva ing them open some and others he forced to flee. When Chabrias Kal Trjv vavv /care/lfiflicrev opolws Se Kal Sieefideipe a squadron 1 beheld what was happening, he dispatched TaZs aXXais avp^aXwv Kal toZs ep^oXors avap- of the ships under his command and brought support pr)TTU>v, as pev SiecfrOeipev, as Se (fwyeZv rjvdyKaaev to the men who were hard pressed and so retrieved Sr) KaTiStbv 6 Kal pepos twv rrepl av- 6 a Xafiplas, the defeat of his own side. He himself with the vewv eK-nepifias ifiorjdrjcre toZs me^opevocs (ecu de- tov , strongest part of the fleet in a valiant struggle TijV TjTTav twv ISiwv SiwpdwaaTO, avTos S’ eywv stroyed many triremes and took a large number to KpaTLOTOv tov otoXov Kal yevvaiws dyowicra- captive. pevos TToXXas pev rpirjpeLS SUe/rdeipev, ovk oXiyas 35. Although he had thus won the upper hand and abstained 8’ alxp-aXwTOVS eXajdev. forced all the enemies’ ships to flee, he 8’ pursuit. For he recalled the battle 35. Fevopevos em tov ttporeprjparos , Kal altogether from 2 of the people, rrdaas Tas to)v rroXepiwv vavs cfrvyeZv dvayKaaas, of Arginusae and that the assembly 2 performed by the arTeayeTo rravTeXws tov Siwypov- avapvqadels yap in return for the great service them to death on the vuerp victorious generals, condemned Trjs ev ’Apyivovaais vavpaxlas, ev fj tovs charge that they had failed to bury the men who had oavTas OTpaTTjyovs 6 Sfjpos clvtI peydXr/s evep- consequently he was afraid, perished in the fight ; yeaias davaTCp rrepiefiaXev , ahiaadpevos otl tovs since the circumstances were much the same, that he T€TeXevTTj kotos Kara, rr/v vavpaylav ovk eOatjiav, might run the risk of a similar fate. Accordingly, rrepioTacrews dpolos yevo- evXaf}r)8r] prprroTe Trjs refraining from pursuit, he gathered up the bodies of napaTrX'paia. Siorrep tirro- plvqs kivS vvevorj rradeZv his fellow citizens which were afloat, saved those who otas tov SiwKeiv dveXeyeTO toiv ttoXitwv tovs still lived, and buried the dead. Had he not engaged p-ev t^diVT Sieawae, the whole Siavrjxop-evovs , Kal tovs en as in this task he would easily have destroyed tovs Se TereXevTri kotos edaifiev. el Se prj rrepl 1 The battle of Naxos took place in Sept. 376. For other ppSloos av arravTa Plutarch, Phocion ravtijv eyeveTO tt/v empeXeiav accounts see Xenophon, Hell. 5. 4. 60-61 ; , 6 (for date) Polyaenus, 3. 11.2 (also gives date). 1 ; rats aAAeus Reiske : tch? aAAou. 2 406 b.c. One of the Athenian causes celebres (see Book 2 by Reiske. yap added 13. 99, 101). 45 44 DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 35. 1—36. 2 1 enemy fleet. In the battle eighteen triremes on 377/6 2 rov rwv rroXeplwv aroXov 8ii(f>9eLpe . Kara Se the Athenian side were destroyed on the Lacedae- vavpaylav rwv pev ' A9qvarwv 8t,e in a contemptuous and 376/5 b.c. res KwraTTe^povrjKOTUts Kal draKTWS rr/v inavoSov making their way homeward inhabitants of Abdera 8’ disorderly fashion when the . ’ navSrjpel arparevaav- enoiovvro ol AfiSr/pcTaL slew more took the field in full force against them and res in’ avToiis1 GnopaSrjV Kal draKrcus tt)V indv- than two thousand of them as they straggled in dis- oSov noiovpevovs nXelovs tow Sicr^iAiajv avelXov. 1 barbarians then, enraged at order homewards . The themselves 3 ol Se flapfiapoL napo^vvdevres ini tois avp^e^r]- what had happened and wishing to avenge their land. The kogi, Kal fiovXopevoi tovs ’Afibrjplras TLpaiprj- upon the Abderites, again invaded earlier conflict, being elated by their avrdw els rr/v y^djpav. victors in the oacrdac, naXiv iveftaXov Thracians success and aided by the presence of the ol Se npovevLKTjKores inapdevTes tw npoTeprjpaTi, a body of the neighbouring region, who had sent out Kal to>v nXr]cno)(d>puJV (dpaieow auppaylav dno- opposite of men to assist them, drew up their lines place, GTei.Xd.VTOW aiiToZs, napeTatjavTO tols fiapfbapoLS. to the barbarians. A stubborn battle took (dpq.Kow suddenly changed sides, the 4 yevopevrjs Se pdyrjs layvpds , Kal tow and since the Thracians fight alone and surrounded by perafdaXopevow a DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 36. 5—38. 1 1 he 6 AevKclSa. ravra 8e Trdvra Tayews /cat paSlcos monians in a naval battle off Leucas. All this 376/5 errereXeae, Treidwv pev 8ia tfjs tov Xdyov Svvdpeovs, accomplished quickly and easily, not only persuading winning battles by vikwv Se Si’ dvbpeiav /cat arparriylav. Sionep oil men by his eloquence, but also Consequently he won povov Trapd toZs ttoXItcus, aAAa /cat 77a/>a rot? courage and good generalship. citizens a'AAot? ''EAA^at great acclaim, not only among his own fellow peyaXris irvyvavev drroSoyrjs . Kal /V 1 \ \ \ rp //) > / at large. Thus stood the TCL [JL€V TT€pi 1 but also among the Greeks LfJLOU€OV €V TOVTOLS TJV . 37. 'Ap,a Se fortunes of Timotheiis. tovtols rrpaTTopbevois QrjfiaioL p,ev Thebans 37. While these things were going on, the eorparevaav eir Op^opuevov €ttlA€ktols av8paai made an expedition against Orchomenus with five 7T€VTaKO(nois Kal ovveTeAevav irpa^LV a£Lav pLvrj/jirjs' hundred picked men and performed a memorable (f>povpovvTtov yap tov ’ Opxopcevov AaKe8aip,ovLCov action. For as the Lacedaemonians maintained a 7toAAols CTTparLwraLs, Kal rocs ©rjfiaiois avriraga- garrison of many soldiers in Orchomenus and had p,€vajv, iyevrjdr] Kaprepd ’ stiff fidxq , KaO ot 0^atot drawn up their forces against the Thebans, a 7Tpos SirrAacnovs avpi^aAovres ivLKrjcrav tovs Aa/ce- battle took place in which the Thebans, attacking 8aip.oviovs. ovSeTTore yap tovto crvvefir] yevecrdac twice their number, defeated the Lacedaemonians. 5 before it Kara tovs €7ravto ypovovs, aAA dyaTnrjTOv virapyeiv Never indeed had such a thing occurred ; 2 i8oK€L to 7roXXovs if they won with many against oXiyovs viKrjoai. 8to /cat 1 Acvklov P : Kptarrov 2 Ge- (Aulum Livy, 6. 21. 1). Properly in the year 375/4 (Beloch, Griechische 2 MaAAiov PA : MaAAiov Oa/?iov. schichte2 Plutarch, Pelopidas, 16 f. , 3. 1. 155). See 3 One fragment of the Sicilian history of Hermeias remains 1 Xenophon, Hell. 5. 4. 2. 80. 1). The history 62-66 gives a fuller account of (Athenaeus, 10. 438 c; also FHG , Timotheiis’ activities. See also Isocrates, seems to mainly with the Elder Dionysius with Antidpsis , 109; have dealt Nepos, Timotheiis 2. 1 perhaps earlier Sicilian affairs. (See , ; Polyaenus, 3. 10. 4-17 (passim) • a brief introduction on Frontinus, 2 42-43.) 2. 5. 47. The year is 375. Beloch, Griechische Geschichte , 3. 2. 50 51 SICILY DIODORUS OF BOOK XV. 38. 1-3 1 JjepOVLOV TiOvXtTIKIOV, AoKpTjTlOV. £771 Se TOVTOJV of office 375/4 . Sulpicius, and Lucretius. During their term ’ApTatjeptjrjs 6 rwv Tlepocvv fiaoiAevs peXXo)v Artaxerxes, King of the Persians, intending to make engaged in rroXepelv TTpos AlywTiovs Kal anevScov ^eviK-qv war on the Egyptians and being busily considerable mercenary army, decided dvvapiv d^ioXoyov ovoTijoaoOai, Sie'yvoj avXXv- organizing a Greece. to effect a settlement of the wars going on in aaaQai tovs Kara ttjv 'EAAaSa TroXepovs' ovtojs the For by this means he particularly hoped that ” yap paXior’ rjXm^e tovs KXXr/vas aTroXeXvpevovs Greeks, once released from their domestic wars, service. TOW OLK€LOJV TToXepOW eTOipOTepOVS eoeoda l 77/30? would be more ready to accept mercenary to Greece to urge Taj {jevoAoylas. Siorrep npeofieis etjenepi/jev els Accordingly he sent ambassadors enter into a general peace by agreement. ttjv 'EAAaSa tovs TrapaKaXeoovras Tas noAeis the cities to The Greeks welcomed his proposal because they 2 Koivrjv elp-qvrjv ovvdeadai. tow S’ 'EAAtjvoiv dope- wearied of the uninterrupted series of wars, and all all the va>s ttpoode^apevow tovs Xoyovs did to xdpveiv Trj agreed to make peace on the condition that and free from foreign ovveyeia tow rroAepow , ovveOevTO udvTes tijv cities should be independent the Greeks appointed agents elpTjvrjv, more rrdoas Tas TioXeis avTovopovs Kal garrisons. Accordingly who, going from city to city, proceeded to evacuate a DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 38. 3—39. 2 them 1 and, through the influence of Epameinondas, 375/4 i rov Fi7rap,eivd)v8ov Sul rrjs Ideas' aperrjs ep.iroi- ; who by his own personal merits inspired his fellow ovvros (frpovqpa rots voXlrais, edapprjaav rots citizens with patriotic spirit, they were emboldened 4 arravruiv Soypaaiv avnfSaiveiv . AaKeSaLpovioi pev to make a stand against the decision of all the rest. 1 yap Kai ’Adrjvatoi, 8ia rrdvrwv rrepi rrjs rjyepovtas For the Lacedaemonians and Athenians, who had con- now yielded one 8ia 1 Epameinondas, 2 indeed, far 375/4 yap ov povov rd>v ofioeOvovvTOjv aXXa Kal irdvrcov das, and Epameinondas. excelled not merely those of his own race but even all 'EAArjvajv ttoXv TTpoeayev dvhpela re Kal orpaTT]- Greeks in valour and shrewdness in the art of war. yiKjj ovveaei. piereay^ yap eul ttoXv Trdorjs rrai- He had a broad general education, being particularly Belas, Kal p,aXiara rrjs YlvdayopiKrjs (f)iXoooifilas’ 3 interested in the philosophy of Pythagoras. Besides 7Tpds Se tovtols cfivoLKols tt pr'piaoi Kcyoprjyrj- pore this, being well endowed with physical advantages, pievos, elKOTtos Kai itpanels iTruftaveoraTas ovve- it is natural that he contributed very distinguished reXeoev. Sio Kal ovvavayKaodels oXlyois ttoXitikoTs achievements. Hence even when compelled with a armies OTpaTulnais Trpos 77 doas ras tuiv Aai 7 ypiapievai, ttoXXovs tuiv dyaddiv avSpujv eefivyd- good citizens, and, trumping up charges against them, Sevov Kal Kploeis emfddXXovcrai ovKocfiavTiIiSeis 2 See his life by Nepos, and Plutarch, Pelopidas, 3, 4. 3 1 UnapTiaraiv] AaKeSaifioviaiv AHJK. His Pythagorean instructor was Lysis of Tarentum 2 eKTeOelai PAJK] eKredyaopevois cet. (Nepos, Epameinondas, 2. 2). 1 At Leuctra, see chaps. 53 ff. 1 5 Though Diodorus has Gorgias in two places, all other See chap. 88. 6 writers mentioning the Theban general of this period give See chap. 38. 2. only (see 7 “ “ Gorgidas P.-W. Realencyclopadie, s.v. “Gorgi- Good ” is used in the political sense : conservative,” das”). though doubtless Diodorus thought they were really good. 56 57 . DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 40. 1-4 strife . xareBlxa^ov. Bionep els crTaoeis epTrlmovaai condemned them. Thus falling into internal 375/4 b c . cfivyds xai Brjpevcreis ovaiwv inoLOVVTo, pdXioTa they had recourse to exilings and confiscations of the 8e 7rpos tovs 6771 ttjs AaxeBaipovlwv rjyepovlas property, particularly against those who during leaders of their native 2 npoecrTrjxoTas twv TrarplSwv. ev yap tols Tore Spartan hegemony had been cities. Indeed in those times the oligarchs had XPOVOLS ilTLTaKTlKWS ixeLVOJV TOLS TToXItOLS 77/30(7- authoritative control over their fellow evrjveypevwv, voTepov 6 SrjpoTixos dyXos avoXafidjv exercised citizens, and later as the democratic mob recovered ttjv eXevdeplav epvTjaixdxei. npcoTOV 8e toiv its freedom it harboured a grudge. First, however, OtaAecov oi (fivydBes avoTpac/jevTes xaTeXdfiovTO 1 recovered the exiles of Phialeia , rallying their forces, ttjv xaXovpevtjv 'H palav, yioplov oyypov. ex rati- 2 is called, a stronghold. And setting out Heraea , as it T7]s 8’ oppTjOevTes napeioerreoGv els ttjv QiaXeiav, 3 from there, they swooped down upon Phialeia , and at koto, Tvyrjv ovtojv imneaovres xai Aiovvolcov a time when, as it happened, the festival of Diony- xai o.ttpoaBoxrjTOJS tols ev Tw deaTpcp xadrjpevois , sus was being celebrated, they fell unexpectedly avvarro- ttoXXovs a.TTOO(f)d^avTes , ovx oXlyovs Be xai upon the spectators in the theatre, killed many, per- vorjaaodai TrelaavTes, dveya'jprjaav els ttjv YndprTjv. suaded not a few to participate in their folly, and re- 3 ol Be ttjs Koplvdov 2 1 Heraea, town, near the frontier of Elis, on re after eyevovro deleted by Vogel ; Se, eyivovto Dindorf, an Arcadian Bekker. the road from Arcadia to Olympia. 3 2 Beloch ( GriecMsche Oeschichte , 3. 1. 174, notes 2, 4) 1 Phialeia, in the south-western corner of Arcadia. The would assign these instances of party strife to the period after more ancient name was Phigaleia, which later came back Leuctra. Glotz (3. 151, note 22) likewise. See Isocrates, into use. -lrchidamus, 64-69. 58 59 , BOOK XV. 40. 4—41. 2 DIODORUS OF SICILY a number who tried to effect a revolution but failed 376/4 1 £e(,v imftaAofievoi xal o^aXevTes dvr/peOrjaav. were killed. Among the Phliasians, when many who 5 Trapa 8e rots' OAtaatot? noXXwv npos avTov eypr']ao.ro , DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 41. 2—42. 2 could be so dilatory in 374/3 b . a. pev toXs Aoyois icrrlv 6£vs, ev 8e toXs epyocs /3pa8vs. anyone so quick in speech because he 6 Se action. Pharnabazus replied that it was fyapvdfia^os dneKplOrj , 8loti tcuv pev Aoywv was master of his words but the King was master of 3 avros Kvpios icTTL, tcuv S’ epycuv 6 flacnXevs. Trjs his actions. When the Persian army had assembled Se tcuv Yleparcov 8vvapecus ddpoLadelarjs els ttoAlv at the city of Ac6 1 it numbered two hundred thou- “Akt/v, rjpiOp'qdrjaav tcuv pev ecKocn fcapfidpouv pv- the command of Pharnabazus 1 sand barbarians under piaSes, cov ^apvdfial^os ' tcuv Se Vpye pLaOocfropcov and twenty thousand 2 Greek mercenaries led by 'EAAr/vcuv T^iKparr/s rjyeXro hcopvplcov. kat vavs Iphicrates. The triremes numbered three hundred r)pi9prj9r]aav Tpa)peis pev TpiaKooicn, TpcaKOVTopoc and the thirty-oared vessels two hundred. The - Se Sia/coaiai tcuv Se ttjv dyopav /cat ttjv aAXrjv number of those conveying food and other supplies 3 4 TrapaaKevfjV Kopi^ovacuv rroAvs rjv dpidpos. dpyo- was great. At the beginning of the summer the pevov Se tov depovs ave^ev^av ol tov paocAecus King’s generals broke camp with the entire army, and crrpaTrjyol pera Trdurjs rfjs 8vvdpecus, /cat tov accompanied by the fleet sailing along the coast pro- 1 the Nile otoAov ovpTTapaTrAeovTos npoijyov em rrjv A’lyv- ceeded to Egypt. When they came near manifestly com- 7ttov. cos S’ -rjKov TrA’qalov tov NetAot/j KareAaj3ov they found that the Egyptians had their preparations for the war. For Pharna- tovs AcyvTTTLOVs cf>avepcus rcapeGKevaapivovs ra pleted bazus marched slowly and had given plenty of time 5 npos tov TToAepov. 6 yap eneiTa /cat tco TrecfipdyOai icaAtus itacraj elofioAds 1 Later St. Jean d’Acre, or simply Acre. 2 2 Tas Te aTTO yfjs /cat tcls drro daAaTT-qs. eVra 12,000 in Nepos, l.c. 4 3 flood (chap. 43. In the (JTopaoL yap tov NetAou Tas els to AlyviTTiov Spring 373 just before Nile 4). autumn Iphicrates was again in Athens where he was elected 1 general (chap. 43. 5-6). Q>apvaf3a£os Wesseling : aprdfia£os. 2 avfinapanXcovTOS Wurm : avp-rrapovros. 3 Reiske : oropaav tov yap. hcdaruiv Reiske : eKaaTov. aropaac yap tov 62 63 s DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 42. 2-5 niAayos e/c/JoAd? noiovyivov, Kad ’ eKaorov twv Sea by seven mouths, 1 and at each mouth a city had 374/3 OToyaTWV noXis KareoKevaoro nvpyovs yeyaXovs been established along with great towers on each eyovaa Kad’ eKarepov tov peldpov 1 Kal ^vXlvqv bank of the stream and a wooden bridge commanding especially fortified the Pelusiac ye nXwTas ywyaotv iveefyparTev . Bionep ovk pv to draw near, or for the infantry to approach. Pharna- paSlws ovts rats vavolv elonXeeiv ovre toIs Innevot bazus’ stalf, finding the Pelusiac mouth so remarkably 4 npooneXaoai ovTe toIs net,oZs npooeAdeZv. ol Be fortified and guarded by a multitude of soldiers, nepl tov ®aprd/3a£ov OTpaT'qyol, KaTaXafidvTes to rejected utterly the plan of forcing a way through it W rjXovoLaKov OToya davyaarws djyvpojyevov Kal and decided to make the invasion by ship through they voyaged on the OTpaTiWTWV nArjdei ef>vXaTToyevov, to yev Sta tov- another mouth. Accordingly open so that the ships should not be sighted by tov f}id£eodai, navTeXwg dnehoKLyaoav Si’ erepov sea the enemy, and sailed in by the mouth known as Se oroyaros eyvwoav noielodai tov e’lonXow. Sio Mendesian, which had a beach stretching over a con- nXevoavres neXdyeoi npos to yrj Kadopaodai ra? siderable space. Landing here with three thousand vavs vno twv noXeyiwv, KaTenXevoav npos to 6 men, Pharnabazus and Iphicrates pushed forward to oroya to KaXovyevov MevSr/oiov, eyov ryova naprj- the walled stronghold at the mouth. The Egyptians Kovcrav icf>’ LKavov Tonov. els TavTqv dnofidvTes rushed out with three thousand horse and infantry, yeTa OTpaTiWTWV Tpi.oxi.Alwv o re ®apvdfial,os Kal and a sharp battle ensued, but many men from their 6 ’\(f>LKpdTrjs nporjyov ini to TOTeiyi-oyevov ini tov ships came to increase the number of the Persians, 5 oToyaTOS noXiayaTiov. eKjdoqd'qadvTOJV Se twv until finally the Egyptians were surrounded, many rest AlyvnTLWV Innevol re Kal net,oZs rpio^iAioi?, yevo- slain, and not a few captured alive ; and the yevrjs re yayqs loxvpas Kal toZs HipoaLS noXXwv 1 See Book 1. 33. 5 ff. iK twv vewv npooyeyevrjyevwv, KVKXwdevTes ol AlyvnTioi, 8’ noXXol yev dnidavov , ovk oAlyoi 3 paXloT av Post : pd.Xl.aTa. 4 1 tov peidpov Vulgate, peidpov P, peidpov Vogel. TTopevras Reiske : Tropeias. 2 5 T omitted by PFJ, Vogel. KareaKevaoe Wesseling : KaTeoKevaarav. °] 64 VOL. VII D 65 . , DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 42. 5—43. 3 Iphicrates 374/3 b. i^arypijOrjcrav ol Se rrepiXeupdevres els' rrjv ttoXlv were driven in confusion into the city. the walls, ’ dashed in with the defenders inside ovvediwydrjoav. ol Se rrepl top I (jnKpdrqv ovveia- men possession of the fortress, razed it, and enslaved rreodvres rols (ppovpovoiv evros row reiyuw feat took the inhabitants. Kparrjoavres rod (f>povplov, rovro pev KareoKaifiav, 43. After this, discord set in amongst the com- 8’ ivoLKovvras e^qv8parro8laavro roiis manders, causing the failure of the enterprise. For 1 43. Mera Se ravra rois orparrjyo is eve7recre Iphicrates, learning from the captives that Memphis, cities, aradts, St’ fjv rrjs empoArjs iotpaArjoav . 6 pev the most strategically situated of the Egyptian yap 'hpiKpdrrjs vapd reap aiypaXojrojv rrvOopevos was undefended, advised sailing immediately up to arrived there, eprjpov elvai rrjv Mepejnv, emKaiporarrjv ovoap Memphis before the Egyptian forces thought they should await the ttoXlp row Kar A iyvrrrov, ovvefiovAevev eipavrrjs but Pharnabazus entire Persian force for in this way the campaign dvarrXeiv errl rr/v Mepepiv rrpo rov rrapayeveadai ; against Memphis would be less dangerous. When ras rdjp Alyvnrlcvv Bvvdpeis’ ol Se Trepl rov Oapva- Iphicrates demanded that he be given the mercen- dvapeveiv rrjv oXrjv 8vpap.LV rdiv /3a£ov covro Setv aries that were on hand and promised if he had them Ylepodiw acrcpaXecrrepav yap ecrecrdai rrjv orpare lap to capture the city, Pharnabazus became suspicious 2 errl rr/v Mepc/nv. rov S’ '\(f>LKpdrovs d^iovvros of his boldness and his courage for fear lest he take avrdj 1 Sodrjvai rovs rrapovras pioQoepopovs, /eat possession of Egypt for himself. Accordingly when yield, Iphicrates protested per' e/eetveov errayyeXXopevov Kparrjcreiv rrjs rro- Pharnabazus would not that if they let slip the exact moment of oppor- Xeois, to re dpacros aiirov teal rr/v dperrjv vrr- tunity, they would make the whole campaign a amrevoe prj Kar’ 18 lav Kardayrj rr/v Aiyvrrrov. , failure. Some generals indeed bore a grudge against avyyorpovvros rov Oapva/3a£ov, o ’ I DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 43. 3—44. 1 tols noXeptlois ovveye Is. alel Se pdXXov intoydov- enemy. With ever-increasing strength they slew 374/3 res noXXovs avfjpovv rwv II epodw Kai KareOappovv many Persians and gained confidence against them. 4 to>v TToXe[iLOJv. ypovi^ovorjs 8 e Trjs 7repl to no- As the campaign about this stronghold dragged on, and Xiap-driov tovto orparelas, Kai tow irpalow rj8r] the Etesian winds had already set in, the Nile, which 1 was filling up and flooding the whole region with yevoptevo)v , 6 NeiAo? nXr]povp,evos Kai ttavra tottov daily more eneywv to) nXqQei tov pevptaTOS alel paXXov wyv- the abundance of its waters, made Egypt secure. The Persian commanders, as this state of pov TTjv AlyviTTov. ol 8e tow 1 epodw rjyeptoves, 1 affairs constantly operated against them, decided to avTLvpaTTOvarjs aiiToZs alel j rjs nepiOTaoews, 2 withdraw from Egypt. Consequently, on their way eyvwoav ex Trjs Alyvnrov rrjv dnaXXayrjv ttoit/- back to Asia, when a disagreement arose between 5 oaodai. Sionep InavidvTOW avrow els ttjv ’Aolav, him and Pharnabazus, Iphicrates, suspecting that /cat yevopte vrjs 8iatf>opas tw 6 ' AOrjvaXos expive e/c , Addpa rf>evyeiv tov orparo- got away at night and reached port at Athens. TreSow Sio /cat napaoKevaodpievos nXoTov eXade Pharnabazus dispatched ambassadors to Athens and vvktos drraXXayels Kai KaranXevoas els ras accused Iphicrates of being responsible for the failure replied 6 ’ Adr/vas. 6 Se DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 44. 1—45. 1 HepcnKU) rroAepw noAvxpoviov eprreiplav tow arpa- experience of military operations in the Persian War, 374/3 b.c. the tools of war, tudtlkuw kpyiov, kmvorjoaodai ttoXXu. tow els tov he devised many improvements in 1 to the matter of arms. rroXepov xp'qcjlpwv, Kal paXujTa Trepl tov KaO- devoting himself especially instance, the Greeks were using shields which 2 orrXiopov government, and many uprisings were occurring in 374/3 eTTaviarapevcov 8ia rrjv koivt/v avapxlav, rots' pdev the midst of the general anarchy, the Lacedaemonians ras 6Aiyap)(las KaracrKevd£ovcnv ifiorjOovv ol Aaare- gave assistance to such as were trying to establish Saipovioi, rot? Se tt)s SrjpoKparlas avrexopevois oligarchies, while the Athenians supported those 2 avvepayovv ol ' Adrjvalot. dpeftorepat, yap at noAeis groups which clung to democracy. For both these 1 for time, but avrai xpdvov oAlyov 8terr]pr]aav ras tjttovSets', perd states did maintain the truce a short then, acting in co-operation with their affiliated cities Se ravra avpirpa-rrovaat rats ot/cetats vdAecnv ivo- renewed the war, no longer respecting the general Aepovv, ovSev ert cf>povrl£ovTes tt)s KOLvrjs avvre- peace that had been agreed upon. So it came about delor/s elprjvrjs. Siorrep ev 7.aKvv9iv rots eVt rrjs that in Zacynthos the popular party, being angry and Aa/ceSai/zoviaw enujTaaias Kvplots yeyovocn tov resentful toward those who had held control of the government during the domination of the Lacedae- TToAiTevparos 6 Sfjpos aAeTTcos exo)v K(1L pvrjoiKa- x 2 1 monians, drove them all into exile. . . . These Za- ku>v ecfjvydSevae Travras. . . . ovroi Se TTpos cynthians, having taken refuge with Timotheiis the Ttpo9eov tov ’ Adrjvaiitiv rjyovpevov tov vovtikov Athenian in charge of the fleet, joined his naval force KaTa Athens to denounce Timotheiis ; 4 rroAet. twv Se ZakvvOlojv tovs AaKeSatpovlovs first sent envoys to but then, seeing that the Athenian people favoured d^iovvTOJV /3or)9r] DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 45. 4—46. 4 assist the Zacyn- 374/3 b.c. rpir^peis eiKocn Kal nevre i£enep*pav tols Z,aKvvdlois twenty-five triremes sent them to thians, placing Aristocrates in command. 1 aoppayiav, 8ovres rr/v r\yepovlav ’ ApiOTOKparei 46. While these things were going on, some parti- 46. "Apa Se tovtols nparropevois tojv Ik Kop- sans of the Lacedaemonians in Corcyra revolted KVpas rives (f>lXoi AaKeSaipovlcuv inavaaravres rip against the democracy and called upon the Spartans Sr/pcp, napeKaXeaav to vs Unapridras dnoareiXai to dispatch a fleet, promising to betray Corcyra to vniayyovpevoi napaScooeiv avrols vavriKrjv Svvapiv, them. The Lacedaemonians, aware of the great im- AaKeSaipovioi, ttjv Kop- rrjv KopKvpav. oi Se portance that Corcyra had for the aspirants to sea Kvpav elSores peyaXrjV ponrjv eyovaav toZs avr- power, made haste to possess themsel^^yf this city. 2 eyopevois rrjs 9aXdrrrjs, eanevaav Kvpioi yeviodai So they immediately dispatched to Corcyra twenty- 2 ravrr]s rrjs noXews. evdvs ovv enepijjav eis rr/v two triremes, having given the command to Alcidas. K.6pKvpav rpirjpeis eiKocn Kal Svo, rr/v rjyepoviav They pretended that this expedition was sent to as friends the Cor- ’AXklSo napaSovres . tovtov Se tov crroXov rrpoa- Sicily, in order to be received by enoirjOriaav els HiKeXlav dnoareZXai, Iva ws 1 neighbourhood of s74/s 5 ddioXoyov rjyov. napayevopevoi Se nXrjolov rrjs the Plataeans. They reached the Plataeae when the attack was not expected, so that a row IIAaTatecuv ndXeais, dnpoaSoK'qrov rrjs eni- large number of the Plataeans were arrested in the decreios yevopevrjs, oi nXetaroi pev tow HXaraieow fields and carried off by the cavalry, while the rest, em ryjs x^Pas KCLTaXr) DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 47. 1-5 seized a ceitain 374/3 j A -rivd a contingent on land which had 6 Kovra • ovros Si Trpo rrjs ovppayuis ravrrjs rrXevaas favour, had sailed to the region of Thrace. Here he em. QpaKTjs, Kal rroXXas rroXeis em ovppaylav summoned many cities to join the alliance, and added point, because he rrpooKaXeoapevos, rrpooedrjKe rptaKovra rpir/peis' thirty triremes to his fleet. At this Corcyra, he was at first deprived 3 Tore Se KaOvorepwv rrjs rwv \\opKvpniun' ovppa- was too late to assist command as a result of his loss of popularity. Xta? to pev rrpwrov arrefiaAe rr/v orparrjylav, rov of his he sailed along the Attic coast Srjpov Later, however, when yaXerrais rrpos avrov 8rareOevros' ws Si of to Athens, bringing with him a great number rraperrXevoev eis ras ’Adrjvas, aywv rrpeo^e ojv envoys from states which were ready to conclude an rrXrjdos rwv rrjv ovppaylav ovvrtdepevwv Kal rptd- alliance with Athens, having added thirty triremes for Kovra rpL-qpeis rrpooreOetKWs, rravra Se rov oroXov to his fleet and put the whole fleet in good trim reinstated 1 him ev KarecrKevaKws rrpos rov rroXepov, perevorjaev o the war, the people repented and furthermore equipped forty Sfjpos Kal rraXiv rr)v in his command. They avrw orpar-qylav anoKar- additional triremes, so that altogether he had one 4 eorr/oev. rrpooKareoKeva'tjov' Si Kal aAXas* rpirj- also provided liberal stores of 3 hundred thirty ; they peis rerrapaKovra, wore ras rraoas1 yiveodai food, engines of war, and other supplies needed for eKarov Kac rptaKovra • errotovvro Se Kal otrov Kal war. To meet the immediate emergency, they chose Kal fieAwv row aXXwv row els rroXepov yp-qolpwv Ctesicles 2 general and sent him with five hundred di;ioA6yovs rrapaoKevas. Kara Se to rrapov arpa- soldiers to aid the Corcyraeans. He arrived there undetected rrjyov eXopevot KrrjOtKXea per 6. orpariwrwv rrevra- secretly by night and sailed into Corcyra the inhabitants of the koolwv e^errepiftav por/dr/oovra rots YeopKvpatots by the besiegers. Finding city at strife with one another and handling military 5 oSros Si Addpa vvktos eAaOe rovs rroXtopKovvras matters badly, he composed the dissensions, devoted eiorrXeveras els KopKvpav Kal KaraXafiwv rovs ev much attention to the city’s business, and heartened r.fj rroXet rrpos piv aXXrjXovs crraoidtjovras, ra Si 1 though he was acquitted Kara rov rroXepov KaKws Siourovvras ras Timotheus was not reinstated , piv 6. 2. Nepos, in this cause celebre. See Xenophon, Hell. 13 ; oraoets SteXvoe, rrjs Si rroXews rroXXrjv empeXetav 49. 9 f., 22. Timotheus , 4 ; Demosthenes, rroirjoapevos evdapoets errolrjoe rovs rroXiopKov- 2 See chap. 46. 3 and Xenophon, op. cit. 2. 10. 1 3 : cos ko.1. ~poaKartaKtvaCov Dindorf : ~poknra o-Kcvdcoj]'. wore Reiske 2 ras before aAAas deleted by Dindorf. 4 aAAas before ndoas deleted by Reiske. 78 79 . ; DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 47. 5—48. 1 6 pevovs. Kal to /lev npwrov dnpoo8oKrjTWs toZs the besieged. At first in an unexpected attack on 374/3 later TToXiopKovoiv inL0epevos aveZAev aiiTwv nepl 8ia- the besiegers he slew about two hundred, and a few others. Kocnovs, vcrrepov 8e peyaAqs payr/s yevopivrjs rov in a great battle slew Mnasippus and not laid siege to the besiegers re Mvdomnov aveZAe Kal twv dXAwv ovk oAlyovs' Finally he encircled and 1 and won great approval . The war to possess Corcyra reAos Se tovs noAiopKovvras els noAiopKLav avy- was practically at an end when the Athenian fleet 7 KAelcras peyaAwv inaivaiv eTvyev. rov Se Tiepi rrjv sailed in with the generals Timotheiis 2 and Iphicrates. KopKvpav noAipov oye86v -q8q re'Aos eyovTos These, having arrived too late for the critical moment, KaTenAevcrev 6 otoAos rd>v ’Adrjvalwv els nqv Kop- accomplished nothing worth mentioning except that, Kvpav, eywv 3 orparqyovs Tipodeov Kal '\ DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 48. 1-4 r earth- 378/2 b.c. tovtwv Kara T qv 1 eXoirowpoov iyevovro oeiopol Postumius. During their term of office great Peloponnese accompanied by fLeyaXoi Kai KaraieXvapol y topas /cat iroXewv am- quakes occurred in the and cities otoi- ovSeTTore yap kv tois krravw ypovo is iyevovro tidal waves which engulfed the open country for never in the earlier 7radr) to tavra irepi iroXeis 'EAArjvtSas', ovre twv in a manner past belief; befallen Greek cities, nor TroXewv avravSpwv acfiaviopos, 9elas rivos kvep- periods had such disasters along with their inhabitants dis- yelas rrjv dvwXeiav /cat (j>9opav twv av9pWTrwv had entire cities appeared as a result of some divine force wreaking 2 pir]yavr]oapkvr]s . inkreive Se to pkye9os tt)s ovp- destruction and ruin upon mankind. The extent of DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 48. 4—49. 2 determined by neces- 373/2 b (f) epeiv, aXX’ els (f>vcru 1 for the rrjs cv to) rore fxev ’Iiovtas, vvv 8e ’Avaia? KaXovfievTjs] rijs Ionians from the Achaeans. Cp. Strabo, 14. 1. 20 €V * IcOVLQ Tjj TOT€ fjL€V , VVV 8c ’A^ata Ka\oVfX€Vrj Madvig, Vogel. Mycale. festival celebrated near _ , the 3 See chap. 48. 3 for earthquake and tidal wave. On 1 Strabo, See on this subject Book 16. 61-64. connection of Helice and Bura with the Ionians see 2 Herodotus has twelve Ionian cities and “ Helice, whither the Ionians tied (1. 145) makes 8. 7. 2 and 4 : after Bura, the Achae- the connection between Achaia and Ionia. Helice and Bura for refuge after they were conquered in battle by ” (L.C.L. l.c.). are specially mentioned there as two places of refuge of the ans, and whence at last they were expelled 84 85 I DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 49. 2-5 1 AeyovTes pr) koivov tow ’Ayaidov, aAA’ iSiov avTiov not the common property of the Achaeans, but 373/2 b.c. possession. The inhabitants of elvai to Tepevos' uwenpaTTOV Se tovtois kclI ol tt)v their own particular also took part with them in this. But since the ' Bura 3 Jiovpav OLKovvres . row Se Ayaidw kolvw SoypaTi Achaeans by common decree had concurred, the uvyyojpyjadi’Tow ol pev "looves ini tov , edvaav Ionians sacrificed at the altar of Poseidon as the oracle l3wpov tov IlocreiSdb'oy /card tov yprjupov, ol S’ directed, but the people of Helice scattered the sacred possessions of the Ionians and seized the persons of 'EAi/cei? to. xprfpara* Siapph/iavTes tu>v ’ d)vwv their representatives, 1 thus committing sacrilege. It tovs re deoopovs awr/pnauav, re els to rjoefirjadv was because of these acts, they say, that Poseidon in cities delov. avd’ d>v 1 2 1 plunges into a chasm and flows for two hun- 373/2 Ttrvpt/trjXov eis n ydapa /caraSt/d/xevos em Sia- phalus , underground, then pours forth Kocnovs araSiovs eftiperai, KeKpvppivos /card yrjs dred stades concealed the Argives. In addition to these 6 kat -napa TTjv tow ’Apyeliov noXtv i^irjcnv. npos by the city of statements the pious say further that except for those 8e tols elpr/pivois Xiyovaw, otl nXr/v tow doefirj- who committed the sacrilege no one perished in the aavTOiv ovSels aXXos neptineae nfj ovpeftopa. Kal 2 the earthquakes and floods disaster . Concerning nepl pev tojv yevopivwv oeiopwv /cat i< aTa. KXvopdtv which occurred we shall rest content with what has apKeoOrjodpeda rot? prjdelcnv. been Sciid ’£ ’ 8’ ’ 50 . 77 dpyovros Adrjvrjcnv ' AAkloOcvovs Athens, the 372/1 50. When Alcisthenes was archon at Poopaloi pev dvTL tow Andrew ycAiapyovs /car- Romans elected eight military tribunes with consular 3 eoTr)oav oktw, Acvkiov OvaXipuw Kal HottXlov, power, Lucius and Publius Valerius, Gaius Terentius, eVt 8e I'diov TepivTiov Kal AevKiov Mevr/viov, -npos Lucius Menenius, Gaius Sulpicius, Titus Papirius, and celebrated the hun- 8k tovtois rduw 'AoXttIklov Kal Titov 1 1 anlpiov Lucius Aemilius, and the Eleians l /cat in which Damon of Thurii won AevKLOv AlplAuw , napd 8e ’HAetoty oXvpmas dred second Olympiad their term of office, after 8evripa npos raty iKarov, Ka6’ fjv evt/ca the stadium race. During supremacy in Greece 2 DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 50. 2-4 lost their supremacy. Some of the 372/1 1 3 dveXnlarws. evi.01 8e rd>v cf>vaiKatv rqv yevecnv rqs and irretrievably students of nature ascribed the origin of the torch to Xapnd8os els (f>vaiKas alrlas dve owreXovgevas : ra>v ovvreXovpevojv. Wurm, Reiske tive was the college of boeotarchs no longer representative of separate states but elected from all Boeotian citizens and 1 For the participation of the King see Dionysius Hal. reduced in number from eleven to seven (chap. 52). The 3. of the Boeotian folk De Lysia Indicium, 12 ; Xenophon, Hell 6. 12, 5. 1 f. deciding power lay with the assembly 2 See chap. 38, which in many details is an anticipation of which met at Thebes but in which every citizen of a Boeotian this chapter. state had a voice (cp. Book 16. 25. 1). Ltnlike Attica, each 3 See Xenophon, op. cit. 6. 3. 1-19 and for date Plutarch, city had autonomy and the League army was composed of Agesilaiis 28. contingents from the separate states. 90 91 1 1 . DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 50. 4—51. 1 the oaths and treaties made city by city. 1 372/1 b.o OKeiv Kara noAiv ylveadai tovs opKovs Kal ras tion to have So, remaining outside of the treaties as formerly, the onovhds. hionep eKonovhoi yevrjdivTes wonep Thebans continued to hold Boeotia in a single con- /cat 7Tporepov, ovveZyov rrjv Botcortav iv rfj ko.6’ federacy subject to themselves. The Lacedaemonians, 5 avrovs piei avvreAela. ini Si tovtols ol Aa/ce- being exasperated by this, decided to lead a large hcupovioi napotjvvdivTes eyvwcrav peyaAr] hvvdpei army against them as common enemies, for they cast upon their increase of (jTpareveLV in’ ai/Tovs, ws koivovs noAeplovs' an extremely jealous eye power, fearing lest with the leadership of all Boeotia crcftoSpa yap vrftewpwvTo ttjv avijrjoiv avnwv, ppnoTe they might break up the Spartan supremacy, given a rfjs oArjs Bota/Tta? rjyovpevoi tt]v r/yepovlav rrjs suitable opportunity. For they constantly practised UndpTrjs KaraAvacocnv, imAafiopevoi Kaipov. ’iv gymnastics and had great bodily strength, and since re yap to is yvpvaalois ovveydis SiaTplfiovTes ev- they were naturally lovers of war, they were inferior valour. had besides poiaTOL rots owpacrw vvrjpyov, Kal rftvaei rftiAo- to no Greek nation in deeds of They conspicuous for their virtues, greatest among noAepoi KaOeorwres ovhevos edvovs 'EAArjvt/cot/ leaders them being three men, Epameinondas, Gorgidas, and 6 rat? rt.v8pe.Lais iAelnoVTO. elyov hi Kal rjyepdvas Pelopidas. 2 The city of the Thebans was full of pride ini undertake alone the war with the Lacedae- 371/0 b TjvayKaadrjaav dvaSeijacrBat povoi tov npos Aa/ce- forced to city that could legally join monians ; for there was no Sat/jmvlovs noXepov ovbefua yap i£r)v noXeu crvp- The 1 them, because allhad agreed to the generalpeace. payrjoai 8id to nacras crwredeladai tt\v KOLvrjv Lacedaemonians, since the Thebans were isolated, 2 elprjvrjv. oi Se AaKeSaipovtoi, povwBevrwv twv determined to fight them and reduce Thebes to com- rjfiaiwv expivav noXepelv avrols xal ras ®7)pas Q , plete slavery. And since the Lacedaemonians were i£av8pano8lcraadai . DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 51 . 4—52 . 4 battle but that they would master the Boeotians 371/0 fj,rjT€ jiayrjv eaeodai, aXX’ (IkovltI tojv Bouotcov without a struggle. KpOTTJLJeLV 52. The Spartans accordingly advanced till they opoj- 52. Ovtol fxev ovv irpodyovres ojs rjKov eis K came to Coroneia, where they encamped and waited 1 veiav, KarecrTpaTOTTeSevcrav Kal tovs Kadvare- for such of their allies as were tardy. The Thebans, in povvras tojv avpip-ayoiv dvep.evov. ol Se 0r^/3aiot view of the presence of the enemy, first voted to remove their wives and children to safety in Athens, Sia rrjv rrapovoiav tojv TioXejiuuv iijjrjcjjlaavTO reKva then chose Epameinondas general and turned over els ’AOrjvas inreKdeadaL, aiiroi 8 juev Kal yvvaiKas to him the command in the war, giving him as his ’ErrapLeLVUivSav OTparrjyov eXopuevoL tovtuj ra Kara advisers six boeotarchs. Epameinondas, having con- tov TToXejiov ineTpeifjav, crvpLTrapovTajv ainqj fioioj- scripted for the battle all Thebans of military age and 8’ the other Boeotians who were willing and qualified, 2 Tapydjv e£- o ’EnapLeLVUJvSas Trav8r)pLel tovs led forth from Thebes his army, numbering in all not tovs ev rjX lklo. arparta? ovtos KaTaXeijas Qrifialovs more than six thousand. As the soldiers were march- tovs ev- els Trjv pLayr/v Kal tojv dXXojv Eolojtuiv ing out from the city it seemed to many that un- deTOVs, Trpofjye ttjv 8vvap.LV Ik tojv Qrjfiojv, eyoiv favourable omens appeared to the armament. For by the gates Epameinondas was met by a blind tovs avp-rravTas oil ttXelovs tojv edaKiaytXLOjv herald, who, seeking recovery of runaway slaves, just 3 Kara Se ttjv Trjs voXeojs e£o8ov tojv OTpaTiojTOJV as was usual, 1 cried his warning not to take them voyepyj arjpela ijjavrjvaL tw arparo- ttoXXoXs e'S o|e 8 from Thebes nor to spirit them away, but to bring rreSqj. rrepl yap ra? rrvXas d.Trr\VTr)oe tols rrepl them home and keep them secure. Now the older 2 3 herald con- tov ’ ErrapeivuivSav Krjpvij TvrfjXos, os av8parro8 people amongst those who heard the 4 sidered it for future the younger fjv eidio- an omen the ; but anoSeSpaKOTa dvaKopl^ojv , Kal Kadarrep folk kept quiet so as not to appear through cowardice avrjyopeve KrjpvTTWV pr/T e^ayeiv Qr/^rjOev pevov to hold Epameinondas back from the expedition. But pr)T d(jjavl'(,eLV aAA’ a-rrayovTa naXiv avamo^eiv. 1 The Thebans had recently been slaves to Sparta, so the 4 OL peV OVV TTpeofivTepOL TOJV aKOVOVTOJV TOV KTjpVKOS proclamation portended their destruction if they were led 8e veoJTepoi forth from the city. This translation is based on the assump- oIojvov erroLovvTO tov peXXovros , ol tion that the crier was reporting names and descriptions of rjovylav elyov, iva prj SoijojoL 8ta 8eiAiav arro- slaves who had run away and whom the owners sought to 5 recover, coupled with the warning not to export or conceal TpeTTeiv tov ’ErrapeLvdjvSav Trjs arpareia? . o 8 them but to arrest them and keep them safe for the owner. 1 ai ,v€Lav e ve ‘ av PA). Kopcuveiav Wesseling : x P“ (x P“ < Kopl^tov passage see Vogel, Praefatio, 2 rvtjjXos, os Vogel, TvtfiXos Madvig : Tv(f>Xov. Kal. (On the whole 3 xiii.) So Vogel, dvSpdnoSa Madvig : avbpa. 5 4 following deletes dnrorpeneiv Wesseling : dvaTpeireiv. dvaKopiitov Post : Kap.i£ajv. Vogel, PA, 96 VOL. VII E 97 , 1 DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 52. 4-7 , E7ra/u.etvt6vSas' npos rovs Xeyovras npocreyeiv Sew Epameinondas replied to those who told him that he 371/0 b observe the omens : TOt? O /.envois €LTT€V must “ One only omen is best, to fight for the land that els olojvos dpioros dpvveo9ai nepl ndrprjs is ours .” 1 ’Ena- 5 ravTjj Se rfj rrapp'qalq. KaraTrXqdapevov rod Though Epameinondas astounded the cautious by peivwvSov tovs evXa/3d>s eyovras, erepos olwvos his forthright answer, a second omen appeared than the previous one. For i(f>dvrj Svoyepearepos rov nporepov. 6 yap ypap- more unfavourable as the clerk advanced with a spear and a ribbon parevs TTporjyev eycnv Sopv /cat raivlav ev’ aural, attached to it and signalled the orders from head- /cat Trpoeorjpaive to napayyeXXopevov vtto tlov rjye- quarters, a breeze came up and, as it happened, the povww Tjvevparos Se yevopevov ov vefhr) rqv rai- ribbon was torn from the spear and wrapped itself vtav drroOTraadelaav TrepiapTriayeaOai rrepld nva around a slab that stood over a grave, and there were buried in this spot some Lacedaemonians and Pelo- orqkqv e(f>eoTU>oav rdtjxp' fjoav Se eV rw tottoj ponnesians who had died in the expedition under rovrw redappevoi rives Aa/ceSat/xoftot /cat IleAo- Agesilaiis. Some of the older folk who again chanced ’ ’ TTovvqcnoi, oi per KyqoiXdov arparevaavres to be there protested earnestly against leading the opposition of the 6 ereXevrqoav . rwv Se TrpeofivTepow rives naXiv force out in the face of the patent but Epameinondas, deigning them no reply, evrvyovres Siepaprvpavro pr) npodyeiv rqv Suva- gods ; led forth his army, thinking that considerations of piv, 53. '0 Se KXeopfjporos rrvdopevos Toils rroXe- 53. Cleombrotus, learning that the enemy had 371/0 b.c. forcing a passage plovs TTpoxaTeiXrjc/revai, ras rrapohovs, to pev ravrrj seized the pass first, decided against Phocis, and, when TroieicrdaL tt)v heetjohov dirdyvai, nopevOels he Sid there, proceeded instead through had traversed the shore road which was difficult, Trjs (Dtoxlhos, xal hietjeXdwv Trjv rrapadaXaTTLav he entered Boeotia without danger. In his passage he ohov yaXerr^v ovoav , evej3aXev els Trjv Boiamav 1 took some of the fortresses and seized ten triremes . dxivhvvws' iv irapohcp he Tiva twv rroXiapaTiow Later, when he reached the place called Leuctra, he yeLpwoapevos hexa1 rpLrjpojv eyxparrjs eyeveTO. encamped there and allowed the soldiers to recover perd Se raura xaravT'ijaas els to. xaXovpeva Aevx- 2 after their march. As the Boeotians neared the xaTeoTpaTOTrehevae xal rods’ arparLOjras e/c Tpa enemy in their advance, and then, after surmounting rijs ohonroplas dveXdpfdavev . ol Se Boiojtoi rrpo- some ridges, suddenly caught sight of the Lacedae- err l rroXeplovs (Its rjyyioav aiiTots they ayovTes tovs , monians covering the entire plain of Leuctra, /cat X6 . arroplas 8’ peivwvhas ovve^apidpovpevos ovarjs suaded to vote with him, and thus he carried the day. peyaXrjs xal hvoxpirov twv fdoiWTapywv 6 efhhopos So the decision to stake all on the issue of battle was 3 rjxev, ov nelcras ’Fiirapeivwvhas opoifirjcfiov eavTw thus ratified. But Epameinondas, who saw that the yeveaOai TrpoeTeprjae Trjs yvwprjs- 6 pev ovv vrrep soldiers were superstitious on account of the omens his own 4 twv oXwv aywv tovtov tov Tporrov exvpwOr). 6 that had occurred, earnestly desired through 8’ to reverse the scruples of the ’ Krrapeivwvhas opwv tovs otparLanas heicnhai- ingenuity and strategy 1 yeyovoai orjpelois, eefiiXoTipeiTO povovvTas 677 tols 1 See Xenophon, Hell. 6. 4. 3-4. 8ta Trjs Ihlas emvolas xal crTpaTr/ylas peradeZvai 2 See Plutarch, Pelopidas, 20. 2 1 Sexa Vogel (cp. chap. 78. 4), Sw&exa Wurm (cp. Xeno- imepbe^loLS fteiske : Se^iots. 3 : opoov Rhodoman 100 101 . 1 DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 53. 4—54. 3 Accordingly, a number of men having 371/0 ras tov ttXt)9ovs euAajSeia?. Slottep tlvwv TtpoG- soldiery. recently arrived from Thebes, he persuaded them - taken So£(os d 1 hands. b . c . tovs vfipLords Karapaad/AevaL top filop avToyeLpLa their ravishers and took their lives by their own 371/0 other such occurrences were reported, and when 4 KareoTpeipav. rroXXwv he Kal aXXwv tolovtow Xe- Many Epameinondas had convened an assembly and ex- yopLe'vtvv, Kal tov 'KrrapLeLvevvhov avvayayovTOS horted the soldiers by the appropriate pleas to meet eKKXrjcrlav Kal tovs (JTpaTUOTas tols OLKeioLS XoyoLs the issue, they all shifted their resolutions, rid them- pieredevTO rrpoTpeipapievov rrpbs tov dydwa, rrdpres selves of their superstition, and with courage in their tas yvwpLas, Kal Trjs pLev heLOLhaipLovlas arreXv- hearts stood ready for the battle. There came also at Orjaap, rrpbs he ttjv p-dyijv evOapaels rat? ifwyaXs this time to aid the Thebans an allied contingent from 5 KaTeoTrjoav. rjXde he Kal avpLpLayla koto, tovtov Thessaly, fifteen hundred infantry, and five hundred horsemen, commanded by Jason. 2 He persuaded both tov Kaipov tols QrifialoLS rrapa ©erraXwv, rreQol the Boeotians and the Lacedaemonians to make an p,ev ylXioL Kal rrevTaKOOLOL, Imrels he vevTaKoaioL, armistice and so to guard against the caprices of (J>v rjyeiTO ’Idacov. oStos S’ erreioe tovs re Boloj- Fortune. When the truce came into effect, Cleom- rroLrjaaaOai tovs Kal tovs AaKehaijiovlovs dvoyas brotus set out with his army from Boeotia, and there 6 Kal ra rrapdXoya Trjs Tvyrjs evXafirjdrjvaL. yevo- came to meet him another large army of Lacedae- pLe'vwv he twv arrovhdjv KXeopPporos dvebev^e /xera. monians and their allies under the command of Archi- 3 seeing Trjs hvvaprews etc Trjs Bolow las, Kal drrrjVTrjaev damus, son of Agesilaiis. For the Spartans, the taking measures avTU) aXXr) hvvapLLS pLeyaXr] AaKehaifJLOvlwv Kal preparedness of the Boeotians, and ’ to meet their boldness and recklessness in battle, twv avpLpLaywv, rjyovpLevov Apyihaprov tov ’AyrjcrL- had dispatched the second army to overcome by the Xaov. oi yap 'ZrrapTia.TaL dewpovvTes rrjv eroipo- superior number of their combatants the daring of the Kal rrjv drrovoiav tr]Ta twv Bolwtwv, Kal to dpdaos enemy. Once these armies had united, the Lacedae- hvvap.LV, evXafiovpevoi, tt]v hevrepav drreardXKeujav monians thought it cowardly to fear the valour of the Iva TO) TrX'ijdeL tow aywvL^ope'vwv rrepiyivowrai Trjs Boeotians. So they disregarded the truce and with 7 TU1V TToXepLLWV ToXprjs. avveXdovawv S’ eis TCWTO high spirits returned to Leuctra. The Boeotians too twv hvvapeow alaypov etvai uneXafiov ol Aa/ceSai- were ready for the battle and both sides marshalled their forces. povLOL hehievai tols tow Bolwtwv dperds . hrorrep 55. Now on the Lacedaemonian side the descen- Tas arrovhas rrap ’ ovhev rjyri DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 55. 1-5 dants of Heracles were stationed as commanders of 371/0 b.c. 'Hpa/cAeou? yeyovoTes yyefioves erdyOyoav ini the wings, namely Cleombrotus the king and Archi- KepaTOW KAeofifiporos re 6 j3o.oiXevs kcu twv , damus,1 son of the King Agesilaiis, while on the Boeo- ’ vlos, napa ’ApylSa/ios 6 AyyaiXaov tov fiaoiXiws tian side Epameinondas, by employing an unusual Se toIs BotcuroiS' ’EnafieivwvSas Id la nvi /cat ne- disposition of his own, was enabled through his own piTrfj rd^ei yprjadpievos Sia Tys Idlas oTpaTyyias strategy to achieve his famous victory. He selected from the entire army the bravest men and stationed 2 nepienoiyoaro Tyv nepiftoyTOV vueyv . enXetfafievos them on one wing, intending to fight to the finish with yap it; andays Tys dvvdfiews tovs dp Lotovs em to O' them himself. The weakest he placed on the other eoTyoe, fie cSv /cat atitos eiieXXe erepov fiepos wing and instructed then! to avoid battle and with- diaywvl'teoOar tovs 8’ dodeveoTarovs ini to eTepov draw gradually during the enemy’s attack. So then, by Kepas Tat;as napyyyeiXev aiiTols cjrvyofiaxelv /cat arranging his phalanx in oblique formation, he planned /Cara Try eifio&ov twv noXefiiwv €/c tov KaT oXiyov to decide the issue of the battle by means of the wing in which were the elite. When the trumpets on both vnoxwpelv. 8to /cat Ao£yv noiyoas Try tfmXayya, sides sounded the charge and the armies simultane- tw tovs imXeKTOvs e^ovrt /cepan eyvoj npiveiv Tyv ously with the first onset raised the battle-cry, the La- 8’ oaXmyyes ioyfiaivov nap’ 3 fiaxyv. ids at re cedaemonians attacked both wings with their phalanx afi loopponos rjv fiayy, fieTa weight of the courageous fighting of the elite corps ; T€pwv dyowt 1,0 fievwv y of had resisted some fell and others were de TavTa twv nepi tov EnafieivwvSav 8ta T€ Try those who wounded, taking all the blows in front. Now as long aperyv /cat Tyv nvKVOryra Tys Tatjews nXeove- 1 ktovvtwv noXAoi twv 1 eXonovvyoLUiv avypovvTO See note on chap. 54. 6. It has been suggested that Xenophon, who fails to mention Epameinondas at Leuctra oil yap vnifievov vneveyxai to j3apos Tys twv and represents Archidamus as being sent out after the battle, twv dvTioTavTWv ol iniXeKTWV dv&payadlas , aXXd was attempting to belittle the part of Epameinondas as victor and to spare his best friend Agesilaiis, the father of Archi- fiev emmov, ol 8e /carerpaupian^ovTO, naoas ras damus, the disgrace of his son’s defeat. There is no evidence . ovv o /3a- 5 nXyyds ivavTias XafifiavovTes ews fiev for this view. 106 107 a . DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 55. 5—56. 3 alive s7i/o b.c. as King Cleombrotus of the Lacedaemonians was oiXeiis twv A aKeSaipovlwv KXeopfiporos e£r), noX- and had with him many comrades-in-arms who were Xoiis eywv Tovs avvaanl^ovras Kal npoOvpws npo quite ready to die in his defence, it was uncertain aiirov dnodvrj kovt aSrjXos rjv rj ponr) Trjs vlk7]S' inclined but when, as , which way the scales of victory ; inel 8’ ovros navra klvSvvov iinopevwv ovk though he shrank from no danger, he proved unable and perished in an heroic r)8 vvaTo fiidoaoOai tovs avdeoTrjKOTas, rjpwiKws 8e to bear down his opponents, sustaining many wounds, then, as payopevos Kal noXXols rpavpaai nepmeowv cre- resistance after masses of men thronged about his body, there was Xeurque, rore avvhpoprjs yevopevrjs nepl tov tttw- piled up a great mound of corpses. veKpwv nXrjdos icrwpevdr) jiaTos 56. There being no one in command of the wing, 56. ’Avapylas Se yevopevrjs nepl to Kepas, ol the heavy column led by Epameinondas bore down sheer force pev nepl tov ’ EnapewwvSav (iapeis eyKelpevoi tols upon the Lacedaemonians, and at first by the line of the enemy to buckle somewhat ; AaKeSaipovlois to pev npoirov rfj fila l^payv ttpo- caused then, however, the Lacedaemonians, fighting gal- ewoav €K Trjs to.£ews tovs noXeplovs, ol Se Aa/ce- lantly about their king, got possession of his body, Scupovioi ttepl tov fiaaiXems dywvioapevoi Xapnpws but were not strong enough to achieve victory. For d>paros iyKpaTeis eyevovro Trjs Se vlktjs of courage, tov pev a , as the corps of elite outdid them in feats con- 2 ovk icryvoav itfuKeodai. twv yap eniXeKTWV iinep- and the valour and exhortations of Epameinondas Lacedaemonians fiaXXopevaiv Tais avSpayadiais, Kal Trjs dperrjs Kal tributed greatly to its prowess, the forced back at first, as napaKXrjoews ’EnapeivwvSov noXXa avp^aXXo- were with great difficulty ; they gave ground they would not break their forma- pevrjs, poyis efiidodrjcrav ol AaKeSaipovior to pev as fell and the commander who 1 tion, but finally, many npwrov dvaywpouvres ttjv rdipiv oil SieXvov, to would have rallied them had died, the army turned Se TeXevTalov noXXwv dvaipovpevwv, tov Se tt apay- and fled in utter rout. Epameinondas’ corps pursued yeXXovTos rjyepovos TereXeuTr) kotos, eyeveTO nav- the fugitives, 1 slew many who opposed them, and won glorious victory. For since they 3 TeXijS Tponrj tov CTTpaTorreSov. ol Se nepl tov for themselves a most the bravest of the Greeks and with a small ’EnapeivwvSav eniKeipevoi tols (fievyovcn Kal noX- had met force had miraculously overcome many times their Xoiis twv ivavTioiv KaraKoifiavres anrjveyKavTO 1 fails to give any vlktjv enL XV. 56. 3—57. 2 DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK number, they won a great reputation for valour. The 371/0 b.c. ett avSpela KareKTr/aavro A pceyioTWV S’ etraLvwv highest praises were accorded the general Epamei- 6 arparrjyos ’ETTapceivwvSas rj^cwdr], Sia Trjs ISlas nondas, who chiefly by his own courage and by his avSpelas paXictTa Kal (jt partlyLKrjs avveaetos tovs shrewdness as a commander had defeated in battle dvcKr/TOVs r)yepcovas Trjs 'EAAaSo? KaTriywvcctp.evos. the invincible leaders of Greece. More than four 4 etreaov S’ ev rfj payr] twv AaKeSaipovlwv ovk e’Adr- thousand 1 Lacedaemonians fell in the battle but only battle tovs twv TeTpaKioyiXiwv , twv Se Boiwtwv Ttepl about three hundred Boeotians. Following the TpiaKocnovs p,erd Se ravra Tte.pL re rrjs twv they made a truce to allow for taking up the bodies of . veKpwv avacpeaews Kal Trjs els WeXoTtovvrjoov dtraX- the dead and the departure of the Lacedaemonians Xayrjs twv AaKeSacpcovlwv arrovSas errocrjoavTO to the Peloponnese. of events relating to the Kal toc pcev Ttepl tt)v ev AevKTpocs pcayrjv avp.- Such was the outcome jidvTa toiovtov eoye reAos. battle of Leuctra. 57. When the year had ended, at Athens Dysni- 370/69 b.c 57. Ton S’ eviavalov ypovov SceXrjXvdoros ’Adrj- archon, and in Rome military tribunes 2 ' cetus was vrjcn jiev rjpye Av tos . H 1 Scaliger. 3 8ei added by KtlMos P, KAios FJK, Cloelius Livy, 6. 31. 1. Ill 110 , . DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 57. 2—58. 3 waste, and gave the country to the 370/69 b.c. ararov iTrolrjae, Kal rrjv ywpav Olralocs Kal treachery, laid it then later, moving into Per- Oetaeans and Malians ; AlrjXcevacv ihwprjaaro- peera Se ravra iirl rr/v Hep- of the cities by generous 1 rhaebia, he won over some pacfllav ava^ev^as rwv -rroXewv ras pcev Xoyois promises, and subdued others by force. As his posi- irpoar^ydyero, ras Se Sia rrjs [teas the eftcXavdpwTTOcs tion of influence speedily became established, on his iyetpwoaro . rayu Se rrjs Svvaarelas avrov arepe- inhabitants of Thessaly looked with suspicion ovpcevrjs, ol rr/v QerraXlav ocKovvres v ywywv ifievSecrc ScafioXacs avvpyopovvrwv , ini roo- reip. 814 Iso- 1 See also Plutarch, Praecepta gerendue ; i^rjypco'iOrj TrXfjdos ware rrdvrwv Dionysius of Hal. 7. 66. 5. ovrov ro rwv crates, Philip , 52 ; 1 2 Vogel. : youv MSS., Bekker, dva£ev£as Dindorf, Vogel em£ev(as. SGhkDindorf : 112 113 . , 1 DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 58. 3—59. 3 1 KaT'qyopovpevouv, ovrcov ttoAAow Kal peyaAoirAov- death all the accused, who were many and wealthy. 370/69 tcuv, KarayvwvaL Odvarov. avaipedevTiuv Be tcuv When, however, more than twelve hundred influential populace did not spare Svvarwv dvBpcov nAeiovcuv f) yiAlcuv Kal BiaKocrlcuvf men had been removed, the themselves. For because of the mag- Kal tcuv Brjpayojydjv avraiv o 8rjpos ovk ifielcraTO. the demagogues nitude of the calamity the demagogues were afraid 4 8ia yap to peyedos rfjs avp DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 59. 3—60. 3 Lacedaemonians to in- 370/69 b.c. in Sparta prevailed upon the ot S’ els T7]v HirdpTiqv efivyovTes erreioav tovs Acuce- an vade Arcadia. 1 Accordingly King Agesilaiis with 4 baipovlovs els rrjv ’Ap/caSiav arpaTevarcu. htorrep the band of fugitives invaded the territory Kal army and ’ AyrjolAaos 6 fiaoiAeus perd bvvapews twv in Greece ; tor Kal ttoXAovs twv rrepiOLKOiv els ovppaylav rrporjy- salians to lay claim to the supremacy 1 valour open to those strong pevos, erreioe rovs ©ettoAoils dvrirroielodai rrjs this was a sort of prize for the for it. Now it happened that twv 'EAAi/vaiv r/yepovlas • tclvttjv yap werrrep err- enough to contend Lacedaemonians had sustained a great disaster at aOAov apeTrjs rrpoKeloOai toZs Svvapevois aVTrjs mastery Leuctra that the Athenians laid claim to the 2 apcf>icrl3r]Trjoai. AaKebaipovlovs yap ervvej3aive rrepl ; that the Thebans were unworthy ot of the sea only ; AevKTpa peydAr/ ovpefiopa -rrepnreTTTWKevai, ' A6rj- that the Argives had been brought first rank ; and valovs Se povov rrjs koto. OdAarrav elpyfjs avT- slaughter, bo the low by civil wars and internecine eyeodat, Qrjflalovs Se twv rrpwTelwv d£lovs prj 3 the whole Thessalians put Jason forward as leader of elvai, ' Apyeiovs Se Sia errdoeis zeal twenty-four years, leaving 370/69 fiawiAevow Trjs MafceSoi'cay eTeAevTrjoep dpdas err] donia, died after a rule of Alexander, Perdiccas, and eiKooi kcu rerrapa, vlovs aTroAindw Tpels, ’AAe- behind him three sons, 1 throne son Alexander succeeded to the £av8pov Kal I LpSc/c/cau Kal QlAmTrov SieSetjaro Philip. The Agesipolis, king ot 1 for one year. Likewise Se rrjv fiacnAeiav 6 vlos ’AAe£av8pos Kal fjpdjep and ruled died after ruling a year, the epiavTOP. ’ the Lacedaemonians, 4 opolojs 8e Kal AyrjolTroAls 6 tow Aacce- brother who suc- kingship going to Cleomenes his bcupjwlaw fiacnAevs p.eTrjAAa£ev apijas iviavrov, rrjv reign of thirty four ceeded to the throne and had a Se apx 8ia8e£apepos KAeopeprjs 6 d8eA DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 61. 2-5 1 Qepalos o row (-jerraXdjv ap^as vtto ’AAe!;dv8pov of Thessaly was poisoned by Alexander his nephew, 869/8 b.c. 1 and the tov abeXefribov dvrjpedrj DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 61. 5—62. 3 opinion, he brought into them garrisons of consider- 369/8 8’ 3 twv UnapTiaTWV , ws ovSels avToZs npoaelye These were called eparitoi. See Xenophon, Hell. 7. 4. 5. and infra, chap. 67. 2. Sianpeafievadpevoi nrpos tovs Qrjfdalovs eneiaav 22, 33, 36 ; 3 ; 1 avTovs avppaylav ovvOeaOai koto, twv Aa/ceSai- Hell. 6. 5. 14. 5 See Demosthenes, 16. 12, 19, and Xenophon, Hell. 6. 5. 19. For the policy of Athens in this period see Cloche, La Politique etrangere cT Athene.?, 97-99. Cloche thinks Athens 1 See chap. 67. 4. had a chance to expand her confederacy at the expense of 2 “ The Orehomenians refused to be members of the her former ally Thebes and her former enemy Sparta, but Arcadian League on account of their enmity toward the her refusal to help (owing especially to Elis’ recalcitrancy) Mantineans ” (Xenophon, Hell. 6. 5. 11, trans. by Brown- at this time; gave Thebes the opportunity to step in. son, L.C.L.). 123 122 , , 3—63. 2 DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 62. the Boeotians led out their army, taking some Lo- 369/8 4 jioVLUJV. evOvs ovv ol Botojrot tt]V bvvap.iv i^rjyov, these crians and Phocians along as allies. Now men npooXafiop-evox ovppdyovs AoKpovs re Kal QioKels. advanced against the Peloponnese under the boeo- ofirot, pev ovv nporjyov ini rr/v UeXoTrovvrjoov, other tarchs Epameinondas and Pelopidas, for the /cat IleAomSoir [ionorapyovvrojv ’^Lnap.et.vd>vSov boeotarchs had willingly relinquished the command to napeKeycop'qKeioav the art of tovtols yap ol aAAot fboiwrapyaL these in recognition of their shrewdness in Arcadia, eKovola>s rrjs arparr/ylas Sta re rrjv ovveoiv /cat war and their courage. When they reached 5 tt/v avbpelav tu>v avSpcvv. cvs Se KaT'qvr'ijoav em the Arcadians, Eleians, Argives, and all the other allies more than fifty ttjv ’Ap/caStav, TjKov npos avroiis navbr]p,el o t re joined them in full force. And when sitting in council ’Ap/caSes /cat ’HAetot /cat ’Apyetoi Kal ol aAAot thousand had gathered, their leaders Sparta itself and lay waste all avppayoi navres. aOpocodevTUiv be nXeioviuv i] decided to march upon 1 nevraKiapvplwv, ol p,ev r/yepoves aiirdiv avvebpev- Laconia. had cast 63. As for the Lacedaemonians, since they oavTes eyvwoav in’ avrqv /3aSt£etv rrjv S 7Taprqv many of their young men in the disaster at Kal ndaav rqv Aa/caivt/opv noporjcrai. away Leuctra and in their other defeats had lost not a few, 63. 01 be AaKebai.p6vi.oL, noXXovs pev anofie- the blows and were, taking all together, restricted by pXi]KOTes to)v vewv iv rfj nepl AevKrpa avpefiopa, and, further- of fortune to but few citizen soldiers, oiiK oXlyovs S’ iv rais aXXais rjrrais anoXaiXeKores, others more, since some of their allies had seceded and avvoXov els oXlyovs noXiriKovs otpar l 2—64. 2 DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 63. request the aid of their bitterest enemies. Neverthe- 369/8 i adrjoav ol Aa/ceScupowoi twv noXepiojrdrojv SerjOrj- less they were not disappointed of their hopes. For vac. o/jlws 8’ oil SiecrfidXrjoav twv iXrrlSwv. yap 6 the Athenian people, magnanimous and generous, ’ Kal cjriXav- twv Adryvaiwv Srjpos, peyaXoi/ivyos wv were not terrified by the power of Thebes, and voted dpcoTTOs, ttjv pev twv Qrjfialwv layvv ov KarerrXa- to aid with all their forces the Lacedaemonians now yrjoav, toZs Se AaKeSaip-ovlots imep avSparrooiapov that they were in danger of enslavement. Immedi- and dis- KivSvvevovcnv itfjr] . pev ovv rrpwTTj pepls twv Bolwtwv 64 'H rf 1 See Xenophon, Hell. 6. 5. 33-49. Diodorus brings in 3 pear]v tt/v rropeiav erroir/oaro errl rr/v 'EieXXaoiav* too soon the dispatch of Iphicrates and his army. It belongs spring of 369, after the campaign in Laconia. KaXovpevrjv ttoXiv, Kal tovs rfjSe KaroiKovvTas to the 2 The best account of this invasion is in Xenophon, Hell. 2 a. 7reoTr]cre twv AaKeSaipoviwv . ’ApyeZoi Se koto, 6. S. 22-32. See also Plutarch, Pelopidas, 24, Agesilaiis, 2. 1. 29; tovs opovs Trjs TeyednSos ^copas' ip/SaXovTes avv- 31-32; Pausanias, 9. 14; Polyaenus, 14, 15, 27, Var. Hist. 14. 27. The Nepos, Agesilaiis , 6 ; Aelian, fjt/iav toZs ippovpovoi rds napoSovs Kal tov pax^v , invasion of Laconia belongs to the winter 370/69. 3 1 2 rendezvous deep in Laconian territory north of , rj Wurm : Zcrqv. 1 Arcadia bordering Argolis. 4 ' KAAcuuav I'll!., Vogel. South-eastern corner of 127 126 ,. DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 64. 2—65. 1 the 369/8 b p- the pass, slew its leader Alexander rjyepova Trjs (f)povpas 'AXetjavBpov tov Una set to guard re of the rest, amongs Spartan and about two hundred Tiar rjv aveiXov Kal rCi)v aXXwv eis ScaKoaLovs con- whom were the Boeotian refugees. The third dneKTeivav, iv ols vnrjpyov Kal oi tuiv Boluitwv and containing tingent, composed of the Arcadians rj Se Tpirr) pepls, eK rdiv 'ApKaScov district called Scintis, 3 cfivyaBes. the largest number, invaded the eyovaa nXclorovs Ischolas, a man o avvearrjKvla Kal arparuvras which had a large garrison under Himself one ot elcripaXev els rr/v X/aptrty KaXovpevqv ydipav, rjv conspicuous valour and shrewdness. he accomplished an napecfivXaTrev ’Ia^oAas, avrjp avSpeia kch ovveaei. the most distinguished soldiers, Foreseeing that, because Bcacjiepuiv, pt,era noXXidv arpaTicordjv. oStos Be tuiv heroic and memorable deed. of the enemy, all who arpaTioiTUiv enereXecraro npatjiv of the overwhelming number imcbaveoTaTuiv decided with them would be killed, he rjpunKrjV Kal pvrjprjs at; lav. opcdv yap otl Sid to joined battle 4 with Spartan dignity while it was not in keeping tuiv noXe/uaw ndvres ol ovvdt/iavTes pdyrjv that nXfjdos pass, yet it would be to abandon his post in the dvaipedrjaoVTai, to pev Xmelv tt/v iv rats napoSocs the men. He useful to his country to preserve Tat; tv dvd^iov Trjs UndpT'qs eKpive, to Be biaouioai provided for bot therefore in an amazing manner • OTpaTUxnas d DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 65. 1-4 enemy, but 869/8 b.o. res 8r)ovpevr)v vtto twv TroXeplow ovk eKaprepow, then bear to see it being sacked by the 1 rush forth from the city , dXXd TOlS Ovpols TTpOTTLTTTOVTeS idemjdwV €K TT)S hot-headedly were ready to the elders from advancing too rroXews’ KwXvopevoi 8’ vtto twv irpeafivTepwv but being restrained by their native land, lest some one attack it, •npo'ievai powporepov anto Trjs rraTplBos, prj far from ns quietly and were finally prevailed upon to wait eTTidrjTca, eneloOrjoav tr/v rjov^iav dye iv Kal they rfj descended keep the city safe. Now Epameinondas 2 TToXei rrapeyeodai rr)v . 8e rrepl ao(f>dXeiav twv 1 valley and through the Taygetus into the Eurotas tov 'EirapeivwvBav hid tov Tavyerov KaTafiaivov- current was was engaged in crossing the river, whose twv evl tov EvpwTav, Kal diafjaivovrwv tov when the Lace- swift since it was the winter season, TTOTapov oefroBpov ovTa toj pevpari /card rrjv yei- thrown daemonians, seeing their opponents’ army pepLvrjv wpav, opwvTe ol AaKeBaipovioi rerapaype- crossing, seized s into confusion by the difficulty of the Leaving the vrjv ttjv Bvvapiv twv ivaVTiwv '8 id tt/v yaXeTror-qra the opportunity favourable for attack. the city rrjs Biafiaoews, Kaipov eXafiov evOeTOV irpos tt/v women, children, and the old men as well in in full force the men irrldeoiv, Kal Tas pev yvvaiKas Kal nalSas, en Se to guard Sparta, they marshalled forth against the enemy, Kal tovs yeyrjpaKOTas, arreXiirov iv Trj rroXei DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 65. 4—66. 1 approach the city, and would chal 360/8 1 afj.eLVwvBav, avrol Be TTpooeXOovres rfj noXeL npo- own accord would to a pitched battle, bidding them eKaXovvTO tovs HiTrapriaTas els napara^LV, tj lenge the Spartans otherwise admit their inferiority to the enemy . When £vvojjLoXoyelodaL nTpoaerarrov rjrrovs elvac twv the Spartans replied to the effect that when they found 5 TToXep,la>v . rirro kpivo.jievo)v Be twv UnapTLaTtov, a suitable occasion they would stake everything on otl Kaipov XajSovres evderov BiaywvLovvraL Tiepi one battle, they departed from the city. And when twv oXwv, (mrjXXayrjaav arro rfjs iroXews. irdaav they had devastated all Laconia and amassed count- Be tt)V AaKWVLKT/v Br/waavres Kal Aa 1 2 S’ ck Dindorf : St. L'TT'oAeAet/i/tfvt.i? FK, Dindorf. avlienoe Capps : eKTioe. 132 133 . , -. DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 66. 1-3 1 2 avecrwcre noXiv he divided the land, and reconstructing its buildings 369/8 b ttjv yojpav Ka ‘- dvoiKodopr/oas restored a notable Greek city and gained the wide- inlo'rjjiov 'EAArjvtSa Kal peydXrjS anoSoxys ervxe 1 spread approbation of all men . napa naatv avdpwnots Here I think it not unsuitable, since Messene has 2 Ovk dvoLK€iov S’ elvac vopl^w, noXXaKis rrjs so often been captured and razed, to recapitulate its Xleaarjvrjs aXovar]s Kal KaracjKa 1 i’i av 4 T7]v x“>pav «al Dindorf, Bekker : «a! tt/v x P MSS., The so-called children of Heracles who formed the second Wurm, Vogel. wave of Dorian invasion in the Peloponnese (cp. Book 4. 57 f.). 2 dvou lf.c. See Pausanias, 3. 2. 6 ; 4. 4. 2, 31. 3 and Strabo, 6. 3. 3. 1 See Plutarch, Pelopidas, 24. 5, Agesilails, 34. 1 ; 7 the union of Spartan “ maidens ” (hence ttapffemu) Isocrates, 28. From Pausanias, 4. 26-27 9. 14. 5 ; Archidamus , ; with men left behind at Sparta while the bulk of the Spar- Apparently Xenophon, the Spartophile, could not bring him- tiatae were fighting in Messene. They settled Tarentum self to mention the refounding of Messene. 708 b.c. See Strabo, l.c. 3-4. 2 A brief account of the early history of Messene and 135 134- < . . . V DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 66. 3-6 Later, however, while the Messenians were in slavery 369/8 b.c. vcnepov Se SovAevovTWv Meaarjvlojv toZs Aaxe- to the Lacedaemonians, Aristomenes 1 persuaded the Saip,ovlois ’ApiOTopLevrjs eveiae tovs Meo’CTTjvtovs' , from the Spartans, and he in- xaxa Messenians to revolt aTToeJTfjvat, tow 'EiTTapTLaTow , Kai noAAa flicted many defeats upon the Spartans at the time ore kcu Tupralos o 81ecpyaaaTo tovs Unapriaras when the poet Tyrtaeus 2 was given by the Athenians ’ jiO)V Ay ToZs ^uTTap- 7TOLTJT7JS V 7TO AOlCJVaLWV as a leader to Sparta. Some say that Aristomenes ’ 4 rtarais. evioi Se rov ApicrTop,evri yeyovevai Tfjs /Av £7TapTT)S oArjs ayeSov ovyxvOelorjs avSpwv bare of men, and the remnants of the Messenians S’ epr/p-ov yevopJvrjs, oi Meoorjvlow nepcAeL^devTes settled Ithome with the aid of the Helots who joined for a long time been WKiaaV TT)V 'IdojflTjV peTCL TOW (TWaTTOOTaVTOW the revolt, after Messene had when they were unsuccessful in all EtAcotwv, dvaoTO.TOV yeyevr)p,evr]s ttjs Meacrrjvrjs desolate. But were finally driven from their homes, S’ eV 7rao-i toZs their wars and 5 77-oAAou? V°VS - aTVxrfo'avTes XP° they settled in Naupactus,4 a city which the Athenians to tcAcvtcuov avaaTaTOl yCVOflCVOL KaT- rroAepioLS, Furthermore Adyjvauw had given them for an abode. some coK7]crav ev N (xvttclkt , Sovtcuv avToZs p of their number were exiled to Cephallenia, while oiKT^TTjpcov T-r/vSe ttjv TToAtV . KCU TIVCS jJ*€V aVT U) others settled in Messana 5 in Sicily, which was named itjevecrov, rive? 8’ eV 'LixeAla els Ke(f>aAAr)vlav after them. Finally at the time under discussion the ovop,ao9eZcjav kut- Meacnjvrjv ttjv cl7t’ exeivcov Thebans, at the instigation of Epameinondas, who VTroKei/ievovs 6 wi coKcoav rrjv Meowjvijv Kal tt/v apxalav avToZs Such then were the many important vicissitudes X Aa/rtov f) MiAijcuos) along with other poets that came to Sparta 1 So Dindorf : awairooraTtov. from the more forward regions of Asia Minor and the islands. For other notices of his life see Edmunds, ibid. 50-58. 3 464^-455 b.c. See Book 11. 63. 1 Messenian hero of the Second Messenian War, 685- 4 Situated on a promontory on the north shore of the Gulf 668 b.c. of Corinth an important ally of Athens in the Peloponnesian 2 Fragments of his marching songs and his poem on good ; War. government V.vvojiin) are collected in Edmunds, Elegy and ( 5 Formerly Zancle, settled by Siculians probably, later Iambus, 1. 58 ff„ L.C.L. See Book 8. 27. 2. Schmid-Stahlin, colonized by Chalcidians. Gr. Litt.-Gesch. 1. 1. 358 ff., doubt if a poet came out of 137 136 DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 67. 1-4 67. The Thebans, having accomplished in eighty- 369/8 B.c. 67. 01 8e QrifiaZoi navra ra npoecpripeva five days 1 all that is narrated above, and having avvreXeaavTes ev rjpepais dydorpcovra Kai rrevre, left a considerable garrison for Messene, returned to tjyvXatcqv agioXoyov rrjs Mea- Kal KaTaXmovTes their own land. The Lacedaemonians, who had un- Baipovioi arjvqs, eiravrjXdov els T7]v oiKeiav. A cu DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 67. 4—68. 3 ander of Macedon, 1 he obtained its surrender. 309/8 cf>povpovpevrjv wto ’AXe^avhpov tov Ma/ceSovo?, Then proceeding into Macedon, where he made an pev napeXa^ev, ets 8e TTjV Ma/ceSoviav tolvttjv alliance with Alexander the Macedonian king, he took crappaylav rroeqaapevosjrpos ’ AAe£- TrapeXddiv Kal from him as a hostage his brother Philip, whom he opyjpov eXafde avhpov tov tcov Ma/ccSovcor fdacnXea, sent to Thebes. 2 When he had settled Thessalian aheXcjjov QiXittttov, ov e^errepipev nap ’ avrov tov affairs as he thought fit in the interest of the Boeo- 8tot- els ras 07j/Sa?. ia Se koto. tt)v ©erraAtW tians, he returned home. Kr/aapevos to? 7ror’ eho^ev avTW avp eActrrows' htapvptaiv . eho^ev ovv 3 3 ot ovprravTes ovk An account of this expedition is in Xenophon, Hell. 7. 1. avTols oxvpo'joaodai ray napohovs Kal htaiewXvetv 15-22. See also Pausanias, 9. 15. 4. 4 eLoj3oXfjs According to Isocrates (On the Peace, 118), Megara tovs BottoTou? T7)s els 1 1 eXoiTowr]oov remained neutral. It is obvious here that she afforded 1 Aeyatov oto.v- dp^dpevoL S’ a770 Keyxpcdiv peyp passage to both parties. 6 Pellene was the easternmost town of Achaia, slightly north-west of Sicyon and Corinth. 1 chap. 61. 5. See 4, 6 The line from Cenchreae (on the Saronic Gulf) to 2 different account concerning Philip see Book 16. For a Lechaeum (on the Corinthian Gulf) crossed the neck of the Cambridge Ancient History, 6. 86, disagrees with 2. 2. Cary, isthmus close to the Peloponnese and just included the city in Diodorus. See Aeschines, On the Embassy both passages of Corinth. Mentioned in Book 11. 16. 3. 28. 141 140 ? O BOOK XV. 68. 3—69. 1 DIODORUS OF SICILY with palisades and deep trenches, and since the task 869/8 b.c. rd ’ seize the cities, for 69. Evdv Se enl TpoL^yjva Kal EnlSavpov no- they had garrisons of considerable strength, yet Sicyon,1 Phlius, 2 and certain other cities pevdels T7]V pev ^copav eSywcre, twv Se TroXewv he so intimidated as to bring them over to his side. ovk eSvvrjOrj Kparrjaac Sta. to (jrpovpds e^ety a^to- 3 1 When he invaded Corinth, and the Corinthians sallied Xoyovs, EiKVwva Se Kal OAiowto. Kal TLvas aAAas forth to meet him, he defeated them in battle, and noXeis KaTanXrj^dpevos npocrrjyayeTO. OTpaTevcras drove them all back inside their walls, but when the S’ enl KopLvdov, Kal twv KopLvOlwv ene£eX ovtwv 1 Fighting for Sicyon is indicated in Polyaenus, 5. 16. 3 tovtovs pev £vtos twv tclxwv avv- VLKTjaas P-dyT) , and Pausanias, 6. 3. 3. That the Boeotians obtained it is 1 Dindorf. stated in Xenophon, Hell. 7. 2. 11 3. 2, 4. irdvra] Trdvra. tov ; 2 2 According to ibid. 2. 5-9, Phlius So Vogel, following P : napeXOetv. Xenophon, remained 3 Oatouyra MSS. corrected by Palmer. true to Sparta. 4 aAAar added by Dindorf (cp. chaps. 71. 4 and 75. 2). 143 142 A , . DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 69. 1—70. 1 Boeotians were so elated by their success that some of 369/8 b.c. e8lw£e, twv Se Boiwrwv 8id ttjv evrjpeplav peTew- them rashly ventured to force their way through the pioOevrwv Kal tii’ojv npoxelpws ToXpr]advTWV 8ia , gates into the city, the Corinthians, frightened, took Trjs rrvXrjs els rrjv ttoXlv elcr/3i.d£,eo9ai, ol pev refuge in their houses, but Chabrias the Athenian KoplvOioi 8eloavTes eTpampcrav els ras oueias, general made an intelligent and determined resis- 8’ o ’Adr/valwv arpcxTrjyos epcfrpovws XajSpta? twv tance, and succeeded in driving the Boeotians out of vnoards tovs pev e£ef3aXev dpa leal TeOapprjKOTors the city, having also struck down many of them. In KO.T- €K Trjs TToXeWS, TroXXoVS Se TWV DOLWTWV the rivalry which followed, the Boeotians gathered all 2 efiaXev. yevopeviqs Se pa)(as dv8paya9oWTWV avrwv rroXXoi re twv 1 X DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 70. 1—71. 1 369/8 Btonep 8otjavres eiixetpla Kal avBpela 8ta 1 office Ptolemy 1 of Alorus, son of 368/7 b.c. 677 1 Se tovtcov I I'ToAe/nalos’ 6 ’AXwplrys o ’Ap, vvrov During their term of 1 his brother-in-law, vios eSoAo(f)6vyaev ’AXe^avSpov rov aSeAov, k(u Amyntas, assassinated Alexander, 2 for three years. In Boeotia 2 efiaolAevae rys Ma/ceSovta? ery rpla. Kara, Se and was king of Macedon Pelopidas, whose military reputation rivalled that of TTjV VtOLOJTLdV JleAo77l3aj itfltlpiAAoS WV TW ’En~ Epameinondas, saw that the latter had arranged the apeivtovSa rrj Kara noXepov Soljy, Kal deojpwv Peloponnesian affairs to the advantage of the Boeo- eKeZvov ra 77epl ryv YleXonovvyaov avp well have been the of Demosthenes, 23. 120 ; IG, use of to« aSeA^or. He may son an gmata Epaminondou, 17 (193) ; in Macedonia. After 2 Amyntas since the name was common 2 . 1. 116. 39 f. 148 149 1 DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 71. 4—72. 1 Athenians and some 368/7 b. Se kcu rive? left them in the lurch and the pev avrovs eyKareXmov , ’ Adrjvatoi and they found their pro- ’ other allies joined Alexander, dAAoi avp.payoL TrapeyevovTO to) AXe£dv8pa>, ra visions of food and drink and all their other supplies Se ffiTa (cat 7rord /cat raAAa rcarra C77eAe (77 e rots giving out, the boeotarchs decided to return home. eyvcooav ol fjoLOJTapya.1 ttjv ety oIkov BotaiTOts, When they had broken camp and were proceeding -noielodcu. ava£ev£dvT cov 8’ o.vtojv, kcu 5 inavo8ov through level country, Alexander trailed them with Sid ydipas veSidSos, AXe£- rijs 7Topelas ovarjs a large body of cavalry and attacked their rear. A 0(7 L KCU TOl? 6771 av8pOS C.TTTj KoXovOc l TToXXoLS 177776 number of Boeotians perished under the continuous ot /xev tt/? ovpaylo.s cttcOcto . rwv Se Botairdiv rain of darts, others fell wounded, until finally, being KaTaKOVTitppevoi ovveydjs drredvrjaKov, ol Se permitted neither to halt nor to proceed, they were Tpo,vp,o.ai TrepiemTTTOv, reXos 8 ovre peveuv oure reduced to utter helplessness, as was natural when 2 provisions . When 'they TTpodyeiv etljpevoi els voXXrjv dpr/yavlav ivemiTTOV , they were also running short of 17S77 S’ abandoned hope, Epameinondas, who was 6 are 817 /cat rcov eVrir^Seta/v cr77avi£wra>v. had now ' at that time serving as a private soldier, was appointed avrcov tt)v aojrrjplav dnoywwoKOVTWV , Euapet- the men. Quickly selecting the light-armed vcovSas ISuorevcov ko.t ckcIvov tov ypovov vtto general by 3 men and cavalry, he took them with him, and, posting twv (jTparuijTOjv Karearddr) arpar'qyos • ev8vs Se himself in the rear, with their aid checked the enemy 8iaXe£as rods re ifnXovs /cat tovs Irnrels, tov- pursuers and provided complete security for the heavy- /cat TayOels em rrjs tovs pev avros dveXafie, wheeling about armed men in the front ranks ; and by ovpaylas Sta tovtojv aveareAAe tovs cttcikoXov- and offering battle and using masterly formations he noXeplovs /cat rroXX-qv dacjidAetav TtapevyeTO dovvTas saved the army. By these repeated successes he more rroiovpevos Se payas rots TrporjyovpevoLs ottXItcus, and more enhanced his own reputation and won the i£ v7Toarpo(f)fjS /cat rd^et cjuXoTeyvop ypwpevos warm approbation of both his fellow citizens and allies. 7 Steawae to CTTpaT077eSov. atet Se paXXov Sta rwv But the Thebans brought judgement against the boeo- KaTopOwpaTOW av£ow tt]V t’St'av ev8o£lav peydXt]S tarchs of the day and punished them with a heavy d-!To8oyr]S CTvyyave 77apa re rot? ttoXItcus kcu rot? fine. rore /3otojrap- 72. When the reason is asked why a man of such ovppdyois . ol Se ©TjjSatoi tovs private soldier in the expedition yrjoaVTas /caraSt/cctaavre?, ttoXXols yprjpaaLV e'Crj- parts was serving as a Thessaly, we must give his own plea plcoaav. that was sent to in defence. In the battle at Corinth Epameinondas, 72 . '\imtpiTovpevrjS Se tt/s atrta? 77a/? o tolovtos having cut through the guard of the Lacedaemonians dvrjp l8idiTTjs wv earparedero ptera. rd/v et? @erra- oIkcZov Xoyov Atav (XTToaTO.XevTO)v , dnoSoTeov tov 1 So Schafer : i-neAciVero. 2 Trjs diroXoylas Tjj payp rrj rrepl Koptv^ov MiTra- So Hertlein : egemirrov. 3 Vogel : te. ptetvd/vSa? Sta/coi//a? ttjv ivi tov npoTeiycapaTos So 151 150 DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 72. 1-4 outwork, though he might have slain many of 368/7 (f>vXaK7jv tow A aK€d(UjiovLow , Kal 8vvapevos ttoX- on the the enemy, was satisfied with his advantage and de- Xoils aveXelv twv rroXeplow , rjpKeaOrj tw TTpoTeprj- 1 further combat. serious suspicion arose Kal rrjs ini nXelov pdyrjs direoTt) yevopivqs sisted from A 2 part . that he had spared the Lacedaemonians as a personal Se 776/31 avrov LKavrjs iinoi/ilas ws nerfieiapevov tow favour, and those who were jealous of his fame found A aKeSaipovUiov (Stay eveKa yapiTOS, ol 6ovovvTes an opportunity for plausible charges against him. avTov Trj 8o£;r) Kaipov eXafiov evXoyov 8iaf3oXrjs. They accordingly brought a charge of treason against ivtveyKavTOjv ovv avTW npo8oolas eyKXr/pa, to him, and the populace, incensed, removed him from ttX vapo£vv9ev dnioTrjcrev avTov tt\s rj8os fiouo- of boeotarchs, made him a private soldier, 2 the board noLijcrav e^aTrecrreiAe /xerd rapylas, Kal uHcott/v and sent him out with the rest. When he had by his 3 twv dXXwv. ws Se and twv diroTeXeapd.TWV e£- achievements wiped out the feeling against him, the qXeu/je -ray > 32 and Plutarch, Agesilaus , 33. 3 ff. the new foundation. Megalopolis. 152 153 a ,. DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 73. 1-5 In Sicily, Dionysius the tyrant having large SG8/r 73. Kara Se ttjv huceXlav Aiovvanos 6 Tvpavvos 73. armies, and perceiving that the Carthaginians were in eywv hvvapecs atjioXoyovs, «al tovs KapyrjSoviovs no condition for war because of the plague which had TtoXepov 8 La re opcbv ovk eS SiaKeipevovs rrpos tov 1 raged in their midst and the defection of the Libyans, Trap’ avToZs Xoljuktjv vocrov kcu ttjv yeyevTjpevrjv decided to take the field against them. Not having a ttjv dtrocrraatv tow Atflvcov, eyvo arpareve tv err reasonable excuse for strife, he alleged that the Phoe- ai/TOVS. ovk eyoov Se Trpocfxujiv d^ioXoyov ttjs nicians in the empire of Carthage had violated the ready an 8ia DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 73. 5—74. 3 Dionysius fell sick and died, after ruling as overlord 368/7 b.c. els dppaiarlav ejmeaviv ereXevrrjae, hvvacrrevoas for thirty-eight years. His son Dionysius succeeded errj rptaKovra Kal oktoi rr/v he dpx'pv hta.he^ap,evos and ruled as tyrant twelve years. 6 vlos Aiovvcrios ervpdwevaev err] haiheKO.. 74. It is not out of keeping with the present narra- ’ 74 . Ovk avovKeiov 8 earl rrjs v7TOKeip,evr)s toro- tive to recount the cause of his death and the hieXOelv rds re airlas rrjs reXevrrjs xai ra plas events which befell this dynast toward the end of his rovrui ru> hvvdorr) rrepl rr)v rod (jlov oupfddvra life. Now Dionysius had produced a tragedy at the ’AOrj- Karaarpo(f>riv } Aiovvolov rolvvv hehihaydros Lenaea 1 at Athens 2 and had won the victory, and vrjOL Arjvalois rpaytphlav Kal vtK'paavros, rdiv ev one of those who sang in the chorus, supposing that he 2 rdi X°PV rls dhovroiv vnoXafidiv TifarjOrjoecrdai would be rewarded handsomely if he were the first to Xaprrpdis eav ttpairos drrayyelXr) rr/v vUrjv, Si- give news of the victory, set sail to Corinth. There, transferred to errXevaev els rrjv Kdpivdov . KaraXafddiv S’ ei . — DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 74 3 75 . 2 waged against them he was accustomed to withdraw 368/7 b.c. TT€7roXefjL'qKWS elwOei Kara ras vlxas imoxpevyeiv in the hour of victory and accept defeat willingly, in Kai eKovaiws rjTracrdcu, tva p-rj So^rj row loyypo- order that he might not appear to have proved him- r/SvvqOr] 4 repoiv yeyovevai Kpetmov. ov pvrjv ye rfj “ ” self better than the stronger foe. For all that, how- 7ravovpyla K 1 mercenaries, slew them all, cast the bodies of the dead (d'ljBdlos p,eTa Svvdpews epBaXon eis 1 eXonov- into the ditch in front of the walls, and plundered the 1 KpeiTTiov] KpeiTTOiV etvat 1JK. yeyovevaL city from end to end. Epameinondas, the Theban, 2 S’ o P, Se Vulgate. entered the Peloponnese with an army, won over the 1 Though Diodorus has just said above that Dionysius was 2 A Thessalian town between Pherae and Pharsalus. For his repetition to wish producing at Athens (§ 1), he seems by this blood-bath see Plutarch, Pelopidas, 29. 4, 31. 1 and to stress the fact that the judgement was rendered by the Pausanias, 6. 5. 2 f. (date given as 371/0, perhaps as a result most critical and authoritative city of the time. of missing an Olympiad). 158 159 ’ l DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 75. 2—76. 2 1 vrjoov rods ’Ayaiovs Kal nvas aAAas ndAets npoa- Achaeans and some cities besides, and liberated 307/6 b.c 1 riyayeTO, Avpr/v Se /cat Nat/7ra/crov /cat KaAvSoova Dyme, Naupactus, and Calydon, which were held by ’ a garrison of the Achaeans. The Boeotians invaded fipovpovpevrjv vit Ayatoov r)AevOepa>aev . icrrpa- < Thessaly also and released Pelopidas 2 from revaav Se /cat et? QerraAlav Botcurot, /cat IleAo- the custody of Alexander, tyrant of Pherae. the nlSav iKoplaavro -nap ’AAeijavSpov tov (Eepdjv And to Phliasians upon whom the Argives were waging war, 8e pivots vn’ ’ Ap- 3 rvpdvvov. OAtaatots noAepov 3 ’ Chares brought assistance, having been sent with yelwv Xapr)s vn ’ Adrjvaltov nep DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 76. 2—77. 1 p-aXXov T)v£rj6r) TrpocroSois re Brjfxocriais Kal rots public revenues and private wealth constantly in- 366/5 b.c twv ISiwrwv ttXovtols, Kal to avvoXov ivapuXXos creased, so much so that it became in a word a rival eyeVero rats TrpwTevovaais voXecnv. of the leading cities of Greece. While these things were going on, the Persian King 1 3 “A/bta 8e tovtols npaTTop-evoLS 6 twv Ylepcrwv sent envoys and succeeded in persuading the Greeks fiamXevs orro ore tAas rrpiofieLS eneiae tovs "EA- to settle their wars and make a general peace with Xrjvas tovs p-ev TroXepovs KaTaXvaacrdaL /cat kolvtjv one another. Accordingly the war called Sparto- elp'/jvrjv ovvdeodai npos aXXr'jXovs Sionep 6 re Boeotian was settled after lasting more than five years Aokwvlkos /cat Bota/rt/co? KXrjdels noXepos kot- counting from the campaign of Leuctra. 1 eXv6t], rrXeiw peivas £twv rrerre, tt)v dpyijV Xafiwv In this period there were men memorable for then- 2 OL7TO TWV AeVKTpLKWV. culture, Isocrates the orator and those who became 4 'Yirrjp^av 8e /caret tovtovs tovs ypovovs avSpes his pupils, Aristotle the philosopher, and besides these Anaximenes of Lampsacus, Plato of Athens, the last Kara -rraiSeiav a£ioi pvrjp-qs Tcro Kpdrrjs re 6 piyrwp of the Pythagorean philosophers, and Xenophon who Kal ol tovtov yevop-evoL paOrjTal Kal ’ ApLOTOTeXrjs composed his histories in extreme old age, for he ert AapipaKrjvos 6 DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 77. 1-5 and strange new outbreaks of revolution. For in- 865/4 Kai.V0T0fj.La napaXoyos ol yap twv ApKaSwv stance, the Arcadian exiles, 1 setting out from Elis, cf>vyd8es opprjdivTes i£ TIAiSo? KareXafiovTO rrjs occupied a stronghold known as Lasion of the country ovopa^opevrfs 'YpujjvXlas ycopcov oyvpov, o npoo- called l Triphylia. For many years Arcadia ypovojv nepc rrjs and Elis 2 rfyopevrai Aaacwv . e/c noXXwv Se had been disputing the possession of Triphylia, and ’Ap/caSe? xal ’HAetot, /cat TpLcjjvXias rffufjLLj^rfTOVv according as the ascendancy shifted from one country eKaTcpwv iv rat? pLerafioXals vnepoyas Kara tcls to the other, they had alternately been masters of the ivaXXdi; eKvpUvov tt\s ycopas ' /card Se tovs vno- district ; but at the period in question, though the KpaTOWTWV tt)V KeLfJ-ivovs Katpovs twv Ap/eaSa/v Arcadians were ruling Triphylia, the Eleians, making rav- TpL DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 77. 6—78. 4 1 in-law Perdiccas 1 err] rpLa- after ruling three 365/4 b . . vito raSeA^iou ] lepStKKa, fiaoiAevoas years ; and c Perdiccas succeeded to the throne rrjv §€ dpyijv StaSetjaptevos o IlepSi/r/ray e/?aax- and ruled Macedon for five years. Aevoe rrjs Ma/reSoiaay err] vevre. 78. When Timocrates was archon at Athens, in 364/3 b . c. 78. ’E7t’ dpxovros S’ ’A Orjvrjcri Tep.oKpd.Tovs ev Rome three military tribunes with ko.t- consular power 'Ptdp pev dvr l twv intdriov y/Aiapyoi rpets D were elected, Titus Quinctius, Servius Cornelius, and eorddrjoav Titos KoiV/moy Kae Sepouioy Kopvrj- : Servius Sulpicius ; and the hundred fourth Olympiad Se u7ro Aeos Kae Hepoveos Y.ovAvu the I heban, who enj Qrjfialos, pteytarov eyow row ttoXltow dipLOjjxa, avv- oyed the highest standing amongst 364/3 his fellow aydelarjs e/c/cAijom? SieXe^drj rots' rroXlrats, rpo- countrymen, harangued his fellow citizens at a meeting rperiopevos avrovs dvreyeoOai rrjs Kara 9aXarray of the assembly, urging them to strive for the supremacy on the sea. In the rjyep.ovlas . SteXdwv Se Xoyov etc ypovov Treefvpew- course of the speech, 3 which was the result of long najxevov iSeiKwe rrjv emfioXrjv ravrrjv avpfftepov- consideration, he pointed out that this attempt was both expedient adv re /cat Svvarrjv, ra re aXXa rrpo ev rrepl rr\v MavnVeiav land oXlyov \p6vov rfj pd-XJl ; when, however, a little while later, after win- 364/3 B.c Xaprrpordrrjv rrjv vlkt]V rfj rrarplhi rrepirronjaas ning a most glorious victory for his country in the rjpouKws ereXevrrjoev, evdeios Kal ra'rwv (drjfdaiow battle of Mantineia, he died a hero’s death, straight- way the . of Trpd.yjio.ro rfj rovrov reXevrfj ovvarreOavev aXXa power Thebes died with him. But this subject shall rrepl pev rovrwv Ta Kara pepos piKpov varepov we set forth accurately in detail a little later. At that time 1 the Thebans decided to 3 dt DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 79. 6—80. 4 plausible Trjs rt/xcopia? Aafiovres, earparevarav errl tov pretexts for punishing them, took the field 364/3 1 against Orchomenus, ’0pyopcevow KaTaoxovres 8e ttjv noAiv tovs p,ev occupied the city, slew the male inhabitants and sold into slavery dvhpas dneKTecvav tskva 8e koI yvvaiKas e^rjv8pa- the women and , children. TToBicTaVTO 80. About this time the Thessalians, who continued 80. Ilepi 8e tovs avrovs Kcupovs SerraAol rrpos the war upon Alexander, tyrant of Pherae, and, ’ AAe^avBpov tov Qepcov rvpawov BianoAepiovvTes suffering defeat in most of the battles, had lost large Kai nAeloai fMcyais r]TTCop,evoi* iroAAovs 8e tcov numbers of their fighting men, sent ambassadors to the Thebans with a OTpOLTlCOTWV (ITToAojAeKOTeS , TTpeCjfieiS dneOTeiAaV request to assist them and to dispatch to 1 Trpos Qrjfiatovs, atjiovvTes aiiToZs porjOrjcrat Kal them Pelopidas as general. For they knew that on account of his arrest 2 cJTparqyov aiiToZs e^anocjTeZAai IT eAomSav. rj8ec- by Alexander he was on very bad terms with the ruler, and besides, oav yap tovtov tov av8pa 8ia ttjv vtt' ’AAe£av8pov that he was a man of superior courage and widely avAArjipLv cIAAotpicorara BiaKelpievov Trpos tov Su - renowned for his shrewdness in the art of war. When vdoTrjv, ap.a Se Kai dvhpela 8 id requested ; but as Pelopidas was hastening SovTes els e7TTaKt.crxiAiovs to leave arparccoTas rep TleAom'Sa 3 with his army, the sun, as it happened, was eclipsed. 1 avvTo/ioJS eKe'Aevov porjdeZv avrov toZs 8eopievois" Many were superstitious about the phenomenon, and tov Se II eAonlBov Tayeojs pierd Trjs Swapiecos some of the soothsayers declared that because of the 3 itjiovTos avvejSrj tov rjAiov eKAnreZv. ttoAAow Be withdrawal of the soldiers, the city’s “ sun ” had been to yeyovos vnonrevaafievcov, tcov piavrecov TLves eclipsed. Although in this interpretation they were dnecf>-rjvavTO 8ia rrjv yevopcevrjv eijoSov tcov arpa- foretelling the death of Pelopidas, he notwithstanding set out for the campaign, drawn on ticotcov eKAnreZv tov Trjs noAecos rjAiov. Kal Sid by Fate. When he arrived in Thessaly, and found that Alexander had tovtcov tcov Aoycov TTpoAeyovTcov tov tov II eAarrlBov davarov, ovSev rjrrov 6 IIeAo7ri8as' dve£ev£ev 1 See Plutarch, Pelopidas, ini 31-35 ; Nepos, Pelopidas, 5. 2 3 See chaps. 71. 2, 75. 2. 4 TTjV orpare lav, vito tov ypecov ayopievos. cos Se 3 According to Plutarch, Pelopidas left his army because KaTr/VTr/aev els rr/v SerraAlav, Kal tov ’AAe'£av8pov of the eclipse and took command of the Thessalian Leaeue8 4 13 July 364. 1 So Stephanus : Kare^ovres P, e^ovr^s cet. 2 rjTTcbfievoi {t)tt6ixzv(u P)] rjTTrjfievot, Dindorf, 3 So Schafer : orparlav P, oTpanav Vulgate. 172 173 , DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 80. 4—81. 1 forestalled him by occupying the commanding posi- KareXafie TrpoKareiXrjppevov tovs vnepSe^iovs to- 3 , ;4/3 B c tions and had more than twenty thousand 1 men, he ttovs Kal OTpaTio'jTas eyovra TrXelovs ra)v Siap.vpi.wv, encamped opposite the enemy, and, strengthening his dvrearpaTOTreSevae pev rois TroXeplois, irpocrXafio- forces with allied troops from among the Thessalians, pevos Se tuiv QeTTaXdiv ovvrjifie avppayovs rrapd joined battle with his opponents. Although Alex- ander 5 pdyrjv to is evavriois. tov Se 'AXe£avSpov Sia ras had the advantage by reason of his superior position, inrepoyas tcov tottiov trXeoveKTOvvTos, 6 ncAoTTiSa? Pelopidas, eager to settle the battle by his own courage, ernevSiov Sid rrjs ISlas avSpelas Kpivai rrjV payrjv charged Alexander himself. The ruler with a corps of picked in' aiirov dipprjoe rov 'AXiijavSpov. rov Se Sv- men resisted, and a stubborn battle ensued, in the eyevero course of which Pelopidas, per- vduTov pierd rd>v iniXeKTWv vnooravros, forming mighty deeds of valour, strewed all the ground pdyr) Kaprepa, KaO' rjv 6 YleXoniSas dpiorevcov about him with dead men, and though he brought the navra tov nepl aiirov ronov veKpuiv Karearpajae, contest to a close, routed the enemy and won the reXos S' inidels to) kivSvvw Kal rods noXepiovs victory he yet lost his , own life, suffering many wounds and heroically rpetjjdpevos rrjv [lev viktjv nepienoirjaaTO, tov Se forfeiting his life. But Alexander, after being avrov filov anifiaXe ,* noXXois nepmeowv rpavpaai worsted in a second battle and utterly crushed, was compelled 6 Kal to tpjv rjputiKcos npoipevos. o S’ ' AXeijavSpos by agreement to restore to the Thes- 2 salians the cities he had Sevrepa payp Xenfideis Kai to is oXois avvrpipeis reduced, to surrender the Magnesians and the Phthiotian rjvayKaaOrj Ka6’ opoXoylav tois [lev Achaeans to the OerraXois Boeotians, and for the future to be the ruler over ras KaranenoXeprjpevas noXeis anoSovvai, May- Pherae alone as an ally of the Boeotians. vrjras Se Kal tovs ^diwras 'Ayaiovs napaSovvai 81. Although the Thebans had won a famous vic- Botcorots, Kai to dlepwv 3 tory, Xoittov povcuv apyovra they declared to the world that they were the avppayov elvai Boiairois. losers because of the death of Pelopidas ; for having lost 81. 01 Se Qrjfiaioi nepijSor/Tov vucqv dnevr)vey- such a remarkable man, they rightly judged the victory of less pevoi, Trpos dnavras eefiaaav eavrovs r/TTaoOai* account than the fame of Pelopidas. Indeed he had done many great Sia TTjv IleAomSou TeXevrrjv a£ioXoyov services to his country yap an- and had contributed more than any other man to the oXioXeKores avSpa, Kara Xoyov eKpivov tt)v vIki]v r/TTOva 1 Probably an vndpyeiv rrjs IIeAo7riSou So£r)s. noXXas exaggeration. The victory was not so important, otherwise the Thebans yap Kai peyaXas ypeias napeoyero narplSi, would not have found it rfj necessary to send a large army into Thessaly shortly after- nXeiorov Se Trpos rr/v tcov ward. avvefiaXero QrjfiaUuv t or this battle of Cynoscephalae see Cary, Cambridae 1 Ancient History, 6. 86-87. arreflaXe : aneBaXev P, aveXnre cet. 3 So Dindorf, Bekker, Vogel : \-q DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 81. 1-4 K 1 KaraAiji/rei. (For this see So Reiske : (chaps. 25, 26) of retaking the Cadmeia. 16 f.), Dm- 2 Teyupav Stephanus (cp. Plutarch, Pelopidas, Plutarch, Pelopidas, 7-12.) MSS., Vogel. 2 Orchomenus. I he battle of dorf, Bekker : Teyear A village of Boeotia near 3 irXeiov cet. critical a nXetorov Hertlein : nXelovs PA, Tegyra is described by Plutarch (see notes) as 4 Pelopidas’ tov Dindorf, Vogel : tovtov. “ sort of prelude ” to that of Leuctra and one of 6 noMairXacnov. TToXXan\a(jLova Dindorf : most glorious exploits. *a\d>s ay. 6 kol deleted by Vogel ; 3 20. 23. 4. Nepos, aywvioapevos after Xws See Plutarch, Pelopidas, 18 ; 2 ; 2, Reiske, after 7T€pLpor]Tov 4 placed after evLKrjaev (above) by y Pelopidas, 4. 2. See chaps. 62. 4 ff. and notes. 5 Xenophon, Hell. 7. 1. Dindorf, Bekker. See Plutarch, Pelopidas, 30. 5 ; o~ or* 6 nhon GO a nr] nnfpc 1 But Diodorus does not mention Pelopidas in his account 177 176 DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 81. 4—82. 1 a7to rfjs els rds Qr/pas KaOoSov ro>v 1 fivyaSwv he was so favourably treated that from the return of 864/3 b .c . peXP L rfjs eavrov TeXevrfjs fiouoTapx&v irdvra rov the exiles to Thebes until his death he continued every Xpovov SiereAecre, pySevos dAXov rwv ttoAitojv rav- year to hold the office of boeotarch, 1 an honour ac- tt]s rj£iwpevov rfjs Tiprjs. neAo7uSas- pev ovv, corded to no other citizen. So let Pelopidas, whose Sia tt]v It) lav aperrjv vrro ttovtiov dnroSoxTjs r]£uio- personal merits received the approbation of all, re- pevos, eyeVco /cat 7Tap' r/pcdv rov Sid rfjs laroplas ceive from us too the approbation of History. €7TCUVOV. At the same time, Clearchus, who was a native of Heracleia on the Black Sea, set out to win a tyranny, 5 KaTa Se rods avrovs XP°vovS KAeapxos, to “and when he had achieved his purpose, he emulated yevos u>v e£ 'Hpa/cAei'a? rrjs iv ra> Howto, eW- the methods of Dionysius tyrant of Syracuse, and after dero rvpavvlSi- Kparijcras Se rfjs empoArjs e^tjAwcre becoming tyrant of Heracleia ruled with conspicuous pev rr/v Siayojyrjv r'qv Aiovvalov rov Xvpaieocrlwv success for twelve years. 2 While these things were Tvpavvov? rvpavvevaas Se rwv ' II paieXeairedv eiu- going on Timotheus, the Athenian general, command- 6 rjptjev cf>avu)s err] SolSe/ca. dpa Se tovtois nparro- ing a force of both infantry and ships, besieged and ’ pevois TipoOeos o AQrjvalcov arparrjyos eyeov took Torone and Potidaea, 3 and brought relief to Svvapiv rretppA re xal vavriKrjv Topidvrjv pev teal Cyzicus, 4 which was undergoing a siege. 303/2 b . YlorlSaiav TroXiopKr'jaas etXe, Kv£u • • r. . ALFJK, t. A ... t. 8. cet ., Dindorf, Bekker. ing during the summer of 364 in the Sea of Marmora and 3 iretfv Dindorf : ire£acjv. had caused Byzantium to withdraw from the Athenian con- federacy (see chap. 79. 1). At the arrival of Timotheus in 1 the prudently withdrew and Timo- Confirmed by Plutarch, Pelopidas, 34. 5. region, Epameinondas 2 relieved the siege of Cyzicus. Clearchus had been a student of Isocrates and Plato. theiis recovered Byzantium and See and Glotz, Hist, gr. 3. 170. He was exiled from Heracleia a few years previous to 364 Nepos, Timotheus, 1. 3 5 described under this archonsliip, and had become a mercenary commander in the service of The battle of Mantineia, Mantineians were gathering in the Persia. Called in by the council of Heracleia to combat the occurred in 362 just as the 5. which would normally democracy, Clearchus placed himself at the head of the harvest (Xenophon, Hell. 7. 14), take of June on (Fougeres, Mantinee democratic movement, ousted the oligarchs, confiscated their place from the middle et VArcadie orientate 56, 460). 178 , 179 DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 82. 1-5 TOW ’OXvptTlWV, Kal eKVpleVOV Tov lepov Kal T&V the Olympian games, and were masters of the temple 363/2 b 1 ev avTU) yprjpaTiov. toiv Se MaVTCveatv avaXa- and the offerings deposited in it . Since the Manti- fiovTow els tovs ISlovs filovs ovk oXlya to)v dvadrj- neians had appropriated for their own private uses a parow eotrevSov ol trapavoprjcraVTes Sia/careyen' large number of the dedications, they were eager as transgressors for the war against the Eleians to con- rov Trpos HAeioo? troXepov, iva prj Sdxnv iv elprjvrj tinue, in order to avoid, if peace were restored, giving 2 Xoyov toiv dvaXojOevTOW . ru>v Se aXXojv 'ApKaStov 2 1 an account of their expenditures . But since the rest fiovXopivajv avvdeadai rrjv elpr/vrjv, endaeis ixl- of the Arcadians wished to make peace, they stirred up vrjaav trpos tovs opoeOvels yevopevwv ovv Svetv . strife against their fellow countrymen. Two parties eTcupicov, ouvijoaive T-rjs pev tovs Teyearas, T-rjs accordingly sprang up, one headed by Tegea, and the 3 8e tovs MavTcvels -rjyeiodai. itrl ttoXv Se Ttjs other by Mantineia. Their quarrel assumed such pro- 8iacf>opas avijtjdelcrrjs els T-rjv Sia twv ottXojv Kpioiv portions that they resorted to a decision by arms, and KaTrp>Tt]oav Kal , Teyearat pev npecr^evaavres trpos the Tegeans, having sent ambassadors to the Boeo- [jolojtovs etreurav eavTots /3ot]6elv, ol Se Boicorot tians, won assistance for themselves, for the Boeotians OTpaTfjyov etrujTrjoavTes 'E-rrapeivwvSav Kal 8v- appointed Epameinondas general, gave him a large 3 vaptv a^ioXoyov 8 ovtcs e^arre'oTeiXav fior]9rjoai tois army, and dispatched him to aid the Tegeans . The 4 Teyeatais. ol Se M avriveis ttjv e/c Ttjs Botojrtay Mantineians, terrified at the army from Boeotia and Svvapiv Kal tt/v ’EtrapeivcvvSov § o£av Kara-rrXa- the reputation of Epameinondas, sent envoys to the bitterest of yevTes, trpos tovs eyOpoTciTovs tow Eolojtow ’A 6tj- enemies the Boeotians, the Athenians and the Lacedaemonians, and prevailed upon them to vatovs kat AaKeSaipioviovs wpicr/deis eKtrepufjavTes 4 fight on their side . And when both peoples had etreioav crvppayetv. (ov dp DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 82. 5—83. 2 6 dovoi TrjV tu>v reyeariov %wpav. xmoXafAhv ovv of Tegea. Supposing then that Sparta was stripped 363/2 b.c epypov elvai orpariojtvjv ttjv "Erraprr/v, enefiaXeTO of soldiers, he planned a great stroke, but fortune worked against him. He himself set out by night to p,ev [icya ti rrpaljai, rqv Se rvyrjv eoyev amlttpar Sparta, but the Lacedaemonian king Agis, suspecting Tovaav. avTOS pev yap vvktos wpprjcrev im rr/v the cunning of 'X*TrapT'qv 7 Epameinondas, shrewdly guessed what , o Se fSaaiXevs tu>v AaxeSaipovlow Ay is he would do, and sent out some Cretan runners and mTonTevaas Trjv ayylvoiav rrjv ’ErrapeivowSov xar- through them forestalling Epameinondas got to 1 word ecjToyarjo.TO pev to peXXov epijjpovojs, e^errepifie the men who had been left behind in Sparta that the Se nvas Kprjras r/pepoSpopovs, Si’ S uis av raytara Svvo.no piera Trjs Svvapetos rjtje in Sparta to watch over the city and be terrified at fiorjdrjaiov 2 nothing, for he himself would soon rfj ncnpiSi. ixeXevev ovv tois iv rfj appear with help. 27Taprr) TTapacfmXdrTeiv rr/y rroXiv prjSev Kara- 83. The Cretans speedily carried out their orders, TrerrXrjypevovs ’ and the Lacedaemonians miraculously avoided the rayv yap avtov hrifjravevTa fiorj- drjcreiv. capture of their native land ; for had not the attack been disclosed in advance, Epameinondas would have 83. Ta)y Se Kpr/Tovv ovvTopws to napayyeXdev TroirjuavTinv burst into Sparta undetected. We can justly praise , TrapaSoicvs oi AaxeSaipovioi Tip’ aXcoaiv the ingenuity of both generals, but should deem the Trjs rr otpiSos etjecfrvyov prj ttpoSijXinOe [mys strategy of the Laconian the shrewder. It is true yap Trjs emdeaeios eXadev av 6 ’ErrapeivcovSas that Epameinondas, without resting the entire night, eicnreacbv els ttjv UndpTyv. ttjv pev ovv inlvoiav covered the distance at top speed and at daybreak tcov otparry/ DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 83. 2—84. 2 anovBrjs Trjv empeXeiav inoirjoaTO rrjs noXews devoted his utmost energy to the care of the city’s 363/2 3 rovs pev ovv npeofivTaTovs twv nal8wv Kal tovs defence. He placed the oldest children and the aged 1 on the roofs yeyr/paKoras enl ra oreyr] twv oIklwv aveplfiacre of the houses and instructed them from there to defend themselves Kcu npooera^ev ano tovtwv apvvaodai. rovs els against the enemy if he forced TTjv a way into the city, while he himself lined up noXiv fiiat,opevovs , avros 8e tovs aKpdt,ovTas the men in the prime of life and apportioned them to toas tjAikucus ovvrd^as Biepepicrev els ras npo Trjs the obstacles in front of the city and to the approaches, noXews Bvoywplas Kal napohovs Kal rrdvTas tovs , and, having blocked all places that could offer passage, 8vvapevovs ronovs 8etjacrdai SloSov iptjrpa^as av- he awaited the attack of the enemy. Epameinondas, 4 epeve rrjv twv nodeplow eejrodov. ’EnapecvwvBas after dividing his soldiers into several columns, at- 8 ’ els nXelw pepr) 8ieXopevos tovs cnparcwTas Kal tacked everywhere at once, but when he saw the TTaVTTj TTpOOTTLTTTWV KaTOL TOV aVTOV KaipOV, WS disposition of the Spartans, he knew immediately eiSe tt)v twv UnapTLarwv ovvratjcv, evdvs eyvw that his move had been revealed. Nevertheless he pepr)vvpevr)v tt/v npd^LW opws 8e npoapayopevos made the assault on all the positions one after the ndoi KaTa p,epos Kal rals dvaywpUus eXarrovpevos other, and, though he was at a disadvantage because 5 (rvvrjnrev els yelpas. noXXa. 8e nadwv Kal 8pdaas of the obstacles, closed in a hand-to-hand combat. eOTTj 2 Many a blow he received and dealt and did not call ovk an Trjs (juXoTcplas , ews to arparevpa twv AaKeSaipovlwv enavfjXdev els T'qv Undprrjw off the zealous rivalry until the army of the Lacedae- noXXwv 8e poTjdovvtwv tols noXiopKovpevois Kal monians re-entered Sparta. Then as many came to the assistance of the besieged and night intervened, Trjs vvktos KaTaXaftovoris , eXvae tt/v noXiopKiav. he desisted from the siege. 84. Ylv6op,evos 8e napa twv alypaXwTwv on 84. Having learned from his captives that the M avnvels nav8r]pel ndpeioi popdovvres tols Aa- Mantineians had come in full force to assist the Lace- KedaipovloLS, Tore pev dvaywprjoas piKpov and daemonians, Epameinondas then withdrew a short Trjs noXews KarearparoneSevaev napayyelXas 8e distance from the city and encamped, and having Semvonoielcrdai, KaraXinwv twv Innewv Tivds, tov- given orders to prepare mess, he left some of the tols 3 pev naprjyyeiAev ews ewdivrjs (frvXaKrjs nvpa horsemen and ordered them to burn fires in the camp Kaleiv ev rfj napepfioAfj, avros 8e pera rrjs 8v- until the morning watch, while he himself set out with vapews dcfropprjaas eonevoev dcjrvw npoaneaelv 4 his army and hurried to fall suddenly on those who 2 tols dnoXeXeLppevois ev Alavrivela. t 8’ had been left in Mantineia. Having covered much rfj fj vorepala noXXrjv Siavvaas o8ov dcjrvw rocs Mav- ground op the next day, he suddenly broke in on the rivevaiv aveXnlorws eneppatjev, ov prjv eKpdrrjae Mantineians when they were not expecting it. How- 1 2 reyrj AFK. Dindorf : orpaToneSevp-a. 3 ecus added by Wurm. So Vogel ; emireveiv Reiske : Trepinetreiv. 184 185 ( DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 84. 2—85. 1 rrjs empoXfjs, Kalncp diravTa rfj OTpaTrjyla npovorj- ever, he did not succeed in his attempt, although by 363/2 aapevos, aXXa rr/v rvyr/v Xafctbv avTinpaTTOvaav his plan of campaign he had provided for every con- napahogtos inifiaXe rrjv vU-pv. dprt yap avrov tingency, but, finding Fate opposed to him, contrary TrXrjoLat,ovTos eprjpto rfj TroXet, Karrjvrpaav ini to his expectations he lost the victory. For just as he darepa rrjs Mavrtvelas ol irep pdyovs peren-ipnovTo . 4 tols pev ovv MaVTivevtnv allies from every direction. On the side of the Manti- efiorfdovv ’HAetot Kal AaKeSaipovtoL Kal ’ Adr/vaZoL neians were the Eleians, Lacedaemonians, Athenians, kol aXXoL TLvis, wv 6 crvpnas aptdpos rjv rreloi piv and a few others, who numbered all told more than TrXeioVS TO)V SiapVpLOJV LITTrtLS S6 7T€pl SlOViXIoVS' twenty thousand foot and about two thousand horse. rot? Se Teyearat? avvepdyovv ol nXelaToi Kal On the side of the Tegeans the most numerous and KpaTLOTOL Ttbv ’ApKaStov Kal ’Ayaiol5 Kal BolwtoI bravest of the Arcadians were ranged as allies, also kol ApytLOL KaL Achaeans, 3 Boeotians, Argives, some other Pelopon- ttve s XTepoi to)v 1 1 eXoTrowrjtjlcov nesians, and allies from outside, Kal Ttbv encoder avppdxtov, ol Se mitres rjdpoladrj- and all in all there ire^ol were assembled above thirty thousand foot and not aav pev inrep Toils Tptapvplovs, ImreZs S’ less than three thousand oiiK iXaTTOvs Ttbv TpLoyiXlow. horse. 85. Both sides eagerly drew together for the de- 85. ApcfioTepwv Se 7Tpodvpws avyKaTa^avTtov6 cisive conflict, 4 their armies in battle formation, while els tov inrep Ttbv oXojv aycbva, Kal hiaTaydevTiov 1 See chap. 82. 4 and Xenophon, 1 See Kirchner, Hell. 7. 5. 15. Pros. Att. no. 6339 : 'IlyyXoxov. 2 2 The name of the Athenian commander is given as Hege- So Capps, t&v . . . tTraivovixevwv Wesseling : tov . . . sileos by Ephorus (Diog. Laert. 2. and enaLVOviievov. 54) by Xenophon (he Vectigalibus 3 , 3. 7). Hegesileos was uncle of Eubulus So Wesseling : Sta/epiffycro/xerous. 1 and general again in the year 349/8. See critical note. So PA, Vogel : tt ifiytyKtinilovro cei. 3 5 Probably from Thessaly, ’Amatol DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 85. 1-4 1 the soothsayers, having sacrificed on both sides, de- 3133/2 b.c. twv cttpaToneSwv , ol pev pavTeis oxfyayiaoapevoi Trap ’ ap . loi S’ avrol pev em to eTrXr'ipovv ’ Adpvaloi Qr/pa supported by the Arcadians, while they entrusted the evwvvpov Kepas eTayOrjaav, rrapaoTaTas eyovTes right to the Argives. The remaining multitude filled ’Apye lots' to ’Ap/caSa?, to Se Se^tov napeSwxav the middle of the line : Euboeans, Locrians, Sicyo- Se aXXo ttXyjdos dveuXifpov ttjv pearjv Tapiv, nians, Messenians, Malians, Aenianians, together with EujSoei? xal Aoxpol xal Hixvwvioi, -npos Se tov- Thessalians and the remaining allies. Both sides tois Meoorjvioi xal MaAief? /eat Alvidves, ert Se divided the cavalry and placed contingents on each wing. /eat QerraAot /eat ol Xonrol ouppayoi. tovs S Such was the array of the armaments, and now as they approached one another, the trumpets sounded IrrTTe is em’ exarepwv twv xeparwv ap ImTixrjv epneiplais' ev yap tovtois anaaiv ovk tactical skill that they were far inferior to their oppo- nents. rjv KaTaheeoTepov to twv AOrjvaiwv ittttikov tw Indeed they had only a few javelin-throwers, 3 Se rrXrjdei xal Trj napaaxevfj twv ifnXwv xal Tjj 2 So (cp. chap. 86. : afiav. (jTpaTrjyixfj avvrape t noXv twv ivavrlwv eXeirrovTO Wurm 2) 3 6 So Capps (cp. chap. 85. 2 below) : Aoimjr. avTol pev ovv oXlyovs elyov axovTUTTas, ol Se 4 5 So Schafer : imremv. So Wesseling : thiXwv. 1 6 So Scaliger : pommy. oSv A, omitted by cet. 188 189 . , DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 85. 4—86. 1 whereas the Thebans had three times as slingers ©ijjSaloi TpnrXaolovs DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 86. 1-5 ai § e reload Bvvapeis But when the infantry forces closed with the enemy in 303/2 fid%ri tolovtov eox€ T° TeXos' peyaXovs hand-to-hand combat, a mighty, stupendous struggle coy avvfjXdov els %elpay roly 7roAepuoiy, ensued. For never at any other time when Greeks Kal davpaoTOVS aytovay avveoTT]aaVTO ou8e770T€ fought Greeks was such a multitude of men arrayed, yap 'EAAtjvojv Trpoy "EAA^vay dycov^opevivv oyre nor did generals of greater repute or men more com- avBpdiv tooovto napeTaijaTO olid’ rjyepoves nXfjOos petent ever display such gallantry in battle. For the d$LoXoywrepoL roly d^iwpaaiv ovre dvBpes BvvaTw- 3 most capable foot-soldiers of that time, Boeotians and dvBpaya8las~ eneBei- repoi ray eV roty klvBvvocs Lacedaemonians, whose lines were drawn up facing Bvvapevoi Kara 2 tjavTO. oi yap ne '^opayeiv apiara one another, began the contest, exposing their lives /ecu Aa/ceSai- rouy vnoKeipevovs Kaipovs, Boicotoc to every risk. After the first exchange of spears povioi, TTpos dXXrjXovs Kara rr/v Ta$iv av0eoTT)KOTes in which most were shattered by the very density of noiovpevoi npd>TOV pdyrjV avvfjipav, oiiBepiav (f>e iBw the missiles, they engaged with swords. Andalthough TimTOVTes aXXijXovs their bodies were all locked with one another they tov t,f\v. Kal to pev npdiTov and were inflicting all manner of wounds, they did roty Bopaoi, /cat 8tct rpv nvKVorya twv nXywv yet not leave off and for a long time as they persisted in rd nXeZaTO. ovvTpLi/javres, eiy rov ano rfjs /xayatpay ; Be roty aojpaai their terrible work, because of the superlative courage 3 ayoova /canjvTTjcrav. avpnXeKopevoi anepyal^ope voi displayed on each side, the battle hung poised. For Kal navTolas dial)taxis TpavpaTwv Be ypovw roty each man, disregarding the risk of personal hurt, roty flupiols ow eXrjyov ini noXvv but desirous rather of performing some brilliant deed, 7Ta Setvoty iyKaprepovvrwv 8ta tt]V vnepj3oXrjv rfjs P ^ would nobly accept death as the price of glory. As the dvBpayadlas ovBepLav ponfjv iXapfiavev iKaripoLS battle raged severely for a long time and the conflict na8elv rt Setvov /cara- 7 . €/caaroy yap too fj pay ] took no turn in favour of either side, Epameinondas, e^epevos ea- (jjpovtov, tov Be Bpaaal tl Xapnpov conceiving that victory called for the display of his Qavarov. yevcoy aveSeyero rov vnep rfjs Botjrjs own valour also, decided to be himself the instrument re^ ypovov yivopivy 4 t’ayypay 8e pay7]? ini ttoAw to decide the issue. So he immediately took his best o Kal tov kivSvvov prjBepiav poirrjv Xapfiavovros, men, grouped them in close formation and charged tt\s t’Stay dperijs into the midst of the enemy he led his battalion in ptev ’E77aptetvtov8ay vnoXafitbv ; /cptvat rov the charge and was the first to hurl his javelin, and hit npooBelodai Tr,v vLktjv, eyvw St’ eWov dploTOVs /cat the commander of the Lacedaemonians. Then, as the kIvBvvov. eiidiis ovv dvaXafidw tous elspiaovs tovs rest of his men also came immediately into close pterd tovtojv ovpcf>pd£as, eloefiaXev kat quarters with the foe, he slew some, threw others into noXeplovs' Kadrjyovpevos Be tov avvraypaTos, rov yyodpevov twv Aa- npd)Tos o-kovtLaas, efiaXe 1 So Dindorf : weft/cal. caddy 8e /cat rdiv dAAcov ety yetpay 2 5 /ceSatptovt'cov. Taj . . . avSpayaffias Wesseling (cp. chap. 65. 3) : rais 3 8e KaTanXrjtja- • . ipyopevuiv, oils ptev dveAcov, ody dySpayadiais. So Wesseling : dveAd/ijSarer. VOL. VII H 192 193 . DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 86. 5—87. 4 pevos, 8 LtKoifie rr/v ’ rivalry ensued in which slain epTreaovar/s (fuXoripias, Kal iroXXwv Trap dp Tiva ttepl rfjs twv veKpwv dvaLpeaews ovSerepoL 1 So Wesseling (cp. chap. 65. 1): wpoomWovra. 2 dfi DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 87. 4—88. 2 Sienpea^evaaVTO, iva prj ho^wcnv eKyojpeiv tov in order that it should not appear to yield 363 2 b.c. the primacy ; rpojTtLov but later, T fiera Se ravra tojv AaKehaipovloov when the Lacedaemonians were the first to TTpiorwv emKrjpvKevaapevojv nepl rrjs tojv veKpcdv have sent a herald to ask for the recovery of their 5 avaipeaecos dp DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 88. 2—89. 2 ' also Chabrias and Iphicrates, Athenians all, and, 363 2 b eri §6 Xa/3piaj T6 Kai ’IcfnKpdrrjs oi AQqvdioi, besides, Agesilaiis the Spartan, who belonged to a Trpos 8e tovtois ’ AyrjoiAaos 6 UnapTLarris, fopayv 1 2 slightly older generation. Still earlier than these, in vpoTepdjv ' iv 8e to is rrpo tov ypovois, tois ypovois the times of the Medes and Persians, there were Kai HepcriKwv Kaipdiv, XoAwv €771 TWV MtjSikwv Solon, Themistocles, Miltiades, and Cimon, Myroni- ert 8e Kt/xajv Kai QepiaTOKXfjs Kai MiAtkxStj?, des, and Pericles and certain others in Athens, and eVepoi 7rapa /cal Mupcbvi'STj? Kai IlepiKA^s Kai' rives in Sicily Gelon, son of Deinomenes, and still others. tois ’AOrjvaiois, Kara 8e rrjv XiKeAi'av PeAojv o All the same, if you should compare the qualities of 3 Aeivopevovs Kai rives erepoi. aAA’ o/xais ei ris these with the generalship and reputation of Epamei- avyKplvai ras tovtow aperds rfj 'E-rrapeivcdvdov nondas, you would find the qualities possessed by aTparrjyia re Kai 80^77, ttoAv av Trpoeyovcrav evpoi Epameinondas far superior. For in each of the others discover rrjv 7T€pi tov ’Eirapeivcdvdav rlperqv. trapa pev you would but one particular superiority as a claim to fame in him, however, all qualities com- yap eKaarcp tcov aAAiov €v av evpoi TTpoTeprjpa ; bined. For in strength of body and eloquence of rfjs So^tjs, 77apa 8e tovtw rracras ras operas' Kai Aoyov speech, furthermore in elevation of mind, contempt of rjdpoicrpevas • Kai yap piopy (juipoiTos lucre, fairness, and, most of all, in courage and shrewd- SeivorrjTi, Trpos 8e tovtois ipvyrjs AaprrpoTrjTi Kai ness in the art of war, he far surpassed them all. So it peyiorov avSpeia picrapyvpia Kai emeiKeia , Kai to was that in his lifetime his native country acquired arpaTT)yiKrj avveaei ttoAv SiijveyKe rravTiov. Kai the primacy of Hellas, but when he died lost it and '^ojvtos pev eKTrjaaro 4 Toiyapovv r] irarpis avrov constantly suffered change for the worse and finally, evrijaravros §e tt)V rjyepoviav rrjs 'EAAaSos, reA because of the folly of its leaders, experienced slavery TavTT)s earep-qS-q Kai rfjs eiri to yelpov aei pera- and devastation. So Epameinondas, whose valour was /3oAt]S eneipadq, Kai rrepas Sia rrjv d DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 89. 2—90. 2 AaKTOV aXXoTptOTTJTa TWV (JTTOvSwV OV TTpoetXoVTO of the irreconcilable quarrel with them, chose not to 363/2 B .c 1 be parties to the truce and alone of the Kotvwvetv Kat ptovot twv ' KXAr/vtov vnfjpxov €i<- Greeks remained out of it. 1 OTTOvSol Among the historians Xenophon the Athenian 'E.evotpwv ptev 6 ’Adrjvatos 3 \ DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 90. 2-3 Xoyqaas €K twv I'.AA/jvlSwv ttoXgwv ette utc kcll Having procured many mercenaries from the Greek 362/1 B .r. ol yap Sira/marai irpos AaKeSatpovtovs ovppaxetv cities, he persuaded the Lacedaemonians likewise to ’A pra^cp^'qv aXXoTpiws xlyov Sia to tod? Mect- fight with him, for the Spartans were estranged from crqvlovs opoiws rol? aXXots EAAtjow d7to tod Artaxerxes because the Messenians had been in- fiaotXiws ei? tt)v KOLvrjV elp-qvqv KarareraxOax. r~q- cluded by the King on the same terms as the other XiKavryjs 8e owSpopfjs Kara twv llcpawv yevo- Greeks in the general peace. When the general up- rising against pevqs, Kal 6 fiacnXevs rrapeoKevd^eTo ra npos tod the Persians reached such large pro- GOD KaipOV e8eI 77po TE portions, the King also began making preparations for 3 TToXci LOV . D770 yap TOV TOV ? the war. For at one and the same time he must needs TOV TWV A lyVTTT LU) V 3(1(7oA(: a 7T()Xcp(~XV K 0X 0 TTpOS TaS fight the Egyptian king, the Greek cities of Asia, the Kara T-qv ’Aaiav 'EAArjviSa? 77oAeo? /cat Aa/ceSai- Lacedaemonians and the allies of these, satraps and pOVLOVS Kal TOD? TOVTWV aD/XjOXCO^OD?, CTaT/3(X7Ta? rear — generals who ruled the coastal districts and had agreed OTpaTTjyovs tod? apyovTas pev twv -napaOaXaTTiwv upon making common cause with them. Of these crvvTedeipevovs 8e KoivoTrpaylav wv rjcrav tottwv, the most distinguished 1 were Ariobarzanes , satrap of pev o Trjs OpDyia? emfiaveoTaTot ’Apio/Sap^ctvrj? Phrygia, who at the death of Mithridates had taken TeXevTrjaavTos Trjs oaTpdvqs , os Kal Mtdpt8a.TOV twenty-six years (fits this 1 deletes rrpos-, rrpos with passage) and was succeeded ras trpos ras PA ; ras wpos FK, Vogel by Mithridates. Note that Harpocration alone speaks of the raff Dindorf, Bekker. crucifixion of Ariobarzanes. The mention by Aristotle of the attack on Ariobarzanes by Mithridates is tentatively 1 difficulties with the identification of Ariobarzanes The placed in the year Ario- 337/6 by Rackham, L.C.L. 450. Since and Mithridates hinge on the following facts : (1) Xenophon mentions the murder in the Education of Cyrus in barzanes in 407 was subordinate to Pharnabazus, satrap of juxtaposition with Rheomithres and Tachos, it seems probable Dascyleion (Xenophon, Hell. 1. 4. 7), (2) Ariobarzanes that the death of Ariobarzanes is to be placed in 362 and not about 387 succeeded Pharnabazus in the satrapy of Dascy- in 337/6 when Xenophon was probably dead and the Edu- leion when Pharnabazus was summoned to the court to marry cation of Cyrus was almost certainly finished. One must of Artaxerxes (Xenophon, op. cit. 5. 1. 28). the daughter therefore agree with Judeich (P.-W. to Pharnabazus’ Realencyclopadie, s.v. (3) Ariobarzanes refused to give up his throne “ Ariobarzanes ”) that numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 refer to the same son, Artabazus (chap. 91. 2), by the King’s daughter when man, a different Ariobarzanes from numbers 5 and 6. Beioch Artabazus grew up, and so became ringleader of the Satraps’ 2 (Griechische Geschichte 3. 2. comes to this Pro/. , § 60) conclusion Revolt. (Cp. Nepos, Dotames, 2. 5 ; Trogus, 10 ; and says that Diodorus is here mistaken in stating that Ario- if Nepos, Timo- Demosthenes, 15. 9; Isocrates, 15. Ill . ; barzanes takes over the throne from Mithridates. If his this is thetts, 1. 2, Ariobarzanes was betrayed by son 3.) (4) Mithridates I of Pontus, he is succeeded by his son Ario- Mithridates, sent up to court and crucified about 362. (See barzanes who is most likely the nephew of the satrap Ario- Harpocration Xenophon, Education of Cyrus, 8. 8. 4 ; barzanes in question here. The nephew Ariobarzanes, 1312 a, and Valerius Maximus, 9. 11, Aristotle, Politics, 5. probably known as Ariobarzanes of Cios (and succeeded Mithri- Arrhine (?), ext. 2.) (5) Ariobarzanes (this passage) cp. Book 20. 111. 4), is succeeded by his son Mithridates II. dates in the kingship (sc. of Pontus). (6) Ariobarzanes died The uncle, the revolting satrap, also had a son Mithridates 16. 90. in 337/6 after ruling (sc. in Pontus) for (Book 2) who betrayed him and caused his death. 202 203 ; BOOK XV. 90. 3—91. 1 DIODORUS OF SICILY possession of his kingdom, and Mausolus, 1 overlord of 362/1 KeKvptevKOjg rjv, MaucroiAo? Se tovtov fiacnAelas Caria, who was master of many strongholds and im- ttoXXojv epvp.arojv kcu tto- Kaptas Swatrrevwv Kal portant cities of which the hearth and mother city Xeojv atjioAoyojv Kvpievojv ojv earLav ka l p,r]Tpo- was Halicarnassus, which possessed a famous acropolis eivai rrjv 'AAiKapvaaaov , eyovoav ttoXlv crvvefiaLvev and the royal palace of Caria ; and, in addition to the (XKpoTToAiv d^toXoyov Kal ra rrjs Kaptas flacnAeia," two already mentioned, Orontes, 2 satrap of Mysia, ’0 ararpa- 3 7rpos 8 e tovtols povrrjs ptev rrjs Minnas and Autophradates, satrap of Lydia. Apart from the tojv Se Iwvwu Ionians Lycians, Pisidians, Pamphylians, and 7777 s, Avro(f)paSdrrjs Se AvSias' were 1 Cilicians, likewise Syrians, Phoenicians, and practi- dvev Avklol re Kal 1 1 ichSai Kal H a/n/WAioi Kai cally all the coastal peoples. With the revolt so KiAi/res, en Se Kal 'Aavpoi Kal Ooivi/ces Kai crxeSov off 8 ovcrr]s extensive, half the revenues of the King were cut 4 navres ol TrapadaXdaaiOL . rrjXiKavrr^ and what remained were insufficient for the expenses anootdaeojs to p.ev rpuav tojv Trpoaohujv to> fiaai- , of the war. Xei KaTeXeXvTo, to Se Xolttov ovy iKavov rjv eis Tas 91. The peoples who had revolted from the King tov TToXepov xpeias. chose as their general Orontes in charge of all branches ’ tov em rr/v tojv 91 . 01 8 dfjjecTTriKOTes fiaoiAews of the administration. He, having taken over the ’0povrrjv. ovtos oAcuv SioLK'rjaiv ecXovTo oTpaTipyov command and funds needed for recruiting mercen- rrpos £e- Se napaAafiuJV ttjv -qyepLOVLav Kal xPVpara aries, amounting to a year’s pay for twenty thousand OTpaTiwTais eviavocov p,Lodov, voXoyiav , SiapivpLOLS men, proceeded to betray his trust. For suspecting iyeveTO npoSoTrfs tojv tt lotevaavTojv . xmoAafidjv that he would obtain from the King not only great yap 7rapa tov ftaaiAeojs Satpetov re p,eyaXojv rev- rewards but would also succeed to the satrapy of all tjecrdai Kal ttjs rrapadaXacjoiov 7rdarjs TrapaXrp/je- the coastal region if he should deliver the rebels into iyxeiplar] tols Tlepaais odai TTjV ao.Tparreio.v, eav Armenia in 401 (Xenophon, op. cit. 3. 5. 17 ; 4. 3. 4), he had lost Armenia (in spite of Trogus, 1 Urlichs by this time probably avev added by Capps ; ol iroXXol added by ; 8’ Prol. 10) and was satrap of Mysia only, but hoped, as Dio- fiera Se tcuv ’I. or tcov ’laivwv ovupaxoL suggested by Wes- dorus says, to acquire the satrapy of all the coast cities (i.e. ’Iuivuiv Vogel. seling twv S’ i9v roils atfieoTrjKOTas, ttpuiTov piev tovs KofiLCtavTas the hands of the Persians, he first arrested those who 362/1 b.c. ’ brought the money and dispatched them to Artaxer- to. xpr/paTa crvveAafie Kal ttpos tov ApTa^ep^r/v xes then afterward he delivered many of the cities aTrecrreiAe, /xe-rd Se ratha ttoAAols tlov noAeaiv Kal ; and the soldiers who had been hired to the command- £evoAoyq devras OTpaTtdiTas tols vtto tov fiaoL- tovs ing officers who had been sent by the King. In a 8e 2 Aecus Trep,(f>9eioi-v rjyeptooL TrapehwKev. opoiojs similar manner, betrayal occurred also in Cappadocia, TOVTip Kal Kara tt)V KamraSoKiav eyeveTO irpo- where a strange and unexpected thing took place. 1 Soola, Ka9’ rjv tStov tl Kal Trapdho^ov avvefir] ye- Artabazus, the King’s general, had invaded Cappa- docia with a large army, and Datames, 2 the satrap of veodai. ' ApTafiaQov yap tov fiaoiAecus OTpaTqyov the country, had taken the field against him, for he p,€Ta iroAAfjs 8vvap.ews ip,^aXovTOS els ttjv Kawa- had collected many horsemen and had twenty thou- ydipas oaTpairr/s Aa- 8oKiav, o piev TavT'qs trjs sand mercenary foot-soldiers serving with him. But TclpLTjs avTCOTpaTovehevoev avTtp, rroAAovs piev the father-in-law of Datames, who commanded the ImreZs rpdpoLKajs 8iap,vplovs Se Trefoils /uodoijiopovs cavalry, wishing to acquire favour and at the same 1 time having an eye to his own safety, deserted at 3 eytov avTU) ovoTpaTevovTas’ 6 8e KrjoeoTTjs tov night and rode off with the cavalry to the enemy, Lirnecov (ufirjyovjievos CL lv povAo- AaTaptov tuiv , X P having the day before made arrangements with Arta- pievos KdTdOi.(jO tiL Kal TTjs id ms ouiTTjpias ajia bazus for the betrayal. Datames then summoned his )v Imreoiv npovoovpevos, dnooTas vvktos /xera to mercenaries, promised them largess, and launched dirr/Aavve npos tovs rroAepblovs, owTeOeipievos irpos an attack upon the deserters. Finding them on the ’AprajSa^ov Trj rrpoTepov rjpLepa Tiepi rrjs irpoSocnas. point of joining forces with the enemy and himself attacking at the same time Artabazus’ guard and the 4 Aardpirps Se irapaKaAeoas tovs pucrdocfiopovs Kal horsemen, he slew all who came to close quarters. tt tovs (hfieorq- 8coped? virooxopevos , ave£ev£e pos 8’ kotas. /caraAajScov aiiTovs rj8r] ovvamovTas 4) about 362. For his history see Beloch, Griechische Ge- schichte 2 3 2. 147-149. tols TToAepiLOis, Kal avros TTpocnreodiv apia tols , 2 Datames was the son of Camisares who ruled over part eKTetve Ttepl tov 'ApTapa^ov Kal tols Imrevaiv, of Cappadocia (see Life by Nepos). He was probably leader of 8’ an offensive of the satraps at the time of Tachos’ invasion 5 tovs els yetpa? epyopevovs 6 ' A pTafta^os, to of Syria (see Polyaenus, 7. 21. 3). It was probably in the 1 PAL omit avTtp. summer of 359 that Artabazus invaded Cappadocia, and at the latest in the following winter that Datames was murdered by Ariobarzanes’ son Mithridates (Nepos, Datames, 10-11 ; 1 (note p. 202) Artabazus was the son of Pharnabazus 1, Polyaenus, 7. 29. 1). For a longer account see Beloch, daughter of Artaxerxes (Plutarch, Artaxerxes , 2 and Apame, Griechische Geschichte , 3. 2. 254-257 ; also Tarn, Cambridge Xenophon, Hell. 5. 1. 28), born about 387 or later. Ancient 27. 4 ; History, 6. 20-21 ; Olmstead, History of the Persian 16. 52. He married the sister of Memnon and Mentor (Book Empire, 41 1 ff. 206 207 i , :. DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 91. 5—92. 1 Artabazus, first pev npojTOV to dXr/Oes ayvow v, vnoXafidw Se tov at unaware of the truth and sus- 302/1 b. c. 1 dTTOOTOLTTJV TOV AaTapoV TTaXip7TpoSo(7taV~ TTOLtX- pecting that the man who had deserted Datames was effecting o9ai, irapf^yyetXe tols 18 lots xrelveiv tovs vpoo- a counter-betrayal, ordered his own men to slay all the horsemen who approached. Lovras Imrels. 6 Se M lOpofiap'Qdvqs ev peoots And Mithro- barzanes, 1 caught between the two parties one group dnoXr] i ing nowhere to turn, and finally, being about five ovk eyovres oirot tpdirojVTat , Kal TeXos els revra- hundred in koctIovs ovres KVKXoidevTes vito Aardpov xar- number, were surrounded and shot down by Datames. As for Datames, though even before 7 rjxovrladrjoav. Aarapijs pev ovv Kal irporepov eirl 4 this he was admired for his generalship, at that time he OTpaTT]yia Oavpa^opevos, iroXXw Tore paXXov eoye won far greater acclaim for both his courage and his irepijSorpov TTjV Te dvSpelav Kal ttjv ev too trrpa- sagacity in the art of war ; but King Artaxerxes, rrjyeZv avveaiv 6 Se fiacnXevs ’ Apra^ep^rjs irvQo- when he learned about Datames’ exploit as general, ttjv (jtpaTrjylav tov Aardpov Kal airevSow pevos , because he was impatient to be rid of him, instigated apacrdat tovtov, Si’ em^ovXrjs avTov eSoXo DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 92. 1-3 XavTa TrevraKocna, vavs Be peaKpas TTevrrjKOVTa, talents of silver and fifty warships, and sailed to Asia 362/1 b.o. to the city named Leucae. 1 To this city he summoned KareTrXevoe rrjs ’Acrlas els ras ovopea^opeevas many leaders of the insurgents. These he arrested Aevuas. els Be ravryv rrjv ttoXlv peerairepa/idplevos and sent in irons to Artaxerxes, and, though he him- ttoXXovs tu>v d(f>ecTTrj kotwv 'qyepiovas tovtovs peev , self had been an insurgent, by the favours that he ovXXafiwv Kal Br/cras dverrepeifie Trpos 'Apra^ep^rjv, conferred through his betrayal, he made his peace avTOS Be dnoardrys yevopeevos rat? £k rfjs irpo- with the King. In Egypt King Tachos, having com- Boolas Sojpedes BieXvaaro ra Trpos rov ftacrcXea. pleted his preparations for the war, now had two 2 Kara Be n)v Alyvmov Ta^d)? o jSaotXevs /cara- hundred triremes expensively adorned, ten thousand OKevacrdpeevos ra Trpos rov TroXepeov Sia/coaia? pev chosen mercenaries from Greece, and besides these Tper/peis elye TroXvreXws kokooprpievas the , puodoefro- eighty thousand Egyptian infantry. He gave povs B’ emXeKTOvs e’/c rrjs 'EAAaSo? pvplovs, ywpls command of the mercenaries to the Spartan Agesi- Be tovtojv TretjOvs orparuoTas Alyvnrlovs o/cra- laiis,2 who had been dispatched by the Lacedae- Kiapevpeovs. /cat rcov peev pea9o(f>6piov rijv rjye- monians with a thousand hoplites to fight as an ally, ’ being capable of leading troops and highly jiovuxv rrapeBioKev AyrjmXdtp to.) HirapTidTr), a man regarded for his courage and for his shrewdness in aTreoTaXpeevip peev vtto AaKeBcup-oviwv errl ovpe- the art of war. The command of the naval contingent peaylav peed’ emXerdw yiXlcov, Bvvapeevip 8’ rjyelaOai he entrusted to Chabrias 3 the Athenian, who had orpaTiaiTWV Kal St’ dvBpelav Kal OTpaTrjyiKrjv not been sent officially by his country, but had been 3 avveatv Te9avpaapeevcp- rov Be vavrLKov ttjv errpa- privately prevailed upon by the king to join the ex- Trjylav eveyelpiae Xafipla ’AdrjvaUp, Bijpoola tw pedition. The king himself, having command of the pev vtto rfjs rraTplSos ovk dnecTTaXpevLp t’Sta Be Egyptians and being general of the whole army, gave vtto rov fiamXecvs (Tvarparevew TreTreiapeevio, av- no heed to the advice of Agesilaiis to remain in Egypt 1 tos Se to.)V A lyvTTTLow eyoov rr/v r/yepovlav /cat and conduct the war through the agency of his 2 mparqyos d>v airdo^s rrjs Bwapeecos ’AynjaiXacp generals, though the advice was sound. In fact when pev ovp^ovXevoavre peveev e-rrl rfjs Alyvnrov Kal following spring. The campaign was probably in the summer Bid twv arpartjycov rov noXepov Stot/cetv ov Trpoa- of 361. After the revolt against Tachos, he supported Nee- eoye KaXu>s avpfdovXevovTi. rrjs yap Svvapecos tanebos in his struggle against the Mendesian pretender (Plutarch, Agesilaiis, 37-38) and in the course of the winter 1 Agesilaiis, 31. Plutarch, op. cit. left anaaav rrjv MSS. ; Reiske deletes anaoav. (Xenophon, 2. 1 ; 40) 2 So FD : rjyefiovLas cet. Egypt (end of 361 or beginning of 360). He died on the return journey to Sparta. 3 2 1 . 1 . Ill) On a promontory at the mouth of the Hermus River (see Chabrias had been general 363/2 (10, 2 and in the late chap. 18. 2 and 4). could have come as a private commander summer 2 of service in Agesilaiis could have come to Egypt only after the battle 362 at the earliest. For his former Egypt see chap. 2-4. of Mantineia, accordingly in the autumn of 362 or in the 29. 210 211 , DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 92. 3—93. 2 vpoeXOovarjs voppwrepw Kal vepl OolvIktjv Kara- the armament had gone far afield and was encamped 362/1 b . aTparoveSevovaijs o Kadecrrapuevos evl Trjs Alyv- near Phoenicia, the general left in charge of Egypt 7ttov aTparqyos avearq dvo tov fdaoiAews, revolted from the king, and having thereupon sent 8iavep. 93. Mer’ dXlyov 8e 6 pev fiaaiAevs twv H epawv and ruled twenty-three years ;—for since the first eTeXevTrjaev apfas errj Tpla vpos toZs Terrapa- Artaxerxes had ruled well and had shown himself t kovto, TTjV Se fdu.aiXel.av SteSe^aro Oyos 6 peT- altogether peace-loving and fortunate, the Persians ovopao9e Is ’ApTafepfr/s, Kal efdaalXevaev erq Tpla changed the names of those who ruled after him and 1 ’ prescribed that they should bear that name. When vpos toZs eiKoai • tov yap Aprafepfov KaXws King Tachos had returned to the army of Agesilaiis, 2 fdej3aaiXevkotos Kal yevopevov vavreXws elprjviKov Kal eviTvyovs, tovs nera tovtov fdaatXevovras ment is not quite accurate. The name Artaxerxes seems not / to have been used for Arses and Darius III. Trjv peTowopafov Kal tovtov vpoarjyoplav eyeiv 2 Diodorus’s account of Agesilaiis in Egypt differs con- 2 7rpoairarTov. tov Se fdaaiXews Tayw evaveX9ov- siderably from the other accounts : Xenophon, Agesilaiis, 2. ' 28-31 Plutarch, Agesilaiis, 36-40 and Nepos, Agesilaiis, tos vpos tovs vepl tov AyqalXaov, AeKTavejdws ; ; 8. Plutarch appears to be the most reliable. In particular Agesilaiis is elsewhere reported to have changed allegiance 1 Since Xerxes II and Darius II intervened between Arta- from Tachos to Nectanebos. According to Olmstead ( History xerxes I (465/4-425/4, see Books 11. 69. 6 and 12. 64. 1) and of the Persian Empire, 417, 419-420) Agesilaiis served in Artaxerxes II (405/4—362/1, see Book 13. 108. 1), this state- Egypt from 360 to 358. 212 213 DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 93. 2-6 Nectanebos, who had collected more than a hundred 362/1 rjdpoLKUis arpanwras TrXelovs twv SeKa p,vpi.aowv thousand men, came against Tachos and challenged 'fjKev im tov Ta^aj, > tovs ovyKeKXeLopevovs • errel Se rroXXoiis ev rat? many men in their attacks on the walls, they then began to surround the city with a wall and a ditch. reiyofiaylaLS dirifiaXov , TeiyeL Kal rdtjipop tt epi- As the work was rapidly nearing completion by reason eXapfiavov ttjv ttoXlv. Tayii Se twv epywv avvTe- of the large number of workers, and the provisions Xovpevwv Sia ttjv TroXvyeiplav * Kal twv emTTjSelwv in the city were exhausted, Tachos despaired of his iijavaXwdeVTWV, 6 pev To/s'ojs d-neyvw ttjv ctwttj- safety, but Agesilaiis, encouraging the men and attack- piav, 6 Se ’ AyrjaiXaos napaKaXiaas tovs OTpanw- ing the enemy by night, unexpectedly succeeded in Tas Kal vvktos eTn.dep.evos tols noXeploLs, Sceawaev bringing all the men out safely. And since the i dvavras tovs OTpaTLWTas dveXmarojs emSiw- Egyptians had pursued close on their heels and the £avTWV Se twv AlyviJTLWV Kal twv tottwv ovtwv district was now flat, the Egyptians supposed that TreSivwv, ol pev Alyvimoi SieXafiov tw irXrfdeL they had the enemy surrounded by superior numbers, KeKVKXwcrdai tovs TroXepiovs Kal irdvTas dpSrjv and would utterly destroy them, but Agesilaiis seized dvaiprjoeiv , 6 Se ’AyrjalXaos KaTaXaflopevos tottov a position which had on each side a canal fed by the o? id eKaTepov pepovs Siwpvya TTOTapov river and thus halted the enemy’s attack. Then hav- ing drawn up his force in conformity with the terrain yeLpoTrolrjTov , xmepeve ttjv twv TroXeplwv e 6 tovs Se Xolttovs (fievyeiv rjvayKacrav. peTa Se 1 Sid ttjv TToXvxeipiav] the MSS. except P, which omits Sid. raura o pev Tayws paSlws dveKTTjaaTO ttjv /ear’ Cp. chap. 68. 3 and Book 13. 86. 1. Vogel reads rfj woXv- Xeipia (cp. Book 14. 51. 1, 58. 3). 214 215 DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 93. 6—94. 3 A’LyvTTTOV fiaoiAelav, 6 S’ ’AyrjolAaos to? povos Egyptian kingship,1 and Agesilaiis, as the one who 862/1 KdTwpdiOKOJS rrjv fiaoiAemv eripiqdrj npoor\Kovaais single-handed had restored his kingdom, was honoured Scopeat?. erravicbv Se els rrjv 7rarpl8a 8ia Kvpr/vrjs with appropriate gifts. On his journey back to his ereXevrrjoe, Kal rod owparos ev plAin Kopiodevros native land by way of Cyrene Agesilaiis died, and his body packed in honey 2 was conveyed to Sparta where els tt/v UTrdprrjv ervye rrjs fiaoiXLKrjs racfirjs re he received kingly burial and honour. Kal riprjs- So far did events in Asia progress to the end of the Kat ra pev Kara rrjv ’Aolav peypi tovtojv rrpoejS'r] year. Kara rovrov rov eviavrov. 94. In the Peloponnese, though the Arcadians had 94. Kara Se rrjv YleAorrow'rjOov rot? ’ApKaoi agreed on a general peace after the battle of Manti- yevopevrjs elprjvTjs Koivrjs perd rrjv ev Mavnvela neia, they adhered to their covenant only a year before pdyr/v, eviavrov povov eppelvavres rols opKois they renewed the war. In the covenant it was written 1 ndAiv Karearr/ijav rov TroXepov. ev pev yap rots that each should return to his respective native opKois rjv yeypappevov eKaorovs els rrjv eavriov country after the battle, but there had come into the dmevai rrarplSa perd rrjv pdyrjv, els Se rr/v city of Megalopolis 3 the inhabitants of neighbouring M eyaXrjv voXiv vTrrjpyov al rrepioiKovcrai sroXeis cities who had been moved to new homes and were percpKiopevai Kal Bvoyepws ef>epovoai rijv eK rfjs finding transplantation from their own homes difficult to bear. they had returned to rrarplSos perdarauiv . hiorrep avredv erraveXdovriov Consequently when els ras npoyeyevrjpevas iroXeis, ol AleyaXorroXlrai the cities which had formerly been theirs, the Megalo- politans tried to compel them to abandon their home- 2 avv7]vdyKat,ov i/eXiTrelv ras narplSas. Bid Se rav- lands. And when for this reason a quarrel arose, the r'rjv rr/v airlav yevopevrjs 8ia 3 ojv rrjv orparitylav elye I [ appevr/s. ovros Se 77 ap- their commander. He came to Megalopolis, and by eXOtbv els M eydXrjv rroXiv, ko.i rcdv iroXiopdrwv a seems more reliable. Tachos fled, Agesilaiis established 1 > gifts the latter. tov MSS., except PALK which omit ; els tov Wesseling Nectanebos and left with from 2 2 “ els Vogel. Tivds added by Capps. Contrary to Plutarch, Agesilaiis, 40. 3 : . . . enclosed 3 So Dindorf (cp. Book 16. 34. 1, 39. 2) : ’AByvalovs. his dead body in melted wax, since they had no honey ...” (Perrin, L.C.L.). Nepos , Agesilaiis, 8. 7 agrees with Plutarch. 1 1 3 Contrary to Plutarch, Agesilaiis , 38. and 40. 1, who For the founding of Megalopolis see chap. 72. 4. 216 217 . . DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 94. 3—95. 2 piv exTropdpoas, a Si xaTanXy^apevos, avvtjvdy- sacking some of the towns and terrifying others he 862/1 b.c. xaoev els ttjv M eydXr/v ttoXlv peroixrjaai,. xal rd compelled their inhabitants to change their abode to /lev -rrepl tov ovvoixiopov ru>v noXecov errl tootovto Megalopolis. So the problem of the amalgamation of rapayrjs eXdovTa eTvyev evSeyopevqs xaTaoToXfjs the cities, after it had reached such a state of turmoil, was reduced to such calm as was possible. Teuv Si ovyypa veloped in twelve books to the death of Timoleon ( FHO, 2. 1 Athanas (Athanis in Plutarch and Athenaeus, 3. d, 98 who 82. 3). His influence is seen in Plutarch, Timoleon, 23. 4, entitles his history SixeAixa) seems to have played an out- 6 37. 6. See Christ-Schmidt , Gr. Litt. 526. standing political role in Syracuse during Dion’s time (Theo- 2 See Demosthenes, 50. 4-5 ; Polyaenus, 6. 2. pompus, fr. 212 M or 184 Oxford). The first book of his work 3 An island off Thessaly, north of Scyros. Perhaps Panor- handled the last seven years of the younger Dionysius from mus is its harbour town. 218 219 . DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 95. 2-4 Trivre, plav Se IT e7raprj6lav elXe, Kal aojpa.TO)v triremes and one Peparethian, and took six hundred sei/o ’ captives. 3 eKvplevaev epaKoalwv . ol S’ Adrjvaioi ttapopvv- The Athenians, enraged, condemned Leos- devTes tov pev Aewodevovs d)S npoSorou davarov thenes to death as a traitor and confiscated his pro- KaTeyvwcrav Kal Trjv oiialav iSr/pevaav, iXopevoi Se perty, then choosing Chares 1 as general in command aTparqyov Xdprjra Kal vavriK-qv Svvapiv SovTes and giving him a fleet, they sent him out. But he ipeTTeptpaV. OVTOS §6 TOVS pev TToX.ep.lOVS €llXa- spent his time avoiding the enemy and injuring the fiovpevos, tovs Se avppdyovs aSiKU>v SieTeXei. allies. For he sailed to Corcyra, an allied city, and els KdpKvpav avppayiSa ttoXiv, KaTarrXevoas yap stirred up such violent civil strife in it that many ordoeis ev avrfj peydXas eKivnjoev ip djv avveTreae murders and seizures took place, with the result that yeveodai oipayas TToXXas Kal dprrayds Si’ as awe , fir/ the Athenian democracy was discredited in the eyes tov Sfjpov tu>v ’ AOrjvalojv SiajdXqOrjvai rrapd rols of the allies. So it turned out that Chares, who did ovppdyois. pev ovv Xdpr/s Kal erepa roiavra 6 many other such lawless acts, accomplished nothing Trapavopdw ayadov pev oiiSev Sieirpaparo, Se rfj good but brought his country into discredit. rrarplSi SiafdoXds The historians Dionysodorus and Anaxis 2 Boeo- ovyypaepeeov AiovvodSiopos 1 Kal "Avapis , 4 Twv Se tians, closed their narrative 2 of Greek history with this ol Bouorol rrjv tojv 'EXXtjvikcHv ioroplav els tov- year. But we, now that we have narrated the events iviavTov KareaTpoepaai avvTapeis tov tov Tas before the time of King Philip, bring this book to a rjpeis Se rrpo TiA 1777700 tov rrpdpeis Tas fiaoiXews close here in accordance with the plan stated at the tt)v tt)v SieXrjXvOoTes , ravTrjV pev fivfiXov /cara ev 3 beginning . In the following book which begins with Trpodeenv avTOV irepiypaepopev ttjv S’ eyo - dpXfj Philip’s accession to the throne, we shall record all pevrjv a,77o Trjs QiXIttttov rrapaXqi/jeojs Trjs fiaoi- the achievements of this king to Xelas dppapevoi rrdaas Siepipev raj tov ftaoiXews his death, including in its compass those other events tovtov TTpdpeis peypi Trjs TeXevTrjs, avpirepiXapfia- as well which have occurred in the known portions vovTes Kal ras aXXas Tas yeyevr/pevas* ev tois of the world. 1 For Chares and Corcyra see yvwpit,opevois pepeai Trjs o’lKovpevqs Aeneas Tacticus, 11. 13 ff. Demosthenes notes the hostility of Corcyra in 24. 202 and 1 18. 234. Dindorf : AiovvaioStopos. So 2 2 These Boeotian historians are to us Dindorf deletes tt)v . . . Urroptav (cp. Book 14. 117. 8). mere names No 3 fragments exist. editors : vapaypd(f>op.ev. So 3 4 See chap. So PAJL, yevopievas cet. 1. 6. 220 221 Manuscripts P. Codex Patmius, 10th or 11th century. X. Codex Venetus S. Marci, 14th or 15th cen- tury. R. Codex Parisinus, 12th century. V. Codex Vaticanus, 15th or 16th century. F. Codex Florentinus Laur., 14th or 15th cen- tury. M. Codex Venetus S. Marci, 15th century. The designations of the MSS. are those of the Preface to the fourth volume of the edition of Vogel- Fischer. CONTENTS OF TaSe eveoTiv iv eKKaiSeKarr] tow THE SIXTEENTH BOOK rfj OF DIODORUS AioSaipov ptfiXtov How Philip, son of Amyntas, succeeded to the 'ils ‘PiAwnros o ’Apvvrov irapeXa/3e Tr)v tZv MaKe/Soiaur Macedonian throne (chaps. 1-2). f3a '12s TAAvptoiis /cat llatovas KttTa7roAe//.vjcxas EKTijcraTO How, having subdued the Illyrians and the Paeo- nians, he acquired the empire of his fathers (chap. rr)v irpoyoviKr)V dp)(ijv. 4). On the pusillanimity of Dionysius the Younger j lept ttJs avavSjOtas tov vetarepov Aiovvtriov Kat rrjs and the flight of Dion (chaps. 5-6). Atwvos t^uy/js. The founding of Tauromenium in Sicily (chap. 7. 1). Krtcrts Tavpopeviov Kara. Trjv SuteXtav. Events in Euboea and in the course of the Social Ta irpayOkvTa Kara rr/v Ei'/Ioiav Kat Kara rot' arvp- War (chap. 7. 2-end). Siege of Amphipolis by Philip and its pa\LKov -KoXtpov. capture (chap. 8. 1-2). ’ Kat aAtucrts. 1 1 o A topKia A uAirn AtoN vtto d?tAtir7rov How Philip, having reduced to slavery the people roiis IlwSmtdiis e^avSpaTroStcroyievos Ta '12s $tAt 7T 7ros of Pydna, developed the gold mines (chap. 8. 3- Xpixreta yuiraAAa KaTOTKovacrtv. end). How Dion, having liberated the Syracusans, '12s Altov iXcvOcpb'xras roiis IvpaKOVirlovi Atovwrtov de- feated Dionysius (chaps. 9-15). KaTC!7oX(pij(Tei'. How, after being expelled from his native land, if<7r€(ru)V Ik rr\ 7raTjOt8os iraAtv aveKT^craTO ras 'Os s he again got control of Syracuse (chaps. 16-20). SvpaKOiitras. Conclusion of the Social War (chaps. 21-22. 2). KardAwts (rvppa\LKOv iroAepov. Combination of three kings against Philip (chap 22. 3). ^w8poprj TpibiV fj(l 224 VOL. VII I 225 X DIODORUS OF SICILY CONTENTS OF THE SIXTEENTH BOOK the original of the oracle (chap. Ilepi tt)s e£ dp\rj<; evp£ 'Os i'lXnnros ‘Fttf/cels i'(K7/cr«s e£e/3aXev ei< Trjs Ger- How Philip, having defeated the Phocians, drove them from Thessaly (chap. 35. raAtas. 1). How Onomarchus the Phocian, having defeated 6 226 227 DIODORUS OF SICILY CONTENTS OF THE SIXTEENTH BOOK 'Os ot Ttov Repaid) v rvpavvoi 7rapaSoVTts iAi7r7r«) ras How the tyrants of the Pheraeans, having be- trayed Pherae to Philip, became allies of the Phocians ep St € up to his death (chaps. 65-90 passim). aoTOo pe\pi Trj s TeAcoTrjs. 228 229 . DIODORUS OF SICILY CONTENTS OF THE SIXTEENTH BOOK siege Ile/rnvOov Kal Bvfavriov iro XiopKia V7ro 230 231 , BIBA02 EKKAIAEKATH BOOK XVI 1. In all systematic historical 1. ’Ev ndaais pcev rats loTopiKals npaypcaTelacs treatises it behooves the historian to Kadr/Kei rods avyypacfels TrepcAap,f3dveiv ev rats include in his books actions of states or of kings which are complete in themselves from pijSXois r) noXecov r/ j3a.cnXe'wv npdfeis avroreXels beginning to for end ; in this manner I conceive an’ dpyfjs peypi rod reXovs • ovtcos yap fidXirjra. history to be most easy to remember and most intel- <3LaAap,f3dvopi,ev rr) v lOTOplav evpvrjjicwevTov Kal ligible to the reader. Now incomplete actions, the 2 cracffj yeveadat toZs dvayivcLcncovoiv . al p,ev yap conclusion of which is unconnected with the begin- ripureAeZs npdfeis ovk eyovaat crvveyes rads dpyals ning, interrupt the interest of the curious reader, to peooAajdovai ttjv eTn.9vp.lav tow c/nXava- rrepas whereas if the actions embrace a continuity of de- yvivcjTovvTow at 8e to Trjs dwqyr'jaeojs ovveye s nepi- velopment culminating naturally, the narrative of Aapf3dvovoai peypc Trjs TeXevTrjs dn-qpriopevrjv rr/v events will achieve a well-rounded perfection. When- 8’ ever tow npatjeciiv eyovaiv dnayyeXZav . orav rj the natural pattern of events itself harmonizes cfrvcns avTTj tow npayOevrow crvvepyfj rots avyypa- with the task of the historian, from that point on he cfevcn, tot’ rjb-q rravreXcHs ovk dnoarareov TavTTjs must not deviate at all from this principle. 1 Con- sequently, now that I have 3 Trjs npoaipeaeojs . dionep Kal rpiels napovTes enl reached the actions of ’ Philip son of Tas (\hXlnnov tov A/lvvtov irpdljeis irei.paa6p.e9a Amyntas, I shall endeavour to include the deeds performed by this king TOVTtp TO) pacnAeZ ra npayOevTa TrepiAaf3c.lv ev within the compass of the present Book. For Philip was king TavTTj TTj fUjSAcp. oStos yap eiKooi pev ical rerrapa over the Macedonians for twenty-four years, and having started eTrj tu)v M aKehovwv efiaaiXevaev, eXayloTacs Se from the most insignificant beginnings built up his acfoppals ypiqadpevos peylaTrjv tow Kara tt)v kingdom to be the greatest of the dominions in Europe, Evpuyrrrjv SvvaoTCLOw KareoKevaae rqv Ihiav /3acn- and having taken over Macedonia when she was a' Xelav Kal napaXafSdw ttjv MaiceSovtav SovXevovaav slave to the Illyrians, made her mistress of many Kal ’IXXvpiols noXXow Kal peyaAcov eOvdw noXeow a considerable compass, since the author pursues the chrono- logical order. The fortunes of Philip have a particular advan- 1 tage, in that Diodorus can In Book 1. 3 Diodorus sets forth his design for the deal with them compactly he “ says here in History. Inasmuch as it is a universal history,” the for- a single book—and still maintain his chrono- logical tunes of a single man, e.g. Philip, might well be spread over plan. 232 233 . DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 1. 3—2. 1 Sid Se ttjv ibiav apeTrjv ttj? p,ev 4 KvpLav eTToirjcre. powerful tribes and states. And it was by his own Tqv fjyep.ovLa.v eKov- 'EXXdbos dnaa-qs TrapeXa^e valour that he took over the supremacy of all Hellas Se to ev crLws rd>v noXecw inroTaTTop-evow , rovs with the consent of the states, which voluntarily /cat to) AeX Amyntas had been defeated by the Illyrians 1 2 roiavras airlas. ’ApvvTov KaTaTroXeprjOevTOS vno and aso/M B.c. y- forced to pay tribute to his conquerors, the Illyrians, ’lXXvpcwv Kal cf>6povs rols KpaTpoacn reXelv ava who had taken Philip, the youngest son of Amyntas, KaaSevTog ol pev MAAupioi Aafiovres els oprjpiav as a hostage, placed him in the care of the Thebans. 2 ® lXl7tttov tov vecorarov tcov vla>v rrapedevTO toIs They in turn entrusted the lad to the father of pe- (~)rjf3alos . ovtol Se ra> 'EjTrapei-vcovSov Trarpi rra Epameinondas and directed him both to keep careful devTO tov veavloKov Kal irpoolra^av dpa rrjpelv watch over his ward and to superintend his upbring- TTpooraTelv rrjs impeXios rr/v TrapaKaTadiqKrfv Kal ing and education. Since ’ Epameinondas had as his pet vo'i v8ov 3 dycoyrjs Kal TratSelas. tov S’ Etta instructor a philosopher of the Pythagorean school, 3 imaTaTrjv avv- I Ivdayopiov eyovTOS DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 2. 4—3. 1 But Ptolemy of Alorus 1 8e UroAe/xato? 6 ’AXwplrrjs 8oXocf>ovr)oas rrapiXafde assassinated him and sue- 300/59 B.c, ceeded to the rrjv fiaoiXelav Kal tovtov opolws HepSiKKas enave- throne and then in similar fashion Per- diccas 2 disposed of him and ruled as king. But Xopevos ifiaoLXevaev . tovtov 8e rrapard^ei pcyaXrj when , he was defeated in a great battle 3 Xei(f)6evTOS into lXXvpiwv Kal rreoovTos irrl Trjs by the Illyrians and fell in the action, Philip his brother, who had Xpelas ^IXirrrros 6 aSeXcf>os SiaSpas £k Trjs oprjpias escaped from his detention as a hostage, succeeded 5 rrapiXafie tt)v fdaoiXelav kgkws 8 iaKeipevr/v. avrj- to the kingdom, 4 now in a bad way. For the Mace- prjvTO pev yap iv Trj rrapara^ei Manedovow rrXeiovs donians had lost more than four thousand men in the TeTpaKioyiXliov ol Se Xoirrol KaTarrerrXr^ypivoi twv , battle, and the remainder, panic-stricken, ’ had become raj twv IXXvpiwv Svvapeis rreplcfro^oi Kadeiorrj- exceedingly afraid of the Illyrian armies and had lost 6 Keiaav Kal rrpos to SiarroXepeiv a9vpws eiyov. vrro heart for continuing the war. About the same time Se tov avTov Kaipov Ilaioves pev rrXrjalov Trjs Ma/ce- the Paeonians, who lived near Macedonia, began to - Sovlas oiKovvres irropdovv tt)v ywpav Kara 2 5 ' See Book IS. 71. 1. See Book 15. 77. S. See Aeschines, False Embassy, 26-27. He had striven 3 Bardylis was the name of their formidable king (Pickard- for the crown at the death of Alexander II. (See F. Geyer, Cambridge, Cambridge Ancient History 6. 205). Makedonien bis zur Thronsbesteigung Philipps II, Beiheft 1 He was only iirlTpoms, regent, for Perdiccas’ son Amyn- 19 der Historischen Zeitschrift, 1930, 132.) 6 (P.-W. Realencyclopadie, 19. 2266-2267). Under Berisades (?), Beloch, Criechische 2 tas III Geschichte , 3. 1 . 225 note I. Perdiccas, after his return from Thebes, he had administered , 7 See a district of Macedonia. (See Pickard-Cambridge, Cambridge Book 14. 92. 4 and Beloch, l.c., also p. 102. Also Geyer, op. cit. 139. Ancient History , 6. 204.) 238 239 > DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 3. 1-4 them, Philip otojto v 6 Ol'AtTTTroj oil KaTeTrXayr) TO peyeOos tojv was not panic-stricken by the magnitude 360/59 of the expected perils, but, bringing TTpoaSoKwpevajv Seivdjv, dXXd roils Ma/ceSopa? ev together the Macedonians in a series of assemblies crvvexecnv eKKXrjaiats ovveyojv Kal Trj tov Xoyov and exhorting them with eloquent speeches to be men, he built up SeivoTTjTi ttpoTpeTTofievos errl TJj v avSpeiav evdapoeZs their morale, and, having improved the organization eTTolrjoe, ra? Se OTpaTUOTiKas Ta^eis ini to KpeiT- of his forces and equipped the men suitably with tov Siopdovaapevos Kal tovs avSpas tois noXepi- 1 weapons of war, he held constant manoeuvres of kols ottXois 8eovTU)S Koaprjaas, avveyets e^onXaaias the men under arms and competitive drills. Indeed evayojviovs enoieiTO . enevorjae 8e 2 Kal yvpvaaias he devised the compact order and the equipment of nvKvoTr\Ta Kal KaTaoKevr/v, Kal ttiv tt)s (jxiXayyos the phalanx, imitating the close order fighting with piprjaapevos tov ev Tpoia tojv rjpuiwv ovvacrm- overlapping shields of the warriors 2 at Troy , and was aaov, Kal TTpdiTOS ovveoTiqoaTO tt)v NaKeSoviKr/v the first to organize the Macedonian phalanx. He was 3 cjjaXayya. ev 8e rat? o^iiAi'ais TTpoarjvrjs rjv Kai courteous in his intercourse with men and sought to 8ia re twv bojpewv Kal tojv errayyeXidiv €ls t>]V win over the multitudes by his gifts and his promises to the fullest fieyloT7)v evvoiav ra TrXrjdrj Trpor/yeTO, Trpos re to loyalty, and endeavoured to counteract by clever moves the crowd of ttXf)9os tu>v im(j)epojievojv kivSvvcjv evoToyaJS avT- impending dangers. thjvatovs VTrep tov For instance, when he observed that the Athenians epLrjxavaTo . Otoipoiv yap tovs A were centring all their ambition upon recovering T7jV ' Ajl(f)LTToXLV dvaKT7jOao6aL TTjV TT&aav (jnXo- Amphipolis and for this reason were trying to bring TLjilav eia(f>epop.€vovs Kal Sid tovto KaTayovTas tov Argaeus back to the throne, he voluntarily withdrew ’Apyalov ivl n)v fiaaiXeiav IkovoUvs e^eydjpyjoe from the city, after first 8 making it autonomous . Then 4 Trjs TToXeais, d(f>els aiiTrjv avTovop-ov . Trpos 8e 3 Amphipolis was coveted by the Athenians (who had lost it to 1 For the reorganization of the Macedonian army see Brasidas in the Peloponnesian War) because of its com- Pickard-Cambridge, Cambridge Ancient History, 6. 205. The manding position by the Strymon River, giving access to the “ ” plains addition of foot-soldiers to form the famous Phalanx and of Macedonia, and its nearness to forests needed in shipbuilding the provision of a long pike, sarissa, were the most important and to the gold and silver mines of Mt. Pan- gaeus. Between this military reforms. See also Wilcken, Alexander the Great occasion when Amphipolis was declared autonomous to thwart Argaeus, (trans.), 31-32. who had promised to hand it over to Athens if they made king, 2 See Homer, Iliad, 13. 131 ff. him and Philip’s capture of the town (see chap. 8. 2 ff.), a secret treaty was made by which “ Spear crowded spear. Philip promised to procure Amphipolis for Athens if he were Shield, helmet, man press’d helmet, man and shield ; assured of a free hand in Pydna, formerly Macedonian but The hairy crests of their resplendent casques then in the Athenian League. See Beloch, Griechische close at every nod, so wedged they stood.” 2 Kiss’d Geschichte 1. , 3. 225-226 ; Pickard-Cambridge, Cambridge (Cowper’s translation.) Ancient History, 6. 203-204. Compare Polyaenus, 4. 2. 17; the phalanx by Polybius, 18. 28. 6 Justin, 7. Demosthenes, 23. These lines are quoted of 6; 121 ; 2. 6 f. ; and Theo- and Curtius Rufus, 3. 2. 13. pompus, fr. 165 (Oxford). 240 241 . DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 3. 4-8 ilaiovas SiarTpeoflevodpevos Kal rovs pev Swpeals he sent an embassy to the Paeonians, and by corrup- 390/59 Siacfidelpas, rovs S’ enayyeXlais (fnXavOpwrrois ting some with gifts and persuading others by gener- rreiaas Kara ro rrapov elprjvrjv dyeiv rrpos avrovs ous promises he made an agreement with them to maintain peace for the avvedero. 6pottos Se Kal rov Uavcravlav drreorrjae present. In similar fashion he prevented the return of Pausanias rrjs KadoSov rov Kardyeiv peXXovra fjaatXea Sto- by winning over with gifts the king 1 who was on the point of attempt- 5 peals rreiaas. Mavna? 8’ 6 rddv ’Adrjvaiwv arpa- ing his restoration. Mantias, the Athenian general, rrjyos KaranXevaas els Medtovr/v auros pev evravda who had sailed into Mcthone, 2 stayed behind there Karepetve rov ’Apyalov Se pera rwv pt,o9o(f>6pu)v himself but sent Argaeus with his mercenaries to errl ras Alyas drreareiXev . ovros Se rrpoaeXdwv 3 Aegae. And Argaeus approached the city and in- TToXei TTapeicdXeL roiis ev rals Alyals rrpooSe- rfj vited the population of Aegae to welcome his return ijaodai rrjv KadoSov 1 Kal yeveaOat rrjs avrov fiacri- and become the founders of his own kingship. When 6 Xelas dpx'rjyovs . ovSevos S’ avrut TTpoaeyovros 6 no one paid any attention to him, he turned back to pev aveKapirr ev els rrjv Medwvrjv, 6 Se QlXirnros Methone, but Philip, who suddenly appeared with his errufravels pera arpancortov Kal cruvatfias pdyrjv soldiers, engaged him in battle, slew many of his mer- cenaries, and released under a truce 4 the rest, rroXXovs pev avelXe rwv pio9o DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 3. 8—4. 4 dipyrjv tojv Trepl ^IAlttttov loropiojv evTevdev 770117 era - Chios 1 began his history of Philip at this point and 360/59 b pevos yeypacjjev j3v/3\ovs oktoj rrpos rat? vevTrj- composed fifty-eight books, of which five are lost. 4. When Eucharistus at 359/8 b.( Kovra, e£ ojv vevTe Siaefjojvovcnv. was archon Athens, the Romans elected as consuls Quintus Servilius and 4. ’E7t apyovTos S’ ’Adrjvijoiv EvyaplcrTov 'Pai- Quintus Genucius. During their term of office Philip paloi pev KardtjTrjoav uirdrovs Kolvtov EepovlAiov sent ambassadors to Athens and persuaded the as- 1 iiri he tovtojv 6 (KlAimros Kal Koivtov TevovKiov. sembly to make peace with him on the ground that eKrrepipas els ’A Orjvas erreioe tov 8vjpov 2 npeofdeis he abandoned for all time any claim to Amphipolis . elprjvrjv 7Tpos avrov avvOeaOai Sia to prjhev eri Now that he was relieved of the war with the Athe- 1 nians had information that the 2 -npoaTroreZadai tt/v j\pi ' Paeonians, Agis, was dead, he conceived that he had 7rpos Adrjvalovs noAepov Kal TrvvOavopevos rov v the opportunity to attack the Paeonians . Accordingly, fiaaiAea tojv 1 1 aiovajv Ayiv TereAevTTjKevai ott- having conducted an expedition into Paeonia and eAafde Karpov eyeiv emdeadat, tols Tlalocnv. errpa defeated the barbarians in a battle, he compelled the tt/v 11 aiovlav /cat rrapaTa^ei tovs Tevaas ovv els tribe to acknowledge allegiance to the Macedonians. Trerdapyelv fiapfidpous vLKr'joas rjvdyKacre to eOvos And since the Illyrians were still left as enemies, he 3 tols Ma/ceSocrtv. VTToAevrropevojv he TroAeplojv tojv was ambitious to defeat them in war also. So, having ' lAAvpidjv hcf>iAoTip.eLTO Kal tovtovs KaraTroAeprjoai quickly called an assembly and exhorted his soldiers evdiis ovv ovvayaydbv eKKArjolav Kal tovs (JTpaTLw- for the war in a fitting speech, he led an expedition into the Illyrian territory, having no less than ten ra? ot/cetots Aoyots TrpoTpetJjdpevos els tov rroAepov thousand foot-soldiers and six hundred horsemen. tt)v ’IAAvpccuv yojpav, ne^ovs ioTpaTevcrev els tojv 3 Bardylis , the king of the Illyrians, having learned of pev eyojv ovk eAarrows pvplojv, Imrels he etjaKo- the presence of the enemy, first dispatched envoys to 2 8’ tojv ’ \AAvpid)v 4 alovs. BapSi/Ais 6 fiaaiAevs arrange for a cessation of hostilities on the condition 7Tvdopevos TTjV rrapovolav tojv rroAepLOJV to pev that both sides remained possessed of the cities which TrpoJTOv Trpeopeis dnreoTeiAev Trepl SiaAvcreojs erfd they then controlled. But when Philip said that he otoj Kvplovs dpejjOTepovs eivai tojv rare Kvpievo- indeed desired peace but would not, however, concur in that proposal unless the Illyrians should withdraw pevojv noAeojv tov Se <&iAi777rou (fjrjoavTos em- Ovpelv pev Trjs elpr/vrjs, prj pevToi ye rau-njv 1 Of this work, the longest history published till then, avyyojprjoeiv edv prj tojv Ma/ceSovt/ca/v noAeojv two hundred seventeen fragments remain. Theopompus’ admiration for Philip is reflected by Diodorus, who must have 1 So MSS., AevKiov Stephanus marg. and Fasti Consulares relied heavily on his account. For the contents of the Philip- Bekker (cp. Livy, 7. 4 L. Genucius). 2 followed by Dindorf, pica see Beloch, Griechische Geschichte , 3. 2. 18-24. 2 2 BapStlAts PX, BapSwAAts H V (cp. Plutarch, Pyrrhus, 9) See note on chap. 3. 3. 3 BapStlAi;? Arrian, 1. 5. 1. For the power of this king see chap. 2. 5. 244 245 1 , DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 4. 4-7 from all the Macedonian cities, the envoys returned 359/8 b c . dnaowv eK^wpijowoLV ’IXXvpLol, oi pev irpeofiais without having accomplished their purpose, and Bar- enavrjXdov anpaKTOL, o Se BapSuAi? marevwv rat? dylis, relying upon his previous victories and the re npoyeyevqpevaLs vlkols /cat rat? twv ’IXXvpiwv gallant conduct of the Illyrians, came out to meet dvSpayaOiais anr/vra tols noXeploLs peTa Trjs 8v- the enemy with his army ; and he had ten thousand vap elyev tt ews' et,ovs pev pvplovs eniXeKTovs, picked infantry soldiers and about five hundred 5 innels Se els nevraKoalovs . d>s S’ rjyyi^ov dXXrjXoLS cavalry. When the armies approached each other ra arparevpara teal pera fdorjs noXXf/s avveppa^av and with a great outcry clashed in the battle, Philip, els Trp’ pdyrjv, 6 pev fyiXiTmos eywv to Sector commanding the right wing, which consisted of the Kepas /cat tovs dplarovs twv Ma/ceSofcov avva- flower of the Macedonians serving under him, ordered ywvL&pevovs tols pev Innevoi TraprjyyeiXev 77 apt77 ~ his cavalry to ride past the ranks of the barbarians TrevaaL /cat TrXayloLs epfdaXelv tols fdapfdapoLS, avTOs and attack them on the flank, while he himself falling on the enemy in a frontal assault began a bitter com- Se Kara or6pa tols noXeploLS ennreadw KapTepdv 1 8’ bat . But the Illyrians, forming themselves into a 6 ervveLjTTpjcLTO payr/v . oi ’IXXvpLol auvra^avres 1 square, courageously entered the fray. And at first eavTovs els ttXlvOlov eppwpevws avveaT-qaavTo tov for a long while the battle was evenly poised because klvSvvov. /cat to pev Ttpwrov errl iroXvv ypovov qv of the exceeding gallantry displayed on both sides, and loopponos 7) pdyT] 8ta rqv vnep^oXrjv Trjs nap’ as many were slain and still more wounded, the fortune ap DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 4. 7—5. 4 ci/tt/vt/?. dvrjpedrjaav Se tow IXXvpicov iv Tavrrj more than seven thousand Illyrians were slain in this 369/8 b.c. rfj payr) 7tAeiovs tow irrTaKujxiXiow . battle. 5. 'H/xei? S’ ETrel Ta Kora tt/v Ma/reSovi/ri/v /cat 5. Since we have finished with the affairs of Ma- cedonia Illyria, shall now turn to events of tt/v 'IXXvpiSa SirjXOopov, pera^rjaropeda 77/50? ra? and we a different kind. In Sicily Dionysius the Younger, eTepoyevels vpatjeis. Kara yap tt/v St/ceAtav tyrant of the Syracusans, who had succeeded to the Acovvoios 6 tow AvpaKoaLow Tvpavvos 6 vewTepos realm 1 in the period preceding this but was in- tt/v Si/vaorexav iv rot? dvowipo) 7rapeiXri TTOirjoai ol yap tt/v tt apaOoXottlov oIkovvtss /3ap- and render the whole shore along the Adriatic Sea unsafe for merchants. Thereafter, having given him- fiapoi Xr/OTpuJi 77oAAat? ttXoovtos clttXovv tois ip- self over to a peaceful existence, he relieved the -nopoLS TrapeoKeva^ov 77 aaav tt/v rropl tov ’ ASptav soldiers of their drills in warfare and though he had 4 OdXaTTav perd 8e Tam Sou? iavTov et? /Stov . succeeded to the greatest of the realms in Europe, elpr/viKov i^iXvcre pev tow arpanoirdw Ta? ev Tot? the tyranny that was said by his father to be bound 1 TroXepLKols yvpvaolas peyLonqv 8e twv /caTa tt/v , 3 The cessation of activities against Carthage is noted in Evpto77T/v Swaoreiaiv 77apaAa/8a>v tt/v apyr/v /cat Book 15. 73. 4. 4 mention is made previously of this war with the tt/v vtto tov naTpos Xeyopevrjv aSa/xavTi SeSecrdai No Lucanians. In Book 14. 100. 5 Dionysius I is said to have 1 So Fischer (cp. Books 17. 2. 3; 18. 42. 2): 7roAe/x«ns made an alliance with the Lucanians and his policy of sup- Italiot is PX, 7roAe/tots cet. porting them against the Greeks clearly shown in chapter 1 01 of that Book. This seems to be the war mentioned in Plutarch, Dion, 16. 3 and Plato, Epistles, 3. 317 a. For 1 Dionysius II see Book 15. 74. 5. For the succession of this war see Costanzi, “ De hello Lucanico quod Dionysius 2 Dionysius II see Plutarch, Dion For the character of 7. minor recens ab imperio composuerit,” Rivista di Filologia, 3-4 and Hackforth, Cambridge Ancient History, 6. 272-273. 26 (1898), 450 ff. 218 249 . , DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 5 . 4—6. 4 1 rvpavviSa 8 id rf/v l fast Slav dvavSplav^ napaSoljios an- by adamantine chains, yet, strange to say, he 359/8 b . c . efiaAev. ras 8e airLas rfjs KaraAvcrecos Kai ras lost it all by his pusillanimity. The causes for its Kara pepos 7Tpanels dvaypa 6 . When Cephisodotus was archon at Athens, the . 'Povpaioi Kariorr/aav vnarovs Fdiov AikLviov Kai 358/7 b . c Romans elected as consuls Gaius Licinius and Gaius Tdiov LlovAitLkiov. ini Se rovrotv Alwv 6 'Inna- Sulpicius. During their term of office Dion, son pivov, HvpaKoauov vndipyow ini Sevrepas ’innap Lvov dvyarpos ovar/s , evdoKipoj- the daughter of Hipparinus, a Syracusan of great rarov HvpaKoaUvv, Svo naiSas, ’ Innaplvov Kai renown, two sons Hipparinus and Nysaeus. It chanced 1 3 Nuomov. irvyyave Se rfjs Sevrepas yvvaiKOs that the brother of the second wife was Dion, a man 3 d8eA(f>os aw AUov, dvf/p iv DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 6. 4—7. 1 I [ then escaped from Sicily eAonovvrjoov , eywv [led’ eavTov tov d8eA(f>ov to the Peloponnese in the 358/7 n.c. 1 company of NeyaKAfjv Kal 'HpawAeiSijv rov ini twv arparioj- his brother Megacles and of Heracleides who had been appointed commandant of the garri- 5 twv rerayptevov vno rod Tvpdvvov. KaranAevcras son by the tyrant. When he landed at Corinth, he S’ els rrjv KopLvdov tovs ptev liopivdlovs rjijlov besought the Corinthians 1 to collaborate with him in 2 crvveniAafieodai rfjs iAevdepwaews twv 'ZvpaKO- setting free the Syracusans, and he himself began to gather mercenary troops and to collect 2 1 peviov. rayv Se rfjs voXews evlSomv Xapfiavovcrrjs Tauros.” And as the city made quick progress, the 358 / fjr vepievoifjaavro vXov- inhabitants laid up great wealth, and the city, ol pLev oik opes peyaXovs which had won considerable repute, finally tovs, r] Se voXis dljioXoyov dijlwpa vepivovrj aapevrj in our own life- time, after Caesar 2 had expelled to reXevralov ev ra KaO’ fjpas fjloj Kaiaapos the inhabitants of Tauromenium from their native dvaaryjaavros rovs Tavpop.evl.ras etc rfjs varplSos land, received a colony of Roman citizens. rwv 'Vojpalwv avoiKiav eSetjaro. While these things were going on, the inhabitants 2 ”Apa Se rovroLS vparropevots ol rfjv \ivfioiav of Euboea fell into strife among themselves, and when Karoueovvres earaolaaav vpos dXXfjXovs Kac rwv one party summoned the Boeotians to its assistance pev rovs ^doiwrovs rwv Se rovs Adrjvaiovs evi- and the other the Athenians, war broke out over all ovvearrj voXepos Kara rf/v Hvj3oiav. KaXeaapevwv Euboea. A good many close combats and skirmishes avprrXoKwv Kal aKpoffo- yevopevwv 8e vXeiovwv occurred in which sometimes the Thebans were vpoerepovv ore S’ ol Xiapwv ore pev ol Orjfialoi superior and sometimes the Athenians carried off ’Adrjvaloi rfjv vIktjv diretfiepovro peydXrj pev ovv the victory. Although no . important pitched battle rrapdra^LS ovSepla avvereXeaOrj rfjs 8e vfiaov 8ta was fought to a finish, yet when the island had been rov epcfrvXiov TToXepov Kara SICILY DIODORUS OF BOOK XVI. 7. 3—8. 1 xoi 'PoSiW Kal Kcparv, eri Se Bv^avruov arro- of Chios, Rhodes, and Cos and, moreover, of Byzan- 358/7 ardvreov everreaov els rroAepov rov ovopaadevra tium, became involved in the war called the Social oupfiaytKov, os biijj.ei.vev err) rpla. eAopevoi Se War which lasted three years. 1 The Athenians chose orparriyovs Xaprjra Kal Xafiplav arreoreiAav per Chares and Chabrias as generals and dispatched them Svvdjieajs- ovtoi Se nAevaavres em rfjv Xtov with an army. The two generals on sailing into Chios KariAafiov rrapayeyovoras avppdyovs rols Xioi? found that allies had arrived to assist the Chians from ' Byzantium, Rhodes, and Cos, 2 7rapa MvQavrloiv Kal PoSlaiv Kal Kojojv, 'in Se and also from Mausolus, the tyrant of Caria. They then drew up their forces AlavaojAov rov Kapaiv Svvdarov . eKrd^avres Se and began to besiege the city both by land and rrjv Svvajuv erroAiopKovv rr/v ttoAlv Kara yfjv dp by sea. Now Chares, who commanded the infantry Kal Kara OdAarrav . 6 jiev ovv Xdprp rov rre'iov force, advanced against the walls by land and began crrparevparos rjyovpevos Kara yfjv rtpoar\ei rols a struggle with the enemy 1 who poured out on him relyeai Kal rrpos rovs e/c rfjs rroAews eKyydevras from the city ; but Chabrias, sailing up to the harbour, ctt’ avrov Sir)ywvit,ero- 6 Se Xafdpias TrpoorrAeitcras fought a severe naval engagement and was worsted rip Aijiev l vavpaylav Kaprepav ovvearrjaaro Kal rfjs when his ship was shattered by a ramming attack. 4 vedjs rols ipfioAois dvappayeiorjs Karerrovelro . ol While the men on the other ships withdrew in the nick pev ovv em rcuv dAAow ved)v e’lijavres rip Kaipw of time and saved their lives, he, choosing death with Steowdrjoav, 6 S’ avrl rrjs rjrrrjs aAAa^apevos rov glory instead of defeat, fought on for his ship and 3 evKAea Oavarov dyeovi^o/ievos vrrep rrjs vews Kal died of his wounds. rporOels ereAevrrjae. 8. About the same time Philip, king of the Mace- donians, who had been victorious over the Illyrians 4 8 . II epl Se rovs avrovs Kaipovs QlAimros o Tali' in a great battle and had MatceSovaiv ffaatAevs peyaArj rraparddei veviKr/Kws made subject all the’ people who dwelt there as far as the lake called Lychnitis, 5 rovs ’lAAvpiovs Kal rrdvras rovs pdypi rfjs Avyvl- now returned to Macedonia, having arranged a note- riSos KaAovfievrjs Alpvrjs Karoueovvras vmrjKoovs worthy peace with the Illyrians and won great acclaim •nerroinpivos aveKapipev els rfjv Ma/ceSovtav, avv- redeipevos evSo£ov elpfjvrjv rrpos rovs ’ lAAvpiovs, Social War in the years of Agathocles and Elpines (357/6 and 356/5), which seems to be the correct dating. For dis- 2 1 cussion see Beloch, Griechische Geschichte ck added by Kallenberg. , 3. 2. 260-262. 2 Mausolus was the prime instigator of the Social War (see Demosthenes, 15. 3). Yet Byzantium, Rhodes, and 1 Again Diodorus is wrong in the dating of the Social Chios had joined forces previously when stirred up by War. The war opened with the attack on Chios in which Epameinondas (see Book 15. 79. 1). Chabrias fell. For reasons given in the preceding note this 3 See Nepos, Chabrias, Plutarch, 4 ; Phocion, 6. 1 ; Demos- must be the year 357/6. Diodorus (chap. 22. 2) closes the thenes, 20. 80 ff. “ ” 4 war in the year of Elpines, 356/5, after it has lasted four See chap. 4. years. Dionysius (De Lysia Indicium 5 , 12, p. 480) placed the Western border of Macedonia by Lyncestis and Orestis. 256 vol. vn k 257 . , ; DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 8. 1-5 eirl irepc^orjTos re virapy OfcAt77770? lIoTlSaiai' €KTToXlopKr)fjnS TTjV pev TWV be, Philip, when he had forced Potidaea to surrender, 358/7 led ’A Orjvaltov (f)povpdv e^rjyayev ex Trjs TToXews /cat the Athenian garrison out of the city and, treat- ing it considerately, sent it back to — (biXavdpcuTTws avrfj TrpooeveyKapevos e^aveoTeiXev Athens for he was particularly solicitous toward the people of Athens on els ras ’ AOrjvas ocf>6Spa yap evXafielro tov Sfjpov ( account of the importance and repute of their city— tow ’ Adrjvaltov Sid to /3apo? /cat to atjliopa Trjs but, having sold the inhabitants into slavery, he handed 1 - ttjv Si ttoXiv e£av8pano8iodpevos irap- 77oAea>?) it over to the Olynthians, presenting them also at the e'Sco/ce toIs ’OXvvdlois, Stoprjod.pi.evos apa /cat Ta? same time with all the properties in the territory of rrjv ytopav KTTjoeis. pera Se touta rrapeXOtov Potidaea. After this he went to the 1 6 /caTa city of Crenides , Ztti ttoXlv KprjvlSas ravrrjv pev irrav^rjoas olxrj- and having increased its size with a large number of inhabitants, changed its name to Philippi, roptov rrXr'jdeL peTtovopaoe OiAi7T77ovs, dxj> eavTOV giving it his own name, and then, turning to the gold mines in its npooayopevoas , ra Si Kara rrjv ytopav* ypvoeia territory, which were very scanty and insignificant, he peraXXa navreXtos ovra Xira /cat dSofa Tat? Kara- increased their output so much by his improvements OKeva t? tooovtov rjv^rjoev wore Svvaodai tf>e- em that they could bring him a revenue of more than a petv aiJTa) 77poooSov TrXelov rj raXavTtov yiXLwv. thousand talents. And because from these mines he 7 e/c 8c tovrtov rayv otopevoas ttXovtov, alel paXXov had soon amassed a fortune, with the abundance of Sia rrjv einroplav tcov yprjpdrtov els VTrepoyrjv pe- money he raised the Macedonian kingdom higher and higher to a greatly superior ydXrjv rjyaye rrjv Ma/ceSot't/o/f j3aotXetav • vopiopa position, for with the gold coins which he struck, which yap ypvoovv xoipas to rrpooayopevOiv av’ ixelvov came to be known from his name as Philippeioi 2 he organized a large OtAt7777€tov pto9ocf>6p(ov Te Svvapiv d£ioXoyov ovv- , force of mercenaries, and by using these coins for eoTTjoaTO Kal rtov 'EXX-pvtov rroXXovs 8ta tovtov bribes induced many Greeks to become betrayers of TTpoerpeifjaTO npoSoras yeveodat tow TrarplStov. their native lands. But concerning these matters the 3 aXXa irepi piv rovTtov at koto, pepos npa^ets several events, when recorded, will explain every- thing in detail, and shall eieaora SijXtooovoLV , rjpels 8 em ras ovveyels we now shift our account npd^eis peTafhfiaoopev rov Xoyov. back to the events in the order of their occur- rence. 9. ’E77* dpyovTos yap ’AOrjvrjOiv ' AyaOoxXeovs 9- When Agathocles was archon at Athens, the 357/6 b PtopatoL KaTeoTfjoav vnaTovs Mapxov Oa/3tov /cat Romans elected as consuls Marcus Fabius and Gaius 1 iroXiv Gemistus ; so Wesseling, Fischer : ELiiSrai'. 2 3 200-201, the issue of Philippi bore the name of the town x“>Pav] toXlv PX. 7rpafet?] rafcu P. •PIAinnON (see Plate XLVI 7) and only after 348 began the issue of Philippeioi. See also West, “ The Early Diplo- 1 On Crenides see chap. 3. 7 and note. macy of Philip II of Macedon Illustrated by his Coins,” 2 Worth about $6.25. According to Seltman, Greek Coins, Numismatic Chronicle, 3 (1923), 169 ff. 260 261 1 , . DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 9. 1-4 1 Poplius. During their term of office, Dion son of 357/6 b.c. Vdiov YIottXlov . irrl he tovtojv Ai haipiXtos rals Tfpoeip-qpevais hvvapiecn, L who had to maintain lavishly the aforesaid forces xwP S ; Tu>v elpT)p.ev DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 9. 4—10. 1 vavolv lies by Cephallenia, with Xrjvlav Suol (f>opnai avaydels xarerrXevae two merchantmen, put in at 357/6 B.c the rfjs ’A xpayavrlvrjs els rr/v ovopa&pevtjv Mlvwav. harbour of Acragas named Minoa. This had been avrrj 8e to pev iraXaiov vtto MtVaios exrloOrj rov founded of olden time by Minos, king of the Cretans, on the occasion flaaiXews Kprjrwv, xafj' ov Kcupov £r)rw AalSaXov when, in his search for Dae- dalus, he had been entertained erre^evwdrj ]\wxaXw rqj fiacnXeZ rwv Jjtxavwv xara by Cocalus, king of the Sicanians, 1 but in the period with which Se rovs vnoKeipevovs xatpovs pev ttoXis avrrj we are con- 17 cerned this 1 city was subject to the Carthaginians, rots Kapyr/dovlois vmjxovev, 6 8’ eiriordrrjs av- and its governor, named Paralus, 2 who was a friend of rfjs, ovopa I [ apaXos, (f>lXos wv Alwvos rrpodvpws Dion, received him enthusiastically. Dion, having 5 virehi^ar avrov. 6 Se Alwv e^eXopevos ex row unloaded from the merchantmen five thousand suits Soprtjywv rravonXlas TrevraxLoyiXlas rw I T apdXw SICILY DIODORUS OF BOOK XVI. lo. 1-4 Kal rfjs noXews" dmarws dpwnwv €K re rfjs %cupas out arms both from the countryside and from 357/6 b.c. the city ; yap StaKelptevos 6 Atovvatos npos rods HvpaKocnovs for Dionysius, being suspicious of the Syracusans, had 2 noXXwv to oTrXa nap-pprjro} Kara Se rovrov rov disarmed many of them. About this time the tyrant uev repi ras veoKrlarovs noXeus was sojourning in the newly founded cities 1 Katpov 6 i rvpavvos along the Adi’iatic Kara rov ’ASpiav Sierpifie fiera noXXwv Svvaptewv, with large forces, and the commanders who had been left in charge of ol S’ errl rfjs ’AypaSivfjs vopevOels els Tyv dyopav KarecrTpaTo- 1 Achradina encamped in the market-place, no one 357/6 b . c . 5 veSevcrev, ovSevos roXptdvTos evetjcevac. 6 Se crvp- daring to come out against him. The whole number 7tos dptdpos rjv tow /i era Aloovos arpaTiojTwv ovk of the soldiers with Dion was not less than fifty thou- eXaTTovs twv vevraKcapvplow. ovtol Se vdvres sand. 2 All of these with garlands on their heads eoTetbavtopevot KarfjXOov els Tyv voXtv vpoyyov- came down to the city under the leadership of Dion 3 pevov tov re Alowos > pevow . eyeveTo Se /cat twv yvvaucdw evl tcus throngs throughout the whole city. There was no dveXvlerrois evypeplais oXoXvypos voXvs /cat /ca(T freeman, no slave, no stranger who did not hasten to 2 avaaav Tyv voXlv avvSpopal. ovSels 8’ yv eXetl- gaze upon Dion, and all applauded the man’s valour in 4 depos, ov SovXos, ov f;evos, os ovk eavevSev cSecv terms too exalted for a mere mortal. And they had goodreason for such feelings because ofthe tov Altova, /cat Tyv apevyv tov dv8pos vdvTes magni- tude and unexpected nature of the change for after dveSeyovro pei^ovtos y kot dvdptovov. /cat tout’ ; having experienced fifty years 5 of slavery and for- evXoycos evaayov Sta to peyedos /cat vapa8o£ov gotten the meaning of freedom through the lapse of Trjs peTafloXrjs’ vevTyKovTaeTovs yap SovXelas ve- time, they were suddenly released from their mis- eXevdeplas 8ta tov ypovov evi- vetpape'voi Kal Trjs fortune by the valour of a single man. vdyarav XeXyapevoc 8t’ evos dvSpos apeTyv dveX Trjs Dionysius himself at this time chanced to be avpefropds • 2 See Plutarch, Dion, 27. 3, who says five thousand, which 3 Acovvacos Se /card tovtovs tovs Kacpovs avTos is undoubtedly too low an estimate as Diodorus’ is too high. 1 TOV Kivhvvov P. See Hackforth, Cambridge Ancient History, 6. 278. 3 Twenty-five is the number given by Plutarch, Dion, 22. 4. 4 1 See Plutarch’s account in Dion, 28-29. Achradina (ibid. uioirep Upav Tiva Kal Beoirpeirij TTopTrqv (Plutarch, Dion, 29. 1) is an extension of the city, covering the eastern part of 28. 3) and irpooTpeTTopevoiv toairep Oeov Karevxais (ibid. 29. 1). 5 the plateau of Epipolae. Forty-eight in Plutarch, Dion, 28. 3, 405-357 b . c . 268 269 v — DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 11. 3 12 . 1 1 pev ervye hunpifiwi’ rrepl MavXeovlav rfjs ’lraXlas, sojourning near Caulonia in Italy, and he sent for 357/6 b.c. 2 DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 12. 1-5 2 exPorjdovvras Str]ycvvl^ovro. 6 Se Atwv aveXrr terrors the wall, engaged in a struggle with those who were 357/6 b.c. rrapearrovSripevos ptera rdjv dp terrow orpartorredv coming out to the rescue. Dion, being unexpected- arrrjvra rots rroXepiots xai ervvdifjas pdyrjv rroXdv ly tricked by the violation of the truce, came to meet 1 errotet 1 yap uiOTTep, rip added by Post. 2 3 4 8rj : So Post : Post Se. biaruxlov eaw. Stephanus : eVcra-eAe^r/. 272 273 DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 12. 5—13. 2 Trjs Kara tov OTpaTrjyov owTrjplas irreppa^av tols into the mercenaries in heavy formation and rescued 307/6 b.c. the pLo9o arroKplcrews yevopewqs avvayaycvv tovs rjyepovas since Dion’s reply had been arrogant, assembled his 357/6 b.c. commanders and began to deliberate the e/3ovXevero rrd>s ypij tovs HvpaKocrlovs apvvao9ai. on best means of defending himself against the Syracusans. 3 rravTiov S’ evnopdw irXijv oItov Kal daXarroKpa- Having plenty of everything but grain and being in rd>v eXr\OTeve rrjv ytxtpav Kal Ik rd>v ras Tpo rraprjpovvTO. . ayopas This was the situation of affairs in Syracuse. Kai ra pev rrepl ras HvpaKovaaas ev tovtois rjv. 14. In Greece Alexander, tyrant of Pherae, was 14. Kara Se ti)v 'EAAdSa ’AXe£av8pos 6 Oeptuv assassinated by his own wife Thebe and her brothers Lycophron and Tisiphonus. 1 The brothers Tvpavvos vtto Trjs 18 las yvvaiKos Qrjfirjs Kal tow at first received great acclaim as tyrannicides, but later, hav- TaVTTjS Xo(/)OVq9r) . ovtol Se to pev rrpdjrov cos Tvpavvo- they disclosed themselves as tyrants, slew many of ktovoi peydXrjs eTvyyavov (mohoyfjs varepov , Se their opponents, and, having contrived to make their peTavorjaavTes Kal tovs pio9o 7rov tov Ma/ceSovaw f3acnXea. ovtos Se 1 avppayov Diodorus has this event one year too late. It should be 1 vapeX9(bv els Tip ©erraAiav KaTerroXeprjcre tovs 358/7, counting eleven years from Book 15. 61. 2 (see Beloch, 2 Griechische Geschichte , 3. 2. 83-84). For the story see Xeno- Tvpavvov s Kal rais noXeaiv dvaKT'qodpevos Tip phon, Hell. 6. 4. 35 ff. ; Plutarch, Pelopidas, 35 ; Cicero, eXev9eplav peydXrp evvoiav els tovs ©erraAou? De Officiis, 2. 7. 25 ; Valerius Maximus, 9. 13, ext. 3. Peitholaiis, the third brother, here omitted, is mentioned 1 8’ So Hertlein : enaveXSaiv. chap. 37. 3. 276 277 DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 14. 2—15. 1 eveSeitjaro- Stovep iv rats perd ravra vpatjeoiv Wherefore in the course of subsequent events not 357/6 b c. merely Philip himself but his son Alexander after del ovvaywvuxrds eayev oil povov avros, aAAa ko'i him had the Thessalians always as confederates. perd ravra 6 vlos ’ AAeijavSpos Among historians Demophilus, 1 the son of the 3 Twv 8e ’Etj> avyypa DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 15. 1—16. 1 ji.aloL KariuTrjaav vnaTovs McEpKov 1 1 onXiov Aai- elected as consuls Marcus Poplius Laenas and Gnaeus 356/5 b c. ’ 1 vdrrjv Kal Tvalov M aipuXiov I p,nepid>oov 6Xvp.ni.ds Maemilius Imperiosus, and the one hundred sixth , celebration held of the Olympian S’ 'f'lX^V 'dKTTj npOS TCUS eKaTOV , Kdd’ fjV eVLKd was games, at which 2 GTribiov Uarpos MaAiei/?. enl Se tovtoiv Kara p.ev Porus the Malian won the stadion race. During their tt]v ’IraAiav fjdpoladrj nepl rr/v AevKavlav nXfjdos term of office, in Italy there gathered in Lucania a multitude of men from every region, a mixture of dvOptOTTOIV naVTayoOeV p,iyaSa)V , nXellJTWV Se Sov- every sort, but for the most part runaway slaves. Aa>v SpaneTtuv. ovtol Se to pev npd)Tov XrjoTpiKov These at. first led a marauding life and as they habitu- evearrjGdvro fhov /cat Sta ttjv ev rat? aypavAtat? ated themselves to out-of-door life and making raids /cat KdraSpofials awr/deiav eayov rpi^r/v /cat they gained practice and training in warfare ; conse- peXeTrjv tow /caret noXepov epyow 8to /cat rot? quently, since they regularly had the upper hand with TToXepuKoXs aydial npoTepovvTes tow eyyojplojp els the inhabitants in their battles, they reached a state 2 avtjrjotv agioXoya>Tepav KaTeoT-pcrav . Kal npwTov of considerably increased importance. First they 1 3 pev Tepivav noXiv eKnoXiopKpoavTes Sirjpnaoav took by siege the city Terina and plundered it com- eneiTa 'Inncuviov2 Kal Qovplovs Kal noXXds aXXas pletely ; then, having taken Hipponium, Thurii, and Xetpoicrdpevoi. Kowf/v noXtrelav avvedevTo Kal npoa- many other cities,4 they formed a common govern- qyopevOrjoav BpeVrtot 8ta to nXeloTous elvai ment and were called Bruttians from the fact that most SovXovs' /caret yap Trjv tow iyyojplojv SidXeKTOv ol of them were slaves, for in the local dialect runaway “ 5 Sparrerat /Spcrrtot npoarjyopevovTO slaves were called bruttians.” 6 To pev ovv tow Bperrteov TrXfjdos ovtoj avveaTrj Such, then, was the origin of the people of the /card tt)v TraAtav. Bruttians in Italy. r 16. In Sicily Philistus, Dionysius’ general, sailed to 16. Kara Se T qv St/ceAtav <&tAtaro? pev 6 Aiovv- Rhegium and transported to Syracuse the cavalry, alov GTpaTTjyos nXevcras els ’Pf/yiov SieKopiae tovs more than five hundred in number. When he had Innels els AivpaKovaaas, ovTas nXelovs tcov nevTa- added to these other cavalry more numerous and two Kocrlaiv. npoadels Se tovtols Imrels re aXXovs thousand infantry, he made an expedition against TrXelovas Kal net^ovs SiayiXlovs eaTpdiTevaev ini 2 Cp. chap. 2. 1. 3 1 A city on the west coast of Bruttian peninsula probably So Fischer (cp. Polyaenus, 2. 10. 1) : Teptr PX, Tepivav founded by Croton. epivav Dindorf. RF ; T 4 2 Sybaris on the Trals is mentioned in Book 12. 22 . 1 . eirena 'lirntoviov Cluverius : eVt rafmdviov P, erreiTa rap- 5 Perhaps Oscan. Yet other legends have Brettos (Stepha- 7Twviov X, Stephanus marg., dr? it' apirdiviov RVF, e/ret rap nus of Byzantium, Bperros), son of Hercules and Valentia, ncuviov M. as eponymous hero, and still others Brettia (Justin, 23. 1 . 12), as eponymous heroine. But the term Brettios is older than 1 These names appear in Livy, 7. 12. 1 as Marcus Popilius the date of this passage (see Aristophanes, fr. 629 Kock). Laenas and 6 Gnaeus Manlius. See Justin, 23. 1. 3-14 ; Strabo, 6 . 1. 4. 280 281 , DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 16. 1-4 Aeovrtvovs dtfreaTTjKOTas and Aiovvolov, vvktos Se Leontini, which had revolted from Dionysius, and 356/5 n. Trapeicnrecrwv ivTos tov refyovs KareXa^eTO piepos having succeeded in entering the walls by night cap- tured a portion of the city. A sharp engagement Trjs noXews. yevopievqs Se fiayqs layypds Kal twv ensued, and the Syracusans came to the aid of the AvpaKoalow fjorjO'qadvrow rjTTTjOels ederreaev ex Leontinians, so that he was defeated and was driven 2 twv AcovtIvwv. 'HpawrAeiS^s S’ o /caraAeAeipi- out of Leontini. Heracleides, who had been left be- pievos vtto Alwvos vavapyos twv piaKpwv vewv ev hind by Dion as commander of his men-of-war, having 1 WeXoTrowqoqj did Tivas yeijxowas ejLTrodiaOels vare- been hindered by storms in the Peloponnese, was too late for Dion’s return and the liberation of the Syra- prpae rfjs KaOdSov twv rrepl rov Alowa Kal Trjs cusans, but he now came with twenty men-of-war and twv AvpaKoalow eAevOepwarews' rjxe S’ dyow vavs fifteen hundred soldiers. Being a man of very great eiKoai, yiXlovs Se arTparudras Kal piev fiaKpas distinction and considered worthy of the position, he rrevraKoolovs dw S’ dvrjp emcrqpioTaTOS Kal Sodas was chosen admiral by the Syracusans, and, having adios imapyeiv fpped’q vavapyos vtto twv Hvpa- been assigned to the supreme command of the armed 1 Koolwv Kal fierd Alwvos TeTaypievos irrl rfjs rjye- forces along with Dion, he participated in the war against Dionysius. After this Philistus, who had 3 piovlas SienoXepiei rrpos Aiovvaiov. /xera 8e raura been appointed general and had fitted out sixty tri- OiAutto? dnoSeiydels oTpaT-qyos i DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 16. 4— 17. 3 KtOTaTOV T (7)1' (l)lXoW aTTofiaXtbv Kd'l OTpaTTjyOV pev sius, who had lost the most efficient of his friends 356/5 b.c. erepov a^idxpetov ovk eyow, avros S’ ov Svvapevos and had no other general of repute, being himself tftepeiv to tov rroXepov fiapos e^eireptfie TTpecrfievras unable to sustain the burden of the war, sent out TTpos tov Aitova, to pev rrptoTov rrjv rjplaeiav Trjs ambassadors to Dion, first offering him the half of dpxfjs vapaSiSovs, varepov Se f3ovA6pevos oXrjv his power, but later consenting to place the whole of it in his hands. eyXeipll,eiv. 17. But when Dion replied that it was only fair 17. Tot/ Se A Itovos drroKpidevTos on rots 2t>- to surrender to the Syracusans the acropolis with the paKocnois SiKaiov eon rrapaSiSovai rrjv dutponoAiv reservation of certain property and privileges, Diony- enl tioiv etjaiperois aOL Kal Tipals, 6 pev xPVP sius was ready to surrender the citadel to the people Aiovvanos eroipos rjv irapaSiSovai ttjv ditpav rat on the condition that he took his mercenaries and Sr/pto wore tovs picrdot/jopovs /cat ra 7'jp ara xP his property and went abroad to Italy, and Dion XafiovTa els ttjv ’ IraXlav peTaaTrjvai, 6 Se Altov counselled the Syracusans to accept his offer. But erwefiovAeve rots Avpaitoolois Seytodai ra SiSo- the people, persuaded by their inopportune dema- 1 peva. 6 Se Srjpos vtto Ttov ditalptov Srjprjyoptov gogues, refused, believing that they could forcibly neiodels avrelve, vopilaw /card KpaTos eKTroAiopKrj- make the tyrant surrender by siege. Thereafter Dio- 2 ereiv tov Tvpavvov. peTa Se ravra o pev Aiovvoios nysius left the best of his mercenaries to guard the tovs dp lorovs Ttov pi erdotf>6ptjov aveAnrev tjjvXa^ov- citadel, while he himself, putting his possessions and all his royal paraphernalia on board ship, ras TTjV aitpav, avtos S’ evdepevos ra XPVP‘aTa /cat sailed off secretly naoav to)v fdaaiXiK-qv KaratJKevrjv eXadev eKTrXevoas and put ashore in Italy. But the Syracusans were divided into two factions, 3 /cat Karrjpev els tt)v ’IraAtav. ot Se HvpaKooioi some being of the opinion that they should entrust the generalship and irpos dXXrjXovs eoraolaoav , Ttov pev olopevtov Selv supreme power in the state to Heracleides because it TTjv orparrjyiav /cat rr/v raw oXtov troverlav eyyei- ' was believed that he would never aim at tyrannical lie iv 1 pa/cAetSp Sta to tovtov SoKelv prjSeTror’ p 1 power, and the others declaring that Dion should have dv emdecrdai tvpawIS i, Ttov Se dnotfraivopevtov tov the supremacy over the entire government. Further- Altova Selv eye iv ttjv Ttov andvTtov r/yepovlav more, large sums for wages were due to the Pelopon- rrpos Se tovtois ttoXXwv otfjeiXopevtov piodtov toIs nesian mercenaries who had liberated Syracuse and e’/c I T eXoTTOwr/tjov leva is rots rjXevdeptoKotJi to.s the city was short of funds, so the mercenaries, de- AvpaKoinjoas /cat XP71PL°LTwv tnravilovorjs Trjs rro- prived of their money, banded together in excess of Xetos, ol pev pier9otf>6poi Ttov xpppdTtov dvooTepov- three thousand, and since all had been selected for meritorious conduct and because pevoi cjvve(jTpd criv Ttov TToXepiKuw epytov Siarreirovr^pevoi ttoXv 1 Fischer would prefer ino rivtov. 284 285 L , ., DIODORUS OF SICILY 17 . — BOOK XVI. 3 18 . 2 1 4 tovs YLvpaKoolovs rats aperaus vrrepejidXXovTo . o more than a match for the Syracusans in valour. As 356/s he At cot' aijiovpevos vno twv pia9o(f>6pwv crvv- for Dion, when he was asked by the mercenaries to arroejTrjvai /cat napd twv YivpaKoalwv tbs kolvwv join their revolt and to take vengeance upon the Syra- i)(9pdw XafdeTv Tt,p,top Lav to pev ttpwTov dvreinev cusans as a common enemy, he at first refused, but later, under compulsion ft era he ravra avvavayKa^opevos into Trjs irepi- of the critical circumstances, he accepted the OTaaews npooeheijaTo rrjv rjyepovlav twv tjevwv command of the mercenaries, and with them marched off to Leontini. /cat pier’ eKelvwv raydels ave^evijev errl tovs Aeov- The Syracusans in a body set out to pursue the 5 t vovs- ol he YvpaKooioi avoTparfiivTes ehlwKov mercenaries, and. having engaged them on the way and lost many men, 1 tovs piar9o(f>6povs /cat /card ttjv ohoirroplav ovvaipav- retreated. Dion, who had defeated them in a brilliant Te p-dy-qv /cat ttoXXovs drroflaXovTes drreyojpr] - s battle, harboured no grudge toward the Syracusans, crav. 6 Se Aitov Xaprrpa payp viKiyias ovhev for when they sent him a herald to arrange for the epvrjoiKaKrjoe rots AvpaKoalocs' dnooTeiXdvTojv yap removal of the dead he granted them permission Trpos avTov KTjpvKa Trepl Trjs tojv veKpwv dvaipecrews and set free without ransom the captives, who were ttjv Te twv veKpwv dvaipecnv ehwKe Kal tovs aXov- numerous. For many who were on the point of being ras ttoXXovs ovras arreXvaev dvev XvTpwv. rroXXol slain in their flight declared that they were on Dion’s ev side and all for this 2 yap rfj pevrjs Kal rrjs aoiTrjpias dvoyivojcrKopevrjs avvSpa- necessity and they despaired of saving their lives, they 350/5 els vvktos etjrq Icravro vapaBovvai povres eKKXrjolav (f> came together in an assembly at night and voted to rrjv aKpovoXiv Kal a(fids avrovs rois ’ZivpaKooioLS surrender the citadel and themselves to the Syra- 3 dp’ r/pepa. rjBrj Be rrjs vvktos Xrjyovarjs ol pev cusans at dawn. Night was just drawing to a close as pio9o(fi6poi KTjpvKas effevepvov rrpds rovs Hvpa- the mercenaries sent heralds to the Syracusans to kooLovs vepl rrjs SiaXvaecvs, 6 Be Nvifnos Biacfiai- make terms, but, as dawn was just breaking, Nypsius sailed in with his fleet 1 vovarjs rjBr] rrjs rjpepas KarevXevae peril rov aroXov and anchored off Arethusa. Consequently, now that the Kal KadwpploOr] vepl rrjv ’Apedovaav. Siorrep rrjs scarcity had suddenly changed into a great abundance of supplies, evBelas vapayprjpa pera^aXovar/s els voXXrjv Ba- the general Nypsius, after disembarking his soldiers, held • tjjlXeiav row evLrrjBelwv 6 pev arparrjyds Svifuos a joint assembly, presented arguments suitable to the eK^pdijas rovs arpaTLcvras, kolvtjv h rrjv efjalpeoLV rrjs dyopds BiarpLpovaiv . avpoa- pected and the mercenaries in the citadel could only 8oKrjTov Be rrjs iepoBov yevopevrjs Kal rd>v Kara be drawn up in confused fashion against the enemy triremes, tt]v aKpoTroXiv pioOocpopwv redopvfirjpevws dvn- a naval battle took place in which the Syra- 1 cusans had the superiority, Taydevrojv rats TroXeplaLS TpLrjpeaLv, iyevero vav- in fact they sank some of ’ the ships, gained possession of others, payla Ka6 rjv ol HvpaKomoL vpoerep7]aav, Kal and pursued the ’ remnant to the shore. Elated by their success TLvas pev rd>v vecov KareBvcrav, tlvlov 8 eyKparels they offered magnificent sacrifice to the gods in honour Karearr/aav, ras Be Xolvols rrpds rrjv yfjv KareBiw- of the victory, and, turning to banqueting and drink, dav, perecopLodevres B evl ra> vporeprjpaTL tols 5 with contempt for the men they had defeated, were pev OeoZs peyaXovpevdds edvaav imviKia, avrol negligent about their guards. ’ 8 els evcoylas Kal vorovs eKTpavevres, Karatfipo- 19- Nypsius, the commander of the mercenaries, vovvres rdjv rjrrrjpevcov paOvpeos elyov ra vepl ras wishing to renew the battle and retrieve the defeat, vvktos eKTeraypevr) rfj Bvvdpei vapaSodois vpoo- 1 So Dindorf : noXefuKais. 288 VOL. VII L 289 , DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 19. 1—4 eneae rat' xaTeaxevaopevcp relyei. evpwv 8e tovs night unexpectedly attacked the wall which had been 356/5 c . b . 20 . Afia 8 r/fitpa to p,iv rrjs crvp, DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 20. 4—21. 1 oSols, OL XotTTOt OWetjiVyoV els TTJV dxpoTioXiv Ka'l body to the citadel and closing the gates escaped the 356/5 b.c. Tas wXas kXetoavTes €^etj)vyov tov KtvSvvov danger. 5 Aitov Se KaXXiarov rd>v Trpoyeyevrjpevtov epyow Dion, having accomplished the finest of all the deeds ever vtt avrov Starrpa£apevos tols pev xatopevas olxlas performed by him, preserved the burning houses by extinguishing the flames, and, restoring Steatoae KaTattBe oa9 rrjir cfrXoya, to Se rrepure i- by to good condition the circuit-wall, at one stroke fortified XtcTta xaXtbs KaTaoKevaaapevos pud rrpdBet rrjv re the city and by walling off the foe blocked their egress ttoXiv loyvptocre kcu tovs rroXeplovs (irrorc tyltra S to the mainland. 1 When he had cleansed the city elp^e rfjs im tt)v yfjv egoSov. xadapdv Se Ttov of the dead and had erected a trophy of victory, he vexpwv -noirjoas ttjv rroXtv /cat rporratov crrr/aas offered sacrifices to the gods for the deliverance of the 6 edvoe rots Beats vnep rfjs trtOTrjplas. avvaydelorfs city. An assembly was summoned, and the people, S €kkXt)ol 1 The enemy, in the citadel on the Island, were prevented 2 Compare the narrative of chaps. 18-20 with Plutarch, by the walls from crossing to the main part of the city on Dion, 41-48. Achradina. 3 See chap. 7. 3-4. 294 295 - DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 21. 1-4 KOLVjj pera \apr]TOS 8iaTToAep€LV roLS njbt (Jr }j along Kt'lOL with Chares to continue war upon their allies 3S6/5 b.c 2 rwv arvppaxwv . ol Se Xloi Kal 'PoSioi /cat Bu- who had revolted. The Chians, Rhodians, and Byzan- tians together with their allies Cavnoi pera rwv ouppaywo eKarov vavs rrX'qpo')- manned one hundred ships and then cravres 1 sacked Imbros and Lemnos, Athenian Ipfipov pev /cat Afjpvov ovaas 'AO’qvalwv islands, and having descended on erropdrjaav Samos with a large , em Se Xapov rroAAfj Svvapei orpared contingent laid waste the countryside and besieged the cravres rr/v pev ya>pa.v e8r\woav rr/v Se rroXtv erro- city by land and by sea ; and by ravaging many other XtopKovv /card yrjv Kal Kara OaXarrav rroXXds Se islands that were subject to Athens they collected /cat aXXas vrjoovs ovoas vrr ’AOrjvalovs KaKorroirj- money for the needs of the war. All the Athenian generals now met and planned aavres xPVIlaTa rjOpoiaav els rds rov rroXepov at first to besiege the city of the Byzantians, and when later the Chians and 3 XP€l,as ‘ OL rwv APrjvauov orparrjyol rravres their allies abandoned the siege of Samos and turned adporcrdevres ro pev rrpwrov e-nefidAovro rroXiopKrj- to assist the Byzantians, all the fleets became massed aat T7j v rwv I 1 vCavr ion’ ttoAiv, pera Se ravra rwv in the Hellespont. But just at the time when the /cat naval Xiwv rwv ayppayoov rr/v pev rroXtopKiav rfjs battle was about to take place a great wind fell upon them and thwarted their Xa/xov Xvaavrwv errl Se rrjv fior'jOeiav rot? Bi/£av- plans. When Chares, however, though the elements were against him, nois rperropevwv ervvqOpoladrjoav rravres ol or6X01 wished to fight, but Iphicrates ' and Timotheiis opposed irepl rov EXXrjorrovrov peAAodor/s . Se ylveodai rfjs on account of the heavy sea, Chares, calling upon his vavpaylas peyas dvepos emrreowv SteKwXvoev av- soldiers to bear him witness, accused his colleagues of 4 rwv rrjv rrpoalpecnv. rov Se Xdprjros rrapd ing that 1 fiovXopevov vavpaxelv /cat rwv rrepl rov 'IrftiKparrjv they had purposely shirked the sea-fight. And the Athenians were Kal TipoPeov evavnovpevwv Sia ro peyedos rov so incensed that they in- dicted Iphicrates and Timotheiis, fined them many kXvSwvos 6 pev Xdprjs empaprvpopevos rods crrpa- talents, 2 2 and removed them from the generalship. nwras SiefiaXe rods ovvapyovras ws rrpoSoras 1 See Nepos, Timotheiis, 3. Menestheiis, son /cat rrpos rov Sfjpov eypaifre rrepl avrwv ws cy/cara- of Iphi- crates and son-in-law of Timotheiis, was also associated with XeXoirrorojv 8’ , eKovalws rrjv vavpaxlav, ol AO-qvaioc the command and later brought to trial. A battle was actu- ally begun, the battle of Embata, not in the Hellespont, rrapogvvOevres Kal Kploiv rw ’I^t/cparei - but /cat Tipo near “ Erythrae. See Nepos, l.c. : hinc male re gesta, com- dew rrpoOevres et,r)plwoav adrods rroXXols pluribus amissis navibus ” Polyaenus, raXav- ; 3. 9. 29 ; Stephanus rors /cat rrjs orpariqyias drreorrjoav. of Byzantium, s.v. “Ep.fta.rov. 2 See Nepos, Timotheiis, 3. 5 ; Iphicrates, 3. 3 ; Isocrates, 1 Antidosis, 129 ; Polyaenus, 3. 9. 29 ; Deinarchus, So Dindorf : ovaav. Against 2 Demosthenes, 14 and Schaefer, 2 Wesseling (cp. Demosthenes, l . 175 ff. For So Book 2. 18. 1) : rot? arpanwrais. an interesting appraisal of these generals 296 see chap. 85. 7. 297 . - DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 22. 1-3 22. Xaprjs he rrapaAafdcbv rravros tov cttoXov ttjv 22. Chares, now that he had succeeded to the com- . 356 5 B . c rjyep.ovi.av /cat arrevhojv / Trjs harravr/s arraXAd^ai mand of the whole fleet and was eager to relieve the ' tovs Adrjvatovs erreyeiprjae irpa^et rrapafioAtp. ’ Ap Athenians of its expense, undertook a hazardous opera- 1 rafia^ov yap arrooTavros drro tov fiacnAews /cat tion. Now Artabazus had revolted from the Persian King with peXXovTos oXiyoLS CTTpartcoratS' rrpos tovs aaTparras and only a few soldiers was on the point of joining combat with the diayaivt^eadai pvptahas errTa OTpaTiwTtvv eyovTas, satraps who had more than seventy thousand. Chares with all his forces took part avppaxrjaavTOS avTtp XaprjTos rraarj Trj hvvapet with Artabazus in a battle aiid defeated the King’s KaL VLKr'jaaVTOS Trjv tov fiamAetas hvvap.iv, 6 pev army. 1 And Artabazus, out of gratitude for his kind- ApTafia^os arrobthovs Trjs evepyeaias yd/XTa? ness, made him a present of a large sum of money, ehaipr/craTO rrXrjdos <*- ra>v d>v XPVP > hvvaTov rjv with which he was able to furnish his entire army with 2 Tractav ttjv hvvap.iv 1 6i/ja>via£,eo9aL, ol S’ ’Adrjvaloi supplies. The Athenians at first approved Chares’ to pev TrpuiTov arrehe'gavro Trjv rrpd^LV tov XdprjTos, action, but later, when the King sent ambassadors vcjTepov he tov and denounced Chares, they changed their fiacnXecos rrpeofieLS arrouTc iXavTos minds ; for word had been spread abroad Kai, KaTrjyopovvTOS tov XdprjTos Trjv evavTtav eayov that the King had promised Athens’ enemies that he would join them in yvcuprjv hiehodrj yap Xoyos otl tols rroXepioLs tojv their war against the Athenians with three hundred Adrjvauov fSacnAevs irrrjyyeiXaro TpiaKooiaLS vaval ships. The assembly, accordingly, taking a cautious ovyKaTaTToXeprjoeiv ’ tovs Adrjvaiovs . TavT ovv 6 attitude, decided to bring to a close the war against hrjpos evXa^rjdels eKptve KaraAveraadaL tov rrpos their revolted allies ; and finding that they too desired tovs d (PiAi777rou Ka9’ eaVTovs pev ovk rjaav of Philip a£iopaxoi ; singly, however, they were not capable of 856/5 b. c . 7rpor)TT7]fj,evot., Koivfj Se noXepovvTes imeXaflov sustaining a combat, each having suffered defeat in paSlios avrov nepieoearOai. Siovep ddpoi^ovToyv the past, but they supposed that, if they should join ras Svvapeis imcfiavels dawraKTOis Kal Kara- their forces in a war, they would easily have the better of Philip. TrXrj^dpevos rjvdyKaoe npocrOeodai tois Ma/reSoow. So it was that, while they were still gather- ’ ing their 23. Ett dpxpvros S’ Adr^vrjai KaXXiOTpaTOV 'Pto- armies, Philip appeared before their dis- 1 positions were made, paloi Karearrjaau vnaTovs MapKov Od/3tov Kal struck terror into them, and compelled them to join forces with the Macedonians. 1 rdtov UXwtiov. em Se tovtojv 6 /(XyOels lepos 23 . When Callistratus was archon at Athens, the b . c. TToXepos (Jvvearrj Kal Siepeivev errj evvea. (DiAo- 355/4 Romans elected as consuls Marcus Fabius and Gaius pr/Xos yap 6 (l>coKevs, avrjp 6pane l Kal rrapavopla Plautius. During their term of office the Sacred War, 8ia DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 23. 3-6 Xprjp,aTa Tip 0c co cl7to8cocfiv ol Qojkzls of the Council ko() ic p ojctcli that if the Phocians did not pay the 555/4 b.c. Trjv„x“>pav tu>v d-nouTepovvTiov tov 9eow opioiios money to the god, they should lay under a curse the 8 ec/)acrav Secy Kai tovs aXXovs tovs KO.Ta.8iKa- land of those who were cheating the god. Likewise aOevras they eKTiveiv ra o^Xr/fiara, iv ols v-nrjpxov Kal declared that the others against whom judge- Aa/ceScu/ioi'ior eav 8e p,rj ments had been passed should discharge their uttukovoxh 3 Koivfj vtto fines, 4 tu>v the Lacedaemonians being in this ’EXXrjvwv pLooTrovrjpla oi who said : Kvirapiacrov eyoy 1 v9d)vd to 7T€Tprj€aoav “ 6 8ioirep Setu Now over Phocians Schedius ruled e(f>7] dp, T ' • avarpomj PX ; Kal raj twv avdvrwv 1 0\.; filw avaTponrjv They dwelt in Cyparissus and in Pytho 2 land cet. r ischer suggests rfjs twv anavraiv Kara tov Biov ava- 3 TpoTnjs. of rocks.” On this account he said they should enter a claim for Town near Delphi. 2 Homeric name for Delphi. 3 302 Iliad, 2. 517, 519. 303 DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 23. 6—24. 3 npoaraaias cos ovcrr/s narplov rots' OcoKevaiv, the guardianship of the oracle on the ground that this 365/4 B.c. enrjyyeXXero Se Karopdo'jaeiv rrjv emf$oXriv belonged to the edv Phocians as an inheritance from their avrov avroKparopa Karaoriqucocn fathers. arparqyov rrjs He promised that he would succeed with the oXrjs 1 enterprise emfioXrjs Kai Kvpiov. if they would appoint him general with absolute 24. Tcdv Se DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 24. 3—25. 2 KaTaTTeTrXrjyptevovs TrapeKaXet dappetv djs ovSevos the others were terror-stricken, he exhorted them to 355/4 B 4 eoofxevov irepi avrovs S etvov. Stafiorjdeiorfs Se Trjs be of good cheer since no danger would befall them. TTEpt TO tepov KaTaXTjljjeOJS \ OKpOt pi€V Oi TrXrfalov When news of the seizure of the shrine was noised abroad, 1 OLKovvres TTapayprjpta eorparevcrav em rov DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 25. 2—26. 2 drjcdcras KarearparorreSevaaro rrXrjoLov rrorapov encamped near a river that flowed past a stronghold. 355/4 B.c. TLUOS peoVTOS 77 (l dp (ftpOVpiOV S\VpOV. TOVTCp 8e Though he made assaults upon this, he was unable to rrpocr^oXds rroirjcrdpevos Kal prj hvvapevos iXeZv take it and finally desisted from the siege, but joining rrjs pev rroXiopKcas arrearrj , rrpos 8e rovs AoKpovs battle with the Locrians he lost twenty of his men, ovvaifias pdxyv arrefiaXe rdtv arpancoratv eiKocn and not being able to get possession of their bodies, he Ken rdtv veKpdtv ov 8vvrjdels Kparrjaai rr)v dvaLpecnv asked through a herald the privilege of taking them up. avrdtv 8id xrjpvKos f\rr\aaro. ol Se AoKpol rrjv The Locrians, refusing to grant this, gave answer that amongst all avacpeacv ov avyyatpovvres arroKpicnv eSatKav on the Greeks it was the general law that temple-robbers should be cast forth without Trapa rracn roZs "EXXrjcn koivos vopos earlv aracftovs burial. Philomelus so resented this that he joined 3 pirrreodat roiis lepoavXovs 6 8e QiXoprjXos va- battle with the Locrians and, bending every effort, slew Xerrdts cftepcov to (rupfSefdrjKos avvrjcfre paxyv roZs some of the enemy, and having got possession of their AoKpols Kal rrdoav elaeveyKapevos (fx.Xonpi.Lav bodies compelled the Locrians to make an exchange aveZXe nvas rcov rroXepLcov Kal rcov ercoparcov kv- of the dead. As he was master of the open country, pcevcras rjvayKaoe rovs AoKpovs dXXayr/v rrovrj- he sacked a large portion of Locris and returned aaadai rcov veKpdtv. Kpardtv 8 c rcov vrraLdpcov to Delphi, having given his soldiers their fill of the Kdt TroXXrjv TTopdrjoas rrjs AoKpLSos irravrjXOev els spoils of war. After this, since he wished to con- A eXcftovs eprrerrXrpcdts dufteXetas rovs orpandoras sult the oracle for the war, he compelled the Py- pera be ravra thian rrepl rod rroXepov fiovXopevos XPV~ priestess to mount her tripod and deliver the aaadai rat pavrelcp rrjv YlvdLav rjvayKaoev dva- oracle. fiacrav errl rov rpLrroSa Souvai rov yprjcrpdv 26. Since I have mentioned the tripod, I think it not inopportune 26. Enel 8e rov rpLrroSos epvrjadrjv, ovk aKaipov to recount the ancient story which has been handed down about it. It is said that in rrpoaavaXa^eZv rjyovpai rrjv rraXaidv rrepl avrov ancient times goats discovered the oracular shrine, on rrapa8e8opevrjv carop Lav. Xeyerai yap ro rraXaiov which account even to this day the Delphians use alyas evpeZv to pavrelov- ov ydpiv pdXiara goats preferably when they consult the oracle. They 2 xPyvrypLdljovTai peypc rov vvv ol AeXcftoL. rov 8e say that the manner of its discovery was the following. rporov rrjs evpeaeats yeveudai cftaol rocovrov. ovros There is a chasm at this place where now is situated Xacrparos ev rovrcp rat rorrcp ko.6' ov ecrn vvv rov what is known as the “ forbidden ” sanctuary, and as cepov ro KaXovpevov dhvrov , Kal rrepl rovro vevo- goats had been wont to feed about this because Delphi 1 pevcov alydtv, 81a ro prjrrco KaroLKeZadac rovs had not as yet been settled, invariably any goat that 2 AeXiftovs, alel rrjv rrpooiovcrav rat ^acr/xaTi Kal approached the chasm and peered into it would leap rrpoofiXeifjaoav avrdt crKiprav Oavpaarcos Kal rrpo- about in an extraordinary fashion and utter a sound 1 So Rhodoman : yevofxZvcov. 2 r(p ydaftm rr/p npocrcovcrccv RF, 308 309 s DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 26. 2-5 leaOai (fiojvrjv 8ldtf>opov r) apoTepov ehudei 1 0avfAaoTU)07jvai X : 0avfxao0ijvat cet. 2 iravTas tovtov tov Capps : —aito? tov. 310 311 DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 26. 6—27. 2 6 OecmLwSelv Se to apxalov XeyeTat, napdevovs Sia at sufficient length. It is said that in ancient times 35.5/4 B.e re to rrjs (/>voews aSidcjrdopov Kal to tt?s 'ApTepiSos virgins delivered the oracles because virgins have opoyeves' ravras yap evdeTeZv npos to TrjpeZv ra their natural innocence intact and are in the same case anopprjTa tu)v r a . as Artemis for indeed xP' ] p<-pSovpiva)v iv Se Tots veo>- ; virgins were alleged repois ypdvois DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 27. 2-5 ras tov iroXipov vpa^eis. eyevero S’ avtu> Kal the business of the war. There came to him an omen as 355/4 orjpetov ev tw lepw tov ’ AttoXXwvos' aero? yap well, in the temple of Apollo, namely an eagle which, vnepTieTwpevos tov vaov1 tov deov Kal ovyKvXiodels after flying over the temple of the god and swooping eirl ttjv yfjv ras Tpeifjopivas ev tw lepw nepiaTepas down to earth, preyed upon the pigeons which were maintained in the temple precincts, edrjpevev, ojv ivlas an’ avrdjv rjpirate tojv flwpwv. some of which it snatched away from the very altars. to Se arjpetov e 1 1 So X : viov P, veojv cet. See chap. 33. 2. 314 315 s DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 28. 1-4 28. 28. ’E7r’ dpyovros S’ ’AOijvrjai Awrlpov 'Pw- When Diotimus was archon at Athens, the 354/3 b.c. Romans elected as consuls Gaius paloi Karearrjaav vrrdrovs Pdiov M dpiuov Kal Marcius and Gnaeus Manlius. During their term of office Philomelus, fore- Frame MdAAiov. errl Si rovrwv rwv arrelyero, rods Si AeA rrepl ras OatSpiaSas KaAovpevas rrerpas, fjv viKrj- having slain many of the enemy and taken not a few alive, while cras 6 OtAo/XTjAo? rroAAods piv dvelAe rwv rroAepiwv some he forced to hurl themselves over the precipices. After this battle the Phocians were ovk oAlyovs S’ e^wyp-pare, nvas Si Kara rfjs rrerpas elated by their success, but the Locrians, being quite avvrjvayKaaev eavrods KaraKprjpvlaai.. pera Si dejected, sent ambassadors to Thebes asking the Boeo- rrjv payr/v ravrrjv oi piv Oai/cet? irrfjpdrjoav rot? tians to come to their support and the god’s. The DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 28. 4—29. 4 fiorjOelv tu> 9ea> Kal tovs Oai/cet? cos lepoavXovs punish the Phocians as temple-robbers, while others 35J/3 b.c. 1 KoXat^ecv, ol Se upos tt)v twv (t>ojKeow fior/de cav inclined toward giving the Phocians assistance. 29. As tribes and cities were divided in their choice, (xttIkXlvov . the Boeotians, Locrians, Thessalians, and Perrhae- 29- S^t t,°p,£vr)s Se rrjs rcov edvcov Kal iroXecov bians decided to aid the shrine, and in addition the acpeoecos rep p,ev lepw flor/Oelv eyvcooav Botcorot Dorians and Dolopians, likewise the Athamanians, /cat Aoicpol /cat ©erraAot /cat II eppaifiol, irpos Se Achaeans of Phthiotis, and the Magnesians, also the tovtols Awpcels /cat AoXorres, ere Se ’AOapcaves 2 Aenianians and some others ; while the Athenians, 1 Kal ' Ayaiol 0iu>Tai Kal Mdyvrjres, ert Se Alvidves Lacedaemonians, and some others of the Pelopon- /cat Tcves eVepoi, rot? Se (Dco/ceCor. ovvepedyov nesians fought on the side of the Phocians. The Lace- A9yvaZoi Kal Aa/ceSaiponioi /cat nves erepot rd/i' daemonians co-operated most eagerly for the following reasons. In the Leuctrian War 3 the Thebans, after 2 1 1 eXo7rovvr]ola)v . irpodvpcoTaTa Se avveTTparrov ol 2 defeating the enemy, brought suit before the Amphic- Aa/ceSatptovtot Sta roiavras alrlas. ev tco Aev- tyons against the Spartans, the charge being that KTpiKO) noXepLcp ©ijjSatot /cara77oAep,ijCTavre? row? Phoebidas the Spartan had seized the Cadmeia,4 and voXep,iovs 8 lkt]v etrrjveyKav ' els Ap.cf>i,KTVOvas Kara the Ampliictyons assessed a fine of five hundred rcov TiTrapriarcov, on OoijSiSas o STraprtdtrrjs' /car- talents for the oifence. Then when the Lacedae- eXdfiiTo T7)v KaSptetav, /cat SienfirjoavTO to aSt- monians had had judgement entered against them K7]/ia raXavTiov TrevraKoolcov. KaTaSiKaaOevrwv Se and failed to pay the fine during the period set by Ttov Aa/ceSatptofta/v /cat Tij 1 Scktjv ovk cktu'ovtcov the laws, the Thebans again brought suit, this time Kara tov wpicrpLevov e/c rcDi/ - for double damages. When the Amphictyons set the vopnov Kacpov ol @77 judgement at a thousand talents, the Lacedae- jSatot TidXiv 8 cKTjv enrjveyKav SlttXov tov a8iKrj- ’ monians, on account of the large amount of the fine, 3 pcaTOS. Ttov S’ Ap, virep Trjs KaTa8lK7]s apaoOat, iroXepov, Sta Se too Diodorus, chaps. 23-40, is the principal source for the Sacred sketches appear in Pausanias, 10. 2 and in 1 War. Short So : Wesseling ’Amatol /cat DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 29. 4—30. 4 npOOWnOV T (7)1 pco9o DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 30. 4—31. 4 rjTTrjO'qaav . imejravevreov 8e Boicorcov 1 pvpioLs Kal Argolas. When the Boeotians put in an appearance 354/3 b . c . WW errparuuraLS Kal row ei< Ft eXorrovvrjejov with thirteen thousand men and the Achaeans from Axaiuiv x^lois Kal rrevraKocriois f3or]6r]crdvra>v roZs the Peloponnesus came to the support of the Pho- Ow/eeww dvrearparonedevaav al Svvdpeis, dp 3L Mera Se ravra oi 31 . After this the Boeotians, who had taken captive pev BolcutoI Kara ras 7rpo- vo/^d? on foraging parties a good many mercenaries, brought Coryp-qaavres ovk oXlyovs rdw puo0o DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 31. 4-7 Tpavpaot ircptm- cjcov ei? riva KprjpvcbSr) tottov cruv- wounds, was driven into a precipitous area and there 364/3 k e/cAeicdbp ovk cyow Se Sie^oSov /cat 1 Cary, Cambridge Ancient History 6. 71 disagrees. So Gemistius : Tldyas. 3 2 See Livy, 7. 16. 2-6. Swapra/coj regularly in Diodorus : Siraprd/ojs X. Prop- 4 Callippus was a member of Plato’s Academy (cf. Athe- erly 2,trdpTOKos (see note below). Suidas only 3 naeus, 1 1 . 508 e ; Diogenes Laertius, 3. 46 ; ; So Dindorf : toiv. “ an Athenian ” in Plato, Ep. 7. 333 e, quoted by Plutarch, Diem, 54) who accompanied his friend Dion to Syracuse. 1 The last city on the coast of Philip’s possessions still Claiming that Dion was substituting one tyranny for another belonging to Athens. Diodorus repeats the notice of its but actually wishing to get power himself, Callippus effected capture in chap. 34. 4 f. For the date see Beloch, op. cit. his assassination. (See Beloch, op. cit. 3. 1. 261 and note, 3. 2. 269 and Pickard-Cambridge, Cambridge Ancient Bis and Hackforth, Cambridge Ancient History, 6. 284 f.) tory, 6. 219. Dion, 54-57 Nepos, Dion, 2 Parallel accounts are Plutarch, ; The correct spelling is Spartocus (£ndproKos ) according 8-10 (Callicrates sic). 324 325 . 1 DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 32. 1-4 the 353/2 b.o. 32. ’E7r’ apyovros S’ ' AOrjvrjoiv QovSf/fiov 'Poi- 32. When Thudemus was archon at Athens, [laiot. consuls Marcus Poplius and Mar- Karearr/aav vrrdrovs AldpKov 1 1 ottAlov Kal Romans elected as a MapKov (JOj/.ii(iyo)i ! Kai riov dXXcov tu>v e l S ttoXc jiov xprj- allies and of everything else that is serviceable for 353/2 «.c. CrlpUOV. war. 33. Jdnfjpe S’ civtov rrpos rrjv vrroaraatv ravrrjv 33. He was greatly encouraged in this undertaking ovetpos ep, DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 33. 3—34. 2 i' e eiv ' X K(li Ta>v [it OojKewv tovs evavTiovpevovs maintain the peace. In his dealings with the Phocians 353/2 b.c ovXXapfidvojv avr/pei /cat rds ovolas eSqpevev. els also he arrested and executed those who opposed him 8e Tijv iroXeptav epfiaXdiv Qpoviov pev eKnoXiopKq- and confiscated their property. After invading the 1 2 ' territory of the enemy he took Thronion by storm oas l^rp'dpaTTodlaaTo , Apufoiaaets Se KaraTrXq^d- and reduced its inhabitants to slavery, and 4 pevos f/vdyKaoev vvoraTreaSaL. raj S’ iv Awptevoi having intimidated the Amphissans 3 by threats he forced voXeis rropOrjaas tyj v ycdpav avTwv iSr/woev. els them to submit. He sacked the cities of the Dorians 4 St T7jv Boiamav epjSaXdjv 'Opyopevov pev elXev, 1 and ravaged their territory. He invaded Boeotia, erri-yeip-qaas S’ itcrroXiopKeiv Xaipioveiav Kai rjr- captured Orchomenus, then, having attempted to rqOeis vtto Qqflaleov enavrjXdev els rqv oheeiav. reduce Chaeroneia by siege and being defeated by 34. ' Apa St tovtols TTpGLTTopevoLS ’ AprdfiaQos the Thebans, he returned to his own territory. aTroaraTqs u>v tov fiacnXews, SieTroXepei npos tovs 34. While these things were going on, Artabazus, aTTOOTaXevras vtto tov fiacriXecus oarpdirras els tov who had revolted from the Persian King, continued TToXepov. /cat to pev npcvTov avppayovvTos avrcu the war against the satraps who had been dispatched XdprjTos tov ’Adqvalcov OTparpyov eppwpevcos dvT- by the King to take part in the war against him. At trarreTo rot? aaTpanais, t/cttVoa S’ dweXOovTos first when Chares the Athenian general was fighting povwdeis erreicje tovs Qr/jialovs avppaylav avTtv with him, Artabazus resisted the satraps courageously, but when Chares 5 had gone and he was left alone he Treptpcu. oi St 1 appevrj gtpaTTjyov eXopevoi /cat induced the Thebans to send him an auxiliary force. 8ovt€s avTpj arparuoTas TrevTaKiayiXlovs e£e- Choosing Pammenes 6 as general and giving him five 2 vepifjav tty tthv Aoiav. o St 1 appevigs BoxiOtiocls thousand soldiers, they dispatched him to Asia. .-Aprapa 4 to Kai tovs aaTpairas peyaXais payais Pammenes, by the support he gave to Artabazus and 8voi viKrjoas 7repi€7Toi7]oaTo peydXqv 8o£av eavTcv by defeating the satraps in two great battles, won rt /cat rots Botairot?. eefravri yap Oavpaorov el great glory for himself and the Boeotians. Now it Boiairot Tali' pev &erTaXcvv eyKaTaXeXovTTOTWv , tov seemed an amazing thing that the Boeotians, after St <1>ojkikov TToXepov peyaXovs erntjoepovTOS KivSv- the Thessalians had left them in the lurch, and when vovs SiavovTi'ovs Suvdpeis els ’Aoiav e^eirepnov the war with the Phocians was threatening them with Kai TrpoeTepovv koto. to TrXetoTov ev rots kivSvvois. serious dangers, should be sending armies across the Asia and for the part proving 1 sea into most successful So Capps : Sc TrohiopKtiv. in the battles. 1 The Locrians. 3 In Ozolian Locris. Cp. Plutarch, Mulierum Virtutes, 2 In Epicnemidian Locris. Alponus, Thronion, and Nicaea 249 e, f. 4 See Strabo, 9. 4. 11. 5 See chap. 22. 1-2. were posts controlling the roads to Thermopylae held 6 see Griechische 2 by For this campaign Beloch, Geschichte , Phocians (cp. Aeschines, the On Embassy, 132 ; Demosthenes. 3. 1. 250-251 ; Pickard-Cambridge, Cambridge Ancient 19. 83). History, 6. 217-218 ; Glotz, Hist. gr. 3. 268. 330 331 DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 34. 3—35. 1 3 "A pa Se tovtols TrparropevoLs avvearrj rroXepos While these things were going on, war broke out 353/2 b.c. Apyelois TTpos AaxeSaipovlovs, ko.I yevopevrjs between the Argives and the Lacedaemonians, and place the city of Orneae 1 p.ayrjS rrepl ttoXlv ’0pveas ivlxajv ol AaxeSaLpovLOL in a battle that took near the Lacedaemonians won, and after they had taken Kai, Tas 0pveas IxTroXLOpK'qaavres evavfjXdov els Orneae by siege, returned to Sparta. Chares the TrjV UnapTr/v. Xapips Se 6 ra>v ’ Adrjvalcov arpa- Athenian general sailed to the Hellespont, captured T'qyos eujTTXevuas els 'EXXrjOTrovrov xal Sharov Sestus, slew its adult inhabitants, and enslaved the ttoXlv eXdjv roils pev 2 r/ficovTas a/iTea when Lycophron summoned an auxiliary force from 353/2 XoTs' fiera Se ravra tov AVKocfrpovos peTanept/ja- his allies the Phocians, Phayllus, the brother of Ono- pevov rrapa to>v (l>ojKe'ojv ovppaylav drrecjTdXrj marchus, was dispatched with seven thousand men. OauAAoy o aSeAcf>os ’Ovopdpyou p.erd OTparuDrujv But Philip defeated the Phocians and drove them ( erTTaKLayiAlaw . 6 §€ PIXlttttos tovs ffiaj/ceiy VLKTj- out of Thessaly. Then Onomarchus came in haste 2 eras e^e^aXev Ik rfjs ©e-rraAias. ’Ovopap^os S’ with his entire military strength to the support of avaAafidrv rrdoav tt/v Svvap.iv Kal vopl^wv dXtjs rfjs Lycophron, believing that he would dominate all ©erraAiaj Kvpievcreiv r/Kev iv rayei fiorjdrjcrwv tols Thessaly. When Philip in company with the Thes- rrepL tov AvKocfrpova. tov Sc QiAlmrov peTa tlov salians joined battle against the Phocians, Ono- ©crraAdir dvriTrapara^apevou tols QwKevcriv ’0vo- marchus with his superior numbers defeated him papxos VTrepexajv tols nX-r/OeaL Svol palais eveK-rjoe in two battles and slew many of the Macedonians. Kal noXXovs Turv McuceSoi'cov dvelXev. OlXimros S’ As for Philip, he was reduced to the uttermost perils els tovs e’eryatovs klvSvvovs TrepLKXeierOels Kal tlov and his soldiers were so despondent that they had him, but arousing the courage of the otpanairtov Sta TT/v ddvplav KaraXnrovTOjv avTOV deserted by majority, he got them with great difficulty to obey his rrapaOapcrvvas to nXfjdos poyis errolrierev avrovs orders. Later Philip withdrew to Macedonia, and 3 evTreiOeLs . /xera 8e ratJra 6 (JXlXlttttos pev dve- Onomarchus, marching into Boeotia, defeated the Xojprjoev els MaKeSovlav, ’Ovopapyos Se crTparev- Boeotians in battle 1 and took the city of Coroneia. oas els HonoTLav evLKrjae pdyp tovs Boicotou? Kal As for Thessaly, however, Philip had just at that time ttoXlv elXe Koparveiav. koto. Se rrjv QeTTaXlav returned with his army from Macedonia 2 and had QlAlttttos pev Ik rfjs Ma/ceSovta? /xera rfjs Swa- taken the field against Lycophron, tyrant of Pherae. peojs apTL KaT7]VTT)K d^Lopayos peTe-nepipaTo aoppaylav rrapa DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 35. 5—36. 3 Scacfiepovrcov eviKijcrev 6 QIXiitttos. tcov Se Trepi superior in numbers and valour, Philip won. Because 353/2 top Ovopapyov Karacjivyovrow els rrjv OaXarrav Onomarchus had fled toward the sea and Chares the 1 Kal rvyiKcos 77apaaXeovTos tov WBr/valov Xappros Athenian was by chance sailing' by with many tri- great slaughter of the Phocians took place, for pera ttoXXuiv Tpirjpcov ttoXvs eyevero DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 36. 3—37. 3 SiaSe^ape VOS O VLOS Tipodeos Tjptjev €T I 1 7T€VT€- . . j his son Timotheiis succeeded to the throne and ruled 353/2 b c 4 KcuSeKa. 1 vpprjvol Se SiaTroAepovvTes 'Poj/xaiotj 2 their for fifteen years. The Etruscans , continuing eTTopdrjaav iroAArjv rfjs rroAeplas yajpa? *ai p*XPl war with the Romans, sacked much of the enemy T°v TRepeals KaTaSpapovTes e-iravrjAdov els ttjv territory and after marauding as far as the Tiber re- 5 ou TapavTZvos . €ttl Se tovtow DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 37. 3—38. 2 general. 3.72/1 B.c. fiev TrevTaKi,(jxt,\iovs, ImreZs Se rerpaKoolovs, a>v four hundred horse with Nausicles as their 1 rjv (TTparTjyos Navcru<\fjs. ol Se ra>v Oepai'om The tyrants of Pherae, Lycophron and Peitholaiis, TVpCLVVOL who were destitute of allies after the death of Ono- -\v KO DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 38. 2-7 ei? 352/1 b.c. Ma/ceSovtav, 7]v£r]Ku>s eavrov ttjv fiaanXelav enlarged his kingdom not only by his achievements god. Phayllus, rals re Ttpa^ecn kcu rfj Ttpos to OeZov evcjefBeia. but also by his reverence toward the campaign into the Locris known as 3 OauAAo? Se OTpa.T€voas eis AOKpovs tovs ovopal^o- having made a Epicnemidian, succeeded in capturing all the cities but pevov s' ^LttlkvtiplSlovs Tas pev dXXas TtoXets e^ei- one named Naryx, which he had taken by treachery pcoaraTo rraoas, ptav Se ttjv 6vopal,opevr] 2 Napu/ca at night but from which he was expelled again with StCt TTpoSoCJtaS VVKTOS 77dpoXaBcoV TToiXiV e£e77€ DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 38. 7—39. 5 irept. Xaipwveiav o (DaAatkos rjrrrjdels dire/SaXe took place near Chaeroneia, Phalaecus was defeated 3sa/i e.o. rwv nrnewv ovk oXlyovs. and lost a large number of his cavalry. 39. Apa Se rovrois rrparropevois Kal Kara rrjv 39. While these things were going on, throughout HeXo7r6vvrjaov eyevovro Peloponnese also disturbances and disorders had rapaxal Kal Kivrjae 1 ? Sid the following reasons. The Lacedae- roiavras nvas atria?. AaieeSaipovioi rrpos Meya- occurred for the variance with the Megalopolitans, XorroXiras Siacfrepopevoi rrjv yiupav avrwv KareSpa- monians, being at p,ov overran their country with Archidamus in command, ApyiSapov rrjv rjyepovlav eyovro?- ot Se and the Megalopolitans,1 incensed over their actions MeyaXorroXirai rrapogvvdevres errl rot? TTpaydeun . but not strong enough to fight by themselves, sum- Kai Ka9 eavrovs ovk ovres actopayoi rrapd rwv moned aid from their allies. Now the Argives, Sicyo- 2 cjvppdywi’ pererrepijjavro fiorjdeiav. ’Apyeioi pev nians, and Messenians in full force and with all speed ovv Kai, Hikvwvioi Kal M eaarjvioi rravSrjpel Kara Thebans dispatched came to their assistance ; and the rayo? eporjdrjoav Qrj^aloi ’ , 8 arreare iXav 77e£od? four thousand foot and five hundred horse with Cephi- pev rerpaKKjyiXlovs Imre is - , Se nevraKoalovs, errpa sion placed in charge as general. The Megalopolitans 3 T7 v \y° emarrjcravres Krjcfiicrlojva. MeyaXorroXirai accordingly, having taken the field with their allies, pev ovv pera rcov Goppayeov eKarparevaavres encamped near the headwaters of the Alpheius River, KareurparorreSevaav irepi ra? rrrjyas rov ’ AXcfreiov while the Lacedaemonians were reinforced by three 7Torapov' the Phocians and one hun- ot Se AaKeSaipovioi rpioyiXlovs pev rre- thousand foot-soldiers from rrapd Lycophron and Peitholaiis, the C°vs — . 1 DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI . 39 . 5 40 ras oiKelas to their own cities, while the Lacedaemonians, after in- 352/1 b.c. noXeis enavoBov hToiiqaavro , AaxeBai- taking the city Helissus 1 by storm p.ovioi 8 els Tyjv ’ApKaBlav ep.^aXovres Kai noXiv vading Arcadia and and plundering it, returned to Sparta. Some time EAiCTCToOvra Kara kparos eXovres Kai Siapnaaravres after this the Thebans with their allies conquered the 6 enavfjXdov els rr/v X 7rdprrjv. jitrd Be rwa povov y enemy near Telphusa 1 and after slaying many took 01 Qrj^aloL fierd tojv orypipidyeov ivlx-qaav rods captive Anaxander, who was in command, along with 'noXep.iovs 7Tepl TeAfiovcrav Kai avyvods aveXovres more than sixty others. A short time later they had e^ajyprjaav 'Ava^avSpov re rov rjyovpievov Kai ruiv the advantage in two other battles and felled a con- aXXwv rrAelovs rdtv i^r/Kovra. pier’ oXlyov Be siderable number of their opponents. Finally, when victorious in an important ypovov dAAais Bvai pidyais rrpoereprjoav Kai rd>v the Lacedaemonians proved withdrew to their own 7 evavnwv battle, the armies on both sides ovk oXiyovs KarefiaXov . to Se reXevraiov cities. Then when the Lacedaemonians made an rdtv . \ aKeBaipxtviatv at:ioXoyw luxytj viKrjcrdvrotv armistice with the Megalopolitans the Thebans went at Svvapeis apuftorepotv els ras olKelas noXeis back to Boeotia. But Phalaecus, who was lingering in enavfjXdov. eneira rdtv AaKeBaipiovlatv noirjaa- Boeotia, seized Chaeroneia and when the Thebans p,evwv avoyds npos rods XleyaXonoXlras enavfjXdov came to its rescue, was expelled from that city. Then 8 eis rrjv Bouorlav ol ®r)/3aioi. (t>aXaiKos Se irepi the Boeotians, who now with a large army invaded rrjv ttou/jTiav Biarplfdotv Xdaiputveiav etXe Kai rd>v Phocis, sacked the greater portion of it and plundered the countryside and having @7)/3alwv em^orfOrjodvroiv iijeneoev Ik rfjs noXeots. the farms throughout ; of the small towns and gathered an eneid’ ol p,ev Bouoroi noXXfj Bvvdpiei orparevaavres taken also some abundance of booty, they returned to Boeotia. eis rrjv OatKiSa rrjv nXelarqv avrfjs inopOrjaav 40. When Theellus was archon in Athens, the 351/0 b.c. Kai ras Kara rr)v ydtpav Krrjrreis eBrjatuav etna Romans elected as consuls Marcus Fabius and Titus 8 c Kai rdtv pnKputv noXierpidraiv eXovres Kai Xa- Quintius. During their term of office the Thebans, (jtvpotv nXf/dos dOpolaavres enavfjXdov els rr/v growing weary of the war against the Phocians and Boiatrlav. finding themselves short of funds, sent ambassadors ’ 1 furnish the 40. E77 dpyovros 8’ ’Adrjvqoi QeeXXov 'Pco- to the King of the Persians urging him to \xaloi Kareor-qoav vndrovs MapKov OdySiov Kai 1 For these Arcadian cities see Pausanias, 8. 3. 3 ('EAteradn') Titov KoiVnor. ini Be rovratv Qrj^aioi Kapivovres and 8. 25. 1-3 (QeXnovoa). ru> ( ©eeAAo? npos l>ojKeis nodepat Kai yprjpArotv anopov- except PX QeaadXov. All Attic inscriptions give also Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Epistle to pevoi npecrfieis iijenepaftav npos rov rdtv Hepadtv as archon ; ©e'AAor Dionysius, Deinarchus, Ammaeus i. 4, p. 726. 1 ; paaiXea napaxaXovvres elctevnopfjaai , rfj noXei ypf\- Dionysius, Deinarchus , 9, p. 648. 5 11, p. 655. 1 ; ©evcaAo? [©cpcraAos Oxyrhynchus Papyri in Philo- 1 and 11, p. 656. 7 ; Cp. Kirchner, Pros. Att. no. 6641 : QeaaaXov MSS. logus 58. 559 (col. i. 11). 346 347 . ) , DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XV. 40. 1-5 2 /jara ' o 8 Apra^ep^rjs npodvpojs vnaKovoas city with a large sum of money. Artaxerxes, readily 35i/o b eSojKev avroTs Swpeav dpyvplov TaXavra rpiaKooia. acceding to the request, made a gift to them of three 1 . the Boeotians toXs Se BotcoTotj /fat rot? OojKevaiv aKpofioXtopol hundred talents of silver Between and the Phocians skirmishes and raids on each other’s /tef /cat yd)pas KaraSpopal crvveoTTjoav, npagets Se territory occurred but no actions worth mentioning Kara tovtov tov eviavTov a£iai pvfjprjs ov ovv- ereXeadrjcrav took place during this year. In Asia the King of the Persians, who had in the 3 Kara Se rrjv Aolav 6 fiacnXevs to v Ylepacov ev period treated above made an expedition into Egypt p,ev rots erravo) ypovois arparevaas err’ A’iyvnrov with vast multitudes of soldiers and was unsuccessful, ttoXXols TrXijih (7i oTpaTLWTwv (iTTOTvye /card Se in the period with which we are now dealing again Toys woKeipevovs Katpovs ndXiv enoXeprjoe rots made war on the Egyptians and, after carrying out Atyu7rrtot? /cat rrpanels aijioXoyovs KaTepya.odp.evos some remarkable feats by his own forceful activity, 8ta Trjs iSias 2 evepyeias tt/v A'lyvrrTov aveKTtjaaTO regained possession of Egypt, Phoenicia, and Cyprus . 4 /cat thenes, 15. 11 f. ; Isocrates, Philip, 101. In agreement 1 Beloch Griechische Geschichte2 this point Griechische Geschichte 2 3. 2. 284- ( , 3. 1. 483, note 1) suggests with Beloch on ( , that these gifts were not made to the Boeotians for their 287) are Tarn, Cambridge Ancient History, 6. 22-23 and schijnen Augen,” but for help in the Egyptian expedition Hall, ibid. 152-154. See Olmstead, History of the Persian (cp. chap. 44. 2). Empire, 430-441. 2 Diodorus has misplaced the conquest of Egypt by Ochus, 3 Possibly Diodorus has Artaxerxes II (Mnemon) in mind which occurred in the year 344 or 343. He slurs over here (cp. Book 15. 90 ff.), for both Demosthenes and Isocrates a previous defeat of Ochus which probably belongs to this state that Ochus conducted in person the unsuccessful year (351/0) and is attested by chaps. 44. 1, 48. 1 ; .Demos- expedition. 348 349 DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 40. 5—41. 4 AiyvTmov; Kcu 8 lo. ti)v Karafipovrjcnv im rrjv diro- tuous disregard of him made a move to revolt, he 35 i/o b oratw opprjcravTaiv -rrapogvvdels eKpive noXepeXv became enraged and decided to make war upon the 6 Toys ] d(f>eaT7 Koras, to pev ovv orparrjyovs sk- insurgents. So he rejected the practice of sending -rrep-rTeLV arreSoKipaae, out 81 eavrov 8e tovs v-rrep rijs generals, and adopted the plan of carrying /JacnAei'ay dydrvas rroL-qaaodai out in person the struggles to preserve his 8leyvto . Sionep kingdom. ^ o-rrXaov Kal fieAtov Kal oirov Kal Svvapecov peyaXas Wherefore, having made great provision of arms, missiles, food, and forces, he assembled -rrapaoKevas rroi-rjadpevos rjdpoLcre vefcdiv pev rpid- three hundred Kovra thousand foot-soldiers, thirty thousand horsemen, pvpidSas, Imritav 8e TpeXs, rpiijpeis Se rpiaKomas, three hundred triremes, and five hundred merchant- XoVS 77 /H77( TTOLl'ijlJl'OiV vXoVTOVS Tfnrjpeis € T€ had amassed great riches from its shipping, many 351/0 b.c. TToXXal KaT€(jK€vd(jd'rj(Tav Kao poa9o nopoav € 0(1.8 iCe, [ \(Xe(TVS still O TTjS ^VpOOLS (l1 ITpdmjS While he was on the way, Belesys, the satrap of Kao Ma^atos o Tjjs KtAt/cta? apyovv (jvveX9ovTes Syria, and Mazaeus, the governor of Cilicia, having joined forces, opened the against the Phoenicians. 2 erroXepovv tovs 9?oovoKas. Tevvrjs S’ 6 Trjs ScSwvos war ’ Tennes, the king of Sidon, acquired the fdaaroXevs npooeXafieTO Trap A.oyvnTowv arpartaj- from Egyp- tians four thousand Greek mercenary soldiers whose ™? poo9o(fiopovs "EAAr/vay rerpaKioyoXiovs &v rjv , general was Mentor the Rhodian. With these and OTparrjyos MeWaip o 'PoStoj. jaera Se tovtojv the citizen soldiery he engaged the aforementioned Kao To>v ttoXotokwv arpaTocvTtov toos rrpoeoprjpevoos satraps, defeated them, and drove the enemy out of aarparraos avpfiaXdw evoK-qaev Kao tovs rroXepoovs Phoenicia. etjefdaXev e/c Trjs Ootvtkijs- While these things were going on, a war broke out 3 'Apia Se tovtoos irparropevoos Kao Kara rr/v Kv- in Cyprus also, the actions in which were interwoven vpov ojvveoTr) rroXepos, ovpireTrXeypevas eyow ra? with the war we have just mentioned. For in this 4 TTpd^eos TO) vrroKeopevcp rroXepqj. ev yap Tjj vrjocu island were nine populous cities, and under them were TavTj] noXeos rjcrav agooXoyoo pev evvea, vtto Se ranged the small towns which were suburbs of the TavTas imfjpxe Teraypeva poKpa rroXoapara ra 1 tov added by Hertlein. 352 VOL. VII N 353 . DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 42. 4-9 TrpooKvpovvra rats evvea rroXeacv. eKaarrj Se rov- nine cities. Each of these cities had a king who 351/0 b . c . twv elye fiaocXea Trjs pcev rroXeoJS dpyovTa, rw Se governed the city and was subject to the King of the 5 paacXec Persians. All agreement and tow IT epadw vTroTerayp,ivov . ofiroi rravTes these kings in common having avp. DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 42. 9—43. 4 Such was the situation in Cyprus. Kal ra pev Kara rrjv Kvrrpov ev tovtols rjv. 851/0 B.c. 43. After this the King of the Persians, who had 43. Merd Se ravd’ 6 pev rwv Ylepcrwv /3acn\evs begun his journey from Babylon, marched with his eK rijs Ha^vXwvos rrjv ava^ev^LV rroLrjcrdpevos pera army against Phoenicia. 1 The ruler of Sidon, Tennes, 2 rfjs Bwapews rrporjyev errl rr/v DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 43. 4—44. 4 King, hearing what he said, tovtojv perevoqoe Kal peraKaXeaapevos tovs vnq- again changed his mind 351/0 b . c . and recalling the peras dfielvai TTpooeratje Kal r'qv Se£iav e'SojKe rep attendants directed them to release Thettalion, and then he gave him his right hand, QeTTaXlcovL- eon S’ q mans avrq fiefiaLOTaTq rrapd which is the surest pledge amongst the Persians. tols I ( epoais. ovtos pev ovv TrapeXdthv els TiiSdova 1 Thettalion accordingly returned to Sidon and reported ra. rrerrpaypeva tw Tevvq Xadpa rtov HiScovLcov what had happened to Tennes without the knowledge dirqyyeiXev of the people of Sidon. 44. '0 8e fdaoiXevs ev peyaXcp rtdepevos to 44. The Persian King, accounting it a matter of Kparrjaat rrjs AlyvTrrov Sia to ttporepov iXarrcopa great importance, in view of his former defeat, 1 to npeofievTas aneareiXe npos ra? peyLoras raw Kara overthrow Egypt, dispatched envoys to the greatest iroXeow d£u7)V ovoTparevoat, rqv 'EAAaSa , tols cities of Greece requesting them to join the Persians FI epoats err’ Alyumlovs. ’Adqvatoi pev ovv Kal in the campaign against the Egyptians. 2 Now the AaKeSaipovtOL r'qv DIODORUS OF SICILY • BOOK XVI. 44. 4—45. 2 pevos e£s rrjv Q?oivIky]v ioTparcmeSevcrev ov paiepav and reached Phoenicia, encamped not far from Sidon. 351/0 u.r. 5 ttjs HiSwvos. ol Se UlSwvioi KexpoviKoros tov As for the Sidonians, while the King had been slow to move, they attended assiduously to the preparation ^aaiXews rrepi ras vapaoKevds alrov re (cat orrXow armour, missiles. Likewise they had en- Kai fieXwv TroAArjv errLpeXeLO.v eTTOirjoavTO } op.ot.ws of food, and compassed their city with huge triple ditches and ovv Trjv ttoXlv Ta vlovs tovtwv Ttpatpla KaTaTrAr^ijraL ray aXXas 2 rfj So Fischer (cp. Pollux, 10. 20. 4) : yviivaaiois. 3 1 Fischer suggests iireiroitjTO. Te'vwjs MevTOjp X, which omits MeVropi. 360 361 : DIODORUS OF SICILY • BOOK XVI. 45. 2-6 3 noXeis. tov Se Tevvov Sia/Hefiaiwaapevov rrapa- other cities by their punishment. When Tennes as- 351/0 §woeiv irjv ttoXiv 6 fiaoiXevs, (fivXaTTWv rpv dpyrjv sured him that he would deliver up the city, the King, maintaining his merciless rage, had all five hundred aTTapcuTTjTov , alrravTas tovs vevTaKoolovs e%ovTas while still holding the supplicant branches. ras iKeTTqplas KaTrjKOVTioev. effi 6 pev Tevvr/s shot down Thereupon Tennes, approaching the mercenaries from npooeXdwv toZs if; Alyv-oTov piodocfropois erreioev Egypt, prevailed upon them to lead him and the King avrovs ivros twv reiyow eloayayelv avtov re Kal inside the walls. So Sidon by this base betrayal was 4 tov fiaoiXea. r/ pev ovv StSa>v Sia Toiavrrjs rrpo- delivered into the power of the Persians ; and the Socriay vnoyelpios 1 eyevero rocs 1 epoais- 6 Se King, believing that Tennes was of no further use to ftaoiXevs tov Tevvr/v 1 VTroXafiwv prjKen yp-qoipov him, put him to death . But the people of Sidon vrrapycLV aveiXev. ol Se HiSwvioi irpo pev Trjs before the arrival of the King burned all their ships so TTapovcnas tov fiaoiXews ivenprjoav dirdoas ray vavs, that none of the townspeople should be able by sailing to gain safety for himself. they oVaiy prjSels SvvrjTcu twv kclto. trjv ttoXiv eKirXevoas out secretly But when 1 saw the city and the walls captured and swarming IS la (JOjTTjplav nopitfiodai • eireibrj Se ttjv ttoXiv with many myriads of soldiers, they shut themselves, ewpwv Kal to. Telyr/ KaTeiXrjppeva Kal noXXaZs their children, and their women up in their houses and pvpiaoi OTpaTuoTaiv jrepieyopeva, ovyKXeloavTes consumed them all in flames. They say that those eavTovs Kal ra. TeKva Kal yvvaiKas els ray ouelas who were then destroyed in the fire, including the 5 eve-nprjoav . DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 45. 6—46. 2 OTpocjnjv, at S’ dXXai ttoXeis KaTarrXayeZcrcu irpoa- ending, and the rest of the cities, panic-stricken, b.c. €yo>prj(jav rot? Hdpcrais. 351/0 went over to the Persians. 7 Bpaxv 8e 77po tovtow tow ypovajv ’Apre/xioxa Shortly before this time Artemisia, who had held p.ev rj Kapia? Swacrrevovcra fierijXXagev aptjaoa despotic rule over Caria, passed away after ru ling err] 8vo, ttjv two years, and Idrieus 1 her brother, Se 8vvaarelav ’ISpieu? 6 aS eX 46 . ’E77’ dpxovros S’ ’Adrjvrjcriv 'AnoXXoStopov Sulpicius. During their term of office, in Cyprus, while 'Poj/xatot KardoT-rjoav vndrovs MdpKov OvaXepLov the people of Salamis were being besieged by Eva- 4 /cat r«£tov goras and Phocion, the rest of the cities all AovXttlklov enl Se tovtojv /card tt)u became vjrpov subject to the Persians, and Pnytagoras 5 the king of K ’LaXajuvUov iroXiopKov/Avow vtt' Evayopov , Salamis, alone continued to /cat endure the siege. Now (Dai/cta/i'o? at /reu aAAat 77oAet? a77aaat rot? Evagoras was endeavouring to recover his ancestral Ilepaat? VTrerdyrjcrav rfjs Se , EaXajuvos PaaiXevwv rule over the Salaminians and through the help of 2 2 Ilianayopas Jiovos vuipeive ttjv TroXiopKiav. 6 S’ the King of the Persians to be restored to his king- Euayopa? 77 arpwav dpyrjv ttjv XaXapuvUov dv- ship. But later, when he had been falsely accused to ^ €KTCLTO KCLL Sta TOt/ Artaxerxes and the King was backing Pnytagoras, ^aCtAetO? TCOV I I Cp(n7)V TTJV KilO o8ov et? ttjv fiacriXelav eVotetro. p,erd Se raura 1 See chap. 42. 6-7. 2 8iapXrj9evTos avrov Cp. Livy, 7.19. 2-3, who gives 358 as the number executed. npos ’ApTagepgrjv /cat too /3aot- 3 Demolished by the Elder Dionysius but restored by the Ae'co? fjorjOovvTos 2 tu> UvvTayopa 6 jiev Edayopa? Younger according to Strabo, 6. 1. 6. 4 See chap. 42. 7-9. 1 5 So Dindorf : cVoAiop/c^CTar (cp. chap. 33. 4). Grandson of Evagoras I and son of Pnytagoras. 2 So Wesseling : Ilpturayopas (IIpo- P) (cp. Book 15. 4. 3, tius, where Vogel restores 4. 3. 11 ; Arrian, Alexander, 2. 20. IW- (MSS. Ilv0-)). Cp. also Cur- 6 ; Athenaeus. 4 364 167 c. 365 DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 46. 2-8 Evagoras, after having given up hope of his restora- 350/49 b . drroyvovs ttjv xdOoSov xal rrepl twv iyxArjpaTwv tion and made his defence on the accusations brought d.7roAoyr)crd.pevos a'AArjs rjyepovlas rj^uudrj Kara Trjv against him, was accorded another and higher com- 3 ’Aalav pel^ovos. xaxws Se ra Kara rrjv dpyfjv mand in Asia. But then when he had misgoverned St-oLxrjoas ecjrvye rrdAiv els Kvvpov xal avAArj 4 '0 Se tow 1 1 epaow fiacnAevs perd T7)v dAwenv After the capture of Sidon and the arrival of his tfjs JjlSwvos, rrapayevopevwv avTw twv avppdywv allies from Argos and Thebes and the Greek cities in ex re ”Apyovs xal Qrjfiwv xal twv Kara rrjv ' Acslav Asia, the King of the Persians assembled all his army 'EAAtjviScov -noAewv, ddpolcras rraaav rrjv Svvapiv and advanced against Egypt. As he came to the great marsh where are the Barathra or Pits, as they are 5 irporjyev em tt]v A'iyvnTOV . xaravTijaas 8 em called, he lost a portion of his army rr/v peyaArjv Alpvrjv xaQ’ rjv eon, ra xaAovpeva through his lack of knowledge of the region. Since we have discoursed Bapadpa, pepos rrjs Svvdpews dnepaAe Sia rrjv earlier on the nature of the marsh 1 and the peculiar atreiplav twv tottwv. rrepl Se Trjs xaTa ttjv Atpvrjv mishaps which occur there in the first Book of our cjrvcrews xal tov irepi avTrjv rrapadd^ov avpirTw- History, we shall refrain from making a second state- paTos TrpoeiprjXOTeg ev Trj TrpwTT) fivpAw to SiAoyelv ment about it. Having passed through the Barathra 6 irepl twv aiiTWV rrapr/aopev. SieAdwv Se ra Ba- with his army the King came to Pelusium. This is a d jdaaiAevs rjxev tt paOpa pern Trjs Svvdpews pos city at the first mouth at which the Nile debouches to TlrjAovcnov. avrrj S’ ecrrt rroAis err l tov rrpwrov into the sea. Now the Persians encamped at a dis- OTopaTOS xad’ ov tottov 6 NeiAos TroieiTai ra? tance of forty stades from Pelusium, but the Greeks exfioAds. ol pev ovv llepaai xareoTpaTorreSevoav close to the town itself. The Egyptians, since the arro Tecraapaxovra OTaSiwv tov Tlr/Aovotov, ol S’ Persians had given them plenty of time for prepara- 8’ tion, had already fortified well all 7 "EAArjves 7rpos avTW tw rroAlapan. ot Alyv- the mouths of the Nile, particularly the one near Pelusium tttiol, SeSwxoTWV avTols twv Xlepowv ttoAvv xpdvov because it 2 was the first and the most advantageously situated. els ttjv rrapacrxevrjv, -ndvTa pev ra OTopara tov Five thousand soldiers garrisoned the position, Philo- NeiAou xaAws xareaxevaxoTes VTrrjpyov, pdAtoTa phron the Spartiate being the general in command. Se to rrpds tw YlrjAovcrlw Sta to rrpdnov elvai tovto 1 8 xal /xaAtcrra xelpevov evxalpws. e ywplov OTpaTLWTai TreVTaxiayiALOi , OTpaTrjyovvTOS DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 46. 8—47. 4 onevSovres apitjToi [ recklessly, to make a crossing through a narrow and 9 bui.3ai ~(!)V 8 ai>TO)v /cat npooj3aAA6vTa>v tois Tel- 1 deep canal. They had passed through it and were Xemv ot DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 47. 4—48. 2 Sovs, eyarv rovg rrpovrrapxovTag avrdi pia6o 1 other 370 r-ijs PX (cp. chap. 48. 3) ; MSS. omit. 371 v DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 48. 2-6 and in sagacity in the art of war, Diophantus 1 the 350/49 e.c. dyX^ola arparrjyiKfj, Aiorfravrov rov ’Adrjvalov Kal Athenian and Lamius the Spartan, and it was because Aa/nov rov ’Zvapnarrjv, Bid rovrwv drravra Kar- of them that he had been victorious in all respects. wpdwae • rore 8’ vrroXappavwv eavrdv ixavdv elvat At this time, however, since he supposed that he him- arparrjyov ovSevl rrjs rjyeptovlas aereSISov Kal Sid self was a competent general, he would not share the j rrjv arreipiav ovSev rjSvvaro rrpdrretv rwv iv rw command with anyone and so, because of his inexperi- 3 ence, was unable to execute any of the moves that rroXep,w xprjalpwv . ra ptev ovv rroXlo/xara (f>pov- would have been useful in this war. Now when he pats adioXoyois BiaXaSdn' rraperjrvXarrev avros 8e , had provided the towns here and there with consider- rwv Alyvrrrlwv eyow rptcrptuplovs, rwv S’ 'EAA17- able garrisons, he maintained a strict guard there, and vojv 77evraK i cjyiXio s' rwv , Se Aifivwv rods rjptlaets having in his own command thirty thousand Egyp- rats evKatporarats - rwv eiofioXwv erjrrjSpevev . rot tians, five thousand Greeks, and half the Libyans, he avrrjs Se Trap ap.(f>orepots ovorjs rrjs Siardljews held them in reserve to defend the most exposed Such being the disposition of the forces NtKoarparos jiev o rwv Apyelwv orparrjyos e%wv approaches. on both sides, Nicostratus, the general of the Argives, rjyefxovas Atyvrrrlovs wv rjaav optrjpoi rralSes rrapd having as guides Egyptians whose children and wives rots n epoats Kal yvvatKes, rraperrXevae pterd rod were held as hostages by the Persians, sailed by with aroXov 8ia nvos Siwpvyos els rorrov KeKpvptpevov, his fleet through a canal into a hidden district and, eKfhjddaas Se rods arpanwras Kal rrapep^oXrjv disembarking his men and fortifying a site for a camp, 4 oxvpwad/ievos encamped there. The mercenaries of the Egyptians KarearparorreSevaev . ol Se rov rrXrj- who were keeping a strict guard in the neighbourhood, olov rorrov rrapac/rvXdrrovres paadorjropoi rwv Alyv- observing the presence of the enemy, straightway rrriwv ws rjcrdovro rrjv rwv rroXeptlwv rrapovaiav made a sally in number not less than seven thousand. evdvs e^efiorjOovv ovres ovk , eXdrrovs rwv errra- Cleinius the Coan, their commander, drew up his 5 kicjxiXtwv. exwv S avrwv rrjv rjyeptovlav KAetVtos force in line of battle. And when those who had o Kojoj avvera^e rrjv Bvvapuv els payr/v. dvrt- sailed in were drawn up opposite, a sharp battle en- which the Greeks serving with raxdevrwv Se rwv KararrerrXevKorwv eyevero Kap- sued in the course of the Persians, fighting brilliantly, slew the general repd payr] Kad’ rjv ol ptera rwv Ylepuwv "EXX-r/ves Cleinius and cut down more than five thousand of aywvicra/ievot Xaprrpws rov re arparrjydv YEXelvtov the rest of the soldiers. Nectanebos the Egyptian e DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 48. 6—49. 5 also easily cross the river. Assuming that the 350/49 b.c. II epodjv Svvap.iv paSlojs Siafdrpeadai tov noTapov. would with their entire army would come to the 7 VTToXafiwv Si tovs TroXeplovs pera Troops rrjs Svva- enemy Memphis, he decided first and foremost pecvs stt’ aiiTyv ptjeiv ttjv Mepcpiv eKpive ravTrjs very gates of to take precautionary measures to protect the city. paXioTa 77povoijoaoOcu . ovtos piv odv piera. tt)s Accordingly he returned to Memphis with the army 77 <7pi avrov orparids enaveXOcvv els Mepepiv to, he had retained and began to prepare for the siege. 7tpos ttjv TroXiopKiav TrapeoKevdi,eTO 1 49. Lacrates the Theban, who was in command of 49 - 0 §6 rrjs 7Tpwrrjs pep Idas dippyovpevos the first contingent, hastened to begin the siege of AaKpdrr\s 6 Qp^aios enl tt]v tov 1 pXovolov 7ro- Pelusium. First he diverted the stream of the canal XiopKiav wpppaev aTToorpetpas Si rrjs Suvpvyos to other directions, then when the channel had be- ro pevpa 77pos erepa peprj Kai tov dvaijrjpavdevTa come dry he filled it with earth and brought siege TOTTov ywaas ppyavas srpoor/yaye Trj rroXei. €77 engines against the city. When a large portion of ttoAv Si pepos TreoovTwv tojv Teiycov ol to IItjAoi/- the walls fell, the garrison in Pelusium quickly built cnov DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 49. 5—50. 1 the Greeks, the sufferers from the broken 350/49 b 6 eKovprjae tols Trapo.a7Tovbovjxe.voig. tov be Baywov standing by pledges. But when Bagoas fled to the King and (frvyovTos Trpos tov fiacrtXea Kal Karr)yopovvTos tov against Lacrates, Artaxerxes de- AaKparovs 6 ’Apra^ep^rjs eKpive Sucaia tt€ttov- brought accusation that Bagoas’ contingent had met with their just devai rovs 7re.pl tov Bayarav Kal tojv Tlepcrwv tovs cided deserts and put to death the Persians who were aiTuivs rrjs apTrayfjs drreKTeLvev. to pev ovv II rj- responsible for the robbery. So it was in this fashion Xovatov tovtov tov tpoTrov rrapebddrj tols II epaais. Pelusium was delivered over to the Persians. 7 M evrwp be 6 tov TpAov pepovs r/yovpevos B ov- that Mentor, who was in command of the third con- fiaoTov Kal TToXXas aXXas ttoXols yeLpwodpevos vtt- tingent, captured Bubastus and many other cities 7]Koovs erroLrjcre tu> fiacnXeL Si’ evos aTpaTrjyrjpaTos them subject to the King by a single stra- Traowv yap tojv iroXeoiV (jjpovpovpevwv {mo bvelv and made garrisoned 1 device. For since all the cities were idvwv, 'EXXr'ivwv re Kal AlyvrrTUOv 6 ovtoj tegic , M p two peoples, Greeks and Egyptians, Mentor passed SieSio/ce Xoyov els tovs OTpaTiojTas otl fiarnXevs by the word around to the soldiers that King Artaxerxes ApTa£epivs tols pev eKovolws rrapabibovoL tcls had decided to treat magnanimously those who volun- TroXeLS (fnXavOpdjrrojs ypr/aaaOaL bLeyvwiee, tols be tarily surrendered their cities, but to mete out the jdla KparrjdeXm Trjv avTr/v arrovepeLV Tipcvplav same penalty to those who were overcome by force rqvrrep tols SiSidfioi? eTreaTYjoe- Kal tols vXclt- Sidon and he as he had imposed on the people of ; tovol tcls TivXas TraprjyyeLXev eav tovs fiovXopevovs instructed those who guarded the gates to give free 8 Trap avTojv avropoXeXv . biorrep clkcuXvtojs twv passage to any who wished to desert from the other rjXwKOTwv A lyvTTTlo)v dmovTwv Ik T7js TrapepfboXrjs side. Accordingly, since the captured Egyptians Tayews els drrdiaas tcls /card ttjv AlyvrrTov ttoXcls were leaving the barracks without hindrance, the 6 Xoyos 6 TrpoeLp’qpevos bceairdpr]. evdvs ovv ol aforementioned word was quickly scattered amongst pLadocfropoL Trpos tovs cyyajplovs iravTayrj Sie^e- all the cities of Egypt. Immediately, therefore, the povTo kol OTacrews cll rroXeis eTrXrjpovvTo. eKCLTepoc mercenaries were everywhere at variance with the yap iSia bierbiXori.povvTo irapabibovai ra tfjpovpLa strife for natives and the cities were filled with ; each Kal Trjs yapiro? TavTrjs lb las ayadtov eXrrlbas side was privately endeavouring to surrender its posts rjXXaTTOVTo* • brrep Kal rrepl Trpa'jrrjv ttjv B ovfiaoTov and nursing private hopes of gain in exchange for this owefir) yeveadac. favour and this is what actually happened in the case 50. £2s yap ol irepi tov MevTopa Kal Bayibav ; of the city of Bubastus first. ttXtjolov avTTjS KaTeaTpaTOTrebevoav , ol pev Alyv- 50. When, namely, the forces of Mentor and Ba- tttlol Xadpa tojv ’ EXXr'jVcov i^evepifidv Tiva Trpos goas were encamped near Bubastus, the Egyptians, 1 So Reiske : 'EAAijvlkujv. without the knowledge of the Greeks, sent an envoy 2 So Stephanus : XXttlSos rjXaTrovvro. 376 377 DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 50. 1-7 tov I err iaywav ayye AAopevoi rrapaSuxjetv Trjv tto- to Bagoas offering to deliver the city if he would con- 350/49 b.c. 2 Air eav avroZs Trjv aa^aAeiav (jvyywprjowaLv . ol sent to their safety. The Greeks, having knowledge S EAAyves aurdopevoL to yeyovos KaTeSiw^av tov of the mission, overtook the envoy and by dire threats aneoTaApevov i vwv rrpos tov A 1 e VTOpa Aa9pa SLaKrjpvKevaapevwv who gave them secret encouragement, as sOon as o MevTwp ev arropprjTOLs rrapeKaAecjev avrovs, OTav Bagoas should enter Bubastus, to attack the bar- Baywas ety Trjv ttoAlv eureAdr), Trjv enldecnv toZs barians. Later on, when Bagoas with the Persians 4 fiapfiapoLS rroLrjoacrdaL. peTa Se rat/ra tov Baywov was entering the city without the sanction of the peTa twv Ylepcrwv elariovTos avev Trjs tojv 'EAArjvwv Greeks and a portion of his men had got inside, the crvyKaTaOeneajs Kal pepovs twv GTpaTiwTwv ela- Greeks suddenly closed the gates and attacked those eArjAvOoTos ol pev "EAA??^? dejrvw Tas dvpas /cAei- who were inside the walls, and, having slain all the cravTes erreoevTo rot? evros twv Teiywv vrrdpyovoi men, took Bagoas himself prisoner. The latter, seeing Kal navTas aveAovTes tov Baywav ainov e^w- that his hopes of safety lay in Mentor, besought him 5 yprjaav. 6 Se Tas Trjs awTrjplas eArrlSas opwv ev to spare his life and promised in future to do nothing tw M evTopL Keipevas eSerjdrj crwarai Kal els to without his advice. Mentor, who now prevailed Aolttov KaTemjyyelAaro prjdev rrpatjeLV avev Trjs upon the Greeks to set Bagoas free and to arrange the 6 eKelvov yvwprjs. 6 Se MeWwp neloas tovs "EA- surrender through himself, won credit himself for his rjvas A d(f}elvai tov Baywav Kal 81 eavTov yeveerda l success, but, having become responsible for Bagoas’ 1 Trjv rrapaSocnv ttjv pev emypaefyrjv tov rrpoTeprj- life, he made an agreement with him for common paTos avTOs after an exchange of arrrjveyKaTo , tw Se Baywa Trjs erw- action, and pledges on this Trjpias aiTcos yevopevos erwedero ttjios adrov matter kept the agreement faithfully till the end of kolvottpaylav Kal Sovs opKovs Kal Aafiwv rrepl his life. The result of this was that these two by their tovtwv Stere'Aecre Trjv crvvdecnv ^vAlxttwv peypi Trjs co-operation in the service of the King attained later 7 tov fiiov TeAevrrjs Sto /cat avvejirj tovtovs rrapa on to the greatest power of all the friends and relatives fdacnAeZ avjx DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 50. 7—51. 2 lev l a Mevrwp ev rols rrapadaXarruns Y P pepeoi at Artaxerxes’ court. In fact Mentor, having been 350/49 b.c. rrjs Acnas r]yepd>v peyioros diroheixdels ra> appointed to the chief command in the coastal districts Xel fiacri peyaXas irapeiyeTo yPeta? e/c pev rrjs of Asia, performed great services to the King in mercenaries Greece and sending them EAAaSo? piodotfropovs adpoil^orv Kal rreprrwv 7rpos gathering from to Artaxerxes, and in the course of his activities ad- Apra^epijrp, Kara 8e ra? vpa^eis dvhpelors Kal ministering all his duties courageously and loyally. 8 7tmjtcds arravra * S' 8lolkwv o 8e i laycoa ev Tats dvc As for Bagoas, after he had administered all the King’s aarparreiats arravra ra> fhaaiAel 1 hupKrjKws roaov- affairs in the upper satrapies, 1 he rose to such power rov icryvae 81a rrjv 77730? rov M evropa Kowwvlav because of his partnership with Mentor that he was tuiv rrpatjewv ware rrjs fiaoiAelas Kvptov elvai Kal master of the kingdom, and Artaxerxes did nothing ' advice. after Artaxerxes’ death he p-riSev" rrpdrreiv rov Aprat;ept;r)v dvev rrjs eKelvov without his And designated in every case the successor to the throne yvioprjs . Kal perd rrjv eKelvov reXevrrjv rovs Sia- and enjoyed all the functions of kingship save the Soyovs aiei rrjs fiaaiAelas ovros drrehelKvvro Kal title. But of these matters we shall record the rravra fiaaiAews Aiye rrArjv rrjs rr poarjyoplas . aXXa details in their proper chronological sequence. 776/h pev rovriov to Kara pepos ev rols oikzlols 51. At the time under consideration, after the ypovois avaypaipopev. surrender of Bubastus, the remaining cities, terror- the Persians capitula- 51. Tore 8e pera rip rrjs Bov^aarov rrapahoaiv stricken, were delivered to by tion. But King Nectanebos, while still tarrying in at Xoirral rroXeis KararrXayelaai Kad' opoXoylav rrap- Memphis and perceiving the trend of the cities toward ehoOrjaav rols Ylepoais. ev 8e rfj Mepcfrei Sta- betrayal, did not dare risk battles for his dominion. rplfiow fiaaiAevs Ne/crave/Stb? 6 Kal Oewpwv rip So giving up hope of his kingship and taking with him 1 rwv rrdXewv errl rrjv rrpohoalav opprjv ovk eroXpr]- the greater part of his possessions, he fled into Aethi- aev vrroorfjvat, rovs vrrep rrjs r/yepovlas klvBvvovs. opia. Artaxerxes, after taking over all Egypt and demolishing the walls of the most important cities, by arroyvovs oSv rrjv fiaoiAeiav Kal ra rrXelara rwv plundering the shrines gathered a vast quantity yprjparojv dvaAafiwv erfivyev els r'qv AWiorrlav. of silver and gold, and he carried off the inscribed 2 Apragep£r]s 8e rrapaAafiwv rrdaav rrjv Alyvrrrov records from the ancient temples, which later on /cat rorv dijioAoyairdreov rrdXeow ra relyr] rrepieAdiv 1 In the interior. Bagoas was commander of the King’s ra pev lepa ovArjcras rjdpoioev apyvpov re Kal bodyguard. He arranged the succession by the use of ypvaov rrXrjdos, dm'peyKe he Kal ras e/c rwv poison (cp. Book 17. 5. 3-4) and was himself its victim. apyauw lepwv avaypar/ras, as varepov Baywas ioxvoev PX by haplography (o Bayums superscribed X) ; 1 So Stephanus : anavra huiiKrjKuis roi flaoiXel tooovtov RF interchange hwiKwv and Stai kijkuis. 2 380 Ittl rrjv npoSomav supplied by Fischer (cp. chap. 54. 2). 381 1 s . , DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 51. 2—52. 3 noXXdjv 1 xpTHidrwv aneXvrpwcre rois iepevcn rwv Bagoas returned to the Egyptian priests on the pay- 350/49 b.c. 3 Ai.yvTTri.wv. roiis Se avarparevoap.evovs rwv 'EA- ment of huge sums by way of ransom. Then when he had rewarded the Greeks who had accompanied him on Xrjvwv Kara rfjv af;Lav exaarov SwpeaZs agioXoyois the campaign with lavish gifts, each according to his np.rjaas aneXvcrev els ras narplSas' rfjs S’ Alyv- deserts, he dismissed them to their native lands ; and, tttov crarpanrjv xaracrryjoas ^XepevSdrrjv enavfjXSev having installed Pherendates as satrap of Egypt, he p.era rfjs Svvap-ews €cs JBafivXwva 77oAAa p.ev returned with his army to Babylon, bearing many possessions and spoils and having won great renown XprpLara /cat Xaejovpa Kop.L^wv So£av Se p.eydXrjv by his successes. e« rwv xaropdwpidrwv nepLnenoirjpievos 52. When Callimachus was archon at Athens, the 349/8 b.c. 52. ’Err’ 8’ dpxovro 'A OrjvrjGL KaAAt/xd^oa 'Pto- Romans elected as consuls Gaius Marcius and Publius p-aloi Karearrjaav vndrovs Mdpxiov* Tdiov xal Valerius. During their term of office Artaxerxes, see- 1 ottXlov ing that Mentor the general had performed great OvaXepiov . enl Se rovrwv ’Apra£ep£r)s services for him in the war against the Egyptians, opwv fieydXas eavrw Trapeaxrpxevov las ev xpe rw advanced him over and above his other friends. Trpos Aiyvnnovs noXep,w Xlevropa rov crrparyjyov Esteeming him worthy of honour for his gallant actions 2 npofjyev avrov praXicrra rwv anoXvaai (see below). (Cp. Demosthenes, 23. 157 : o Mepvwv /cat o rovs avSpas rwv iyxXrjpidrwv. evdvs Se Mevrwp, oi K'qSearal rov *Apra{3d£ov). /eat p.erenep.i/jaro npos eavrov dp, V 2 So Stephanus C. Martius Rutilius Livy, 7. 21 ; Fasti Consulares ; : aireXvrpwae F, dveXvrpwoe (~aai P) cet 382 chap. 28. 1 : Mdp/cov. s ( V, DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 52. 3-8 with all their families for there had been born to 349/8 b.c. 4 oAij? rfjs avyyevecas’ rjcrav yap 'Apra^a^w yeyo- ; Artabazus by the sister of Mentor and Memnon vores e/c rrjs M evTopos Kai Alepcvovos aSeX DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 52. 8—53. 2 dXXoTplws hiaxaipavovs Tots IT apaais tovs pav who were at odds with the Persians, whether by force 849/8 b.c. all. fhaadpavos , roils 8a KaTaaTpaTr^yr/aas arravTas or by stratagem, he soon subdued them Tayews KaTaTroXdprjoav And this was the state of affairs in Asia. king, Kat ra pav koto. tt)v ’Acrtav av tovtols rjv. In Europe Philip, the Macedonian marched Chalcidice, took the fortress of 9 Kara Se ttjv Evpwnrjv ^HXlttttos pav 6 Ma/reSo- against the cities of Zereia 1 by siege and razed it. He then intimidated vwv fiaoiXavs crTpaTavaas err ra? XaA/aSiKa? ttoXsls some of the other towns and compelled them to sub- 'Lap ala} pav Ponti Eux. p. xxiii a 5) : ITapvadST/s. 81. 6). 386 387 . DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 53. 2—54. 2 fj.axi.ais • to Se TeXevTatov avepws eavTovs TroXefuovs dvoSeltjavTes Tip fiacn - an out-and-out war against Philip. The man who more than any other 2 Aet SieTToXlpovv irpos ®iAi777rov. fidXiora S’ avTovs spurred them on to take up the cause of Hellas was the orator Demosthenes, the napwgvve TTpoOTijvai Trjs 'EAAdSos Arffxoodevrfs 6 most eloquent of the Greeks of those times. Even his prfTojp, 8eivoTaTos to v tojv KaT eKelvovs tovs XP°~ city was, however, unable to restrain its citizens vovs EXXrjVcov . ov firjv rj ttoXls ye avacrTetXai Trjs from their urge toward treason, such was the crop,3 em TTfV Trpohoolav opp-rjs rfSvvrjOrj tovs rroXiTas' Demosthenes, 9. 56-66 ; and Pickard-Cambridge, Cambridge 1 So Wesseling : noWov R, ttoXXovs PXF ttoXXoj Ancient History, 6. 228-233). ; conj. 2 Rhodoman. For instances see Philochorus, l.c. 3 See Demosthenes, 18. 61 : “In all the Greek states— 1 not in some of them but in every one of them it chanced Euthycrates and Lasthenes became the stock examples of — that there had sprung up the most abundant crop of traitorous, fifth columnists (see Demosthenes, 8. 40 ; 19.263,342; also, venal, and on Olynthus, profligate politicians ever known within the memory Philochorus, fr. 132 ; Suidas, s.v. Kdpavos ; of mankind.” (Vince & Vince, L.C.L.) 388 389 X DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 54. 2—55. 3 ToiavTrj yap cf>opa tcs irpoSoTuiv vrrfjp^e Tore Kara, as it were, of traitors that had sprung up at that time 348/7 b.c. 3 tt]v EAAaSa. Sio /cat (f>acn tov ^lXcttttov jdovA.6- throughout Hellas. Hence the anecdote that when pevov eXeXv nva ttoXlv oyvpoTrqn Scacfiepovaav, Philip wished to take a certain city with unusually of the inhabitants re- ecirovTos nvos avTCp tcov eyycoplcov dvaXcorov strong fortifications and one that it impregnable, he asked if even avTTjv etc marked was fleas virapyeev , eTrepwrrjaai el ovS’ o gold could not scale its walls. 1 For he had learned 4 Xpvcros to TeXyos VTrepforjvat Svvaros icrnv. rjv yap from experience that what could not be subdued rreXpav eiXrjcfcbs otl ra rot? onXocs aSwara ^etpaj- by force of arms could easily be vanquished by Orjva t t<3 ypvao) paSiov Iotl KaTaTroXeprjaac. gold. So, organizing bands of traitors in the several eyKaraoKevdifow ovv ev rat? ttoXcoi npoSoras Sta cities by means of bribes and calling those who 'rij? ScopoSocclas Kal rovs Seyopevovs to ypvalov accepted his gold “ guests ” and “ friends,” by his ffevovs /cat cfnXovs ovopaifcov raXs novr^paXs opcXlacs evil communications he corrupted the morals of the Scecfdeipe ra rjOrj tcov dvdpconcov. people. 2 55. Mera 8e rrjv aXcocnv rrjs ’OXvvdov ’OXvpma 55. After the capture of Olynthus, he celebrated TToerjoas roXs deoXs emvlieia peyaXonpeweXs dvalas the Olympian festival 3 to the gods in commemoration of victory, offered magnificent sacrifices avvereXeaev Traviqyvpiv Se peyaXrjv ovurrjcrdpevos his and ; and great festive at which held /cat Xapnpovs aycovas Troiijcras ttoXXovs tcov em- he organized a assembly he splendid competitions and thereafter invited many of SrjpovvTcov ge'vcov errl ray ecrrtdaet? vapeXapflave. the visiting strangers to his banquets. In the course 2 reap a Se tovs ttotovs noXXaXs opcXlais xpa/jaeFoy of the carousals he joined in numerous conversations, /cat -noXXoXs pev TTOTr/pca St8 oils /card Tas rrpoiro- presenting to many guests drinking cups 4 as he pro- crecs, ovk oXlyois Se Scopeas drrovepcov iracn Se , posed the toasts, awarding gifts to a considerable peyaXas inayyeXlas evyaplccTcos1 noiovpevos rroX- number, and graciously making such handsome pro- Xovs ecryev emdvpTjTas Trjs rrpos avTov cfcXias. mises to them all that he won over a large number to ’ 3 Kat SrjTTOT ev to.) avpnoalcp icaTavorjaas HaTvpov crave friendship with him. ’ 2 TOV VTTOKplTTJV OKvOpCOTTOV OVT jjpeTO Sta Tt poVOS At one time in the course of the drinking bout, noticing Satyrus, 5 the actor, with a gloomy look on 1 So Mcineke ; eoyepto? Herwerden : tvxprjaTuis. his face, Philip asked him why he alone disdained to 2 ovt added by Herwerden. 3 The Macedonian Olympia celebrated at Dium. See 1 “ : [to] ioy See Horace on the power of gold : diffidit urbium D. M. Robinson, TAPA (1934), 117 es Upov too A Portas vir Macedo et submit aemulos Reges muneribus ” t[ov] 'OXvfxniov, and note. 4 (Odes, 3. 16. 13 ff.). Cp. Demosthenes, 19. 139 : Kal re cvtwv eKtroipaP apyvpa 2 Cp. DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 55. 3—56. 2 ovSev d£col p,eraAaflelv rrjs - the nap’ avrov (fuAavdpto partake of friendly courtesy he offered ; and when 348/7 b.o. TTuas' rod 8 ehrovros on jSovXerai Trap’ avrov Satyrus said that he wished to obtain a boon from him rvy^elv tlvos Swpeas SeSoueevai Se pnqnore Sr/Adicras but he feared lest, if he disclosed the request he had tt]v decided upon, he should be refused, the king, exceed- rrpoKe-^eipiajievrjV evrevfjiv dnoTvyr), 6 prev fiacn- ingly pleased, affirmed that he granted forthwith any Xevs nepiyapr^s yevdfievos Siefdefiaiojoaro Trap o n favour he might ask. He replied that there were two av aLrrjorj yapLcraodat' o 8 elnev on £evov rivos virgin daughters of a friend of his who were of marriage- eavrov 8 vo napOevoi rrjv rjXcKiav eyovoai yd.jj.ov able age among the captive women these girls he rvyxavovmv ev ; rals alypaAa')rots oiicrai • ravras ovv wished to obtain, not in order to derive any profit if fiovAeodai Aafielv, ovy Iva XvcrireXerdv rrva rrc.pt - he were granted the gift, but to give them both a noirjcrrjrac rvyojv rrjs 8wpeas, aXX’ Iva npoueloas dowry and husbands and not permit them to suffer apufrorepas crural kluij /cat jirj jtc piidrj pvrj8ev nadov- any indignity unworthy of their years. Thereupon 4 eras avagiov rrjs rjAudas. pcera Se ravd’ 6 QlAmnos Philip gladly acceded to his request and immediately aoflevcos rrjv alrrjcnv npoode^dpeevos napaxprjjio. made a present of the girls to Satyrus. And by dis- ras rrapOevovs e8 entrance to Phocis from Thessaly and Boeotia ; cp. Herod. 1 (cp. So RV Livy, 7. 23) : IlirrXcos PXFMO. 2 8. 28. So R (cp. Strabo, 9. 2. 3 ; CIO, ix. 94) ; 'Tav rroXiv PXF generally ; 'TdinroXiv. So Fischer : Kme^dvrorv, 392 393 DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 56. 2-6 rot kclI rov crlrov 4k rrjs ywpas ru>v iroXepUov destroyed the grain in enemy territory, but were 347/6 b.c. 3 (frdeipavres /card rr/v ItravoSov rjTrfjdrjoav. apa defeated on the return journey. While these things Phocians, Se tovtols TTparropevocs OaXai/cos pev 6 rwv Oai- were going on, Phalaecus, the general of the accused of stealing many of the sacred Kewv OTparrjyos, hiajdXrjOels on rroXXd rcuv lepcov who was 1 properties, was removed from his command . Three ypr/pdrow K€k\o(/>€v, e^erreaev etc rijs apyrjs, avn generals having been chosen to replace him, Deino- 8e tovtov arpaT-rjydw alpedevrwv rpiojv, AeivoKpa- crates, Callias, and Sophanes, an investigation into the rovs Kal KaAAiou Kal Tiiocfxxvovs eyevero £,r)TT] cos lepoovXoi . tcov Se TTpoyeyevrjpevaov otparr/yon’ property and were themselves put to death as temple- 6 pev npcoros ap£as QiXoprjXos dtreayeTo rd>v dva- robbers. Of the generals who had been in office pre- drjpdrwv, 6 Se Sevrepos, -npooayopevopevos pev viously, the first to hold the office, Philomelus, had ’ 2 kept his hands off the dedications , but the second, Ovopapyos , a8eX Sipvalovs Kal Aiovra ypvcrovv Kal yvvaiKa, rpia- golden statues of a lion and of a woman, weighing in 347/6 b c. all talents of gold, so that the sum total of gold Kovra raXdvrwv ypvaov oradpov ayovTwv tow ttcLv- thirty that coined into money, referred to the standard twv ware to ttclv KaTaKonev ypvcnov eiy apyvpiov was of silver, is found to be four thousand talents, while of Xoyov avayopevwv tow yprjpdrow evpiaKeoBai Ta- the silver offerings, those dedicated by Croesus and all AavTa TeTpaKiaylAia- tow S’ apyvpwv avadrjpdrwv the others, all three generals had spent more than six tow re vtto Kpoioov Kal tow dXXwv drrdvTow ava- thousand talents’ worth, and if to these were added TedevTaiv Toils rravTas (TTpaTTjyoiis SeSaTravrjKevai 1 the gold dedications, the sum surpassed ten thousand TaXaVTa TrXeiw twv iijaKtdyiXiojv, TrpodTiOepivwv talents. Some of the historians say that the pillaged Si Kal twv ypvdow avadrjpdTwv virepfiaXAeiv ra property was not less than the sums acquired by 7 pvpia TaXavTa. evioi Si twv avyyparfieow (fiaalv Alexander 1 in the treasure chambers of the Persians. ovk iXaTTW yevicrdai to avXrjOivTa twv iv toZs The generals on the staff of Phalaecus took steps even IT opdiKols Brjoavpols vtt’ ’AAe^avSpov KaTaKTTjdiv- to dig up the temple, because some one said that there twv. eTreyeiprjaav 8’ ol Trepl tov (l>aAaiKov arpa- was a treasure chamber in it containing much gold Trjyoi Kai tov vaov and silver, and they zealously dug up the ground opvTTeiv , oIttovtos tlvos ws iv the hearth and the tripod. The man who gave avTw drjoavpos ei'yj ttoXvv eyow apyvpov re /cat about the treasure offered as witness the ypvoov Kat. ra Trepl ty/v earlav Kal tov rptVoSa information about most famous and ancient of poets Homer, who says oiiS ’ Where Phoebus, archer god, in rocky Pytho dwells.” oaa Xaivos ovSos d OoqSou AtToXXwVOS I I vOol ivl TTOTpTj i(T(77j . But as the soldiers attempted to dig about the tripod, occurred roused fear in the 8 twv Si (JTpaTiwTwv iyyetpovvTow crKaiTTeiv ra Trepl great earthquakes and hearts of the Phocians, and since the gods clearly indi- tov TpivoSa aeurpol peydAoi yevopevoi tols oj - the punishment they would visit Kevcrt cated in advance cf>of3ov i^ioTr/aav , efravepws Si twv 6ewv rrpo- upon the temple-robbers, the soldiers desisted from or)i±aiv6vTwv ttjv /card twv lepoavAwv KoXaaiv their efforts. The leader of this sacrilege, the afore- aTreaTYjoav twv epywv. 6 Si Trjs Trapavopias rau- mentioned Philon, was promptly punished as he de- tt)s rjyepwv (£>lAwv 6 npoeiprpxivos Tayii Saipovlw tw served for his crime against the god. ra? TrpourjKovdas St/cay e^ertae. 57. Although the loss of the sacred property was 57. Trjs Si twv iepwv ypr/pdoTow aipeaeais ’Adrjvaloi Kal AaKeSatpovioi avppayrp the Lacedaemonians, who were fighting on the side 347/6 b.c. Phocians and received pay out of all propor- aavres rots QaiKevoi Kal ov Kara to irArjBos rdiv of the tion to the number of soldiers they sent out, shared eKireprropevoiv arparuordiv rods puodovs Aajdovres. in the seizure. This period brought it to pass for the 2 ovra) Se rois Adrjvaiois o ypovos ovros I’ey ! 7j KCJ ££- Athenians that they sinned against the divine powers apapravetv els to Saipoviov ware puKpov avoirepov to such an extent that, shortly before the Delphian raiv A eAcpLKwv Katpuiv ’ItjnKpdrovs hiarpifiovros affair, 1 as Iphicrates was tarrying near Corcyra with a irepl KopKvpav perd vavriKrjs Swapews Kal Alovv- naval force and Dionysius the tyrant of Syracuse had shipped to Olympia and to Delphi statues cunningly aiov rov HvpaKoolaiv Svvaarov irepifiavros els wrought in gold and ivory, Iphicrates, chancing to fall QAvp.iu.av Kat AeA(jiovs ayaApara £k ypvnov Kal in with the ships that were conveying these statues, eAetpavros SeSrjpLovpyripeva irepirvyow rat? Kopi- seized them and sent word to the Athenian people ^ovaais avra vavoiv o IcfiLKparijs Kal Kparrjoas inquiring what he should do with them ; whereat the avrdiv Sieirepi/iaro irpos rov Srjpov eirepoirdiv Tt Athenians instructed him not to raise questions about what concerned the gods but to give his attention to XPV irparreiv ; ot § 'AOr/valot wpoaeratjav avrdi seeing that his soldiers were well fed. Now Iphicrates, pr) ra rdiv Bediv ££erd£e<.v, aAAd OKoirelv ottois rovs sold as booty the 1 obeying the decision of his country, 3 orparuvras Siadpetftet,. 'IrfnKparr/s pev ovv vir- works of art belonging to the gods. The tyrant, filled aKovaas rdi Soypari rijs irarplSos eAacjivpoirwArjae with rage at the Athenians, wrote them a letter of rov ruiv Bediv Koapov 6 Se rvpavvos opyiodels tols the following tenor : “ ’ABr/valois eypatfie irpos avroiis emaroArjV roiav- Dionysius to the Senate and Assembly of the well T7]V. Athenians : It is inappropriate to wish you to do “ since you are committing sacrilege 2 against the gods Alovvolos ' Adrp’aloiv rfj fiovAfj Kal rdi Sppqi ev both on land and on sea, and, having made off with pev. irparreLV ovk imrijSelov eari ypdcfieiv, eirel the statues which had been sent by us to be dedicated rods Beods Kal Kara yrjv Kal Kara BdAarrav lepo- to the gods, you have turned them into coin and have the gods, avAelre Kal ra ayaApara ra els dvddeaiv vcfi' rjpdiv committed impiety toward the greatest of is Delphi, and Olympian Zeus.” tols BeoZs airearaApeva irapeAopevot karekdtpare Apollo, whose abode Such now was the conduct of the Athenians toward «at irepl rods peylarovs rdiv Bediv rjaeflpKo.re, irepl rov ’AiroAAwva rov ev AeAcpoZs /cat rov Ala rov 1 Perhaps on the occasion mentioned in Book 15. 47. 7. ’OAvpinov.” 2 An interesting complaint in view of Aelian, Var. Hist. Aiovvaios (the Elder ?) m DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 57. 4—58. 4 ’ kcu. ravra euyoiieioi top A iroXXwpa iraTpwop av- the divine powers, and that too though they boasted 347/6 1 and progenitor. 1 twp elvat, Kal Trpoyovov Aa.Ke8aifi6vioi Se tw rrepl that Apollo was their tutelary god though they had consulted A eXcfiovs fiavrelw yprjaap.evoi Kal rr/v davpea^o- And the Lacedaemonians, oracle of Apollo at Delphi and through it come to [Meprjp Trapa -rraoe TroXirelap Sid tovtov KTrfcrapeepoL the possess their constitution 2 which is admired of all the kcu irepi twp peeyujTWP cti Kal vvv tov deop eirepw- world, though even now they still interrogate the god twptcs eroXpLrjaap rots to lepop avXijoacn kolvoj - on matters of supreme importance, 3 had the effrontery prjcrai rrjs Trapo.Pofj.las. to become partners in crime of those who pillaged the 58. Kara 8e ttjp Boiamav ol peep Otu/eeIs TpeZs sanctuary. -rroXecs eyovres wyvpwp,epas, ’0pyopeepop Kal Ko- 58. In Boeotia the Phocians, who held three strongly pwpeiap /cat 1 Kopatas, e/c tovtwp htolovpto ttjp i-rrl fortified cities, Orchomenus, Coroneia, and Corsiae, tovs Pjolojtovs arparclav . einropovpeepoL Se puerdo- conducted from these their campaign against the tfjopojp rr/p re ywpap eSrfovp Kal Kara ras imdeaeis Boeotians. Being well supplied with mercenaries they 2 /cat crvp.TrXoKas TrepeeylpoPTo twp iyywplwp. Sto 7rep pillaged the country and in their thrusts and engage- place. o t Botcorot dXcfiopievoi prep tw iroXipew /cat noXXovs ments proved superior to the inhabitants of the Boeotians, feeling the pinch of rdtv aTparuorojp airoXwXeKOTes, ypTfpeaTwp Se a-rro- As a consequence the numbers of their men, but povpicvoL irpeafiecs i^eirepupap trpos top ^IXlttttop war and the loss of great having financial resources, sent envoys to Philip 3 aftovptss fiorjOrjoai. 6 Se foacnXevs rjSews opwv ttjp no with a request for assistance. The king, pleased to Tairelpwcnp ai>TWP Kal fiovXopeepos Ta Aeu/crpt/ca humble the 1 see their discomfiture and disposed to 1 3 AaKeSaifioviovs fidXiara rots perpaucos Cospus : ovk oXCyovs. Cp. Book 14. 13. 3 : tops 2 So Post : SoKcii' irpoocxovras. fir], fiavreiois , 3 4 Opuntian Locns, called So PR : vediv cett. A town sometimes included in in Theopompus KopmV, Kopoid in Demosthenes, 19. 141 ; 1 Through Ion, son of Apollo and Creusa. FUG, 1. 310. 2 5 near the frontiers of the Opuntian See Plutarch, Icycurgus, 5. 3, esp. Kal Karaivelv crji-q top A town of Phocis Qeov rj no\v KpaTLOTT) TUiv dXXajv coral. ttoXltcujjp. Locrians. 400 401 l -- DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 58. 4—59. 2 5 KcvracfrvyovTes els nevTaKoalovs anwXovTO. noXXa temple of Apollo and perished to the number of five 347/6 b.c. /xev ovv kcu dXXa 8ela nepl tovs Qtoieels avve^r] hundred. Now many other divine visitations fell to yevecr9ai nepl tovtovs tovs ypovovs, jidXiora Se the lot of the Phocians about this period, and in par- ro fieXXov Xeyeadai. oi yap els tov veto Karaev ticular the one that I am about to relate. The men yovres vneXafiov Sid rfjs twv 9ed>v iniKovplas who had taken refuge in the temple supposed that the intervention moOvyjendat, rovvavrlov Se 9ela rt vl npovola Trjs their lives would be saved through through some divine 6 npoarjKovarjs rots lepoovXois Tipunplas ervyov noX- of the gods, but on the contrary 1 1 Providence they met with the punishment temple- Xfjs yap ovarjs artfidSos nepl tov veto Kal nvpos robbers well deserve. For there was a quantity of ev rals OKTjvais twv necfrevyoTiov dnoXeXetptptevov rushes about the temple, and a fire had been left avve/irj Trjs artfidSos eKKav8eiorjs roaavrrjv e£- behind in the tents of the men who had fled, with the a 1 Philip, after taking over the Thessalians, entered Lo- So PRF : vethv cett. 2 otvKTiov K PXR, Koivtov FO] Livy, 7. 24; Fasti Consu- Pausanias, 10. 35. 3, lays upon the Thebans : avrotls te oi lares (see note 2 opposite). ©rjfiaioi roiis LKeras Kal to iepov . . . eSoaav 7rvpi. 2 Livy, 7. 24 gives L. Furius Camillus and Appius Claudius 1 Crassus. The latter is named in the Fasti Consulares. What Diodorus attributes to chance and providence, 3 Cp. chaps. 14. 3 and 23. 1. 402 403 L DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 59. 2—60. 1 pews. KaraXaftwv Se (t>dXau DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 60. 1-4 Phocians should have their 346/5 n.c. rptwv iroXewv TrepteXeXv ra relyrj Kal prjSeplav in the possession of the walls removed and that the Phocians should have no Kotvwvtav elvai roXs QwKevcn rov lepov prjSe rov 1 participation in the shrine of Delphi or in the Council ’ A p.(f>iKTVovLKov prj itjeXvai owedplow Se avroXs should not be permitted of the Amphictyons ; that they prjre ittttovs prjre ott a Krrjaaadat, av peypis ov to acquire either horses or arms until they should have ra yprjpara eKTLcrwoi deep ra aeavXrjpeva- rovs rw repaid to the god the monies they had pillaged ; that Se Treifievyoras twv 1 Pickard-Cambridge, Cambridge Ancient History, 6. 1 See So Post : fir] Se hi€OTavai eXarroy. 240 ff. 2 No satisfactory explanation of the MSS. reading Kopiv- diovs has been offered. Wesseling suggests a lacuna before Athenians, Lacedaemonians and “ some others of the Sea to KoptvOiovs, Fischer after. According to chap. 29. 1 Peloponnesians ” sided with the Phocians. 406 407 , : DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 60. 4—61. 3 1 not merely 346/5 b.c. 77/so? rravTas 61 . At/caiov S’ etvai vopl^opev irpioTov avaypaifiai the punishment which was visited by the gods upon TTjv ei< deuiv yevopevqv rot? els to pavTelov irapa- those who had committed the outrage on the oracle. 2 vevoprjKoai KoAacuv. oAojs yap ov povov rols For, speaking generally, it was not merely the per- avOevrais rrjs lepoavAlas, aAAa /cat iracn rols irpoa- petrators of the sacrilege but all persons who had with the sacrilege that were aifiapevois povov rrjs irapavoplas dirapalTrjros e/c the slightest connection hounded by the inexorable retribution sent of Heaven. 2 rov Saipovlov eirr]KoAovdr)cre Tipiopia. 6 pev yap In fact the man who first schemed for the seizure of apxi'TeKTiov Trjs KaraArpfieojs tov lepov QiAoprjAos the shrine, Philomelus, in a crisis of the war hurled /card Tiva ireplaraaiv iroAepiKTjv eavrov KaTexpr'j - himself over a cliff, 1 while his brother Onomarchus, pvicrev, 6 Se aS e\ piadocfjopeov KaTaieoirels eaTavpwOr] . 2 3 6 Se rptro? his command, and crucified. The third in succession /cat irAeloTa tojv dvadrjpaTojv /cara/coi/ra? OauAAo? and the one who coined into money most of the dedi- 3 TToAvxpovlcp voaip voarjaas ovS’ airoAvdrjvai ovv- cations, Phayllus, fell ill of a lingering disease and so Topios Trjs Tipcvpcas r)8vvrj9r]. 6 S’ eirl iracn 0a- was unable even to secure a quick release from his Aat/co? ra Aeuftava Trjs lepoavAlas avaAafiwv ev punishment. And the last of all, Phalaecus, who had of the pillaged property, passed irAdvais /cat peydAo is OTpef3Xo>9els Kal rroXXols 8ia rrjv drvylav yevopevos by being tortured longer and by becoming known to 346/5 B.t for his misfortunes, his sad fate might become 4 yviopipos TTtpifiorjTov eyr/ rrjv avpcfjopav. ovros many flight with his 1 notorious. For when lie had taken yap peTa rrjv Ik rrjs opoXoylas (fivyrjv perd tojv 1 mercenaries following the agreement, he first puo6o tottols f) the Tarentines. To his fellow passengers he said tols roZs Ko.TaXrpfjeo9ai rtva ttoXiv 77 rev- that he was making the voyage because he had been tpeodai pioQo 1 (cp. chap. 59. itcexetpias Capps : alxpa- Toxnrlaoj TrdXiv drroTrXeZv . to S’ avTO Kal tojv ev So Sherman 3) ; Xwotas. - toZs nXXoLs ttXoojls Kopi^opevojv TroiTjadvTwv kot 2 ttoXvs vtt€K€lto Dindorf : nXovs vtt€K€lto pzeyas. 410 411 . DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 62. 2—63. 2 346/5 i put in again at a Peloponnesian harbour. Then they 3 errAevcrav els rrjv HeXoTTowr/crov. ddpotodevres S gathered at the Malean promontory in Laconia and els MaAeav aKpav rrjs AaKowiK'ijs heel KareAaftov there found Cnossian envoys who had sailed in from eK Kpr/rr/s kararrerrAevKoras Kvwcrcriovs rrpeofSets Crete to enlist mercenaries. After these envoys had errl ptodotfiopwv wv StaAeydevrow rip re crvvaywyfj conversed with Phalaecus and the commanders and had Kip Kal rots r/yepoat Kal S ovrwv atjioAoyovs (paAal offered rather high pay, they all sailed off with them. rovs ptcrOoiis pera rovrwv arravres eqerrAevaav Having made port at Cnossus in Crete, they immedi- 1 Karapavres Se rrjs Kprjrrjs els Kvwaaov evdvs e.% ately took by storm the city called Lyctus. But to ecjroSov rroAtv KareXdfiovro rrjv KaAovpevrjv Av/erov. the Lyctians, who had been expelled from their native 4 rois Se AvKrloLS Ik rrjs rrarplSos eKrrerrrwKoat land, there appeared a miraculous and sudden rein- people of rrapaSo^os Kal avvropos etfidvrj fiorjdeta. rrepl yap forcement. For at about the same time the rovs avrovs ypovovs Tapavrlvwv StarroAejjtovvrwv Tarentum were engaged in prosecuting a war against sent to the Lacedaemonians, rrpds AevKavovs Kal rrpos AaKeSatpovtovs ovras the Lucanians and had were the stock of their ancestors, envoys soliciting rrpoyovovs eavrwv rrepipavrwv rrpea^ets rrepl fiorj- who help, whereupon the Spartans, who were willing to 6etas ol pev Hrrapnarat Sta rrjv ovyyevetav join them because of their relationship, quickly as- rrpodvpws eyovres ovppayfjoat rayews Svvaptv sembled an army and navy and as general in command rjdpoit,ov rre^tKrjv re Kal vavrtKrjv Kal ravrrjs arpa- of it appointed King Archidamus. But as they were rrjyov drreSetijav ’ A pylSapov rov fiacnAea- peA- about to set sail for Italy, a request came from the ovrwv 8’ drralpeiv els rrjv ’IraA lav, rjijlwcrav ot A Lyctians to help them first. Consenting to this, the AvKriot rrpwrov avrols Borjdfjaat- ol Se Aa/ceSat- the mer- j Lacedaemonians sailed to Crete, defeated povtot rretaOevres Kal rrAevcravres els rrjv Kprjrrjv cenaries and restored to the Lyctians their native rovs ptodo and ruled for fifteen 1 346/5 b.o. vlos efiaolXevoev err/ SeKanevre. e-netra ol pev his son succeeded to the throne ’ years. After the death of Archidamus his merce- Apx^dfiov pta6o(f>6pot pereax^Kores rrjs rod pav - naries, who had participated in plundering the shrine, relov avX-qaewy vtto rwv AevKavwv Karr]Kovrl- were shot down by the Lucanians, whereas Phalaecus, ad-qaav, 6 Se DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 64. 1—65. 2 Anti- 346/5 j ’ were later defeated in war by Trjs rrapavoplas varepov vtr’ AvTirraTpov kara- in the outrage 1 lost at one and the same time their leader- Tijv rjyepovlav apea Kal tt]v eXevBepiav pater, and iroXeprjdelaai. Phocian ship and their freedom. The wives of the 2 direfiaXov. a l 8e twv ev OojKevmv r/yepovwv yv- commanders who had worn the gold necklaces taken vcuk€s TreptOepevai tovs ypvaovs Ik AeXcfrwv oppovs from Delphi met with punishment befitting their im- olKelas Trjs aoejielas Tipwplas ervyov t] pev yap the chain piety. For one of them who had worn yeyevrjpevov 2 was bribed by a necklace 1 TOVTCO before deleted by Dindorf. Wife of Amphiaraus. She ™ take part given her by Polyneices to induce her husband to Thebes. Amphiaraus 1 Presumably refers to Antipater’s invasion of the Pelo- in the expedition of the Seven against revenge by her son ponnese and the defeat of Agis, cp. Book 17. 63. 1-3 and met his death and she was slain in 73. 5-6, and also to the defeat of Athens after the Lamian Alcmaeon. War, cp. Book 18. 18. 1-6. 3 Last mentioned chap. 45. 9. 417 416 VOL. VII p , T - DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 65. 2-6 only right to assist people who were offshoots of 346/5 b.c. /3or]9elv i)/irj 1 was a Corinthian colony founded in 734. 1 Syracuse Plutarch, Timoleon, 3 ; cp. Clasen, Timoleon, TiftoS^ftou 2 According to Plutarch the murder of Timophanes (not by Holm, Geschichte Siciliens, 2. 194, 464. p. 13 ; Timoleon’s own hand) occurred about twenty years before Ti- 2 Fischer. -navo-nXlaLS moleon’s departure for Syracuse. Diodorus’ account should 3 tt. PX). Hertlein : TTepL-naroiv Kal ( with Plutarch’s and Nepos’ Timoleon. 4 16. 84. be compared eiv added by Fischer (cp. Books 12. 55. 8 ; 5). 8 419 418 DIODORUS OF SICILY BOOK XVI. 65. 6-9 rrjs Trepl rrjv npaijcv dpejHo/drjTrjaews ini to ovve- council chamber and the matter in dispute was re- 346/5 b.c. dpiov dvanep 2 made all Sicily independent ; in a word, having found TiVpaKovooas /cat Tas aAAas 'EAA^vtSa? noAecs Syracuse and the other Greek cities depopulated napaAapfidvaxv iprjpovs inolrjoe noAvavdpoon ux he took them over, he made them notably SieveyKeiv. when populous. ’AAAd nepl pev tovtcov to. /card pepos pixpov These matters, however, we shall record severally voTepov iv Tots ot/cetois ypovois avaypaifiopev, vvv shall return below in their proper periods ; now we 8 ’ ini to awe-yes Trjs laropias peTafhfiacropev tov to the thread of our narrative. Aoyov. 1 Plutarch (Timoleon, 7. 2) puts this in the mouth of one 1 Telecleides speaking before the assembly (Srjjios), not the els ttjv A o-PXV' KardcTTaoiv added by Fischer from Poly- 2 Fischer. senate. bius, 23. 17. 1 ( L.C.L.) aXXas added by 421 420 INDEX OF NAMES Abae IN Phocis, 343, 401 Alcidas, Spartan commander, 75 Abdera, -ites, 47, 49 4 Alcisthenes, archon, 88 Acarnania, -ians, 33, 49 Aleuadae, 121, 277 Ace in Phoenicia, 63 Alexander, Spartan leader, 129 s Achaeans (Phthiotian), 175, 187, Alexander, tyrant of Pherae, 121 , 3 2 319 123, 139, 149 , 151 , 159, 161, 2 3 173 3 175 3 177, 219 4 277 Achaia or Achaeans, 33, 83 , 85 , , , , 2 161 2 339 Alexander II, son of Amyntas, 87 89, , 189, 323, , 2 Achradina, quarter of Syracuse, king of Macedon 370-368, 119 , 269 121, 139, 141, 149, 237 Acoris, Egyptian king 392-381, 23 Alexander III (the Great), son of Acragas, 265 2 Philip II, king of Macedon 336-323, 2 279, 397 Act6 (promontory), 33 235 , Adriatic Sea, 249, 267, 271 Alorus, 149, 165, 239 Aegae, old capital of Macedonia, Alpheius River, 345 243 2 Amphictyons, or Amphictyonic s 4 Aemilius, Lucius (mil. tr., cos.), Council, 235, 301 , 303 , 305% 2 317 s 319 4 321, 327, 89, 119, 235 307 , , , 323, 2 s 4 Aemilius, Lucius . . . Mamercus 329 , 405 , 407 (cos.), 179 Amphipolis, 241, 245, 259 Aemilius, Marcus (cos.), 403 Amphissans, 331 Aenianians, 189, 319 Amyntas III, king of Macedonia 2 2 Aeschines of Sphettus, 163 393-369, 5 , 117 , 149, 233, 235, Aethiopia, 381 237 4 Aetolians, 111 Anaxander, Lacedaemonian com- Agamemnon, 135 mander, 347 Agathocles (archon), 261 Anaximenes of Lampsacus, his- Agesilaiis, king of Sparta 400-360, torian, 163, 201 2 3 39 3 41 3 43 3 99, Anaxis, Boeotian historian, 221 7, 33, 35 , 37 , , , , 2 Andromachus, tyrant of Tauro- 105, 107, 117, 183, 199, 211 , 4 2 menium, 253 213, 215 , 217 Agesipolis, king of Sparta 393- Anthestius, Lucius (mil. tr.), 93 381, 9 2 Antipater, regent of Alexander, Agesipolis, king of Sparta 371- 417 370, 119 Antis thenes of Athens, 163 Agis, king of Paeonians, 245 Apollo (Phoebus), 315, 329, 397, ” 3 403 Agis, “ king of Sparta of doubt- 399, 401 , ful authenticity, 183 Apollodorus (archon), 365 Agis II, king of Sparta 338-331, Apulia, 249 413 Aquilius (mil. tr.), 9 Alcetas, king of Molossians, 49 Arabia, 213 371 423 k 3 INDEX OF NAMES INDEX OF NAMES 4 Cotys, king of Thrace, 333 Aradians, 351 Athens, -ians, 'passim Chabrias, Athenian general, 25 , s 2 2 2 Crannon, 121 Attica, Attic, 219 41 45 , 47, 49, Arcadia, -ians, 33, 73, 115 , 117 , 29, 79, 125, 133, 27, 31, 37, , 43, 2 4 2 2 2 Autocles, Athenian commander, 145 4 199, 211, 257 Crenides in Thrace, 243, 261 123 , 125 , 129 , 131, 133 , 139, 141, , 4 8 2 2 2 Chaeroneia, 331, 345, 347 Cresphontes, early king of Mes- 141, 153 165 167 , 179, 181 , 149 , , 2 2 a s Autophradates, satrap of Lydia, Chalcidice, 387 senia, 135 187, 189 , 217 , 347, 415 Crete, -ans, 3 41 3 Archias (archon), 403 205 Chaldaeans, 91 183 , 265, Archidamus, king of Sparta 361- Chares, Athenian commander, Crinippus, Syracusan commander, 2 s s 2 2 3 299 4 81 305 403, 413 Babylon, 91, 353, 357, 383 161, 221 , 257 , 295, 297 , , 338, 105 , , 345, , officer, 2 Croesus, king of Lydia, 395, 397 415 Bagoas, Persian 369, 371, 331 , 333, 337 s 7 (archon), 179 Cronion in Pisatis, 165 Arethusa, fountain in Syracuse, 375, 377 , 379 , 381, 383 Charicleides 289 Barathra, Egyptian marsh, 367 2 Charisander (archon), 47 Ctesicles, Athenian general, 75, 79 Argaeus, claimant to Macedonian Bardylis, king of the Illyrians, Chersonesus, 333 Cyclades, 31, 219 throne, 239, 241, 243 s 245, 247 Chion (archon), 163 Cydonia in Crete, 415 3 Cyparissia in Messenia, 165 Arginusae, 45 Belesys, satrap of Syria, 353 Chios, Chians, 21, 169, 245, 257 , 2 Argolas, hill in Locris, 323 Black Sea, 179, 325 295, 297 Cyparissus in Phocis, 303 4 2 2 357 Boeotia, -ians, passim Cilicia, -ians, 355 Cyprus, 81, 349 , 353, 355 , Argos, Argives, 11, 59, 61, 89, 113 , 205, 353, 2 147, Bosporus, 325 Cimon, Athenian general, 199 365, 367 117, 123 , 125, 127, 141, 2 345 s Bruttians, 281 2 Cirrhaean Plain, 301 CyrenS, 217, 235, 387 161 , 187, 189, 333, , 359, s commander, Cyzicus, 179 367, 373 Bubastus in Egypt, 377 , 379, 381 Cissides, Syracusan Ariobarzanes, satrap of Phrygia, Bura in Acha'ia, 83, 87 81 2 Daedalus, 265 203 Byzantium, -ians, 21, 169, 257 , Clearchus of Heracleia, 179, 337 Aristazanes, Persian officer, 369 295, 297 s Cleinius, Coan mercenary general, Damon of Thurii, Olympic victor, Aristippus of Cyren6, 163 373 2 47, 89 Aristocrates, Spartan commander, Cadmeia, acropolis of Thebes, 3, Cleombrotus, king of Sparta 381- Datames, satrap of Cappadocia, 3 s 2 2 3 209® 19 319 95 101, 105, 207 , 75 5 , 15 , , 177, 301, 371, 9, 27, 39, 57, , Aristodemus (archon), 339 Caesar (Augustus), 255 107, 109 Deinocrates, Phocian commander, Aristomenes, Messenian leader, Calleas (archon), 21 Cleomenes, king of Sparta 370- 395 137 2 Callias, Phocian commander, 395 336, 119 Deinomenes, Sicilian, father of Aristotle, 163 Callimachus (archon), 383 Cnidos, 47 Gelon, 199 Arrhidaeus, father of Amyntas, Callimedes (archon), 235 Cnossus, 413 Delphi, -ians, passim 117 Callippus, friend of Plato and Cocalus, early king of Acragas, Demophilus (archon), 7 s Demophilus, historian, son of Artabazus, general of Artaxerxes Dion, 325, 339 , 365 265 s 3 331 s Callisthenes, historian, nephew of Coelius, Publius (mil. tr.), Ill Ephorus, 279 II, 207 , 209, 299 , , 383, 385 Aristotle, 279 Conon, Athenian general, 69, 79, Demophon, Athenian commander, 2 Artaxerxes I, King of Persia Callistratus (archon), 301 197 17 2 s Demosthenes, 389 213 Callistratus, Athenian statesman, Corcyra, -aeans, 75®, 77 , 79 , 81, 465/4-425/4, 4 3 Syracuse, 251 263 , Artaxerxes II (Mnemon), King of 97 221 399 Dion of 219, , a 3 3 2 3 2 3 265 267 269 , 271, 273 , 275 , Persia 405/4-362/1, 53, 61, 91, Calydon, 161 Corinth, -ians, 11, 33, 59 , 141 , , , 3 4 3 4 3 2 3 2 285 287 293 295 , Camarina, 265 407, 277, 283 , , , , 147, 201, 203, 207, 209, 211, 213 143 , 145 , 151, 157, 253 , King of Cappadocia, 207 2 3 325, 339 2 Artaxerxes III (Ochus), 411, 417 , 419 on Chersonesus, 333 Cornelius, Aulus (mil. tr.), 163 Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse Persia 362/1-339/8, 213, 331, Cardia 4 3 2 6 2 145, 155, 157 357 Caria, 205 257, 337, 355, 365 Cornelius, Gaius (mil. tr., cos.), 405-367, 11, 81, , 347 , 349 , 351, 353 , 355, , , 2 s 2 5 2 2 5 179, 251, 253, 339, 399 363 365 369 Carthage, -inians, 13®, 155 , 157, 119, 393 359 , 361 , , , 367, , 5 7 2 4 421 Cornelius, Lucius (mil. tr.), 11 Dionysius II, tyrant of Syracuse 371, 375, 377 379 , 381 , 385 249, 265, , 159, 201, 249, 251 2 Artemis, 313 Caulonia in Italy, 271 Cornelius, Marcus (mil. tr., cos.), 367-357, , 3 2 3 267, 269, 271 273, 275 , Artemisia of Caria, 337, 365 Cedon, Athenian commander, 45 13, 163 263, , 283 3 285 s 287, 365 Asia, -iatic or Asia Minor, 35, 69, Celts, 145 Cornelius, Publius (mil. tr.), 3, 7 281, , , Boeotian historian, 147, 201, 203, 211, 217, 235, Cenchreae, 141 Cornelius, Servius (mil. tr.), 61, Dionysodorus, 331 2 349, 359, 367 2 381, 383, Cephallenia, 49, 137, 253, 265 147, 161, 167 221 , , ofTarentum, Olym- 387 Cephision, Theban general, 345 Cornelius, Titus (mil tr.), 21 Dionysodorus Asteius (archon), 81 Cephisodorus (archon), 161 Coroneia, 97, 99, 335, 341, 393, pian victor, 9 Atarneus, city of Asia Minor, 385 Cephisodotus (archon), 251 401 Dionysus, -ia, 59, 337 Athenian mercenary Athamanians, 319 Cephisus River in Boeotia, 341 Corsiae in Boeotia (?), 401 Diophantus, Athanas of Syracuse, historian, Cersobleptes, king of Thrace 360- Coryphasium in Messenia, 165 general, 373 2 Diotimus (archon), 317 219 341, 333 Cos, Coans, 161, 257 , 295 424 425 INDEX OF NAMES INDEX OF NAMES 413, Diyllus of Athens, historian, 279 Gela, 265 Ismenias, Theban commander, Lucania, -ians, 249, 281, 411, Dodona, 153 Gelon, Sicilian tyrant, 199 149 2 415 Dolopians, 319 Genucius, Gnaeus (cos.), 235 Isocrates, 163 Lucius (mil. tr.), 9 Doris, -ians, 331 Genucius, Lucius (cos.), 201 2 Lucius, Quintus (mil. tr.), 21 319, Italy, 13, 47, 86, 265, 271, 281 , Duris of Samos, historian, 119 Genucius, Quintus (cos.), 245 a 2 a Lucretius (mil. tr.), 53 285 365, 411 , 413 , tr.), 81 Dyme in Achaia, 161 Gorgidas, Theban leader, 55, 93 Ithome, Mt., 137 Lucretius, Lucius (mil. 9, Dysnicetus (archon), 111 Greece or Hellas, Greeks or Hel- Lychnitis, lake boundary of lenes, passim Jason, tyrant of Pherae, 31, 105, Macedonia, 257 3 205 Earth goddess, 311 111, 117 119 Lycians, , Mantineia, 115, 123, Echecrates, Thessalian, 313 Halicarnassus, 205 Julius, Lucius (mil tr.), 9 Lycomedes of Egypt, -ians, 3 63 5 Hegesileos, Athenian commander, 139 23, 25 , 53, 61, , Julius, Tiberius (mil. tr.), 93 65 2 67 4 3 211 4 187 Lycophron of Pherae, 277, 333, , , 69 , 71, 203, 209, , 5 5 2 4 213 215 349®, 357 Helen of Troy, 417 under 335 , 341, 345 , , 217, 353, , King of the Persians, see 4 2 2 2 s 415 Helice in Achaia and inhabitants, Lyctus in Crete, -ians, 413 , 359 , 361, 363, 367 , 371 , 373 , Artaxerxes II and III 4 2 85*. Lydia, -ians, 205, 369, 395 377 , 379, 381, 383 83, 87 (archon), 119 Elis, Eleians, 9, 33, 47, 89, 123, Helissus in Arcadia, 347 Lacedaemon, -ians, passim Lysistratus 165 7 167 5 Hellas, Hellenes, passim 125, 129, 141, 147, , , Laches, Athenian general, 169 191 2 415 6 Hellespont, 297, 333, 387 Macedonia, -ians, passim 181, 187, 189, , 217, Laconia, -ian, 95, 125, 127, 129, Gnaeus . . . Imperi- Elpines (archon), 279 Helots, 133, 137 133, 139, 183, 413 Maemilius, Entella in Sicily, 155 Heracleia, -ians, on Black Sea, Lacrates, Theban general, 359, osus (cos.), 281 2 s Maenalians, 153 Epameinondas, Theban comman- 179 , 337 369, 375 , 377 der, passim Heracleia in Trachinia, 111 Lamius, Spartan mercenary gen- Magi, 369 319 Ephesus, 85 Heracleidae, 135 373 Magnesians of Thessaly, 175, eral, 413 Ephorus, historian, 119, 279 Heracleides, Syracusan comman- Lampsacus, 163, 201 Malean promontory, der, 253 2 283, 285 5 Malian, -s, 113, 189, 281 Epidaurus, 143 , Larissa, -aeans, 121 , 139 3 tr.), 93 Epistrophus, Homeric Phocian Heracles, 103, 107, 171, 359 Lasion in Triphylia, 165 Manius, Gaius (mil. (mil. tr.), 93 king, 303 Heraea, 59 Lasthenes of Olynthus, 389 Manius, Publius (mil. tr.), 11 Erenucius (mil. tr.), 93 Hermeias of Methymne, historian, Lavinius, Lucius (mil. tr.), 93 Manlius, Aulus 7, tr.), 93 Eretria, 161 51 Leandrias, Spartan, 103 Manlius, Gaius (mil. 3 317 Eriphyle, 417 Hermias, tyrant of Atarneus, 385 Lebadeia, 103 Manlius, Gnaeus (cos.), 3 -ans, -otis, 2 31 3 Manlius, Lucius (mil. tr.), 51 Eryx, Erycini, 155 Hestiaea, 29 , Lechaeum, 141 Etesian winds, 69 Hexapyla at Syracuse, 293 Lemnos, 297 Manlius, Marcus, 47 tr.), 161 Etruscans, 339 Hipparinus of Syracuse, father of Lenaea, 157 Manlius, Paulus (mil. a 251 2 263 Mantias, Athenian general, 239, Euboea, -ans, 29, 31 , 149, 189, Dion, , Leonidas, Spartan king, 129 2 Hipparinus of Syracuse, son of 3 243 191, 195, 255 Leontini, -ians, 283 , 287, 293, Eucharistus (archon), 245 Dionysius I, 251, 339 2 339 Mantineia, -ians, 39, 123, 171, (archon), 181 4 185 s 187®, 189, 191, 197, Eudamidas, Spartan commander, Hippodamus 51 Leosthenes, Athenian commander, , , 3 2 Hipponium, -atae, 13, 281 201, 21 7 , 345 5 , 7 219, 221 Euphron of Sicyon, 147 Homer, 303, 397 Leptines of Syracuse, 365 Marcius, Gaius (cos.), 317, 383 165 Europe, 233, 249, 263, 387, 417 Hya or Hyampolis in Boeotia, Leucae, town in Asia at mouth of Margana in Pisatis, Eurotas River, 131 393 Hermus, 211 Mausolus, tyrant of Caria, 205, Euthycrates of Olynthus, 389 257, 337 governor of Cilicia, 353 Evagoras, king of Cyprus 411/0- Iberians, 145 Leucon, king of Bosporus, 325 Mazaeus, Idrieus, despot of Caria, 355 2 365 2 103 2 105, Mecvberna in Chalcidice, 387 374/3, 81 , Leuctra, -ian, 39, 101 , , 237 2 239 3 177, Medes, 199 Evagoras II, king of Cyprus c. Illyria, -ians, 233, 235, , , 111, 117, 125, 153, 163, 2 2 4 4 249 2 257 2 299 Megacles, brother of Dion, 253, 367 245 247 , , , 401 360-351, 355 , 365 , , 197, 301, 319, Evander (archon), 3 Imbros, 297 Leuctrus, 103 2 267, 269 5 a 369 2 Megale polis (Megalopolis), -itans, Ionia, 85 , 87 , 205, Libyans, 13 155, 371, 373 , 217 4 219, 345 4 347 Fabius, Gaius (mil. tr.), 3 Ionian Sea, 249 Licinius, Gaius (mil. tr., cos.), Ill, 153, , general, 25 2 Megarians, 33, 59, 141 Fabius, Marcus (mil. tr., cos.), 81, Iphicrates, Athenian , 219, 251 3 67 4 69 4 127 2 Memnon, brother of Mentor, 383, 163, 261, 301, 327, 347 61 , 63, 65, , , 81, , Lilybaeum, 155 a 3 385 325* 199, 295, 297 , 399 in Italy, -ian, 251, 287 Faliscans, Locri 4 2 67 375®, 381 Ischolas, Spartan commander, 129 189, Memphis, , Furius, Lucius (mil. tr.), 81, 111, Locris, -ians, 33, 111 , 125, 3 5 2 4 Mendesian mouth of Nile, 65, Island of Ortygia in Syracuse, 271, 317 319, 321 , 161 307 309 , 315, , , 67 Furius, Marcus (mil. tr.), 7, 13, 81 275 343, 403 I 426 427 9 INDEX OF NAMES INDEX OF NAMES s 176‘, Phocides of Athens, Olympic 2 9 125, 139, 149, 161, 173 , Lucius (rail, tr.), Nile River, Menenius, 8?, 63 , 67, 69, 357, 367 , 177, 179, 197 victor, 167 147 371 general, 355% Peloponnesus, -ians, 7, 19, 41, 47, Phocion, Athenian general, Nypsius, Neapolitan Mentor, Rhodian 353, commander s 123, 365 2 57, 61, 83, 87 , 99, 107, 111, 361, 369, 377®, 379®, 381®, 383 of Dionysius II, 287®, 289® 2 125, , 141 s 149 159, 181, Phocis, -ians, 33, 101, 111, 4 126, , 143, , 385 Nysaeus, son of Dionysius I, 251 301® et passim 187, 217, 253, 269, 283, 319, 235, 279®, Messeng, -ians of Peloponnese, Phoebidas, Spartan commander, 4 323, 345, 405, 411, 415 133®, 135 189, Ochus, see Artaxerxqs III 4 , 137 , 139, 177, 319 Pehisium, Pelusiac mouth of Nile, 5 , 41, 199, 203, 345 Oetaeans, 113 s s s Phoenicia, -ians, 155, 205, 213% 367 375 , 377 65 , , 369, Messeng (Messana), -ians of Sicily, Olympia, 399 s 221 351% 353®, 355, 357, 361® 2 Peparethos, -ians, 31, 219 , 349% 137, 265 Olympiad, 9, 47, 89, 147, 167 . Perdiccas, king of Macedon 368- Phrasicleides (archon), 93 243 2 325, 333® 235, 281, 339, 387 Methon6, , s Phrygia, 203 359, 119, 167 , 239 Methymne, 51 Olympian festival (see Olympiad), Pericles, Athenian statesman, 199 Phthiotis, 175, 319 Metropolis of Hestiaea, 31 at Olympus, 167, 181, at Dium, Perrhaebia, -ians, 113, 319 Pisans, 167®, 179 Micrinas of Tarentum, Olympic 391 s Pisidians, 205 s 4 2 Persia, -n, -ns, 11, 23, 25 , 33, 35, victor, 339 Olynthus, -ians, 5 9 ll 33, s s , 7% , , s Plataeae, -ans, 75®, 77% 95 4 2 2 53, 61 63 65, 67, 69 , 71 , 91, Miltiades, Athenian general, 199 259 261, 387 389 391 , , , , s Plato, 163 163, 177, 199, 201 , 203, 207, . , Acragas, 265 Onomarchus, s Minoa, port of Phocian comman- s s s Plautius (or Plotius), Gaius (cos.), 235 349 351 , 2 5 2 213 , , 299, 347, , Minos, early king of Crete, 265 der, 325, 327, 329 335 341 s 1 , , , 367 301 2 357, 359, 363, 365 , , Minyae, 171 343, 395 409 353, 351- , s 377 s 381, Pnytagoras, king of Cyprus 2 371, 373 , , 379, Mithridates I of Pontus, 203 Orchomenus in Arcadia, 123 369, 383, 387, 397, 409 332, 365®, 367 Mithrobarzanes, father-in-law of Orchomenus in Boeotia, -ians, 43®, 45 Phaedriades, cliifs near Delphi, Pollis, Spartan nauarch, Datames, 209 2 51 2 111 2 341, , , 171\ 173, 331, Polybiadas, Spartan commander, Mnaseas, Phocian general, 343 2 401 317 Phalaecus, Phocian commander, 9 Mnasippus, Spartan general, 77, Orestes, son of Agamemnon, 135 s Polycles of Cyreng, Olympian 346, 347, 395, 397, 405 , Oreiis, -itans, 2 343, 81 31 s s victor, 387 2 409, 411 413, 415 Molon (archon), 201 Orneae in Argolis, 333 345 , , Polydorus, brother of Jason of 2 Pharnabazus, Persian comman- Molossians, 49 Orontes, satrap of Mysia, 205 s s s s s s 69 Pherae, 119® der, 25 61 63 65 , 67 , Asia Minor, Oropus, 161 , , , Mycale in 85 Phocian commander, Polytropus, Spartan general, 123 general, Phayllus, Myronides, Athenian 199 s s Polyzelus (archon), 159 2 339, 341 343 , 395, Mysia, 205 Paeonia, -ians, 235, 239, 243, 245 335, 337, , , Pontus, 387® Mytileng, -aeans, 21 299 409 Peloponnese, 87 Popilius, Marcus (cos.), 393 Paerisades, Pheneiis in king of Pontus, 387 s Poplius, Gaius (cos.), 263 2 Pherae, -aeans, 31, 111, 117, 119 , Naryx, Narycaeans in Phocis, 343 Pagasae, 325 s Marcus . . . Laenas (cos.), 2 121, 123 149, 151, 159, 161, Poplius, Naupactus, 137, 161 Pallantium in Arcadia, -ians, 115 , 173, 175, 219, 277, 333, 335, 281 327 Nausicles, Athenian general, 341 Pammenes, Theban commander, s victor, 341 345, 387 Porus’of Cyreng, Olympian Nausigenes (archon), 147 217, 331® , Pherendates, satrap of Egypt, 383 235 Nausinicus (archon), 13 Pamphylians, 205 s Olympian victor, 2 (Phigaleia), -eians, 59 Porus of Malis, 43® Panionia, -ians, Phialeia Naxos, -ians, 85 281 253® Philip II of Macedon, king 359- Naxos in Sicily, Panormus, harbour town of Pe- s s s 2 141, 221 233 et Poseidon, 85®, 87 Neapolis, -itan, 287 parethos, 21 336, 119, , 'passim Postumius (mil. tr.), 9 Nectanebos I, king of Egypt 378- Papirius, Lucius (mil. tr.), 7, 11, tr.), 81 Philippeioi (coins of Philip), 261 Postumius, Aulus (mil. 361, 63 21, 47, 147 tr.), 83 Philippi, 243, 261 Postumius, Lucius (mil. Nectanebos II, king of Egypt Papirius, Spurius (mil. tr.), 61 s Potidaea, 179, 259, 261® 2 Philiscus, Persian envoy, 147 360-343, 213 215, 351, 371, Papirius, Titus (mil. tr.), 89 , Philistus, Sicilian historian and Praeneste, -ini, 81, 365 373, 381 Paralus, governor of Acragas, s of Alorus, 149, 165, 239 2 nauarch, 219, 271, 281, 283 Ptolemy Neleus of Pylos, 135 265 201, Phocian commander, Publius, Marcus (mil. tr.), 21 Neogenes, tyrant of Hestiaea, 31 Paros, 43 Philomelus, s s s 309, Pydna, 259 279 301, 303, 305 , 307 , Nestor of Pylos, 135 Parrhasian Arcadians, 153 , s s s s 327 s Pythagoras, -ean, 57, 163, 237® 313 315, 317 , 321 , 323 , , Nicaea in Locris, 405 Pausanias, pretender to Mace- , 395 s 409 Pythia(n) (priestess), 309, 313, Nicocles, eunuch, son of Evagoras donian throne, 239, 243 , (games), 407 2 Philon, Phocian treasurer, 395, of Cyprus, king of Cyprus, 81 Peiraeus, 27 43, 47 , 397 Pythias (archon), 9 Nicon (archon), 11 Peitholaiis of Pherae, 341, 345, Spartan general, 367 Pytho (Delphi), 85, 303, 397 Nicophemus (archon), 219 387 Philophron, -asians, 61®, 143, 161® Pythostratus of Athens, Olympian general Argives, Pelleng, -ians, Phlius, 33, Nicostratus, of 139, 141 victor, 147 2 Phocian War, see Sacred War 359 369, 373 Pelopidas, Theban leader, 55, 93, , 429 428 INDEX OF NAMES INDEX OF NAMES Tribonius, Publius (mil. tr.), 93 Quinctius, Lucius (mil. tr.), 11, 13 Sophanes, Phocian commander, Thermopylae, 129, 341 s ! 95 Triphylia, 165 Quinctius, Titus (mil. tr., cos.), 395 Thespiae, 21, 35, 41 , 71, 117*, Tripolis in Phoenicia, 351 9, 47, 167, 403 Sparta, -ans, passim Thessaly, -ians, 105, 113, 3 141, 149\ Troezen, 143 Quintius, Gaius (cos.), 387 Spartacus, king of Bosporus, 119 121*, 123, 139 , s 175*, 189, Trophonius, 103 Quintius, Lucius (mil. tr.), 119 Pontus, 325, 387 151, 159, 161, 173 , -jan, 135, 241, 417 Quintius, Titus (cos.), 347 Sphettus, 163 191*, 277*, 279, 313, 317, 319, Troy, s 335*, 341, Tyrants, Thirty, 15 Sphodriades, Spartan commander, 321, 329, 331, 333 , 2 2 Tyrians, 351 Rhegium, 281, 365 27 403, 405, 407, 409 387, Tyrtaeus, 137 Rheomithres, Persian noble, 209 Stymphalus in Arcadia, 87 Thettalion, henchman of Tennes, 2 Rhodes, -ian, 257 Sulpicius, Gaius tr., s 359* 21, 169, , 295, (mil. cos.), 89, 357 , Valerius (mil. tr.), 7 297 219, 251, 339, 365, 387 Thrace, -ians, 33, 47*, 49*, 79, 235, Valerius, Gaius (mil. tr.), 119 Rhosaces, Persian officer, 369 Sulpicius, Quintus (mil. tr.), 3 239, 259, 299 Valerius, Lucius (mil. tr.), 11, 51, Rome, -ans, passim Sulpicius, Servius (mil. tr.), 47, Thracidae (Delphians), 305 9, 89 53, 119, 147, 161, 167 Thronion in Locris, 331 Valerius, Marcus (cos.), 339, 365 Sacred Band, 177 Syracuse, -ans, 155, 157, 179, 219, Thudemus (archon), 327 Valerius, Publius (mil. tr., cos.), Sacred (or Phocian) War, 279, 249, 251 4 253 2 265 4 267 4 269 2 281 , , , , , Thurii, 51, 89, 2 5 2 s s 89, 383 301 , 343, 403, 405, 417 271 , 273 275 , 277 281, 283* Tiber River, 339 , , Verginius, Gaius (mil. tr.), 119 Salamis in Cyprus, -inians, 81, 285 4 287®, 289 s 291 4 293 2 Timaenetus, father of Timoleon, , , , , 295, (mil. tr.), 7 2 s 2 s Verginius, Lucius 355 , 365 , 367 339 , 365, 399, 417, 421 419 Veturius, Gaius (mil. tr.), 163 Samnites, 365 Syria, 65, 205, 213, 353, 355, 359 Timaeus, Sicilian historian, 253 2 167 Samos, 119, 297 Timocrates (archon), Egypt, 419 4 421 Warriors (Machimoi) of Sardinia, 13, 21 Tachos, king of Egypt 362-361, Timoleon of Corinth, , 371 actor, 2 2 s brother of Timoleon, Satyrus, 391, 393 201, 209, 211, 213 , 215 Timophanes, Scedasus, 2 Tarentum, -ines, 103 9, 135, 339, 411, 419 Xenophon of Athens, historian, Schedius, Homeric Phocian king, 413 2 Timotheiis, Athenian general, 27, s 179, 197, 163, 201 303 Tarquinii in Etruria, 365 73 , 79, 81, 49, 51, Xerxes, King of Persia 485-465, Sciathos, 31 Tauromenium, 253 2 255 295 297 2 , Heracleia- 169 Sciritis, -ae, 35, 129 Taurus (see Tauromenium), 253, Timotheiis, tyrant of Scotussa, -aeans, 159 255 Pontica, 339 s s Zacynthos, -ians, 73 , 75 , 253, Scythians, 235 Ta^getus, Mt., 131 Tisiphonus of Pherae, 277 263 325 Selinus, 155 Tegea, -ans, -atis, 115, 117, 127, Torone, 179, 387 Zereia in Chalcidice, 387 Sellasia in Laconia, 127, 129 2 181 s 183, 187 Trachinia, 111 , Zeus, 103, 197, 399 Servilius, Gaius (mil. tr.), 11 Tegyra in Boeotia, 177 Triballians, 47 Servilius, Lucius (mil. tr), 9 Teleclus, king of Lacedaemonians, Servilius, Quintus (mil. tr., cos.), 135 3, 13, 61, 111, 163, 201, 245 Teleutias, Spartan commander, 7 s Sestus on the Hellespont, 333 Telphusa in Arcadia, 347 4 Lucius . . . Lateranus Tennes, king of Sextius, Sidon, 353, 357 , 2 s (cos.), 179 359, 361 , 363 Sextus, Gaius (mil. tr.), 93 Terentius, Gaius (mil. tr.), 89 Sicanians, 265 2 Terina in Bruttium, 281 Siceliots, 267 Thasos, -ians, 243 Sicels, 265 Thebe, wife of Alexander of Sicily, -ians, 11, 51, 81, 137, 145, Pherae, 277 2 2 -ans, 147, 155 , 157, 199, 249, 251 , Thebes, passim 2 Theellus (archon), 347 253 , 263, 267, 279, 281, 295, 411 2 421 Themison, tyrant of Eretria, 161 325, 365, , 417, -ians, 147 2 Themistocles (archon), 393 Sicyon, 33, 59, 143, , 189, 345 Themistocles, Athenian general, 4 2 s 2 Sidon, -ians, 351 , 353 , 357 , 359 , 199 6 4 361 , 363 , 367, 371, 377 Theophilus (archon), 387 Social War, 257, 295, 299 Theopompus of Chios, historian, Socratic, 163 243 Socratides (archon), 61 Theripides, Spartan commander, Solon of Athens, 199 31 2 R. Clark. L, mixed. 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E. 5th Imp., Vol. (Theocritus, Bion, Moschus). Iliffe Robson. 2 Vols. (2nd Imp.) The Greek Bucolic Poets th Imp. revised.) Athenaeus : Deipnosophistae. C. B. Gulick. 7 Vols. J. M. Edmonds. (7 the Anacreontea. J. M. (Vols. I, V and VI 2nd Imp.) Greek Elegy and Iambus with Vols. (Vol. I 2nd Imp.) ' St. Basil: Letters. R. J. Deferrari. 4 Vols. (2nd Imp.) Edmonds. 2 0 , Mathematical Works. Ivor Thomas. 2 Vols. Callimachus and Lycophron. A. W. Mair ; Aratus. Greek G. R. Mair. (2nd Imp.) (2nd Imp.) : Characters. Clement of Alexandria. Rev. G. W. Butterworth. (3rd Herodes. Cf. Theophrastus ’ I-III Uh Imp., Imp.) Herodotus. A. D. Godley. 4 Vols. (Vols. COLLUTHUS. Cf. OPPIAN. Vol. IV 3rd Imp.) Hymns. H. G. Evelyn White. Daphnis and Ciiloe. Cf. Longus. Hesiod and the Homeric revised and enlarged.) Demosthenes I : Olynthiacs, Philippics and Minor (7 th Imp. the Fragments of Heracleitus. W. H. b. Orations : I-XVII and XX. J. H. Vince. Hippocrates and E. T. Withington. 4 Vols. (Vols. I, II and Demosthenes II : De Corona and De Falsa Legations. Jones and Imp.) C. A. Vince and J. H. Vince. (2nd Imp. revised.) IV 3rd Imp., Vol. Ill 2nd A. T. Murray. 2 Vols (6thJmp ) Demosthenes III : Meidias, Andhotion, Aristocrates, Homer : Iliad. A. T. Murray. 2 Vols. (7th Imp.) Timocrates, Aristogeiton. J. H. Vince. Homes : Odyssey. S. Forster. (2nd Imp.) Demosthenes IV-VI : Private Orations and In Neaeram. Isaeus. E. LaRue Van Hook. 3 Vols. A. T. Murray. (Vol. IV 2nd Imp.) Isocrates. George Norlin and Ioasaph. Rev. lx. K. : Barlaam and Demosthenes VII : Funeral Speech, Erotic Essay, St. John Damascene (2nd Imp. revised.) Exordia and Letters. N. and N. J. DeWitt. Woodward and Harold Mattingly. W. Vols. J. Thackeray and Ralph Marcus. 9 Dio Cassius : Roman History. E. Cary. 9 Josephus. H. St. Vols. (Vols. VI 2nd Imp.) I (Vol. 3rd Imp., Vols. I and I and II 2nd Imp.) Vols I-VI . V Wright. 3 Vols. (Vol. I 2nd Imp., Dio Chrysostom. 5 Vols. Vols I and II. J. W. Cohoon. Julian. Wilmer Cave II 3rd Imp.) . Vol. III. J. W. Cohoon and H. Lamar Crosby. Vols. IV Vol. , and Chloe. Thornley s translation and V. H. Lamar Crosby. (Vols. I-III 2nd Imp.) Longus : Daphnis and Parthenius. S. Gaselee. Diodorus Siculus. 12 Vols. Vols. I-VI. C. H. Oldfather. revised by J. M. Edmonds ; Vol. VII. C. L. Sherman. Vols. IX and X. Russel M. 8 Vols. Vols. I-V. (Vols. I, II Geer. (Vols. I-III 2nd Imp.) Lucian. A.^M. Harmon. Imp., Vol. IV 2nd Imp.) Diogenes Laertius. R. D. Hicks. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 4th and III 3rd Callimachus. Imp., Vol. II 3rd Imp.) Lycophron. Cf. t . J. M. Edmonds. 3 Vols. (Vol. I 4th Imp., Dionysius of Halicarnassus : Roman Antiquities. Spel- Lyra Ghaeca. Imp.) man’s translation revised by E. Cary. 7 Vols. (Vols. Vols. II and III 3rd (2nd Imp.) I-IV 2nd Imp.) Lysias. W. R. M. Lamb. Ptolemy: Tetrabiblos. h. ti. Epictetus. W. A. Oldfather. 2 Vols. (2nd Imp.) Manetho. W. G. Waddell; Imp.) Euripides. A. S. Way. 4 Vols. (Vol. I 7 th Imp., Vols. Robbins. (2nd ... C. R. Haines. (4 6 7 ; THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY Paul Shorey. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 4 th Imp.. Minor Attic Orators. 2 Vols. Vol. I (Antiphon, Ando- Plato : Republic. cides). K. J. Maidment. (2nd Imp.) Vol. II 3rd Imp.) F. C. Babbitt : Moralia. 14 Vols. Vols. I-V. Nonnos : Dionysiaca. ,W. H. D. Rouse. 3 Vols. (Vol. Plutarch H. N. Fowler. (Vols. Ill 2nd Imp.) Vol. VI. W. C. Helmbold ; Vol. X. Oppian, Colluthus, Tryphiodorus. A. W. Mair. I, III and X 2nd Imp.) Parallel Lives. B. Perrin. 1 Vols. Papyri. Non-Literary Selections. A. S. Hunt and C. C. Plutarch : The Imp., Vols. IV, VI, VIII-XI Edgar. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 2nd Imp.) Literary Selections. (Vols. I, II, HI and VII 3rd Vol. I (Poetry). D. L. Page. (3rd Imp.) 2nd Imp.) 6 Vols. Parthenius. Cf. Longus. Polybius. W. R. Paton. History of the Wars. H. B. Dewing. 7 Vols. Pausanias : Description op Greece. W. H. S. Jones. 5 Procopius: Vols. and Companion Vol. arranged by R. E. Wycherley. (Vol. I 2nd Imp.) . Manetho. (Vols. I and III 2nd Imp.) Ptolemy : Tetrabiblos. Cf Way. (2nd Imp.) Verse trans. Philo. 10 Vols. Vols. I-V. F. H. Colson and Rev. G. H. Quintus Smyrnaeus. A. S. Empiricus. Rev. R. G. Bury. 4 Vols. (Vols. I and Whitaker ; Vols. VI-IX. F. H. Colson. (Vols. I-III, Sextus V-IX 2nd Imp., Vol. IV 3rd Imp.) III 2nd Imp.) Storr. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 9 th Imp ., Vol. II 6th Two Supplementary Vols. from the Armenian Text. Sophocles. F. Ralph Marcus. Imp.) Verse trans. 8 Vols. (Vols. I : Geography. Horace L. Jones. Philostratus : The Life of Apollonius of Tyana. F. C. Strabo 3rd Imp., Vols. II, V and VI 2nd Imp.) Conybeare. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 4th Imp., Vol. II 3rd Imp.) and VIII Theophrastus: Characters. J. M. Edmonds; Herodes, Philostratus : Imagines ; Callistratus : Descriptions. A. Fairbanks. etc. A. D. Knox. (2nd Imp.) air Arthur Hort. Theophrastus : Enquiry into Plants, Philostratus and Eunapius : Lives of the Sophists. Wilmer Cave Wright. (2nd Imp.) 2 Vols. (2nd Imp.) F. Smith. 4 Vols. (3rd Imp.) Pindar. Sir J. E. Sandys. (7 th Imp. revised.) Thucydides. C. Tryphiodorus. . Oppian. Plato I : Euthyphro, Apology, Chito, Phaedo, Phaedrus. Cf Walter Miller. 2 Vols. (Vol. I H. N. Fowler. (9th Imp.) Xenophon : Cyropaedia. 2nd Imp., Vol. II 3rd Imp.) Plato II : Tiieaetetus and Sophist. H. N. Fowler. (Uh Anabasis, Apology, and oympo- Imp.) Xenophon : Hellenica, and O. J. Todd. 3 Vols. (Vols. I Plato III: Statesman, Philebus. H. N. Fowler; Ion. sium. C. L. Brownson Imp.) W. R. M. Lamb. (4th Imp.) and III 3rd Imp., Vol. II Mh Oeconomicus. ' O. Mar- : Memorabilia and Plato IV : Laches, Protagoras, Meno, Euthydemus. Xenophon W. R. M. Lamb. (3rd Imp. revised.) chant. (2nd Imp.) (2nd Imp.) : Scripta Minora. E. C. Marchant. Plato V : Lysis, Symposium, Gorgias. W. R. M. Lamb. Xenophon (4th Imp. revised.) Plato VI : Cratylus, Parmenides, Greater Hippias, Lesser Hippias. H. N. Fowler. (4 tli Imp.) Plato VII : Timaeus, Critias, Clitopho, Menexenus, Epi- stulae. Rev. R. G. Bury. (3rd Imp.) (For Volumes in Preparation see next page.) Plato VIII: Chahmides, Alcibiades, Hipparchus, The Lovers, Theages, Minos and Epinomis. W. R. M. Lamb. (2nd Imp.) Plato : Laws. Rev. R. G. Bury. 2 Vols. (3rd Imp.) 8 9 THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY VOLUMES IN PREPARATION GREEK AUTHORS Aristotle : De Mundo, etc. D. Furley and E. S. Forster. Aristotle : History of Animals. A. L. Peck. Plotinus. A. H. Armstrong. LATIN AUTHORS St. Augustine : City of God. [Cicero :] Ad Herennium. H. Caplan. Cicero: Pro Sestio, In Vatinium, Pro Caelfo, De Pro- vinciis Consulahibus, Pho Balbo. J. H. Freese and R. Gardner. Phaedrus and other Fabulists. B. E. Perry. DESCRIPTIVE PROSPECTUS ON APPLICATION CAMBRIDGE, MASS. LONDON HARVARD UNIV. PRESS WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD Cloth $2.50 Cloth 15a. i- hatred of the Greeks ktvovojv Kac ttjs on’ for their knavery. When the t iA6pr]Aos piv seeing the magnitude of the war, began to gather a rrpoopwpevos to peyedos rod froAepov puodofiopwv multitude of mercenaries and to select for active duty T€ rrAfjdos fjOpoL^e, rwv re Owkcwv rovs evderov those of the Phocians who were fit. Although the 2 KareAeyev els rrjv orparelav. rod Si rroAepov war required additional funds, he kept his hands off TrpnaSeojievov yprjpdrwv rwv piv lepwv avadrjpd- the sacred dedications, but he did exact from theWKeXs rrjv ywpav Kal cf>epeiv /car’ evtav- to possess from one another ; that the Phocians were rov rw dew