Classification of Plant Diseases
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Monocyclic Components for Evaluating Disease Resistance to Cercospora Arachidicola and Cercosporidium Personatum in Peanut
Monocyclic Components for Evaluating Disease Resistance to Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporidium personatum in Peanut by Limin Gong A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Auburn, Alabama August 6, 2016 Keywords: monocyclic components, disease resistance Copyright 2016 by Limin Gong Approved by Kira L. Bowen, Chair, Professor of Entomology and Plant Pathology Charles Y. Chen, Associate Professor of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences John F. Murphy, Professor of Entomology and Plant Pathology Jeffrey J. Coleman, Assisstant Professor of Entomology and Plant Pathology ABSTRACT Cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an economically important crop that is produced in the United States and throughout the world. However, there are two major fungal pathogens of cultivated peanuts, and they each contribute to substantial yield losses of 50% or greater. The pathogens of these diseases are Cercospora arachidicola which causes early leaf spot (ELS), and Cercosporidium personatum which causes late leaf spot (LLS). While fungicide treatments are fairly effective for leaf spot management, disease resistance is still the best strategy. Therefore, it is important to evaluate and compare different genotypes for their disease resistance levels. The overall goal of this study was to determine resistance levels of different peanut genotypes to ELS and LLS. The peanut genotypes (Chit P7, C1001, Exp27-1516, Flavor Runner 458, PI 268868, and GA-12Y) used in this study include two genetically modified lines (Chit P7 and C1001) that over-expresses a chitinase gene. This overall goal was addressed with three specific objectives: 1) determine suitable conditions for pathogen culture and spore production in vitro; 2) determine suitable conditions for establishing infection in the greenhouse; 3) compare ELS and LLS disease reactions of young plants to those of older plants. -
Exobasidium Darwinii, a New Hawaiian Species Infecting Endemic Vaccinium Reticulatum in Haleakala National Park
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Springer - Publisher Connector Mycol Progress (2012) 11:361–371 DOI 10.1007/s11557-011-0751-4 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Exobasidium darwinii, a new Hawaiian species infecting endemic Vaccinium reticulatum in Haleakala National Park Marcin Piątek & Matthias Lutz & Patti Welton Received: 4 November 2010 /Revised: 26 February 2011 /Accepted: 2 March 2011 /Published online: 8 April 2011 # The Author(s) 2011. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Hawaii is one of the most isolated archipelagos Exobasidium darwinii is proposed for this novel taxon. This in the world, situated about 4,000 km from the nearest species is characterized among others by the production of continent, and never connected with continental land peculiar witches’ brooms with bright red leaves on the masses. Two Hawaiian endemic blueberries, Vaccinium infected branches of Vaccinium reticulatum. Relevant char- calycinum and V. reticulatum, are infected by Exobasidium acters of Exobasidium darwinii are described and illustrated, species previously recognized as Exobasidium vaccinii. additionally phylogenetic relationships of the new species are However, because of the high host-specificity of Exobasidium, discussed. it seems unlikely that the species infecting Vaccinium calycinum and V. reticulatum belongs to Exobasidium Keywords Exobasidiomycetes . ITS . LSU . vaccinii, which in the current circumscription is restricted to Molecular phylogeny. Ustilaginomycotina -
Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry
Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry A shared responsibility between government and industry Version 3.0 May 2018 Plant Health AUSTRALIA Location: Level 1 1 Phipps Close DEAKIN ACT 2600 Phone: +61 2 6215 7700 Fax: +61 2 6260 4321 E-mail: [email protected] Visit our web site: www.planthealthaustralia.com.au An electronic copy of this plan is available through the email address listed above. © Plant Health Australia Limited 2018 Copyright in this publication is owned by Plant Health Australia Limited, except when content has been provided by other contributors, in which case copyright may be owned by another person. With the exception of any material protected by a trade mark, this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivs 3.0 Australia licence. Any use of this publication, other than as authorised under this licence or copyright law, is prohibited. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/ - This details the relevant licence conditions, including the full legal code. This licence allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to Plant Health Australia (as below). In referencing this document, the preferred citation is: Plant Health Australia Ltd (2018) Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry (Version 3.0 – 2018) Plant Health Australia, Canberra, ACT. This project has been funded by Hort Innovation, using the vegetable research and development levy and contributions from the Australian Government. Hort Innovation is the grower-owned, not for profit research and development corporation for Australian horticulture Disclaimer: The material contained in this publication is produced for general information only. -
1 Principles of Plant Pathology Path
PRINCIPLES OF PLANT PATHOLOGY PATH 271 (1+1) Prepared By DR. P. KISHORE VARMA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, ASWARAOPET 507 301 1 LECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION TO PLANT PATHOLOGY Why Plant Pathology? Plants are essential for maintenance of life. Plants not only sustain the man and animals, they are also the source of food for multitudes of micro-organisms living in the ecosystem. Thus, while man has been able to subjugate plants and animals for his own use, the competing micro-organisms still defy his efforts and claim a major share of resources which man would like to use for himself. It is in this context that the need for fighting the competing micro-organisms and other agencies that lack loss of productivity has been felt. The attack on plants by these micro-organisms changed the appearance and productivity of the crop and this observed change was called a disease. Plant diseases have been considered as stubborn barriers to the rapid progress of food production. We call a plant healthy only so long as it continues to perform all its normal physiological activities and give the expected yield according to its genetic potentiality. Physiological activities of a healthy plant 1. Normal cell division, differentiation and development. 2. Uptake of water and nutrients from the soil. 3. Synthesis of food from sunlight by photosynthesis. 4. Translocation of water and food to the sites of necessity through xylem and phloem. 5. Metabolism of synthesized material 6. Reproduction A diseased plant fails to perform one or more of these functions. -
Axpcoords & Parallel Axparafit: Statistical Co-Phylogenetic Analyses
BMC Bioinformatics BioMed Central Software Open Access AxPcoords & parallel AxParafit: statistical co-phylogenetic analyses on thousands of taxa Alexandros Stamatakis*1,2, Alexander F Auch3, Jan Meier-Kolthoff3 and Markus Göker4 Address: 1École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Computer & Communication Sciences, Laboratory for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics STATION 14, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, 2Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 3Center for Bioinformatics (ZBIT), Sand 14, Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Germany and 4Organismic Botany/Mycology, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Germany Email: Alexandros Stamatakis* - [email protected]; Alexander F Auch - [email protected]; Jan Meier- Kolthoff - [email protected]; Markus Göker - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 22 October 2007 Received: 26 June 2007 Accepted: 22 October 2007 BMC Bioinformatics 2007, 8:405 doi:10.1186/1471-2105-8-405 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/8/405 © 2007 Stamatakis et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: Current tools for Co-phylogenetic analyses are not able to cope with the continuous accumulation of phylogenetic data. The sophisticated statistical test for host-parasite co-phylogenetic analyses implemented in Parafit does not allow it to handle large datasets in reasonable times. The Parafit and DistPCoA programs are the by far most compute-intensive components of the Parafit analysis pipeline. -
In Vitro Efficacy of Fungicides and Bioagents Against Wilt of Pigeonpea Caused by Neocosmospora Vasinfecta
RESEARCH ARTICLE SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL DOI: 10.17311/sciintl.2015.82.84 In vitro Efficacy of Fungicides and Bioagents Against Wilt of Pigeonpea Caused by Neocosmospora vasinfecta 1R.R. Khadse, 1G.K. Giri, 2S.A. Raut and 1B.B. Bhoye 1Department of Plant Pathology, Dr. Panjabrao Deashmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, India 2Mahatma Phule Agricultural University, Rahuri, Dist Ahmednagar, India ABSTRACT Background: Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) is one of the important leguminous crop of the tropics and subtropics and is infected by the wilt pathogen Neocosmospora vasinfecta in addition to Fusarium udum. Objective: Hence, the study was undertaken to see the in vitro effect of different fungicides (Thiram 75 WP, Carbendazim 50 WP, Chlorothalonil 75 WP, Metalaxyl MZ 72 WP, Thiram+Cabendazim (2:1), Carbendazim+mancozeb 75 WP, Tricyclazole+Mancozeb 80 WP, Zineb+Hexaconazole 72 WP) and bioagents (Trichoderma harzianum, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis) against the pathogen. Methodology: The efficacy of fungicides was assayed by poisoned food technique and of bioagents was assayed by dual culture technique. Results: It was found that among eight fungicides tested carbendazim (0.1%), combination of carbendazim+mancozeb (0.2 %) and thiram+carbendazim 2:1 (0.3%) exhibited cent per cent inhibition of N. vasinfecta, other fungicides were also significant over control. Whereas among bioagents tested, Trichoderma herzianum (50.30%) showed maximum per cent growth inhibition of the pathogen followed by Bacillus subtilis (41.47%). Conclusion: Thus it was proved that the fungicides viz. carbendazim, combinations of carbendazim+mancozeb and thiram+carbendazim as well as bioagent, T. herzianum were effective against Neocosmospora wilt of pigeon pea under in vitro condition. -
Worms, Nematoda
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of 2001 Worms, Nematoda Scott Lyell Gardner University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs Part of the Parasitology Commons Gardner, Scott Lyell, "Worms, Nematoda" (2001). Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. 78. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs/78 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Volume 5 (2001): 843-862. Copyright 2001, Academic Press. Used by permission. Worms, Nematoda Scott L. Gardner University of Nebraska, Lincoln I. What Is a Nematode? Diversity in Morphology pods (see epidermis), and various other inverte- II. The Ubiquitous Nature of Nematodes brates. III. Diversity of Habitats and Distribution stichosome A longitudinal series of cells (sticho- IV. How Do Nematodes Affect the Biosphere? cytes) that form the anterior esophageal glands Tri- V. How Many Species of Nemata? churis. VI. Molecular Diversity in the Nemata VII. Relationships to Other Animal Groups stoma The buccal cavity, just posterior to the oval VIII. Future Knowledge of Nematodes opening or mouth; usually includes the anterior end of the esophagus (pharynx). GLOSSARY pseudocoelom A body cavity not lined with a me- anhydrobiosis A state of dormancy in various in- sodermal epithelium. -
Conservation Assessment for the Kansan Spikerush Leafhopper (Dorydiella Kansana Beamer)
Conservation Assessment For The Kansan spikerush leafhopper (Dorydiella kansana Beamer) USDA Forest Service, Eastern Region January 11, 2005 James Bess OTIS Enterprises 13501 south 750 west Wanatah, Indiana 46390 This document is undergoing peer review, comments welcome This Conservation Assessment was prepared to compile the published and unpublished information on the subject taxon or community; or this document was prepared by another organization and provides information to serve as a Conservation Assessment for the Eastern Region of the Forest Service. It does not represent a management decision by the U.S. Forest Service. Though the best scientific information available was used and subject experts were consulted in preparation of this document, it is expected that new information will arise. In the spirit of continuous learning and adaptive management, if you have information that will assist in conserving the subject taxon, please contact the Eastern Region of the Forest Service - Threatened and Endangered Species Program at 310 Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 580 Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53203. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................................ 1 NOMENCLATURE AND TAXONOMY ..................................................................................... 1 DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES....................................................................................................... -
Ambara Groundnut, Vigna Subterranea (L.) Verdc., Which Flourished Before the Introduction of the Peanut, Arachis Hypogaea (Goli Et Al
CONTENTS i Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. Proceedings of the workshop on Conservation and Improvement of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) 14–16 November 1995 Harare, Zimbabwe J. Heller, F. Begemann and J. Mushonga, editors ii &%1&%6% GROUNDNUT The International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) is an autonomous international scientific organization operating under the aegis of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). The international status of IPGRI is conferred under an Establishment Agreement which, by January 1997, had been signed by the Governments of Australia, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chile, China, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Greece, Guinea, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Mauritania, Morocco, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovak Republic, Sudan, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda and Ukraine. IPGRI's mandate is to advance the conservation and use of plant genetic resources for the benefit of present and future generations. IPGRI works in partnership with other organizations, undertaking research, training and the provision of scientific and technical advice and information, and has a particularly strong programme link with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Financial support for the research agenda of IPGRI is provided by the Governments of Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, the Philippines, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK and the USA, and by the Asian Development Bank, CTA, European Union, IDRC, IFAD, Interamerican Development Bank, UNDP and the World Bank. -
Nematodes and Agriculture in Continental Argentina
Fundam. appl. NemalOl., 1997.20 (6), 521-539 Forum article NEMATODES AND AGRICULTURE IN CONTINENTAL ARGENTINA. AN OVERVIEW Marcelo E. DOUCET and Marîa M.A. DE DOUCET Laboratorio de Nematologia, Centra de Zoologia Aplicada, Fant/tad de Cien.cias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Casilla df Correo 122, 5000 C6rdoba, Argentina. Acceplecl for publication 5 November 1996. Summary - In Argentina, soil nematodes constitute a diverse group of invertebrates. This widely distributed group incJudes more than twO hundred currently valid species, among which the plant-parasitic and entomopathogenic nematodes are the most remarkable. The former includes species that cause damages to certain crops (mainly MeloicU:igyne spp, Nacobbus aberrans, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Tylenchulus semipenetrans, and Xiphinema index), the latter inc1udes various species of the Mermithidae family, and also the genera Steinernema and Helerorhabditis. There are few full-time nematologists in the country, and they work on taxonomy, distribution, host-parasite relationships, control, and different aspects of the biology of the major species. Due tO the importance of these organisms and the scarcity of information existing in Argentina about them, nematology can be considered a promising field for basic and applied research. Résumé - Les nématodes et l'agriculture en Argentine. Un aperçu général - Les nématodes du sol représentent en Argentine un groupe très diversifiè. Ayant une vaste répartition géographique, il comprend actuellement plus de deux cents espèces, celles parasitant les plantes et les insectes étant considèrées comme les plus importantes. Les espèces du genre Me/oi dogyne, ainsi que Nacobbus aberrans, Dùylenchus dipsaci, Tylenchulus semipenetrans et Xiphinema index représentent un réel danger pour certaines cultures. -
The Life Cycles of Cryptogams 7
Acta Botanica Malacitana, 16(1): 5-18 Málaga, 1991 E IE CYCES O CYOGAMS Peter R. BELL SUMMARY: Meiosis and karyogamy are recognized as control points in the life cycle of cryptogams. The control of meiosis is evidently complex and in yeast, and by analogy in all cryptogams, involves progressive gene activation. The causes of the delay in meiosis in diplohaplontic and diplontic organisms, and the manner in which the block is removed remain to be discovered. There is accumulating evidence that cytoplasmic RNA plays an important role in meiotic division. Many features of tn are still obscure. The tendency to oogamy has provided the opportunity for the laying down of long-lived messenger RNA in the abundant cytoplasm of the female gamete. The sporophytic nature of the developing zygote can in this way be partially pre-determined. There is evidence that this is the situation in the ferns. Specific molecules (probably arabino-galacto-proteins) on the surface of the plasma membrane are likely to account both for gametic selection, and the readiness with which appropriate gametes fuse. The dikaryotic condition indicates that nuclear fusion is not inevitable following plasmogamy. The ultimate fusion of the nuclei may result from quite simple changes in the nuclear surface. Exposure of lipid, for example, would lead to fusion as a result of hydrophobic forces. Aberrations of cryptogamic life cycles are numerous. The nuclear relationships of many aberrant cycles are unknown. In general it appears that the maintenance of sporophytic growth depends upon the presence of at least two sets of chromosomes. Conversely the maintenance of gametophytic growth in cultures obtained aposporously appears to be impossible in the presence of four sets of chromosomes, or more. -
S41467-021-25308-W.Pdf
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25308-w OPEN Phylogenomics of a new fungal phylum reveals multiple waves of reductive evolution across Holomycota ✉ ✉ Luis Javier Galindo 1 , Purificación López-García 1, Guifré Torruella1, Sergey Karpov2,3 & David Moreira 1 Compared to multicellular fungi and unicellular yeasts, unicellular fungi with free-living fla- gellated stages (zoospores) remain poorly known and their phylogenetic position is often 1234567890():,; unresolved. Recently, rRNA gene phylogenetic analyses of two atypical parasitic fungi with amoeboid zoospores and long kinetosomes, the sanchytrids Amoeboradix gromovi and San- chytrium tribonematis, showed that they formed a monophyletic group without close affinity with known fungal clades. Here, we sequence single-cell genomes for both species to assess their phylogenetic position and evolution. Phylogenomic analyses using different protein datasets and a comprehensive taxon sampling result in an almost fully-resolved fungal tree, with Chytridiomycota as sister to all other fungi, and sanchytrids forming a well-supported, fast-evolving clade sister to Blastocladiomycota. Comparative genomic analyses across fungi and their allies (Holomycota) reveal an atypically reduced metabolic repertoire for sanchy- trids. We infer three main independent flagellum losses from the distribution of over 60 flagellum-specific proteins across Holomycota. Based on sanchytrids’ phylogenetic position and unique traits, we propose the designation of a novel phylum, Sanchytriomycota. In addition, our results indicate that most of the hyphal morphogenesis gene repertoire of multicellular fungi had already evolved in early holomycotan lineages. 1 Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France. 2 Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. ✉ Petersburg, Russia. 3 St.