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Influence of Pratylenchus Vulnus and Meloidogyne Hapla on the Growth of Rootstocks of Rose~ G

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Influence of Pratylenchus Vulnus and Meloidogyne Hapla on the Growth of Rootstocks of Rose~ G influence of Pratylenchus vulnus and Meloidogyne hapla on the Growth of Rootstocks of Rose~ G. S. SANTO 2 and BERT LEAR '~ Abstract: Pratylenchus vulnus is involved in a disease of Rosa noisettiana 'Manetti" rose rootstock characterized by darkening of roots, death of feeder toots, and stunting of entire plants. The disease is more severe when plants are grown in silt loam soil than when they are grown in sandy loam soil. The nematodes reproduce best in silt loam soil at 20 C. Meloidogyne hapla did not affect the growth of Manetti. Rosa sp. 'Dr. Huey', Manetti, and R. odorata rose rootstocks were found to be good hosts for P. vulnus whereas R. multiflora was less suitable. M. hapla re- produced well on R. odorata, Dr. Huey, and R. multi[lora, but not on Maneni. Key Words: root- lesion nematode, root-knot nematode, reproduction, soil temperature, soil type. Pratylenchus vulnus Allen and Jensen roses was associated with a reduction in the was first reported from rose roots in Cali- population of M. hapla and Xiphinema fornia in 1953 (14). A 1970 survey of com- arnericanum Cobb as a result of multiple mercial rose greenhouses in northern Cali- applications of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropro- fornia shows that this nematode is now pane (DBCP) (8). widely distributed (9), and Allen and Jen- Rosa noisettiana Thory 'Manetti' is the sen (l) also report that P. vulnus is widely most popular rootstock used in growing distributed on field-grown roses in southern greenhouse roses for cut flowers. R. odorata California. Sweet and Rosa sp. Dr. Huey (Schafter) Sher (15) demonstrated that P. vulnus rootstocks are used less frequently. is associated with a disease of Rosa sp. 'Dr. Because Manetti is an important root- Huey' rose rootstock. Plants infected with stock and P. vulnus and M. hapla have nematodes are stunted and chlorotic. The been associated with diseases of roses, tests root systems are necrotic and have fewer were conducted to determine their influ- feeder roots than noninfected plants. Sher ence on the growth o[ Manetti. Tests using and Bell (16) found that the disease is most controlled temperature conditions and two severe in plants grown in light sandy soil types of soil were included in the experi- at 29.4C (85F) or 32.2C (90) F). ments with P. vulnus. In addition, four Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood commonly rose rootstocks (Dr. Huey, Manetti, R. occurs and is widely distributed in com- multiflora, R. odorata) were tested to mercial rose greenhouses in northern Cali- compare their suitability as hosts for P. fornia (9). In 1969, severe economic losses vulnus and M. hapla. in the production of 2-year-old field-grown roses (Rosa multiflora japonica) were at- MATERIALS AND METHODS tributed to ,~I. hapla (6). Davis and Jenkins Virus-free Manetti plants were obtained (5) showed that M. hapla causes extensive from the foundation block, Foundation injury to roots of R. multiflora. In Cali- Plant Material Service, University of Cali- fornia, an increase in tire production of cut fornia, Davis. Cuttings 20-cm long were rooted in a mixture of perlite and vermicu- Received for publication 8 May 1975. 1 Portion of a Ph.D. thesis submitted by the senior author lite (2:3). After 6 weeks, rooted cuttings at University of California, Davis 95616. This study was were transplanted to soil in 10-cm diam clay supported in part by Roses. Inc. Appreciation is extended to Dr. George Nyland for supplying virus-free rose root- pots and, 2 weeks later, they were trans- stocks and to Dr. Hassan Mojtahedi for assistance in planted to soil in 7.5-liter plastic pots (un- statistical analysis. -°Former graduate Research Assistant, Department of Nem- less indicated differently). At this time, atology, University of California, Davis; currently Assistant treatments were made and the plants were Plant Pathologist-Nematologist and Assistant Professor of Plant Pathology, Irrigated Am'iculture Research and Ex- arranged in randomized blocks on a green- tension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, house bench or in temperature tanks. Washington 99350. aFormerly Professor, Department of Nematology, University Sandy loam soil (82% sand, 12% silt, of California, Davis; currently Professor, Department of 6% clay) amended with University Cali- Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616. fornia (UC) mix (1 part UC mix: 3 parts 18 Pratylenchus and Meloidogyne on Roses: Santo, Lear 19 soil) (2) and/or silt loam soil (50% silt, tile nematodes; (iii) 100+7 P. vulnus; (iv) 28% sand, 22% clay) amended with red- 1,000-+22 P. vulnus; and (v) 10,000+216 wood shavings (1 part shavings: 4 parts P. vulnus. Each treatment was replicated soil) were used in the experiments. The silt eight times. The greenhouse temperature loam soil mixture was obtained from a com- during the experiment ranged from 12.8 mercial rose grower's greenhouse (Enomoto to 24.4 C, with a mean of 20.2 C. and Company, Halfmoon Bay, California). In the second experiment, temperature- All soils were steam-sterilized [3 h at 1.05 controlled water tanks were used to main- kg/cm 2 (15 psi)] at least 3 weeks before tain two temperatures (20 and 25 C). Two they were used. soil types (sandy loam and silt loam) were Tile population of P. vulnus, originally used in 15-cm diam clay pots. For each isolated from prunes, was increased and temperature and soil type, treatments were: maintained on carrot disks (12). M. hapla, (i) complete control (50 ml water); (ii) conL isolated from roses, was increased and main- trol testing the effect of microorganisms as- tained on roots of tomato grown in sand. sociated with the nematodes; and (iii) Nematodes were extracted by placing in- 10,000 +- 192 P. vulnus. Each treatment was fected tissues under a heated intermittent replicated six times. Tile soil temperature mist for 48-72 h. Inoculations were made during the experiment fluctuated between by transferring the desired number of nem- 19 and 23 C in one regime and 24 and 27 C atodes into 50 ml of water and pouring in the other with the higher temperatures this suspension around the roots of the occurring during the day. plants. Meloidogyne hapla: Silt loam soil was In treatments testing effects of associ- used in five treatments: (i) complete con- ated microorganisms, the nematodes from trol (50 ml water); (ii) control testing the the highest inoculum level were removed effect of microorganisms associated with tile by sieving and hand-picking. This treat- nematodes; (iii) 100-+8 M. hapla; (iv) ment was necessary to prove nematode in- 1,000-+15 ill. hapla; and (v) 10,000-+148 volvement (1 I). M. hapla. Each treatment was replicated Experiments were terminated after 4 10 times. The soil temperature during the months (unless otherwise indicated). Fresh experiment ranged from 11.1 to 33.3 C, weights of shoots and roots were deter- with a mean of 23.8 C. After 7 months, the mined, and nematode counts were made plants were harvested in the same manner from soil and roots. Nematodes were ex- as in the experiments with P. vulnus but tracted by placing root systems and a 50- only second-stage larvae were counted. cm:' portion of the mixed soil in separate Host suitability oJ rose rootstocks to P. funnels under heated intermittent mist for vulnus and H. hapla: Four rose rootstocks 7 days (unless otherwise indicated). Using (R. multi[tora, Dr. Huey, Manetti, R. standard cultural procedures, root segments odorata) were tested for their suitability as from each treatment were plated on PDA hosts for P. vulnus and M. hapla. Plants in an attempt to isolate any associated were grown in sandy loam soil in 15-cnl fungi. clay pots to which 1,000 nematodes were Plants were watered with distilled water added. Each treatment was replicated four and fertilized with one-half strength Hoag- times. The soil temperature during the test land's nutrient solution every 2 weeks. ranged from 13.9 to 26.7 C, with a mean of Pratylenchus vulnus: The first experi- 20 C. After 4 months, nematode counts ment was conducted to determine tile path- were made from the soil and roots. The ogenicity of P. vulnus on Manetti. A second centrifugal-flotation method (7) and incu- experiment was run to determine the effects bation under heated intermittent mist were that soil temperature and soil type have on used to extract the nematodes from the soil the population of P. vulnus and the sub- and roots, respectively. Only second-stage sequent effect on growth of Manetti plants. larvae of M. hapla were recovered. In the first experiment, silt loam soil was used in five treatments: (i) complete RESULTS control (50 ml water); (ii) control testing Pratylenchus vulnus: In the pathogenic- the effect of microorganisms associated with ity test with P. vulnus, final fresh weights 20 .Journal of Nentatology, Vohtme 8, No. 1, January 1976 TABLE 1. Reproduction of Pratylenchus vulnus served were similar to those in the previous and its influence on growth of Rosa noisettiana experiment. 'Maneni.' Meloidogyne hapla: In the pathogenic- ity test with M. hapla, no differences in Fresh weight Final number of fresh weight of plants were found among of plantsa nematodes/pota Treatment (g) (in 1,000's) treatments. The numbers of nematodes re- covered per pot were low: 147, 480, and 1,401 nematodes were recovered from pots Complete control 49.4 a 0 CMANb 48.2 ab 0 receiving 100, 1,000, and 10,000 nematodes, 100: 34.2 b 333 respectively; and only a few inconspicuous 1.000 26.3 bd 398 galls were observed on the roots of plants 10.000 17.4 c 212 receiving I0,000 nematodes.
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