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The Future Role of Alternative Powertrains and Fuels in the German Transport Sector Universität Stuttgart Institut für Energiewirtschaft und Rationelle Energieanwendung IER Forschungsbericht . The Future Role . of Alternative . Powertrains and Fuels . in the German . Transport Sector . A model based scenario analysis . with respect to technical, economic . and environmental aspects with a . focus on road transport . Enver Doruk Özdemir . Band 108 The Future Role of Alternative Powertrains and Fuels in the German Transport Sector A model based scenario analysis with respect to technical, economic and environmental aspects with a focus on road transport Von der Fakultät Energie-, Verfahrens- und Biotechnik der Universität Stuttgart zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktor-Ingenieurs (Dr.-Ing.) genehmigte Abhandlung Vorgelegt von Enver Doruk Özdemir geboren in Istanbul Hauptberichter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. A. Voß Mitberichter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. M. Bargende Tag der Einreichung: 21. Februar 2011 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 5. Oktober 2011 Institut für Energiewirtschaft und Rationelle Energieanwendung, Stuttgart Prof. Dr.-Ing. A. Voß Abteilung Systemanalyse und Erneuerbare Energien (SEE) Dr. sc. agr. L. Eltrop 2012 ISSN 0938-1228 D 93 (Dissertation der Universität Stuttgart) Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Voß for accepting me as a PhD student and for his guidance. I also would like to thank Prof. Dr. Bargende for being the co-examiner of this thesis. I would like to give special thanks to Dr. Ludger Eltrop for believing in my capabilities and his support and guidance. I have learned a lot from him. I would like to thank all the colleagues at the SEE for making such a friendly atmosphere possible, where critics are always constructive. I totally appreciate it and know that this is not to be taken for granted. I have gained a lot from our discussions with David Bruchof. Furthermore, I am indebted to Jan Tomaschek, Niklas Hartmann and Maria Stenull for their constructive comments and readiness to help at all times. I owe special thanks to Audrey Dobbins for proof reading my thesis. I express my sincere appreciation to Andreas König for being a very good friend and teammate for TIMES. I am also seriously indebted to Marlies Härdtlein. She was a life saver several times. Without her support, this study would be unbearable. Thanks to my second parents (Suat Baba and Fügen Anne) for their constant support and understanding. I cannot appreciate my parents enough for their everlasting support and for making me what I am today. Last but not least, I need to thank my wife Aslı for bearing me all the time. Canım, iyi ki varsın. Table of content i Table of content Table of content ......................................................................................................................... i List of figures ........................................................................................................................... iv List of tables ............................................................................................................................ vii Nomenclature and abbreviations .............................................................................................. xi Abstract .................................................................................................................................. xiv Kurzfassung ............................................................................................................................. xv 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Problem statement ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The political and legal framework of the German transport sector and opportunities for alternative fuels in Germany .......................................................... 3 1.3 Existing studies for system analysis of the transport sector ....................................... 5 1.4 Aim of the study ......................................................................................................... 7 1.5 Methodology and structure of the study ..................................................................... 7 2 Description and analysis of alternative powertrains in the German transport sector .............................................................................................................................. 9 2.1 Spark ignition engines ................................................................................................ 9 2.1.1 Passenger cars ...................................................................................................... 10 2.1.2 Freight trucks........................................................................................................ 11 2.1.3 Motorcycles & mopeds ........................................................................................ 12 2.2 Compression ignition engines .................................................................................. 13 2.2.1 Passenger cars ...................................................................................................... 13 2.2.2 Buses .................................................................................................................... 14 2.2.3 Freight trucks........................................................................................................ 15 2.2.4 Rail transport ........................................................................................................ 18 2.2.5 Freight inland ship ................................................................................................ 19 2.3 Gas turbines .............................................................................................................. 19 2.3.1 Aviation ................................................................................................................ 20 2.3.2 Other gas turbine utilizations ............................................................................... 20 2.4 Electric motors ......................................................................................................... 21 2.4.1 Rail transport ........................................................................................................ 21 2.4.2 Passenger cars ...................................................................................................... 22 2.4.3 Buses .................................................................................................................... 23 2.5 Hybrid electric vehicles ............................................................................................ 24 2.5.1 Passenger cars (hybrid electric vehicles with spark ignition engine) ................... 26 2.5.2 Passenger cars (hybrid electric vehicles with compression ignition engine) ....... 27 2.5.3 Buses .................................................................................................................... 27 2.5.4 Freight trucks........................................................................................................ 28 2.6 Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles ................................................................................ 29 2.6.1 Passenger cars (plug-in hybrid electric vehicles with spark ignition engine) ...... 29 2.6.2 Buses (plug-in hybrid electric vehicles with compression ignition engine) ........ 32 2.7 Fuel cell engines ....................................................................................................... 33 2.7.1 Passenger cars ...................................................................................................... 34 2.7.2 Buses .................................................................................................................... 35 2.8 Comparison of powertrains in terms of investment costs and energy consumption ............................................................................................................. 35 2.8.1 Passenger cars ...................................................................................................... 36 2.8.2 Buses .................................................................................................................... 40 2.8.3 Freight trucks........................................................................................................ 43 2.9 Summary of alternative powertrains in the German transport sector ....................... 46 ii Table of content 3 Description and analysis of alternative fuels in the German transport sector.............. 48 3.1 Overall view ............................................................................................................. 48 3.2 Vegetable oils ........................................................................................................... 50 3.2.1 Rape oil production .............................................................................................. 50 3.2.2 Vegetable oil utilization in compression ignition engines ................................... 52 3.3 Biodiesel .................................................................................................................. 53 3.3.1 Biodiesel production ............................................................................................ 53 3.3.2 Biodiesel utilization in compression ignition engines ......................................... 55 3.4 Further processing of
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