Pasang Surut Industri Pesawat Terbang Di Indonesia

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Pasang Surut Industri Pesawat Terbang Di Indonesia IRMA INDRAYANI PASANG SURUT INDUSTRI PESAWAT TERBANG DI INDONESIA 2017 Dr. Irma Indrayani., M.Si. PASANG SURUT INDUSTRI PESAWAT TERBANG DI INDONESIA Perpustakaan Nasional RI : Katalog Dalam Terbitan (KDT) Copyright : Indrayani, Irma Pasang Surut Industri Pesawat Terbang di Indoensia ISBN : 978-602-0819-32-7 Editor dan Desain Sampul: Syarif Nur Bienardi Penata Letak : LPU-UNAS Hak Cipta dilindungi Undang-Undang. Dilarang memperbanyak buku ini sebagian atau seluruhnya dalam bentuk dan dengan cara apapun juga, baik secara mekanis maupun elektronis, termasuk fotocopi, rekaman dan lain-lain tanpa izin tertulis dari Penerbit. Lembaga Penerbitan Universitas-Universitas Nasional (LPU-UNAS) Alamat : Jl. Sawo Manila, No. 61. Pejaten, Pasar Minggu, Jakarta Selatan.12520. Telphon : 021-78837310/ 021-7806700 (hunting) ext. 172. Fak : 021-7802718 Cetakan Pertama : 2017 Dicetak oleh LPU-UNAS, JAKARTA BAB I SEJARAH PENERBANGAN DAN PABRIK PESAWAT TERBANG DI INDONESIA Sejarah penerbangan dan pabrik pesawat terbang di Indonesia dimulai dengan sebuah bengkel di Maospati. Kisah ini dimulai ketika Tentara Republik Indonesia (TRI) Angkatan Udara yang menjadi cikal bakal TNI-AU dibentuk dan mulai berdiri sebagai sebuah kesatuan pada 9 April 1946. Setelah terbentuknya TRI-AU, pada tahun yang sama dibentuk pula Biro Perencanaan dan Konstruksi yang berlokasi di Maospati, sebuah kecamatan di Jawa Timur yang menjadi pertemuan jalur dari 3 kabupaten, yaitu Magetan, Madiun dan Ngawi. Tidak lama setelah Republik Indonesia merdeka pada 17 Agustus 1945 dari bengkel itu dunia penerbangan serta produksi pesawat Indonesia. Sampai saat ini industri penerbangan dalam arti pabrik pesawat terbang mengalami pasang surut akibat pengaruh politik serta kemerosotan ekonomi. Kegiatan bengkel produksi pesawat tersebut dimotori oleh sejumlah opsir, terutama Opsir Muda Udara II (setara Letnan II) Nurtanio Pringgoadisurjo, Wiweko Supono dan Sumarsono. Jauh sebelum kemerdekaan, ketiganya merupakan sosok yang mencintai dunia penerbangan. Bahkan, Nurtanio sempat mendirikan klub pecinta pesawat bernama Junior Aero Club (JAC) di masa pendudukan Jepang. Saat pertama ditempatkan di Maospati, mereka hanya diberi ruangan kerja sebuah gudang kapuk. Oleh ketiganya, tempat itu disulap menjadi sebuah bengkel kerja sederhana yang kemudian berhasil menorehkan prestasi di bidang rekayasa pesawat udara. Setahun kemudian bengkel bekas gudang kapuk itu berhasil memproduksi pesawat pertama hasil karya anak negeri. Tahun 1947 usaha mereka menghasilkan pesawat layang Zogling dengan kode NWG-1 (Nurtanio-Wiweko Glider). Nurtanio juga sukses mengujicoba pesawat tersebut. Sebanyak 6 unit pesawat jenis itu telah dibuat dan digunakan untuk mengembangkan kepentingan penerbangan Indonesia dan pada saat yang sama memperkenalkan dunia penerbangan untuk calon pilot yang dipersiapkan untuk mengikuti pelatihan penerbangan di India. Setahun kemudian dari bengkel bekas gudang kapuk itu, mereka menorehkan prestasi lagi saat berhasil membuat mesin pesawat pertama, yang merupakan modifikasi dari mesin Harley Davidson, WEL-X. Mesin ini dirancang oleh Wiweko Supono dan pesawat buatan mereka selanjutnya dikenal dengan nama RI-X. Pemberontakan PKI di Madiun dan agresi Belanda menyebabkan untuk sementara kerja keras mereka harus terhenti, bengkel pesawat ditutup.Pada periode itu kegiatan penerbangan di Indonesia lebih ditekankan sebagai bagian dari revolusi fisik untuk pertahanan negara ketimbang penciptaan. Namun, pada masa ini juga lahir pesawat-pesawat yang dimodifikasi untuk misi tempur. Agustinus Adisutjipto adalah tokoh yang sangat berperan dalam periode ini. Dia telah merancang dan menguji sendiri pesawat terbang hasil rancangannya pada medan pertempuran udara yang sesungguhnya. Adisutjipto memodifikasi pesawat Cureng ke dalam versi serangan darat. Sementara itu, usai ditutupnya bengkel di Maospati, sekitar Juli 1948 Nurtanio ditugaskan ke Manila, Filipina untuk melanjutkan studi kedirgantaraan di FEATI (Far Eastern Aero Technical Institute). Setelah agresi Belanda dan pemberontakan PKI Madiun berakhir, kegiatan produksi pesawat dilanjutkan pada 1950. Namun, lokasinya tak lagi di Maospati, melainkan di Lapangan Udara Andir (cikal bakal Bandar Udara Husein Sastranegara) di Bandung, Jawa Barat. Pada saat bersamaan, setelah menggondol Bachelor in Aeronotical Science dari FEATI, Nurtanio kembali ke Tanah Air dan pindah tugas ke Djawatan Teknik Udara di Lapangan Udara Andir.Pada 1953 kegiatan di Djawatan Teknik Udara tersebut dilembagakan menjadi Seksi Percobaan yang memiliki 15 orang anggota. Seksi Percobaan berada di bawah pengawasan Komando Depot Perawatan Teknik Udara yang dipimpin Nurtanio dengan pangkat baru sebagai Mayor Udara.Berdasarkan desain Nurtanio, pada 1 Agustus 1954 seksi ini berhasil menerbangan prototipe pesawat dalam negeri pertama dengan nama Si Kumbang-01. Sebuah pesawat terbang yang keseluruhan konstruksinya sudah dibuat dari bahan logam dengan kapasitas 1 orang. Pesawat single seater ini dilengkapi dengan senjata otomatis untuk menembak dari udara ke darat. "Yang sangat membanggakan, walaupun masih dalam bentuknya yang sangat sederhana, Si Kumbang-01 ini sudah dapat digolongkan sebagai prototipe dari pesawat terbang jeniscounter insurgency seperti apa yang tertera dalam buku Jane’s of all the Worlds Aircraft," ujar mantan Kepala Staf TNI AU Chappy Hakim dalam laman pribadinya,chappyhakim.com. Saking fenomenalnya penciptaan ini, selain tercantum dalam buku Jane’s of all the Worlds Aircraft, pesawat Si Kumbang-01 juga tertera dalam majalah Aviation di Amerika Serikat (AS), majalah Flight terbitan Inggris, serta majalah penerbangan di Jepang dan Filipina. Pada 24 April 1957, berdasarkan keputusan Panglima Angkatan Udara Nomor 68, Seksi Percobaan ditambahkan ke dalam sebuah organisasi yang lebih besar yang disebut Sub Depot Penyelidikan, Percobaan dan Pembuatan.Setahun kemudian, Nurtanio menciptakan pesawat latih Belalang pada 1958 untuk pendidikan penerbangan. Dia menguji terbang pada 26 April 1958 dan memperbaiki kekurangan-kekurangannya sehingga kecepatannya mencapai 144 kilometer per jam. Belalang adalah pesawat produksi Lembaga Industri Penerbangan Nurtanio (LIPNUR). Pesawat latih ini digunakan untuk mendidik para calon penerbang Angkatan Udara dan Pusat Penerbangan Angkatan Darat. Setelah itu, 3 Belalang diproduksi dan dikirim ke sekolah penerbangan AU di Yogyakarta dan Curug, Tangerang, dan sekolah penerbangan AD di Semarang. Di tahun yang sama, Nurtanio dan para asistennya berhasil membuat pesawat olahraga Kunang 25. Pesawat berbadan kayu ini menggunakan mesin Volkswagen 25HP berkapasitas 1190cc. Ia juga merintis membuat prototipe helikopter Kepik dan Manyang serta girokopter Kolentang. Sejalan dengan prestasi yang telah diperoleh dan dalam rangka pengembangan, berdasarkan Surat Keputusan Panglima Angkatan Udara Indonesia No 488, didirikan Lembaga Persiapan Industri Penerbangan (LAPIP). Lembaga ini diresmikan pada 16 Desember 1961 dan bertugas untuk mempersiapkan pendirian industri penerbangan dengan kemampuan untuk mendukung kegiatan penerbangan nasional.Pada 1961 LAPIP menandatangani perjanjian kerja sama dengan CEKOP, industri pesawat terbang Polandia, untuk membangun industri pesawat terbang di Indonesia. Kontrak ini meliputi pembangunan fasilitas manufaktur pesawat terbang dan pelatihan SDM. Selanjutnya LAPIP berhasil memproduksi pesawat di bawah lisensi yang bernama PZL-104 Wilga yang kemudian diberi nama oleh Presiden Sukarno sebagai Gelatik. Pesawat Gelatik yang diproduksi hingga 44 unit ini digunakan untuk mendukung kegiatan pertanian, transportasi ringan dan aero-club.Melalui Keputusan Presiden, Komando Pelaksana Industri Pesawat Terbang (Kopelapip) atau Eksekutif Komando Persiapan Industri Penerbangan dan PN Industri Pesawat Terbang Berdikari didirikan pada 1965. Peristiwa tragis terjadi ketika Nurtanio sebagai salah satu pionir dunia penerbangan Indonesia tak bisa melanjutkan karyanya. Pada 21 Maret 1966, dia dan kopilot Soepadio tewas dalam penerbangan berkeliling Kota Bandung. Baru 3 menit di udara, satu mesin tiba-tiba mati sehingga pesawat kehilangan tenaga. Pesawat menghantam bangunan toko dan pecah berkeping-keping di Lapangan Tegalega, Bandung. Untuk menghargai kontribusi Nurtanio terhadap pengembangan penerbangan di Tanah Air, Kopelapip dan PN Industri Pesawat Terbang Berdikari pada tahun itu juga digabungkan menjadi Lembaga Industri Penerbangan Nurtanio (Lipnur). Dalam pengembangan selanjutnya Lipnur menghasilkan pesawat latih dasar yang disebut LT-200. Dan lembaga ini difungsikan untuk purna jual-jasa, pemeliharaan, serta perbaikan dan overhaul pesawat terbang. Kendati penemuan terbaru agak meredup dengan meninggalnya Nurtanio, dunia penerbangan Indonesia kembali bersinar ketika Lipnur berganti nama menjadi PT Industri Pesawat Terbang Nurtanio (IPTN). Perusahaan baru ini diresmikan Presiden Soeharto pada 26 April 1976 dengan memunculkan nama baru di dunia penerbangan nasional, BJ Habibie, yang didapuk sebagai Direktur Utama IPTN. PT Industri Pesawat Terbang Nurtanio (IPTN) kemudian muncul.Munculnya sosok BJ Habibie tidak terjadi dengan tiba-tiba. Jauh sebelumnya Presiden Soeharto sudah mengenal sosok Habibie dan punya mimpi untuk membangun industri pesawat terbang yang bisa membanggakan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI) khususnya di kawasan ASEAN. Dipilihnya Habibie untuk mengelola proyek besar ini diharapkan dapat mempercepat industri pesawat terbang di Indonesia, khususnya terkait trtansportasi di walayah negara Indonesia yang secara geografis adalah
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