Color Plates

Plate 1 (a) Lethal Yellowing on Coconut Palm caused by a Phytoplasma Pathogen. (b, c) Tulip Break on Tulip caused by Lily Latent Mosaic Virus. (d, e) Ringspot on Vanda Orchid caused by Vanda Ringspot Virus

R.K. Horst, Westcott’s Plant Disease Handbook, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2141-8, 701 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 702 Color Plates

Plate 2 (a, b) Rust on Rose caused by Phragmidium mucronatum.(c) Cedar-Apple Rust on Apple caused by Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Color Plates 703

Plate 3 (a) Cedar-Apple Rust on Cedar caused by Gymnosporangium juniperi.(b) Stunt on Chrysanthemum caused by Chrysanthemum Stunt Viroid. Var. Dark Pink Orchid Queen 704 Color Plates

Plate 4 (a) Green Flowers on Chrysanthemum caused by Aster Yellows Phytoplasma. (b) Phyllody on Hydrangea caused by a Phytoplasma Pathogen Color Plates 705

Plate 5 (a, b) Mosaic on Rose caused by Prunus Necrotic Ringspot Virus. (c) Foliar Symptoms on Chrysanthemum (Variety Bonnie Jean) caused by (clockwise from upper left) Chrysanthemum Chlorotic Mottle Viroid, Healthy Leaf, Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid, Chrysanthemum Stunt Viroid, and Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid (Mild Strain) 706 Color Plates

Plate 6 (a) Bacterial Leaf Rot on Dieffenbachia caused by Erwinia chrysanthemi.(b) Bacterial Leaf Rot on Philodendron caused by Erwinia chrysanthemi Color Plates 707

Plate 7 (a) Common Leafspot on Boston Ivy caused by Guignardia bidwellii.(b) Crown Gall on Chrysanthemum caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens 708 Color Plates

Plate 8 (a) Ringspot on Tomato Fruit caused by Cucumber Mosaic Virus. (b, c) Powdery Mildew on Rose caused by Podosphaera pannosa Color Plates 709

Plate 9 (a) Late Blight on Potato caused by Phytophthora infestans.(b) Powdery Mildew on Begonia caused by Erysiphe cichoracearum.(c) Mosaic on Squash caused by Cucumber Mosaic Virus 710 Color Plates

Plate 10 (a) Dollar Spot on Turf caused by Sclerotinia homeocarpa.(b) Copper Injury on Rose caused by sprays containing Copper. (c) Blackspot on Rose caused by Diplocarpon rosae Color Plates 711

Plate 11 Foliar Nematode on Chrysanthemum caused by Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi 712 Color Plates

Plate 12 (a) Foliar Nematode on Chrysanthemum caused by Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi.(b) Apple Scab on Apple caused by Venturia inaequalis Color Plates 713

Plate 13 (a, b, c, d) Rust on Jack-in-the-Pulpit caused by Uromyces caladii 714 Color Plates

Plate 14 (a, b) Leaf Spot on Dracaena caused by Physalospora dracaenae.(c) Yellow Leaf Blight on Corn caused by Phyllosticta maydis.(d) Blossom Blight on Rose caused by Botrytis cinerea Color Plates 715

Plate 15 (a) Flower and Leaf Blight on Geranium caused by Botrytis cinerea.(b) Scab on Citrus caused by Elsinoe¨ fawcettii.(c) Downy Mildew on Rose by Peronospora sparsa 716 Color Plates

Plate 16 (a) Brown Rot on Cherry caused by Monilinia fructicola.(b) Downy Mildew on Rose by Peronospora sparsa List of Land-Grant Institutions and Agricultural Experiment Stations in the United States

For help in diagnosing and controlling plant diseases contact your County Ag Comissioners (CA) or county extension agent, your state Diagnostic Lab, your state Department of Agriculture or your Cooperative Extension Specialist.

Alabama: Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849. Idaho: University of Idaho, Extension Service, http://www.aces.edu/dept/plantdiagnosticlab/ Parma, ID 83660. http://www.uidaho.edu/ag/ Alabama Cooperative Extension Service http:// plantdisease/ www.aces.edu/plantlabbham/ llinois: University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802. Alaska: University of Alaska and Alaska Depart- http://plantclinic.cropsci.uiuc.edu/ ment of Agriculture http://www.dnr.state.ak. Indiana: Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN us/ag/index.htm 47907. http://www.ppdl.purdue.edu Arizona: University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ Iowa: Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011. 85721. http://ag.arizona.edu/PLP/plpext/ http://www.isuplantdiseaseclinic.org Arkansas: University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Kansas: Kansas State University, Manhattan, AR 72701. http://www.aragriculture.org/ KS 66506. http://www.plantpath.k-state.edu/ pestmanagement/diseases/clinic/default.asp DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid¼49 California: Department of Food and Agriculture, Kentucky: University of Kentucky, Lexington, Plant Pest Diagnostic Center. KY 40546. http://www.ca.uky.edu/agcollee/ ([email protected]) plantpathology/extension/pdd_lab.html Colorado: Colorado State University, Fort Louisiana: Louisiana State University, Baton Collins, CO 80523. http://www.coopext. Rouge, LA 70803. http://www.lsuagcenter. colostate.edu/jeffco/hort/clinic.htm com/en/our_offices/departments/PlantPatholo- Connecticut: University of Connecticut, Storrs, gy_Crops_Physiology/Plant_Disease_Clinic/ CT 06269. (http://pronewengland.org) Maine: University of Maine, Orono, ME 04473. Delaware: University of Delaware, Newark, http://pmo.umext.main.edu DE 19716. http://ag.udel.edu/extension/pdc/ Maryland: University of Maryland, College Park, index.htm MD 20742. http://www.plantclinic.umd.edu/ District of Columbia: See Rutgers. http://www. Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts, rcs.rutgers.eon/services/ Amherst, MA 01003. (umassextension.org) Florida: University of Florida, Gainesville, FL Michigan: Michigan State University, East Lan- 32611. http://plantpath.ifas.ufl.edu/ sing, MI 48824. http://www.pestid.msu.edu/ Georgia: University of Georgia, Athens, GA Minnesota: University of Minnesota, St. Paul, 30602. http://www.plant.uga.edu/Extension/ MN 55108. http://www.extension.umn.edu/ Clinics/PDC.htm distribution/cropsystems/DC3170.html Hawaii: University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI Mississippi: Mississippi Cooperative Extension 96822. http://www2.ctahr.hawaii.edu/adsc/ Service, Mississippi State University,

R.K. Horst, Westcott’s Plant Disease Handbook, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2141-8, 717 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 718 List of Land-Grant Institutions and Agricultural Experiment Stations

MS 39762. http://www.extensionplantclinics. Puerto Rico: Department of Agriculture, San msstate.edu/ Juan, PR. http://www.agricultura.gobierno.pr Missouri: University of Missouri, Columbia, MO Rhode Island: University of Rhode Island, Kings- 65211. http://soilplantlab.missouri.edu/ ton, RI 02881. http://www.uri.edu/ce/ceec/ Montana: Montana State University, Bozeman, MT plantclinic.html 59717. http://scarab.msu.montana.edu/ipm/ South Carolina: Clemson University, Clemson, Nebraska: University of Nebraska, Lincoln, SC 29634. http://www.clemson.edu/agsrvlb NE 68583. http://plantpath.unl.edu/ South Dakota: South Dakota State University, ppathdiagnostic.htm Brookings, SD 57007. http://plantsci.sdstate. Nevada: University of Nevada, or Nevada edu/planthealth/subpage.cfm?ID¼12 Department of Agriculture. http://www. Tennessee: University of Tennessee, Nashville, nevada.gov/ TN 37211. http://soilplantandpest.utk.edu/ New Hampshire: University of New Hampshire, Texas: Texas A & M University, College Station, Durham, NH 03824. http://ceinfo.unh.edu/ TX 77845. http://plantdiseaselab.tamu.edu/ Agric/AGPDTS/PlantH.htm Utah: Utah State University, Logan, UT New Jersey: Rutgers, The State University, 84322. http://utahpests.usu.edu Milltown, NJ 08850. http://www.rce.rutgers. Vermont: University of Vermont, Burlington, VT edu.services/ 05405. http://pss.uvm.edu/pd/pdc/ New Mexico: New Mexico State University, Virgin Islands: Virgin Islands Extension Service, Las Cruces, NM 88003. http://plantclinic. Kingshill, St. Croix, VI 00850. http://rps.uvi. nmsu.edu edu/CES/index.html New York: Cornell University, Ithaca, NY Virginia: Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, 14853. http://plantclinic.cornell.edu VA 24061. http://www.ppws.vt.edu/~clinic/ North Carolina: North Carolina State University, Washington: WSU Research and Extension Cen- Raleigh, NC 27695. http://www.ncsu.edu/pdic ter, Puyallup, WA 98371. http://www.puyal- North Dakota: North Dakota State University, lup.wsu.edu/plantclinic/index.html Fargo, ND 58105. http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak. West Virginia: West Virginia University Exten- edu/diaglab/ sion Service, Morgantown, WV 26506. http:// Ohio: Ohio State University, Columbus, OH www.mastergardener2008.com/ 43210. http://ppdc.osu.edu Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin, Madison, Oklahoma: Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, WI 53706. http://pddc.wisc.edu/, http://www. OK 74078. http://entoplp.okstate.edu/Pddl/ entomology.wisc.edu/entodiag.html Oregon: Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR Wyoming: University of Wyoming Cooperative 97331. http://web.science.oregonstate.edu/ Extension Service, Laramie, WY 82071. bpp/Plant_Clinic/index.htm http://ces.uwyo.edu/ Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State Univer- Ontario:Pest Diagnostic Clinic, University of sity, University Park, PA 16802. http://www. Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1H 8J7. http:// ppath.cas.psu.edu/extension.html www.labservices.uoguelph.ca/units/pdc/ Glossary

Acervulus, pl. Acervuli. A “little heap,” an Ascomycetes. One of the three main groups of the erumpent, cushionlike mass of hyphae bearing fungi, bearing sexual spores in asci. conidiophores and conidia, sometimes with Ascospore. Produced in ascus by free cell setae; characteristic of the Melanconiales formation. (Fig. 5, p. 43). Ascus, pl. Asci. Saclike, usually clavate cell Acicular. Needlelike. containing ascospores, typically eight (Fig. 3, Aeciospore. Rust spore formed in an aecium. p. 37). Aecium, pl. Aecia. A cluster-cup, or cuplike Aseptate. Without cross-walls. fruiting sorus in the rusts (Fig. 2, p. 349). Asexual. Vegetative, having no sex organs or sex Aerobic. Living or active only in the presence of spores; the imperfect stage of a fungus. oxygen. Autoecious. Completing life cycle on one host; Amoeboid. Not having a cell wall and changing in term used in rusts. form like an amoeba. Bacteria. Microscopic one-celled organisms Allantoid. Sausage-shaped. increasing by fission. Alternate Host. One or other of the two unlike Bactericide. Substance causing death of bacteria. hosts of a heteroecious rust. Basidiomycetes. Class 3 in the Fungi, character- Anamorph. State of life-cycle in which asexual ized by septate mycelium, sometimes with spores, or none, are produced. clamp-connections, and sexual spores on Annulus. A ring; ringlike partial veil around stipe basidia (Fig. 4, p. 41). in the mushrooms. Basidiospore. Spore produced on a basidium. Antheridium, pl. Antheridia. Male sex organ in Basidium, pl. Basidia. Club-shaped structure, the fungi. which, after fusion of two nuclei, produces Anthracnose. A disease with limited necrotic four basidiospores (Fig. 4, p. 41). lesions, caused by a fungus producing Binucleate. Having two nuclei. nonsexual spores in acervuli (Fig. 1, p. 60). Blight . A disease with sudden, severe leaf Antibiotic. Damaging to life; especially a damage and often with general killing of substance produced by one microorganism to flowers and stems. destroy others. Blotch. A blot or spot, usually superficial. Apothecium, pl. Apothecia. The cup-or saucer- Breaking, of a virus. Loss of flower color in like ascus-bearing fruiting body; in the a variegated pattern, especially in tulips. Discomycete section of the Ascomycetes Canker. A lesion on a stem; a plant disease with (Fig. 3, p. 37; Fig. 9, p. 335). sharply limited necrosis of the cortical tissue Appressorium. A swelling on a fungus germ tube (Fig. 2, p. 155; Fig. 3, p. 161; Fig. 4, p. 165). for attachment to host in early stage of infection; Carrier. Infected plant showing no marked symp- found especially in anthracnose fungi and rusts. toms but source of infection for other plants. Ascocarp,orAscoma. Any structure producing Catenulate. In chains, or in an end-to-end series. asci, as an apothecium, perithecium. Cerebroid. With brainlike convolutions or folds.

R.K. Horst, Westcott’s Plant Disease Handbook, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2141-8, 719 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 720 Glossary

Chemotherapy. Treatment of internal disease by Decumbent. Resting on substratum with ends chemical agents that have a toxic effect on the turned up. microorganism without injuring the plant. Decurrent. Running down the stipe or stem. Chlamydospore. Thick-walled, asexual resting Diagnosis. Identification of nature and cause of spore formed by the rounding up of any myce- a disease. lial cell (Fig. 2, p. 300); also used for smut Dieback. Progressive death of branches or shoots spores. beginning at tips. Chlorosis. Yellowing of normally green tissue Defoliate. To strip or become stripped of leaves. due to partial failure of chlorophyll to Dichotomous. Branching, frequently successive, develop; often due to unavailability of iron into two more or less equal arms. (Fig. 4, p. 277). Dimidiate. Having one half smaller than the Cilium, pl. Cilia. Hairlike swimming organ on other; of a perithecium, having outer wall bacteria or zoospores. covering only top half. Cirrhus, pl. Cirrhi. A tendril or horn of forced-out Discomycetes. The cup fungi, a subclass of spores. Ascomycetes; with apothecia. Clamp-connections. Outgrowths of hyphae Disease. A condition in which use or structure which form bridges around septa, thus of any part of the living organism is not connecting two cells; in Basidiomycetes normal. (Fig. 4, p. 41). Disinfection. Freeing a diseased plant, organ, or Clavate. Club-shaped. tissue from infection. Cleistothecium, pl. Cleistothecia. A perithecium Disinfestation. Killing or inactivating disease without a special opening; in powdery organisms before they can cause infection; mildews (Fig. 2, p. 286). on surface of seed or plant part, or in soil. Coalesce. Growing together into one body or Dissemination. Transport of inoculum from spot. a diseased to a healthy plant. Coenocytic. Multinucleate; mycelia having no Disjunctor. Cell or projection connecting spores cell walls. of a chain. Columella. Sterile central axis in a mature Duster. Apparatus for applying fungicides in dry fruiting body (Fig. 2, p. 36). form. Concentric. One circle within another with Echinulate. Having small, pointed spines; used of a common center. spores. Conidiophore. Simple or branched hyphae on Endoconidium, pl. Endoconidia. Conidium which conidia are produced. formed within a hypha. Conidium, pl. Conidia. Any asexual spore except Enphytotic. A plant disease causing constant sporangiospore or chlamydospore. damage from year to year. Conk. Term used in forestry for sporophores of Epiphytotic. Sudden and destructive develop- Polyporaceae on trees. ment of a plant disease over an extensive Control. Prevention of, or reduction of loss from, area, an epidemic. plant disease. Eradicant Fungicide. One that destroys a fungus Coremium, pl. Coremia. Synnema, a cluster of at its source. erect hyphae bearing conidia (Fig. 5, p. 43). Eradication. Control of disease by eliminating Coriaceous. Like leather in texture. the pathogen after it is already established. Culturing. Artificial propagation of organisms on Erumpent. Breaking through surface of nutrient media or living plants. substratum. Cystidium, pl. Cystidia. Sterile, often swollen cell Excentric. Off center. projecting from hymenium in Basidiomycetes. Exclusion. Control of disease by preventing its Damping-off. Seed decay in soil, or seedling introduction into disease-free areas. blight. Exudate. Liquid discharge from diseased tissues. Glossary 721

Fasciation. Joining side by side; a plant disease Haustorium, pl. Haustoria. Special hyphal with flattened and sometimes curved shoots. branch extended into living cell for purpose Fascicle. A small bundle or cluster. of absorbing food (Fig. 1, p. 286). Filiform. Threadlike. Heteroecious. Undergoing different parasitic Fimbriate. Fringed, or toothed. stages on two unlike hosts, as in the rusts. Flag. A branch with dead leaves on an otherwise Heterothallic. Of a fungus, sexes separate in dif- green tree. ferent mycelia. Flagellum, pl. Flagella. Whiplike organ on Holocarpic. Having all the thallus used for a motile cell; cilium. a fruiting body. Fruiting Body. Fungus structure containing or Homothallic. Both sexes present in same bearing spores; mushroom, pycnidium, mycelium. perithecium, apothecium, etc. Host. Any plant attacked by a parasite. Fumigant. A volatile disinfectant, destroying Hyaline. Colorless, or nearly transparent. organisms by vapor. Hymenium. Spore-bearing layer of a fungus Fungicide. Chemical or physical agent that kills fruiting body. or inhibits fungi. Hyperplastic. Term applied to a disease produc- Fungi Imperfecti. Fungi that have not been ing an abnormally large number of cells. connected with the perfect or sexual stage; Hypha, pl. Hyphae. Single thread of a fungus most are imperfect states of Ascomycetes. mycelium. Fungistatic. An agent preventing development of Hypoplastic. Term applied to a disease with fungi without killing them. subnormal cell production. Fungus, pl. Fungi. An organism with no chloro- Hyphopodium, pl. Hyphopodia. More or less phyll, reproducing by sexual or asexual lobed appendage to a hypha. spores, usually with mycelium with Hysterothecium. Oblong or linear perithecium, well-marked nuclei. sometimes considered an apothecium, open- Fusiform. Spindle-like, narrowing toward the ing by a cleft. ends. Immune. Exempt from disease; having qualities Fusoid. Somewhat fusiform. that do not permit infection. Gall. Outgrowth or swelling, often more or less Immunization. Process of increasing the resis- spherical, of unorganized plant cells as result tance of a living organism. of attack by bacteria, fungi, or other organisms. Imperfect Fungus. One lacking any sexual repro- Gametangium. Gamete mother cell. ductive state. Gamete. A sex cell, especially one formed in Imperfect State. State of life-cycle in which asex- a gametangium. ual spores, or none, are produced. See Germ Tube. Hypha produced by a germinated Anamorph. fungus spore. Incubation Period. Time between inoculation Gill. Lamella or hymenium-covered plate on and development of symptoms that can be underside of cap of a mushroom. seen. Girdle. A canker that surrounds stem, completely Indehiscent. Of fruit bodies, not opening, or with cutting off water supply and thus causing no special method. death; girdling roots also cause death. Infection. Process of beginning or producing Glabrous. Smooth. disease. Gleba. Sporulating tissue in an angiocarpous fruit Infection Court. Place where an infection may body. take place, as leaf, fruit, petal, etc. Globose. Almost spherical. Injury. Result of transient operation of an adverse Gram-negative, Gram-positive. Not being factor, as an insect bite, or action of stained, and being stained, by the Gram stain a chemical. used in classifying bacteria. Innate. Bedded in, immersed. 722 Glossary

Inoculation. Placing of inoculum in infection Necrotic. As an adjective, killing. court. Nematicide. Chemical or physical agent killing Inoculum. Pathogen or its part, as spores, frag- nematodes. ments of mycelium, etc., that can infect plants. Nematodes. Nemas, roundworms, eelworms, Inoperculate. Not opening by a lid. cause of some plant diseases. Intercellular. Between cells. Obligate Parasite. A parasite that can develop Intracellular. Within cells. only in living tissues, with no saprophytic Intumescence. Knoblike or pustulelike outgrowth stage. of elongated cells on leaves, stems, etc., Obovate. Inversely ovate, narrowest at base. caused by environmental disturbances. Obtuse. Rounded or blunted, greater than a right Lamella. Gill. angle. Lesion. Localized spot of diseased tissue. Oogonium, pl. Oogonia. Female sex organ in the Locule. A cavity, especially one in a stroma. Oomycetes (Fig. 1, p. 35). Macroconidia. Large conidia. Oomycetes. Subclass of the Phycomycetes, gam- Macroscopic. Large enough to be seen with the etangia of unequal size. naked eye. Oospore. Resting spore formed in a fertilized Medulla. Loose layer of hyphae inside a thallus; oogonium. body of a sclerotium. Operculate. With a cover or lid, as in some asci. Microconidia. Very small spores, now consid- Ostiole. Porelike mouth or openings in papilla or ered spermatia of a fungus also having larger neck of a perithecium or pycnidium. conidia. Papilla, pl. Papillae. Small, nipplelike Micron. 1/1000 millimeter, unit used for measur- projection. ing spores. Paraphysis, pl. Paraphyses. A sterile hyphal ele- Microscopic. Too small to be seen except with ment in the hymenium, especially in the Asco- the aid of a microscope; true of most of the mycetes, usually clavate or filiform. fungus structures shown in line drawings in Paraphysoids. Threads of hyphal tissue between this book. asci, like delicate paraphyses but without free Mildew. Plant disease in which the pathogen is ends. a growth on the surface. Parasite. An organism that lives on or in a second Molds. Fungi with conspicuous mycelium or organism, usually causing disease in the latter. spore masses, often saprophytes. Pathogen. Any organism or factor causing Monoecious. Male and female reproductive disease. organs in same individual; in rusts, all stages Pathogenic. Capable of causing disease. of life cycle on single species of plant. Pedicel. Small stalk. Multinucleate. Several nuclei in same cell. Perfect State. Stage of life-cycle in which spores Mummy. Dried, shriveled fruit, result of disease. are formed after nuclear fission. See Muriform. Having cross and longitudinal septa. Teleomorph. Mushroom. An agaric fruit body (Fig. 4, p. 41). Peridium. Wall or limiting membrane of Mycelium, pl. Mycelia. Mass of fungus hyphae. a sporangium or other fruit body, or of a rust Mycelia Sterilia. Fungi Imperfecti where spores, sorus. except for chlamydospores, are not present. Perithecium. Subglobose or flasklike ascocarp of Mycoplasmalike Organism (MLO). A walless the Pyrenomycetes (Fig. 3, p. 37). prokaryotic plant pathogen which has Phialide. A cell that develops one or more open a single-unit membrane. See Phytoplasma. ends from which a basipetal succession of Mycorrhiza, pl. Mycorrhizae. Symbiotic, non- conidia develops without an increase in length pathogenic association of fungi and roots. of the phialide itself. Necrosis. Death of plant cells, usually resulting in Physiogenic Disease. Caused by unfavorable tissue turning dark. environmental factors. Glossary 723

Physiologic Races. Pathogens of same variety Sclerotium, pl. Sclerotia. Resting mass of fungus and species structurally the same but differing tissue, often more or less spherical, normally in physiological behavior, especially in ability having no spores in or on it (Fig. 7, p. 332; to parasitize a given host. Fig. 9, p. 335). Phytopathology. Plant pathology, science of Scorch. Burning of tissue, from infection or plant disease. weather conditions. Phytoplasma. A MLO that is pathogenic to Scutellum. Plate or shieldlike cover, as in plants. Microthyriales. Pileus. Hymenium-supporting part of a fruit body Septate. Having cross-walls, septa. of a higher fungus; the cap of a mushroom. Sessile. Having no stem. Primary Infection. First infection by a pathogen Seta, pl. Setae. A stiff hair, or bristle, generally after going through a resting or dormant dark-colored. period. Shothole. A disease symptom in which small Prokaryotic. Organisms which lack a true round fragments drop out of leaves, making nucleus; includes bacteria and mycoplasmalike them look as if riddled by shot. organisms. Sign. Any indication of disease other than Promycelium. Basidium of rusts and smuts. reaction of the host plant – pores, mycelium, Pulvinate. Cushionlike in form. exudate, or fruiting bodies of the pathogen. Pycnidium, pl. Pycnidia. Flasklike fruiting body Slurry. Thick suspension of chemical; used for containing conidia. seed treatment. Pycnium. Spermagonium in the rusts, the 0 stage, Smut. A fungus of the Ustilaginales, characterized resembling a pycnidium (Fig. 2, p. 349). by sooty spore masses; the name also used for Resistance. Ability of a host plant to suppress or the disease caused by the smut. retard activity of a pathogen. Sooty Mold. Dark fungus growing in insect Resting Spore. A spore, often thick-walled, that honeydew. can remain alive in a dormant condition for Sorus, pl. Sori. Fungus spore mass, especially of some time, later germinating and capable of rusts and smuts; occasionally, a group of initiating infection. fruiting bodies. Resupinate. Flat on the substratum with hyme- Species. One sort of plant or animal; abbreviated nium on outer side. as “sp.” singular, and “spp.” plural. A genus Rhizoid. Rootlike structure (Fig. 2, p. 36). name followed by sp. means that the particular Rhizomorph. A cordlike strand of fungus hyphae. species is undetermined. Spp. following Ring Spot. Disease symptoms characterized by a genus name means that several species are yellowish or necrotic rings with green tissue grouped together without being named inside the ring, as in virus diseases. individually. Roguing. Removal of undesired individual plants. Spermagonium. Walled structure in which Rosette. Disease symptom with stems shortened spermatia are produced, a pycnium. to produce a bunchy growth habit. Spermatium,pl.Spermatia, a sex cell (+ or À), Russet. Brownish roughened areas on skins of a pycniospore. fruit, from abnormal production of cork Sporangiole. Small sporangium without caused by disease, insect, or spray injury. a columella and with a small number of Rust. A fungus, one of the Uredinales, causing spores. a disease also known as rust. Sporangiophore. Hypha bearing a sporangium. Saprophyte. An organism that feeds on lifeless Sporangium. Organ producing nonsexual spores organic matter. in a more or less spherical wall (Fig. 1, p. 35). Scab. Crustlike disease lesion; or a disease Spore. A single-to many-celled reproductive in which scabs are prominent symptoms body, in the fungi and lower plants, which (Fig. 1, p. 366). can develop a new plant. 724 Glossary

Sporidium, pl. Sporidia. Basidiospore of rusts Thallus. Vegetative body of a thallophyte. and smuts. Tolerant. Capable of sustaining disease without Sporodochium, pl. Sporodochia. Cluster of serious injury or crop loss. conidiophores interwoven on a stroma or Toxin. Poison formed by an organism. mass of hyphae (Fig. 5, p. 43). Tylosi, pl. Tyloses. Cell outgrowth into cavity of Sporophore. Spore-producing or supporting xylem vessel, plugging it. structure – fruit body; used especially in the Urediospore. Summer spore of rusts; one-celled, Basidiomycetes (Fig. 5, p. 318). verrucose (Fig. 1, p. 344). Sporulate. To produce spores. Uredium. Sorus producing urediospores. Sprayer. Apparatus for applying chemicals in Valsoid. Having groups of perithecia with beaks liquid form. pointing inward, or even parallel with surface, Sterigma,pl.Sterigmata. Projection for supporting as in valsa. aspore. Vector. An agent, insect, man, etc., transmitting Stipe. A stalk. Stipitate. Stalked. disease. Strain. An organism or group of organisms Vein-banding. Symptom of virus disease in differing in origin or minor aspects from which regions along veins are darker green other organisms of same species or variety. than the tissue between veins. Stroma, pl. Stromata. Mass of fungus hyphae Verrucose. With small rounded processes or often including host tissue containing or bear- warts. ing spores. Viroid. The smallest known viruslike infectious Subiculum, Subicle. Netlike woolly or crustlike agent having no protein coat and only a small growth of mycelium under fruit bodies. amount of nucleic acid. Substrate. The substance or object on which Virulent. Highly pathogenic; with strong capacity a saprophytic organism lives and from which for causing disease. it gets nourishment. Viruliferous. Virus-carrying; term applied partic- Suscept. A living organism attacked by, or sus- ularly to virus-laden insects. ceptible to, a given disease or pathogen; in Virus. An obligate parasite capable of multiply- many cases a more precise term than host but ing in certain hosts, ultramicroscopic, less familiar. recognizable by the effects produced in Susceptible. Unresistant, permitting the attack of infected hosts. Has nucleic acid with a pathogen. protein coat. Swarmspore. Zoospore. Wilt. Loss of freshness or drooping of plants due Synnema, pl. Synnemata. Groups of hyphae to inadequate water supply or excessive tran- sometimes joined together, generally upright spiration; a vascular disease interfering with and producing spores; coremium. utilization of water. Systemic. Term applied to disease in which single Witches’ Broom. Disease symptom with abnor- infection leads to general spread of the patho- mal brushlike development of many weak gen throughout the plant body; or to a chemical shoots. that acts through the vascular system. Yellows. Term applied to disease in which Teleomorph. State of life-cycle in which spores yellowing or chlorosis is a principal are formed after nuclear fission. symptom. Teliospore. Winter or resting form of rust spore, Zoospore. A swimming spore, swarmspore, from which basidium is produced (Fig. 1, capable of independent movement (Fig. 1, p. 344; Fig. 2, p. 349; Fig. 3, p. 353). p. 35). Telium. Sorus producing teliospores. Zygomycetes. Subclass of the Phycomycetes, Thallophyte. One of the simpler plants, belonging characterized by gametes of equal size. to the algae, bacteria, fungi, slime molds, or Zygospore. Resting spore formed from the union lichens. of similar gametes (Fig. 2, p. 36). Selected Bibliography

In the preparation of Westcott’s Plant Disease Bacteria: Volume 1 (1984) and Volume Handbook references have been reviewed that (1986) of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacte- cover a century of scientific reporting. An attempt riology, published by Williams and Wilkins, and has been made also to keep abreast of current Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant literature. To cite all of the individual articles Pathogenic Bacteria (1980) by N. W. Schaad, that have been helpful would fill another book. published by APS Press, The American Phyto- The bibliography presented here is a selected pathological Society. small sampling of the field surveyed, with Viruses: Classification and Nomenclature of emphasis on sources consulted in making nomen- Viruses (1979) by R. E. F. Matthews, published clatural decisions. by Academic Press, and Descriptions of Plant Periodicals that are regularly reviewed include Viruses, published by the Commonwealth Myco- Plant Disease, Phytopathology, Review of logical Institute and Association of Applied Applied Mycology, Journal of Economic Ento- Biologists. mology, A.I.B.S. Bulletin (Agricultural Institute Fungi: Plant Pathogenic Fungi (1987) by of Biological Sciences), Biological Abstracts, J. A. von Arx, published by J. Cramer in Berlin, Agricultural Chemicals, NAC News (National Ainsworth and Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi Agricultural Chemicals Association), Arborist’s (1983) by D.L. Hawksworth, B.C. Sutton News, Proceedings of the National Shade Tree and G.C. Ainsworth, 7th Edition, published by Conference, American Fruit Grower, American Commonwealth Mycological Institute, and Vegetable Grower, Farm Journal, The Garden Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi (1972), Journal (New York Botanical Garden), Plants by H.L. Barnett and H.B. Hunter, 3rd Edition, and Gardens (Brooklyn Botanic Garden), The published by Burgess Publishing Company. National Gardener (National Council of State Nematodes: Pictorial Key to Genera of Plant- Garden Clubs), publications of many of the state Parasitic Nematodes (1975) by W.F. Mai and garden clubs, most of the popular garden maga- H.H. Lyon, 4th Edition, published by Cornell zines, yearbooks and magazines of several single University Press. plant societies. In addition, there are numerous Finally, the APS Press, the publishing group of bulletins, circulars, and spray schedules from the American Phytopathological Society, pro- state experiment stations. duces a Compendium of Plant Disease series The following references provide coverage in that provides information about causes, cycles, depth of the current taxonomy of the major types and control of plant diseases. There are presently of plant pathogens. more than 30 books in this series.

R.K. Horst, Westcott’s Plant Disease Handbook, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2141-8, 725 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 726 Selected Bibliography

Ainsworth GC, Bisby GR (2001) Ainsworth and Bisby GR (1945) An Introduction to the Taxonomy and Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi, 9th edn. Kirk PM, Nomenclature of Fungi. Commonwealth Mycological Cannon PF, David JC, Staplers JA (eds). CABI Institute, Kew, Surrey, England Publishing, 624 pp Boyce JS (1961) Forest Pathology, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill Aldrich D (1954) American Society for Horticultural Book Company, Inc., New York Science. The care and feeding of garden plants. Brandes GA, Tulio MC, Skiles RL (eds) (1959) Compen- National Fertilizer Association, Washington DC dium of Plant Diseases. Rohm & Haas Company, Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M (1996) Philadelphia, PA Introductory Mycology. John Wiley and Sons, NY, Bray DF (1958) Gas Injury to Shade Trees. Sci Tree pp 868 Topics 2(5):19–22. Bartlett Tree Research Laborato- Allen MW (1952) Taxonomic status of the bud and leaf ries, Stamford, CT nematodes related to Aphelenchoides fragariae (Ritzema Brierley P (1944) Viruses described primarily on orna- Bos 1891). Proc Helm Soc Wash 19(2):108–120 mental or miscellaneous plants. Plant Disease Reporter — (1955) A review of the genus Tylenchorhynchus. Univ Supplement 150:410–482 Calif Public Zoology 61(3):129–166 Brunt AA, Crabtree K, Dallvitz MJ, Gibbs AJ, Watson Allen MW, Jensen HJ (1951) Pratylenchus vulnus L (1996) Virus of Plants. Descriptions and List from (Nematoda, Pratylenchinae) a parasite of trees and the VIDE Database. CAB International, University vines in California. Helm Soc Sci J 18:47–50 Press, Cambridge, pp 1484 — (1957) A review of the nematode genus Trichodorus Buchanan RE, Gibbons NE (1974) Bergey’s Manual of with descriptions of ten new species. Nematologica Determinative Bacteriology, 8th edn. The Williams 2(1):32–62 and Wilkins Company, Baltimore, MD Anderson HW (1956) Disease of Fruit Crops, 1st edn. Buhrer EM (1954) Common names of some important McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. New York, p 501 plant pathogenic nematodes. Plant Disease Reporter Anonymous (1953) Distribution, symptoms and control of 38:535–541 some of the more important plant diseases. Plant Burkholder WH (1957) In Bergey’s Manual of Determi- Disease Reporter Suppl 221:106–181 native Bacteriology, 7th edn. The Williams and — (1956) Plant Pest Handbook. Conneticut Agricultural Wilkins Company, Baltimore, MD, pp. 89–183, Experimental Station Bulletin. http://www.ct.gov/ 288–292, 349–359, 579–597 caes/cwp/view.asp?a¼2826&q¼37818&caesNav¼j Burnett, HC (1965) Orchid Diseases. State of Florida — (1968) Recommended Fungicides and Nematicides. Dept. of Agriculture, Div. of Plant Industry, Vol. I, Ext. Serv., College of Agr., Pennsylvania State No. 3, Gainesville, FL University, University Park, PA Cairns EJ et al (1954) Symposium on new developments — (1999) Watch Out for Witchweed. USDA http://www. and new problems concerning nematodes in the South. aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/ witchwee.pdf Plant Disease Reporter Supplement 227:75–107 — (2007) Pesticides for New Jersey. New Jersey Agricul- Campana R, chairman (1957) Guide for Community-wide tural Experiment Station, Rutgers, N. http://njaes. Control of Dutch Elm Disease. Midwestern Chapter, rutgers.edu/pubs/pesticidesforni/ National Shade Tree Conference Arthur JC (1934) Manual of the Rusts in United States and Caroselli NE (1957) Verticillium Wilt of Maples. Rhode Canada, Purdue Research Foundation. Lafayette, IN. Island Agriculture Experiment Station Bulletin With supplement by G.B. Cummins. The Hafner 335:3–84 Publishing Co., Inc., New York. 1962 Carter JC (1964) Illinois Trees: Their Diseases. IL Bailey LH, Ethel ZB (compilers) (1941) Hortus second. National History Survey Circular 46. Urbana, IL. Rev. The MacMillan Company, New York — (1967) Dutch Elm Disease in Illinois. IL National Baker KF (ed) (1957) The U.C. System for Producing History Survey Circular 53 Healthy Container-grown Plants. California Agricul- — (1964) The Wetwood Disease of Elm. IL National tural Experimental Station Manual 23, 332 pp History Survey Circular 50 Barnett HL, Hunter BB (1998) Illustrated Genera of Carter W (1963) Insects in Relation to Disease. John Imperfect Fungi. 4th edn. Burgess Publishing Wiley & Sons, New York Company, Minneapolis, MN, 218 pp Chester KS (1947) Nature and Prevention of Plant Diseases, Bawden FC (1964) Plant Viruses and Virus Diseases, 2nd edn. The Blakiston Company, Philadelphia, PA 4th edn. The Ronald Press Company, New York — (1946) Nature and Prevention of Cereal Rusts as Exem- Beemster ABR, Dijkstra J (eds) (1966) Viruses of Plants. plified in the Leaf Rust of Wheat. Chronica Botanica John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York Company, Waltham, MA Bessey EA (1950) Morphology and Taxonomy of Fungi. Chitwood BG (1951) Golden Nematode of Potatoes. The Blakiston Company, Philadelphia, PA. And USDA Circular 885 Hafner Publishing Co., 1961 — (1949) Root-knot Nematodes. Part I. A revision of the Birchfield W (1957) The burrowing nema situation in genus Meloidogyne Goeldi 1887. Proc Helm Soc Florida. J Econom Entomol 50:562–566 Wash 16:90–104 Selected Bibliography 727

Chitwood BG, Birchfield W (1956) Nematodes, Their Diener TO (1979) Viroids and Viroid Diseases. John Kinds and Characteristics. State Plant Board of FL. Wiley & Sons, NY, pp 252 Vol II Bul 9:5–49 — (1987) The Viroids. Plenum Press, NY, pp 344 Chitwood BG, Hannon CI, Esser RP (1956) A new nema- Dimock AW (1953) The Gardener’s ABC of Pest and tode genus, Meloidodera, linking the genera Heterodera Disease. M. Barrows and Company, Inc., New York and Meloidogyne. Phytopathology 46:264–266 Dimock AW et al (1975) 1975 Cornell Recommendations Christensen CM (1965) Common Fleshy Fungi, Revised. for Commercial Floriculture Crops. N.Y. State College Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis, MN of Agriculture, Ithaca, NY Christie JR (1959) Plant Nematodes, Their Bionomics and Dimond AE, Stoddard EM (1955) Toxicity to Greenhouse Control. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL Roses from Paints Containing Mercury Fungicides. Christie JR, Perry VG (1951) A root disease of plants Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station caused by a nematode of the genus Trichodorus. Bulletin 595 Science 113:491–493 Dittmer DS (ed) (1959) Handbook of Toxicology, Vol V: Christie JR, Taylor AL (1952) Controlling Nematodes in Fungicides. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA the Home Garden. USDA Farmers Bulletin 2048 Dochinger LS (1957) Verticillium wilt, its nature and Chupp C (1925) Manual of Vegetable-garden Diseases. control. Proc. National Shade Tree Conference The Macmillan Company, New York 33:202–212 — (1953) A Monograph of the Fungus Genus Cercospora. Doolittle SP, Taylor AL, Danielson LL (1961) Tomato Published by author, Ithaca, NY Disease and Their Control. USDA Agriculture Hand- Chupp C, Sherf AF (1960) Vegetable Diseases and Their book 203 Control. Ronald Press, New York Dowson WJ (1957) Plant Diseases Due to Bacteria, Clements, FE, Shear CL (1931) The Genera of Fungi. 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, New York H. W. Wilson Company, New York. Reprint Hafner Drews-Alvarez R. (2003) Fungi Blackspot, in Encyclope- Publishing Company, New York, 1965 dia of Rose Science, in 3 volumes, 1800 pp Converse, RH (1966) Diseases of Raspberries and Erect Duddington CL (1957) The Friendly Fungi. A New and Trailing Blackberries. USDA Agriculture Hand- Approach to the Eelworm problem. Faber and Faber, book 310 London Cooke WB (1952) Nomenclatorial notes on Erysiphaceae. Elliott C (1952) Manual of Bacterial Plant Pathogens, Mycologia 44:57 rev. edn. The Williams and Wilkins Company, Balti- Corbett MK, Sisler HD (eds) (1964) Plant Virology. more, MD University of Florida Press, Gainesville, FL Emsweller SL, Brierley P, Smith FF (1963) Roses for the Couch HB (1962) Diseases of Turfgrasses. Reinhold Home. USDA Home and Garden Bulletin 25 Publishing Corporation, New York Engelhard AW (1957) Host index of Verticillium albo- Couch JN (1938) The Genus Septobasidium. University of atrum. Reinke & Berthe. Plant Disease Report Supple- North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC ment 244:23–49 Cox RE (1954) Some Common Diseases of Flowering Esau K (1961) Plants, Viruses, and Insects. Harvard Dogwood in Delaware. Delaware Agricultural University Press, Cambridge, MA Experiment Circular 27 Fauquet CM, Berthiaume L, Ackermann HW, Calisher Cummins GB (1959) Illustrated Genera of Rust Fungi. CH, Goldbach R, Payment P (1995) Introduction to Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis, MN the universal system of virus taxonomy. Archives Cummins GB, Stevenson JA (1956) A check list of North Virology Supplement 10:1–18 American rust fungi (Uredinales). Plant Disease Fauquet CM, Martelli GP (1995) Updated ICTV list Reporter Supplement 240:109–193 of names and abbreviations of viruses, viroids and Darrow GM, McGrew JR, Scott DH (1957) Reducing satellites infecting plants. Archives Virology Virus and Nematode Damage to Strawberry Plants. 140:393–413 USDA Leaflet 414 Fawcett HS (1936) Citrus Diseases and Their Control, Davies RE, Sinclair WA (1998) Phytoplasma identity and 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New disease etiology. Phytopathology 88:1372–1379 York Davis RE, Whitcomb RF, Steere RL (1968) Remission of Felt EP, Rankin RH (1932) Insects and Diseases of Orna- aster yellows disease by antibiotics. Science mental Trees and Shrubs. The Macmillan Company, 161(3843):793–795 New York Davis SH, Hamilton CC (1955) Diseases and Insect Pests Fenska RE (1954) Tree Experts Manual, 2nd edn. A T De of Rhododendron and Azalea. New Jersey Agricultural La Mare Company, Inc, New York Experiment Station Circular 571 Filipev IN, Schuurmans Stekoven JH (1941) A Manual of Dickson JG (1956) Diseases of Field Crops, 2nd edn. Agricultural Helminthology. E J Brill Co, Leiden, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York Holland Dickson RC (1955) A working list of the names of aphid Fischer GW (1953) Manual of the North American Smut vectors. Plant Disease Report 39:445–452 Fungi. The Ronald Press Company, New York 728 Selected Bibliography

Fischer GW, Holton CS (1957) Biology and Control Hawksworth FG, Wiens D (1972) Biology and Classifica- of the Smut Fungi. The Ronald Press Company, tion of Dwarf Mistletoes (Arceuthobium). USDA New York Agriculture Handbook 401 Fitzpatrick HM (1930) The Lower Fungi –Phycomycetes. Hayley D (ed) (1967) Official FDA Tolerances. National McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc, New York Agricultural Chemicals Association News 25(3):3–23 Forsberg JL (1975) Diseases of Ornamental Plants. Univ. Heald FD (1933) Manual of Plant Diseases, 2nd edn. of Illinois, College of Agriculture Special Publ. No 3, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York Urbana, lL Hedden OK, Wilson JD, Sleesman JP (1966) Equipment Fowler ME, Gravatt GF (1945) Reducing Damage to for Applying Soil Pesticides. USDA Agriculture Trees from Construction Work. USDA Agricultural Handbook 297 Farmers Bulletin 1957 Hepting GH (1968) Diseases of Forest and Shade Trees of Frear DEH (ed) (1968) Pesticide Handbook Entoma, the United States. Distributed and processed as Diag- 20th edn. College Science Publishers, State College, nosis of Disease in American Forest and Shade Trees. PA (Revised each year, this edition lists 9486 pesti- USDA Forest Service, in 5 volumes, dated 1964, 1966, cides by trade names and formulae.) 1968 — (1955) Chemistry of the Pesticides, 3rd edn. D. Van Hert AP, Jones JB (2003) Bacteria: Crown Gall Diseases. Nostrand Company, Inc., Princeton, NJ In: Encyclopedia of Rose Science in 3 volumes, 1800 pp Gambrell FL, Gilmer RM (1956) Insects and Diseases of Hildebrand EM, Cook HT (1959) Sweetpotato Diseases. Fruit Nursery Stocks and Their Control. NY (Geneva) USDA Farmers Bulletin 1059 Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 776 Holmes FO (1948) Virales. In: Bergey’s Manual of Deter- Garrett SD (1944) Root Disease Fungi. Chronica Botanica minative Bacteriology, 6th edn. The Williams and Company, Waltham, MA Wilkins Company, Baltimore, MD, pp 1128–1224 Gilman JC (1957) A Manual of Soil Fungi, 2nd edn. Iowa Holmes FW, Chater CS (1966) Culture, Diseases, Injuries, State College Press, Ames, IA and Pests of Maples in Shade and Ornamental Plant- Gleason ML, Helland SJ (2003) Fungi: Botrytis, in Ency- ings. University of Massachusetts Cooperative Exten- clopedia of Rose Science, in 3 volumes, 1800 pp sion Service Publication 443 Golden AM (1956) Taxonomy of the Spiral Nematodes Holton CS, Fischer GW, Fulton RW, Hart H, McCallan (Rotylenchus and Stelicotylenchus) and the Develop- SEA (eds) (1959) Plant Pathology, Problems and mental Stages and Host Parasite Relationships of Progress. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI R. buxophilus n. sp. Attacking Boxwood. University Hopkins JCF (ed) (1957) Common Names of Viruses of Maryland Bulletin A-85 Used in the Review of Applied Mycology. Review of Golden AM, Taylor AL (1956) Rotylenchus christiei, Applied Mycology Supplement 35 n. sp., a new spiral nematode associated with roots of Hopper BE, Cairns EJ (1959) Taxonomic Keys to Plant, turf. Proc Helm Soc Wash 23:109–112 Soil and Aquatic Nematodes. Alabama Polytechnic Goodey T (1933) Plant Parasitic Nematodes and the Institute, Auburn, AL Diseases They Cause. E. P. Dutton and Company, Horsfall JG (1956) Principles of Fungicidal Action. New York Chronica Botanica Company, Waltham, MA — (1963) Soil and Fresh Water Nematodes, 2nd edn. Horsfall JG, Dimond AE (eds) (1959, 1960) Plant Pathol- Methuen & Co., Ltd., London, England ogy, An Advanced Treatise. 3 volumes. Academic Goodman RN, Kiraly Z, Zaitlin M (1967) The Biochem- Press, New York istry and Physiology of Infectious Plant Disease. D. Horsfall JG, Lukens RJ (1966) Selectivity of Fungicides. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., Princeton, NJ Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. Bulletin Gould CJ (ed) (1957) Handbook on Bulb Growing and 676 Forcing. Northwest Bulb Growers Association, Mt. Horst RK (1977 and 2007) Viroid. McGraw-Hill Year- Vernon, WA book Science and Technology. McGraw-Hill Book Gould CJ, Harris MR, Eade GW. Disease of Ornamentals. Company, Inc., New York Washington State University, Agricultural Extension — (1983) Compendium of Rose Diseases (1st edn). APS Mimeograph 683 Press, St. Paul, MN, pp 72 Gram E, Weber A (1953) Plant Diseases in Orchard, — (2003) Diseases: Overview, in Encyclopedia of Rose Nursery and Garden Crops. Ed. and adap. by R.W.G. Science in 3 volumes, 1800 pp Dennis. Tr. from the Danish by Evelyn Ramsden. — (2007) Cynthia Westcott, The Plant Doctor, in Pioneer Philosophical Library, New York Women in Plant Pathology. APS Press, St. Paul, MN, Granados RR, Maramorosch K, Shikata E (1968) Myco- 352 pp plasma: Suspected etiologic agent of corn stunt. Horst RK, Cloyd R (2007) Compendium of Rose National Academy of Science. Proceedings Diseases, Insects and Mites, 2nd edn. APS Press, 60(3):841–844 St. Paul, MN, 83 pp Guba E (1961) Monograph of Monochaetia and Pestalotia. Horst RK, Nelson PE (1997) Compendium of Chrysan- Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA themum Diseases. APS Press, St. Paul, MN, 88 pp Selected Bibliography 729

Horst RK, Dimock AW (1977) Diseases of Bearded Irises. Lowe JL (1957) Polyporaceae of North America; the NYSAES Bulletin 128 genus Fomes. NYS College of Forestry Technical Horst RK, Nelson PE (1975) Diseases of Chrysanthe- Publication 80 mums. NYSAES Bulletin 85 Mai WF, Harrison MB (1959) The Golden Nematode. Hough WS, Freeman Mason A (1951) Spraying, Dusting Cornell Extension Bulletin 870 and Fumigating of Plants. Rev. ed. The MacMillan Maramorosch K (1965) reporter. A new system of classi- Company, New York fying viruses proposed by the International Provisional Howard FL, Rowell JB, Keil HL (1951) Fungus Diseases Virus Nomenclature Committee. Phytopathology of Turf Grasses. Rhode Island Agricultural Experi- 55:1158 ment Station Bulletin 308 Maramorosch K, Shikata E, Granapos RR (1968) Myco- Hubert FP (1951) Common names of diseases of woody plasma-like bodies in leathoppers and diseased plants. plants. Plant Disease Report Supplement 206:206–235 Phytopathology 58:886 Hutchinson MT (1959) Crop rustling nematodes cost $15 Marshall RP (1942) Care of Damaged Shade Trees. million yearly. New Jersey Agriculture 41(1):9–12 USDA Farmers Bulletin 1896 Hutchinson MT et al (1961) Plant Parasitic Nematodes of Marshall RP, Waterman AM (1948) Common Diseases of New Jersey. New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Important Shade Trees. USA Farmers Bulletin 1987 Station Bulletin 796 Martelli GP (1992) Classification and nomenclature of Irons F (1967) Hand Sprayers and Dusters. USDA Home plant viruses: state of the art. Plant Disease and Garden Bulletin 63 76:436–442 Jenkins AE (1947) A specific term for diseases caused by Martin GW (1950) Outline of the Fungi. W. C. Brown Co., Elsinoe and Sphaceloma. Plant Disease Report 31:71 Dubuque, IA Jenkins WR, Taylor DP (1967) Plant Nematology. — (1955) Are fungi plants? Mycologia 47:779–792 Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York — (1961) Key to the Families of Fungi. In: A Dictionary Jenkins WR, Taylor DP, Rhode RA, Coursen BW of the Fungi, 5th edn. pp 497–519 (1957) Nematodes Associated with Crop Plants in May C (1961) Diseases of Shade and Ornamental Maples. Maryland. University of Maryland Bulletin A-89 USDA Handbook 211 Johnson HW, Chamberlain DW, Lehman SG (1954) - — (1965) Rusts of Juniper, flowering crabapple and Diseases of Soybeans and Methods of Control. hawthorn. American Horticultural Magazine 44:29–32 USDA Circular 931 Mayo MA, Horzinek M (1998) A revised version of the Klass C, Snover-Clift K (2008) Pest Management Around international code of virus classification and nomen- the Home. Cornell Misc Bul 574 http://pmguidelines. clature. Archives Virology 143:1645–1654 org/Home/ McFadden LA (1961) Palm diseases. Am Horticult Mag Klotz LJ (1961) Color Handbook of Citrus Diseases, 40:148–150 3rd edn. University of California, Division of Agricul- McGrew JR (1966) Strawberry Diseases. USDA Farmers tural Sciences, Berkeley, CA Bulletin 2140 Koltunow AM, Rezaian MA (1989) A scheme for viroid Meister RT (ed) (1967) Farm Chemicals;1967 Handbook. classification. Intervirology 30:194–201 Meister Publishing Company, Willoughby, OH Kreitlow KW, Juska FV (1967). Lawn Diseases. USDA (Revised each year) Home and Garden Bulletin 61 Melhus IE, Kent GC (1939) Elements of Plant Pathology. Lapage SP, Sneath PHA, Lissel EF, Skerman VBD, The MacMillan Company, New York Seelizer HPR, Clark WA (1992) Intern. Code of Miller HN (1955) Investigations with Antibiotics for Con- Nomenclature of Bacteria (1970 Revision). American trol of Bacterial Diseases of Foliage Plants. Florida Society for Microbiol. Washington, DC Agricultural Experiment Station. J Series 420 Large EC (1940) The Advance of the Fungi. Henry Holt Mills WD, Laplante AA (1954) Diseases and Insects in the and Company, New York (Paperback, Dover Publish- Orchard. Cornell Extension Bulletin 711 ing, Inc., New York 1962) Moore AE (1957) Bibliography of Forest Disease Lawrence FP, Brogden JE (1955) Control of Insects and Research in the Department of Agriculture Miscella- Diseases of Dooryard Citrus Trees. University of neous Publications 725 Florida Agricultural Extension Service Circular 139 Moore WC (1939) Diseases of Bulbs. Ministry of Agri- Leach JG (1940) Insect Transmission of Plant Diseases. culture and Fisheries (Great Britain) Bulletin 117 McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York Murphy FA, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, Ghabrial SA, Lentz PL (1955) Stereum and Allied Genera of Fungi in Jarivs AW, Martelli GP, Mayo MA, Summers MD the Upper Mississippi Valley. USDA monograph 24 (1995) Virus taxonomy, classification and nomencla- Leukel RW, Tapke VG (1954) Cereal Smuts and Their ture of viruses. 6th Report of International Committee Control. USDA Farmers Bulletin 2069 for the Taxonomy of Viruses, Archives of Virology, Linde M, Shishkoff N (2003) Fungi: Powdery Mildew. Supplement 10, 596 pp In: Encyclopedia of Rose Science, in 3 volumes, National Research Council, Subcommittee on Plant Path- 1800 pp ogens, Agricultural Board (1969) Plant Disease 730 Selected Bibliography

Development and Control. National Academy of Sci- Schindler AF (1957) Parasitism and pathogenicity of ences, Washington, DC Xiphinema diversicaudatum, an ectoparasitic nema- Nelson R (1948) Diseases of gladiolus. Michigan Agri- tode. Nematologica 2(1):25–31 cultural Station Special Bulletin 350 Schroth MN, Hildebrand DC (1968) A chemotherapeutic Nienstaedt H, Graves AH (1955) Blight Resistant Chest- treatment for selectively eradicating crown gall and nuts. Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station olive knot neoplasms. Phytopathology 58:848–854 Circular 192 Seaver FJ (1928, 1942) The North American Cup-fungi Noble M, de Tempe J, Neergaard P (1958) An Annotated (operculates). Published by the author, New York. List of Seed-borne Diseases. Commonwealth Myco- (Now available from Hafner Publishing Company) logical Institute, Kew, Surrey, England Seymour AB (1929) Host Index of the Fungi of North Osborn MR, Philips AM, Pierce WC (1954) Insects and America. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA Diseases of the Pecan and Their Control. USDA Sharvelle EG (1961) The Nature and Uses of Modern Farmers Bulletin 1829 Fungicides. Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapo- Parker KG, Fisher EG, Mills WD (1956) Fire Blight on lis, MN Pome Fruits and its Control. Cornell Extension Bulle- Shattock RC (2003) Fungi: Rust, in Encyclopedia of Rose tin 966 Science, in 3 volumes, 1800 pp Parris GK (1952) Diseases of Watermelons. Florida Agri- Sher SA, Allen MW (1953) Revision of the genus cultural Experiment Station Bulletin 491 Pratylenchus (Nematoda, Tylenchidae). University of Pirone PP (1959) Tree Maintenance, 3rd edn. Oxford California Public Zoology 57(6):441–470 University Press, New York Shurtleff MC (1966) How to Control Plant Diseases in Pirone PP (1970) Diseases and Pests of Ornamental Plants, Homes and Gardens, 2nd edn. IA State University 4th edn. The Ronald Press Company, New York Press, Ames, IA Pirone PP, Dodge BO, Rickett, HW (1960) Diseases and Sinclair JB (ed) (1968) Fungicide-Nematicide Pests of Ornamental Plants. The Ronald Press Com- Tests–Results of 1967. American Phytopathological pany, New York (This is the 3rd edn. of Dodge and Society Rickett’s book of the same name.) Smith KM (1957) A Textbook of Plant Virus Diseases, Plakidas AG (1964) Strawberry Diseases. Louisiana State 2nd edn. Little, Brown and Company, Boston, MA University Press, Baton Rouge, LA — (1968) Plant Viruses, 4th edn. Methuen & Co., Ltd., Pyenson LL (1951) Elements of Plant Protection. John London Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York Smith RE (1940) Diseases of Flowers and Other Orna- — (1964) Keep your Garden Healthy. E. P. Dutton & Co., mentals. California Agricultural Extension Circular Inc., New York 118 Reed LB, Doolittle SP (1967) Insects and Diseases of — (1940) Diseases of Truck Crops. California Agricul- Vegetables in the Home Garden. USDA Home Garden tural Extension Circular 119 Bulletin 46 — (1941) Diseases of Fruits and Nuts. California Agricul- Roberts DA, Boothroyd CW (1972) Fundamentals of tural Extension Circular 120 Plant Pathology. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Snyder WC, Hansen HH (1954) The Species Concept in Francisco, CA Fusarium. American Journal of Botany 27:64–67, Rogers DP (1943) The genus Pellicularia 1940 and 32:657–665, 1945. Annual New York Acad- (Thelephoraceae). Farlowia I (1):95–118 emy of Science 60:6–23 1954 Rohde RA, Jenkins WR (1958) Basis for Resistance of Spears, Joseph F (1969) The Golden Nematode Hand- Asparagus officinalis var. altilis L. to the Stubby-root book. USDA Handbook 353 Nematode Trichodorus christiei Allen. Technical Spethmann W, Otto G (2003) Pests: Nematodes, in Ency- University of Maryland Bulletin A-97 clopedia of Rose Science in 3 volumes, 1800 pp Salmon ES (1900) A Monograph of the Erysiphaceae. Sprague HB (ed) (1964) Hunger Signs in Crops, 3rd edn. Mem. Torrey Bot Club 9:1–292 David McKay Co., Inc., New York Sasser JN (1954) Identification and Host-parasite Rela- Sprague R (1950) Diseases of Cereals and Grasses in tionships of Certain Root-knot Nematodes. Univ MD North America. The Ronald Press Company, New Agr Exp Sta Tech Bul A-77 York Sasser JN, Cairns EJ (eds) (1958) Plant Nematology Stakman EC, Harrar JG (1957) Principles of Plant Pathol- Notes, from Workshops, 1954 and 1955. Southern ogy. The Ronald Press Company, New York Regional Nematode Project (S-19), 2nd edn. Steiner G (1956) Plant Nematodes the Grower Should Sasser JN, Jenkins WR (eds) (1960) Nematology, Funda- Know. Florida Depertment of Agriculture Bulletin 131 mentals and Recent Advances with Emphasis on Plant Stevens FL (1925) Plant Disease Fungi. The Macmillan Parasitic and Soil Forms. University of North Carolina Company, New York Press, Chapel Hill, NC Stevens FL, Hall JG (1933) Diseases of Economic Plants. Scharpf RF, Hawksworth FG (1974) Mistletoes on hard- The Macmillan Company, New York woods in the United States. USDA Forest Pest Leaflet Stevens NE, Stevens RB (1952) Disease in Plants. 147 Chronica Botanica Company, Waltham, MA Selected Bibliography 731

Streets RB (1937) Phymatotrichum (cotton or Texas) Root Larson RH (1961) Onion Diseases. USDA Agriculture Rot in Arizona. University of Arizona Technical Handbook 208 Bulletin 71 Weiss, Freeman (1940) Ovulinia, a new generic segregate Strong FC (1957) Nature and control of anthracnose of from Sclerotinia. Phytopathology 30:236–244 shade trees. Arborists News 22(5):33–39 — (1945) Viruses described primarily on leguminous Suit RF (1949) Parasitic Diseases of Citrus in Florida. vegetables and forage crops. Plant Disease Reporter Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 463 Supplement 155:82–140 Szyndel MS (2003) Viruses, in Encyclopedia of Rose — (1945) Viruses, virus diseases and similar maladies on Science, in 3 volumes, 1800 pp potatoes, Solanum tuberosum. Plant Disease Reporter Tarjan AC (1960) Check List of Plant and Soil Nema- Supplement 155:82–140 todes. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, FL Welch DS, Matthysse JG (1955) Control of the Dutch Elm Taylor AL, Dropkin VH, Martin GC (1955) Perineal pat- Disease in New York State, Cornell Extension Bulletin terns of root-knot nematodes. Phytopathology 45:26–34 932 Thorne G (1961) Principles of Nematology. McGraw-Hill Westcott C (1953) Garden Enemies. D. Van Nostrand Book Company, Inc., New York Company, Inc., Princeton, NJ — (1949) On the classification of the Tylenchida, new — (1961) Are You Your Garden’s Worst Pest? Doubleday order (Nematoda, Phasmidia). Proc Helm Soc WA and Company, Inc., New York 16:37–73 — (1964) The Gardener’s Bug Book. 3rd edn. Doubleday Torgenseon DC, Young RA, Milbrath JA (1954) and Company Phytophthora Root Rot Diseases of Lawson Cypress — (1965) Anyone Can Grow Roses, 4th edn. D. Van and Other Ornamentals. Oregon Experiment Station Nostrand Company, Inc Bulletin 537 Westcott C, Walker JT (eds) (1966) Handbook on Garden Toussoun TA, Nelson PE (1968) A Pictorial Guide to the Pests. Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY Identification of Fusarium Species. The Pennsylvania Whetzel HH (1945) A synopsis of the genera and species State Univ. Press, University Park and London of the Sclerotiniaceae, a family of stromatic United States Department of Agriculture (1949) Trees. inoperculate Discomycetes. Mycologia 37:648–714 The Yearbook of Agriculture. Washington, DC Wolf FA, Wolf FT (1947) The Fungi. Vols. I, II. John — (1954) Plant Diseases. The Yearbook of Agriculture Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York — (1957) Soil. The Yearbook of Agriculture Xu, X, Pettitt T (2003) Fungi: Downy Mildew, in Ency- — (1960) Index of Plant Diseases in the United States. clopedia of Rose Science, in 3 volumes, 1800 pp Agriculture Handbook 165 Zaumeyer WJ, Thomas HR (1958) Bean Diseases and — (1966) Index of Plant Virus Diseases. Agriculture Their Control. USDA Farmers Bulletin Dept. of Handbook 307 Botany 1692 — (1951) Virus Diseases and Other Disorders with Virus- Zundel GL (1953) The Ustilaginales of the World. Dept. like Symptoms of Stone Fruits in North America. Botany, Penn State College Contribution 176 Agriculture Handbook 10 — (1966) Power Sprayers and Dusters. Farmers Bulletin Let me repeat that the references cited are 2223 a mere sampling of the vast amount of material Van Regenmortel MHV (1989) Applying the species concept to plant viruses. Archives Virology 104:1–17 published on plant diseases. Most plant patholo- — (1990) Virus species, a much overlooked but essential gists will have access to the Plant Disease concept to plant viruses. Intervirology 31:241–254 Reporter, Plant Disease, Phytopathology, — (1999) How to write the names of virus species. Review of Applied Mycology, Mycologia, Biolog- Archives Virology 144:1041–1042 van Regenmortel MHV, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, ical Abstracts, Journal of Economic Entomology, Carstens EB, Estes MK, Lemon SM, Maniloff J, Agricultural Chemicals, NAC News, Arborists’ Mayo MA, McGeoch DJ, Prigle CR, Wickner RB News, Proceedings of the International Shade (2000) Virus Taxonomy. Classification and Nomen- Tree Conference, and other technical publica- clature of Viruses. 7th Report of the International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic tions. Gardeners will find information on Press, San Diego, San Francisco, New York, Boston, plant diseases in the publications of single plant London, Sydney, Tokyo, p 1121 societies, such as the American Camellia Society Walker JC (1952) Diseases of Vegetable Crops. McGraw- and the American Rose Society. State agricul- Hill Book Company, Inc., New York — (1957) Plant Pathology, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill tural experiment stations have a wealth of Book Company, Inc., New York Walker JC, material.

Index

A Adelopus Abelia A. gaumannii€ , 245 latent, 448 needle cast, 245 latent tymovirus, 389 nudus, 535 leaf spot, 205 Adoxa (musk-root), 449 Abutilon Aecidium sp., 342, 562, 564 flowering maple, Indian mallow, velvet leaf, 448 A. aesculi, 563 infectious variegation, 389, 448, 575 A. anograe, 604 mosaic, 656 A. avocense, 342 mosaic bigeminivirus, 389 A. batesii, 648 yellows, 448 A. betheli, 692 Acacia (koa tree), 448 A. campanulastri, 489 Acalypha A. cannonii, 537 (copper-leaf), 448 A. columbiense, 555 downy mildew, 184 A. conspersum, 342 Acantharia echinata, 603 A. hesleri, 581 Acanthopanax (five-leaf aralia), 449 A. lycii, 584 Acanthorhynchus vaccinii, 295, 512 A. mirabilis, 537 Acanthostigma parasiticum, 535 A. modestum, 587 Acanthus, 449 A. physalidis, 552 Achimenes sp., 449 A. plenum, 637 Achrotelium, 342 A. arcularium, 481 A. lucumae, 342, 583 A. renatum, 593 Acidity, excess, 269 A. residuum, 478 Acidovorax A. rubromaculans, 342, 688 A. avenae, 77, 509, 591, 665, 692 A. subsimulans, 650 A. avenae (Pseudomonas avenae), 571 A. tracyanum, 524 A. avenae ssp. avenae, 619 A. triostei, 564 A. avenae ssp. citrulli,77 Aegopodium (bishop’s weed), 449 A. cattleyae,77 Aeschynomene (northern joint-vetch), 449 Acid scab, 365 Aesehynanthus, 449 Acremonium sp., 295, 592, 692 African violet (Saintpaulia), 449 A. crotocinigenum, 673 Agapanthus (African-lily), 450 A. diospyri, 433 Agaricaceae, 42 A. typhinum, 551 Agastache (giant-hyssop), 450 (Cephalosporium), 433 Ageratum, 450 Acroconidiella escholtziae, 218 Aglaospora anomala, 581 Acroptilon repens (knapweed, Russian), 449 Agrimony (Agrimonia), 450 Acrospermaceae, 38 Agrobacterium Actinomeris (yellow ironweed), 449 A. pseudotsugae, 523 Actinomycosis, 365 A. radiobacter,13 Actinopelte dryina, 201, 463, 499, 530, 588, 603, A. rhizogenes, 69, 456, 463, 476, 511, 520, 525, 672, 684 561, 562, 598, 614, 618, 639, 642, 645, 658, Actinothyrium, 201 663, 678 A. gloeosporioides, 201, 652 A. rubi, 69, 476, 520, 642

R.K. Horst, Westcott’s Plant Disease Handbook, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2141-8, 733 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 734 Index

Agrobacterium (cont.) Allium A. tumefaciens, 69, 452, 456, 459, 460, 464–466, 473, A. altaicum, 606 474, 476, 477, 485, 486, 488, 491, 493, 494, A. pskemense, 606 496, 497, 502, 504, 506, 507, 516–518, 520, A. vavilovii, 606 522, 525, 529, 530, 534, 535, 537, 541, 547, Allspice (Pimenta), 452 555, 558, 559, 562, 564, 567, 570–573, 578, Almond 580, 587, 589, 593, 597, 600, 602, 612, 614, bud failure, 390, 452 617, 619, 620, 623, 624, 630, 631, 633, calico, 390, 452 638–640, 642–645, 647, 648, 658, 670, 673, flowering (Prunus triloba), 452 677, 678, 684, 687, 690, 693–696, color plate 7 (Prunus amygdalus), 452 Agropyron mosaic, 552 scab, 363 Ailanthus (tree-of-heaven), 450 Alpakesa yuccifolia, 225 Air pollution, 270, 640 Alphacryptovirus, 50 Air pollution injury, 502, 623 Alstroemeria, 453 Akee tree (Blighia sapida), 451 mosaic, 453 Albuginaceae, 35 mosaic potyvirus and Alstromeria streak potyvirus, 390 Albugo sp., 577 Alternanthera, 453 A. bliti, 431, 453, 474, 544 mosaic, 536, 596, 656 A. candida, 431, 460, 463, 484, 489, 500, 524, 558, mosaic potexvirus, 390 564, 622, 641, 684, 690, 691, 695 Alternaria sp., 103, 143, 201, 203, 295, 296, 448, 449, 457, A. froelichiae, 538 459, 460, 464, 465, 467, 473, 477, 478, 480, 486, A. ipomoeae-panduratae, 431, 570, 596, 674 487, 489, 493, 495, 498, 502, 507, 509, 512, 515, A. occidentalis, 432, 663 517, 528, 531, 534, 537, 541, 546, 548, 564, 573, A. platensis, 432, 452, 538, 662, 685 574, 577, 580, 581, 583, 586, 588, 590, 594, 596, A. portulacae, 432, 635 597, 604, 609, 610, 612, 614, 616, 618, 620, 623, A. tragopogonis, 432, 449, 462, 496, 503, 531, 590, 630, 633, 638, 642, 644–646, 648, 653, 658, 651, 654, 671, 677 660–662, 665, 667, 673, 680, 681, 685, 688, A. trianthemi, 655 690–692, 695, 697 (Cystopus), 431 A. alternata, 103, 202, 295, 452, 486, 556, 583, 601, Albutilon yellows closterovirus, 389 614, 680, 698 Alder A. angustiovoidea, 202, 665 (Alnus), 451 A. arborescens, 452, 556, 690 powdery mildew, 287 A. brassicae, 202, 484, 500, 564, 599, 640, 684 Aleurodiscus A. brassicae var. microspora, 646 A. acerina, 149 A. brassicicola, 202, 484, 677 A. acerinus, 580, 587, 603 A. cassiae, 104, 493, 513 A. aceris, 499 A. catalpae, 202, 493 A. amorphus, 149, 461, 535, 575, 626, 663 A. chrysanthemi, 202, 503, 677 A. candidus, 559, 603 A. citri, 202, 295, 459, 504, 553, 574, 609 A. griseo-canus, 580, 603 A. citri var. cerasi, 498 A. nivosus, 461, 496, 572 A. consortiale, 514 A. oakesii, 149, 475, 563, 603 A. crassa, 518 A. spinulosus, 575 A. cucumerina, 103, 514, 591, 665, 692 A. werii, 575 A. dauci, 103, 492, 612 Aleurodiscus spp., 463, 523, 562 A. dauci f. sp. solani, 542 Alfalfa A. dianthi, 491, 520, 584 dwarf, 549 A. dianthicola, 104 mosaic, 453, 471, 492, 507, 609, 612, 632, 636, 670, A. fasciculata, 202, 647 671, 685 A. helianthi, 104, 671 mosaic alfamovirus, 389 A. iridicola, 586 Alfamovirus, 50 A. lancipes, 637 Algal spot, 205 A. leucanthemi, 202 Algerian navel orange, 505 A. longipes, 202, 601 Alkali injury, 270 A. mali, 296, 457, 640 Alkalinity, 270 A. nelumbii, 582 Allamanda, 451 A. oleracea, 202, 500, 561, 564, 640, 653, 684 Alliaria (garlic mustard), 452 A. oleraceae, 484 Alligatorweed stunting closterovirus, 389 A. panax, 104, 202, 460, 521, 543, 653, 684 Allionia (trailing four-o’clock), 452 A. passiflorae, 202, 613 Index 735

A. polypodii, 202, 533 Angiospora, 342 A. porri, 143, 605, 655 Anguina, 253 A. radicina, 296, 492, 665 A. agrostis, 253, 550 A. raphani, 202, 640, 668, 684 A. balsamophila, 253, 468 A. saponariae, 659 A. graminis, 253 A. scorzonerae, 140 A. tritici, 253 A. sesami, 655 Angular leaf spot, 77, 79, 80, 85, 116, 130, 131, A. solani, 104, 296, 500, 525, 552, 571, 635, 678 219, 222 A. sonchi, 202 Anise (Pimpinella anisum), 455 A. spinaciae, 662 Anise-tree (Illicium floridanum), 456 A. stemphylioides, 609 Anisogramma anomala, 149, 555 A. tagetica, 105, 202, 589 Annellophora, 203 A. tenuis, 202, 457, 467, 484, 492, 505, 514, 535, 559, A. phoenicis, 203, 609 585, 604, 625, 651, 665, 675, 684, 697 Anoda, 456 A. tenuissima, 105, 202, 452, 478, 556, 605, 629, 690 Anther smut, 379 A. violae, 611, 689 Anthracnose, 61–63, 66, 215 A. zinniae, 105, 296, 450, 671, 698 Anthriscus (Chervil), 456 blight, 103–105 Anthurium, 456 rot, 295 Antidesma (Chinese-laurel), 456 tennis, 605 Aphanomyces sp., 296, 622 tomato, 203, 680 A. cladogamus, 296, 611, 663, 680 Alternaria spp., 471, 502, 544, 561, 592, 621, 649 A. cochlioides, 296, 473 Alternariosis, 105 A. euteiches, 296, 495, 614, 664, 673 Aluminum toxicity, 270 A. eutiches, 471, 591 Alyssum (goldentuft, yellowtuft), 453 A. raphani, 296, 484, 500, 561, 599, 640, 653 Amaranthus (love-lies-bleeding, princes-feather, Joseph- Aphelandra (zebra plant), 698 coat, spiny amaranth), 453 Aphelenchoides sp., 253, 513, 523, 541, 562, Amaryllis 565, 616 (includes Hippeastrum), 453 A. besseyi, 253, 648, 669 wild (Nothoscordum bivalve; N. inodorum), 453 A. fragariae, 253, 455, 459, 467, 474, 479, 486, 507, Amelanchier (serviceberry, juneberry), 453 516, 527, 532–534, 558, 564, 574, 579, 584, American dagger nematode, 268 596, 599, 624, 627, 634, 638, 649, 657, 669 American gooseberry mildew, 292 A. parietinus, 254, 568, 594 American hornbean leaf curl, 195 A. ritzemabosi, 12, 254, 255, 450, 455, 465, 502, 517, Amerosporium, 203 547, 583, 593, 621, 654, 698, color plate 11 A. trichellum, 195, 569 A. subtenuis, 255, 599 Amorpha (leadplant, indigobush), 454 A. tagetae, 589 Ampelopsis (A. cordata and other species), 454 Aphelenchoides spp., 646 Amphiporthe Aphelenchus A. aculeans, 154 A. agricola, 455 A. castanae, 154 A. avenae, 599 Amphisphaeriaceae, 39 Apiognomonia,59 Amphobotrys, 149, 296 A. errabunda,59 A. ricini, 149, 632, 665, 676 A. tiliae,59 Amsonia, 454 A. veneta,59 Anabaena Apioplagiostoma populi, 634 A. cycadeae, 697 Apioporthe, 149 A. cycadearum, 515 A. anomala, 149, 555 Anaphalis (pearl everlasting), 454 A. apiospora, 149, 527 Anchusa (buglos, alkanet), 454 Apiosporina, 91, 95 Andromeda (bog-rosemary), 454 A. collinsii, 95, 453 Aneilema mosaic, 508 A. morbosa,91 Anemone Apiosporium pinophilum, 572 (cultivated forms, Japanese), 455 Aplopsora, 342 (native species), 455 A. nyssae, 342, 684 Angelica, 455 Aposphaeria fuscomaculans, 169 Angelonia (Angelonia angustifolia), 455 Apostrasseria flower, 624 A. lunata, 301 flower break carmovirus, 686, 687 (Ceuthospora), 301 736 Index

Appendiculella A. pusillum, 241, 575, 664 A. araliae,96 A. tsugense, 241, 557 A. calostroma,96 A. vaginatum, 626, 664 A. perseae,96 A. vaginatum ssp. cryptopodum, 241, 626 Apple A. vaginatum ssp. vaginatum, 626 blotch, 145 (dwarf mistletoe), 240 canker, 172 Arctotis, 461 chlorotic leaf spot, 458, 618 Ardisia, 461 dapple, 390 Argyreia, 461 green mottle, 390 Aristastoma, 203 (Malus sylvestris), 456 A. oeconomicum, 203, 471 mosaic, 458, 556, 618, 647, 669 Aristastoma sp., 203, 519 mosaic ilarvirus, 390 Arizona purple top wilt, 90 rot, 79 Armeria (sea-pink, thrift), 461 scab, 366 Armillaria, 297 stem grooving capillovirus, 390 A. gallsia, 518 stem growing, 458 A. mellae, 463 stem-pitting, 390 A. mellea, 58, 297, 446, 448, 451–453, 458, 459, Apple-of-Peru (Nicandra), 458 461, 464, 467, 469, 473–475, 479–481, 485, Apricot 487–491, 493, 494, 496–499, 501, 505, gummosis, 390, 459 511–513, 515, 517, 522, 523, 527, 535, 536, 539, (Prunus armeniaca), 458 541, 547, 554–557, 559, 562, 563, 566, 567, 569, pucker leaf, 459 575, 576, 578, 582, 583, 588, 593, 597, 598, 600, ring pox, 390, 459, 631 601, 603–605, 609, 613, 615, 618–620, 623, Aquathanatephorus pendulus, 691 625, 627, 629, 631, 634, 636, 638, 639, 642, 644, Aquatic plants (Caboriaba sp., Limnophila sp., Replis 645, 652, 655, 664, 669–671, 673, 683, 691, 693, diandra, and Potamogeton sp.), 459 694, 696, 697, 746 Arabidopsis, 460 A. tabescens, 301, 610 Arabis (Clitocybe), 301 mosaic, 460, 564 Armillariella mellea, 572 mosaic nepovirus, 391 Arnica, 461 (rock-cress), 460 Arrow-arum (Peltandra), 461 Aralia Arrowhead (Sagittaria), 461 hercules club (Aralia spinosa), 460 Arrowroot (Maranta), 462 ming (Polyscias), 460 Arsenical injury, 271, 459 sarsaparilla, american spikenard (Aralia hispida, A. Artemisia, 676 nudicaulis, A. racemosa), 460 (wormwood), 462 scab, 387 Arthrocladiella mongeotii, 584 udo (Aralia cordata), 460 Arthuriomyces Araucaria A. peckianus, 348 branch blight, 114, 139 (Gymnoconia), 348 (monkey-puzzle, norfolk-island-pine), 460 Artichoke Arbor vitae curly dwarf, 462 blight, 112 (globe) curly dwarf potexvirus, 391 leaf blight, 117 globe (cynara scolymus), 462 (Thuja), 460 jerusalem (helianthus tuberosus), 462 Arceuthobium latent, 462 A. abietinum, 557 latent potyvirus, 391 A. americanum, 240, 594, 626 Articularia quercina var. minor, 604 A. campylopodium, 536, 557, 664 Artillery plant, aluminum plant (Pilea), 462 A. campylopodum, 241, 575, 626 Artocarpus (breadfruit), 462 A. cyanocarpum, 241, 557, 626 Arugula (Eruca sativa), 463 A. douglasii, 241, 523, 536 Arundo (giant reed), 463 A. duglasiana, 626 Aschochyta brachypodii, 203 A. gilli, 626 Ascocalyx abietina, 170 A. herrarie, 626 Ascochyta sp., 105, 203, 298, 464, 476, 514, 556, 583, A. hondurense, 626 616, 618, 641, 665, 668, 673, 682 A. laricis, 241, 536, 557 A. abelmoschi, 203, 604, 648 A. occidentale, 241, 626 A. achlyicola, 686 Index 737

A. actaeae, 469, 503 A. pisi, 105, 204, 614 A. agropyrina, 550 A. plumbaginicola, 667 A. althaeina, 203, 561 A. primulae, 638 A. aquilegiae, 508, 518 A. radiei, 499 A. armoraciae, 205 A. rhei, 645 A. asparagina, 105, 464 A. rhodotypi, 571 A. aspidistrae, 203, 465 A. salicis, 694 A. asteris, 203, 465 A. sambucina, 526 A. boerhaaviae, 662 A. silenes, 656 A. bohemica, 489 A. sorghi, 550 A. boltshauseri, 203, 471, 472 A. symphoricarpophila, 658 A. brachypodii, 479, 567 A. thaspii, 698 A. capsici, 621 A. treleasei, 568 A. caricae, 535 A. utahensis, 550 A. cassandrae, 497 A. veratrina, 686 A. cephalanthi, 483 A. verbenae, 686 A. cheiranthi, 203 A. versicolor, 543 A. chrysanthemi, 105, 502 A. violae, 689 A. clematidina, 204, 506 A. violicola, 689 A. compositarum, 204, 530, 546, 656, 671 A. wisconsina, 526 A. confusa, 657 blight, 105, 204 A. cornicola, 204, 522 ray blight, 105, 106 A. cycadina, 516 Ascocorticiaceae, 39 A. cypripedii, 203 Ascomycota,36 A. desmazieri, 550 Ascospora, 150 A. dianthi, 520 A. ruborum, 150, 476, 520, 642 A. elymi, 550 Ash A. fabae f. sp. spiricia, 105 (fraxinus), 463 A. fabae f. sp. vicia, 687 canker, 158 A. fremontiae, 538 leaf spot, 221, 223 A. garrettiana, 608 moraine (Fraxinus holotriocha), 464 A. graminae, 550 ring spot, 487 A. graminicola, 550 ring spot¼arabis mosaicnepovirus, 391 A. hanseni, 585 rust, 360 A. hydrangeae, 565 stem blight, 123, 138, 221 A. hydrophylli, 566 witches’ broom, 391, 463 A. inepetae, 494 yellows, 46, 578 A. infuscans, 641 Asparagus A. iridis, 568 (Asparagus officinalis), 464 A. juglandis, 204, 690 fern (Asparagus plumosus), 464 A. lathyri, 673 florists’ smilax (Asparagus asparagoides), 464 A. ledi, 576 2 ilarvirus, 391 A. leonuri, 597 1 potyvirus, 391 A. lophanthi, 450, 691 rust, 356 A. lycopersici, 204, 525, 571, 635, 679 sprenger (Asparagus sprengeri), 464 A. majalis, 579 tree fern (Asparagus virgatus), 464 A. marginata, 460 Aspergillus sp., 228, 618, 660 A. negundinis, 480 A. alliaceus, 298, 485 A. oxybaphi, 452, 685 A. chevalieri, 619 A. paulowniae, 613 A. fischeri, 541 A. penstemonis, 620 A. flavus, 583 A. petuniae, 623 A. foetidus, 504 A. phaseolorum, 204, 471 A. fumigatus, 298, 474 A. philadelphi, 595 A. niger, 298, 583, 606, 609, 613, 616, 633, 636, 652 A. phlogis var. phlogina, 624 A. niger var. floridanus, 298, 524 A. piniperda, 105, 663 Aspergillus spp., 298, 505, 600, 674, 680, 683 A. pinodella, 105, 613 Asperisporium caricae, 672 A. pinodes, 105, 298 Aspidistra, 465 A. pirina, 501 leaf spot, 203 738 Index

Aster Asterostomella saccardoi, 227 china (Callistephus), 465 Astilbe, 466 chlorotic stunt, 465 Astragalus, 466 chlorotic stunt carlavirus, 391 Athelia rolfsii, 126 mosaic, 465 Atropellis, 150 perennial (Aster spp.), 465 A. apiculata, 150 ring spot, 391, 621 A. arizonica, 150, 626 wilt, 437 A. pinicola, 150, 626 yellows, 88, 453, 455, 465, 475, 483, 486, 487, A. piniiphila, 150, 626 489–492, 495, 500, 502, 503, 509, 510, A. tingens, 150, 626 517, 521, 524, 528, 529, 539, 543–545, Atylenchus decalineatus, 512 553, 554, 556, 577, 580, 589, 599, 601, 605, Aubrietta, 466 612, 616, 623, 624, 635, 639, 648, 651, 653, Aucuba 655, 662, 665, 667, 668, 670, 672, 677, 678, (gold-dust tree), 466 688, 698 leaf spot, 225, 227 clover proliferation, 606 Auerswaldia sp., 610 phytoplasma, 484 Aureobasidium, 189 Asterella paupercula, 570 A. pullulans, 189, 458 Asteria celastri, 476 Aureolaria Asteridiella manca,96 A. grandiflora var. serrata, 572 Asteridium lepidigenum,95 Auriculariaceae, 41 Asterina sp., 95, 673 Autumn crocus (Colchicum), 466 A. anomala, 95, 487 Avocado A. asterophora, 519 (Persea americana), 466 A. bignoniae, 475 3 alphacryptovirus, 391, 467 A. caricarum, 611 blotch, 143 A. clavuligera, 454 root rot, 326 A. conglobata, 472 scab, 388 A. cupressina, 572 sun blotch, 467 A. delitescens, 95, 643 sun blotch viroid, 391 A. diplodioides, 578 Awl nematode, 258 A. diplopoides,95 Axillary bud proliferation, 698 A. discoidea, 519 Azalea A. gaultheriae, 95, 472 (Rhododendron), 467 A. ilicis, 560, 567 anthracnose, 63 A. lepidigena, 95, 584 flower spot, 125 A. lepidigenoides, 490 leaf gall, 191 A. orbicularis, 95, 560 leaf scorch, 198 A. pelliculosa, 559 Azara, 468 A. phoradendricola, 594 Azoxystrobin, 5 A. purpurea, 519 A. radians, 490 A. sabalicola, 611 B A. somatophora, 492 Babiana, 468 Asterinella,96 Bacillus A. puiggarii, 96, 530 B. polymyxa, 678 Asternia sp., 95 B. subtilis, 5, 548 A. oleina, 605 Bacteria, 1 Asteroma, 204 Bacterial A. fraserae, 508 bean blight, 86, 88 A. garretianum, 204, 638 blight, 76, 79, 80, 85–87 A. inconspicuum, 215 canker, 71, 80, 82 A. solidaginis, 204, 546 crown rot, 75 A. tenerrimum, 204 knot, 81 A. tenerrimum var. erythronii, 529 leaf blight, 77, 78 Asteromella leaf scorch, 88 (Stictochlorella), 204 leaf spot, 77–83, 85–87 A. andrewsii, 541 necrosis, 74 A. lupini, 204 pustule, 85 Index 739

ring disease, 79, 83 Bean ring rot, 71 adzuki (Phaseolus angularis), 470 rot, 79 anthracnose, 62, 65 speck, 82 Asparagus, yardlong (Vignasesquipedalis), 470 spot, 77, 79, 82, 84, 86–88 common mosaic, 471 stripe, 77 necrosis, 471 wilt, 72, 77–79, 87, 88 potyvirus, 392 wilting, 84 faba (Vicia), 470 wilt of bean, 72 golden mosaic, 448, 472 Bactericide, 1 halo blight, 80 Bacteriosis, 84, 87 kidney, lima, 470 Badhamia panacea, 507 leaf roll, 499, 614 Badnavirus, 51 leaf roll luteovirus, 302 Baeodromus, 342 mosaic, 471 B. californicus, 342, 654 mosaic¼bean common mosaic potyvirus, 392 B. eupatorii, 342 mung (Vigna radiata), 472 Balansia, 106 phyllody, 88, 471 B. cyperi, 106, 602 pod mottle, 471, 661 Bald cypress (Taxodium), 468 pod mottle comovirus, 392 Baldhead, 271, 471, 661 red node, 471 Baldwin spot, 271 rust, 361 Balm (Melissa), 468 scarlet runner (Phaseolus coccineus), 472 Balsam southern mosaic sobemovirus, 392 butt rot, 329, 330 tepary (Phaseolas acutifolius), 472 fir canker, 149 urd (Vigna), 472 Balsam-apple, balsam-pear (Momordica), 468 yellow dot, 471 Balsam-root (Balsamorhiza), 468 yellow mosaic, 471, 538, 583, 676, 687, 697 Bamboo yellow stipple, 471 (Bambusa, Phyllostachys), 468 yellow stipple¼cowpea chlorotic mottle bromovirus, mosaic, 468 392 Banana Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uvaursi), 472 dwarf (musa nana), 468 Beauty-bush (Kolkwitzia), 472 shrub (Michelia figo), 469 Beech (Fagus), 473 Baneberry, cohosh (Actaea), 469 Beet Baptisia (false indigo), 469 (Beta vulgaris), 670 Barberry (Berberis), 741 2 alphacryptovirus, 392, 474 Bark black scorch, 392, 474 canker, 152, 153, 158, 166, 167 curly top, 453, 465, 471, 472, 474, 484, 487, 491, 492, and cone spot, 469 495, 507, 509, 511, 514, 519, 520, 525, 538, 541, patch, 149, 171 544, 545, 552, 558, 564, 571, 574, 581, 586, 589, Barley, 469 592, 594, 600, 601, 608, 611, 612, 622, 624, yellow dwarf, 479, 510, 552, 567, 675 634–636, 641, 645, 651, 653, 661, 663, 666, 668, yellow dwarf luteovirus, 391 670, 674, 675, 680, 684, 689, 692, 695, 698 yellow streak mosaic, 391 curly top hybrigeminivirus, 392 Barren-strawberry (Waldsteinia), 469, 742 distortion mosaic, 474 Barrenwort (Epimedium), 469 distortion mosaic virus, 393 Basal, 314 downy mildew, 183 canker, 170 latent, 474 gall, 193 mosaic, 474, 675 rot, 309, 310 mosaic potyvirus, 393 stem rot, 75, 330 necrotic yellow vein, 494 Basidiomycota, 33 necrotic yellow vein tobamovirus, 393 Basidiophora, 181 pseudo-yellows, 474, 477, 663, 666 B. entospora, 181, 465, 529, 546 pseudo-yellows closterovirus, 393 Basil (Ocimum), 469 ring mottle, 393, 474, 663 Bauhinia (orchid-tree, mountainebony), 470 rust, 362 Bayberry savoy, 393, 474 (Myrica carolinensis), 470 scab, 365 yellows, 391, 470 soilborne, 474 740 Index

Beet (cont.) Bird’s nest fungus, 187 soilborne mosaic, 474 Bischofia, 475 western yellows, 474 Biscogniauxia marginata, 165 western yellows luteovirus, 394 Bishops-cap (Mitella), 475 western yellows virus, 653 Bispora sp., 478 yellow net, 474 Bitertanol, 5 yellow net luteovirus, 394 Bittercress (Cardamine), 476 yellows, 474 Bitter pit, 271, 457, 556, 605, 617 yellows closterovirus, 394 Bitter rot, 302, 312, 313, 317 yellow vein, 474 Bittersweet (Celastrus), 476 Beggarweed, Florida (Desmodium tortuosum), 474 Bixa (annato-tree), 476 Begomoviruses, 586 Black Begonia, 474 bearberry (Arctous), 476 (crossvine), 475 cane rot, 301 bacteriosis, 83, 84 crown rot, 300 mildew, 289 end, 271, 457, 617, 690 Bells-of-Ireland (Molucella), 474 fruit rot, 299 Belonolaimus goo, 130 B. gracilis, 255, 473, 484, 495, 528, 551, 583, 606, heart, 271, 457, 473, 492, 495, 635 614–616, 627, 635, 646, 661, 669, 673 knot, 91 B. longicaudatus, 255, 484, 495, 522, 551, 585, 616, leaf, 215, 617 635, 661 leaf speck, 236 Benalaxyl, 5 leaf spot, 18, 208, 215, 216, 222, 227 Beniowskia, 106 line, 691 B. sphaeroidea, 106, 481, 573 loose smut, 377 Benzalkonium chloride, 13 mildew, 95–97, 222 Bermuda grass leaf blotch, 217, 218 mold, 103, 243, 298 Betacryptovirus, 51 nose, 609 Bidens patch, 92 (bur-marigold), 475 pit, 619 mottle, 394, 450, 465, 470, 475, 486, 519, 539, 583, pod spot, 131 622, 624, 648, 668, 670, 671, 687 pox, 189 mottle potyvirus, 394 pustle, 515 Bifusella, 245 raspberry necrosis, 642 B. abietis, 245, 536 root, 271, 669 B. crepidiformis, 664 rot, 84, 131, 132, 296, 299, 301, 304, 313, 325, 335, B. faullii, 245, 536 338, 339 B. linearis, 245, 626 rot canker, 168 B. saccata, 245, 626 scale rot, 303 B. striiformis, 626 scorch, 381 Bigeminivirus, 51 seed rot, 235 Bigseed alfalfa dodder, 180 sigatoka, 124 Bindweed, field (Convolvulus), 475 spot, 77, 95, 204, 211, 214, 216, 222, 229, 236, 364, 365 Biopolairs stem rot, 306 B. cactivora, 314 stem spot, 224 B. cyanodontis, 549 wart, 193 B. hawaiiensis, 550 Blackberry B. heveae, 651 (Rubus), 476 B. iridis, 124 dwarf, 394 B. sacchari, 533 dwarfing, 394, 476 B. setariae, 217, 491, 502, 541, 609, 610, 646, 658 leaf spot, 234 B. sorokinearia, 471 mosaic, 394, 476 B. sorokiniana, 217, 550, 694 variegation, 394, 476 Birch Blackberry-lily (Belamcanda), 477 (Betula), 475 Black dot disease, 61 leaf rust, 353 Blackening red leaf blister, 195 after cooking, 635 Bird-of-paradise (Strelitzia), 475 before cooking, 635 Bird’s eye rot, 385 Blackeye cowpea mosaic, 394 Index 741

Blackfire, 78, 79, 82 Blue-eyed grass (Sisyrinchium), 478 Blackleg, 93, 94 Bluegrass Black-seed disease, 223 blister smut, 374 Bladder-senna (Colutea), 477 leaf spot, 217 Blanket flower (Gaillardia grandiflora), 477 Bluestem Blast, 229, 313, 314, 606 big (Andropogon), 479 Blasting, 271 little (Schizachyrium), 479 Bleeding, 168 Blumeria graminis, 287, 481 canker, 168, 171 Blumeriella Bleeding-heart (Coccomyces), 209 (Dicentra spectabilis), 477 B. jaapii, 209, 210 vine (Clerodendrin), 477 B. kerriae, 210 Blephilia, 477 Boehmeria, 479 Blight, 78, 79, 82, 84, 104–106, 111, 115, 118, 120, 123, Boil smut, 377 130, 135, 136, 138, 159, 160, 162, 163, 182, Boisduvalia, 479 187, 201, 207, 209, 210, 227, 299, 312, 364, Bole canker, 156 504, 578, 672 Boletaceae, 42 foliage, 103 Boll rot, 302 and wilt, 437 Boltonia, 479 Blindness, 271, 568 Borage (Borago), 479 Blind seed rot, 313 Bordeaux injury, 272 Blister canker, 154, 166 Bordeaux mixture, 5 Blister spot, 81 Boron Bloodroot, 228 deficiency, 272, 486, 560, 645, 646 (Sanguinaria), 477 toxicity, 273 leaf spot, 228 Botryodiplodia, 106, 150 Blossom blight, 85, 107, 112, 113, 124 B. gallae, 150, 159, 603 Blossom drop, 472 B. theobormoae, 298 Blossom-end rot, 271, 621, 665, 679, 692 B. theobromae, 150, 458, 525, 629, 646 Blotch, 131, 139, 213 B. theobromea, 504 Blotchy ripening, 679 Botryosphaeria sp., 106, 150, 299, 516, 548, 580 Blue B. berengeriana, 559, 619 contact mold, 322 B. calycanthi, 488 curls (Trichostema), 478 B. corticis, 167, 477 lace-flower (Trachymene), 478 B. dothidea, 150, 229, 452, 456, 476, 477, 548, 614, mold, 184 615, 617, 654, 672 mold rot, 322 B. marconii, 557 stain, 616 B. obtusa, 131, 150, 167, 299, 325, 457, 476, Blueberry 548, 616 (Vaccinium), 477 B. quercuum, 167 brown rot, 319 B. rhodina, 168, 299, 325, 548, 628 bud-proliferating gall, 192 B. ribis, 150, 299, 456, 460, 469, 488, 491, 498, 515, cane canker, 167, 168 522, 526, 527, 529, 534, 537, 546, 547, 558, canker, 82 618, 623, 639, 640, 642, 644, 654, 670, 683, leaf mottle, 478 694, 697 leaf mottle nepovirus, 394 B. ribis var. chromogena, 106, 466, 486, 515, 563, necrotic ring spot, 394, 478 614, 633, 643, 646, 662, 672 necrotic shock, 478 B. stevensii, 151, 325, 572 necrotic shock ilarvirus, 394 B. vaccinii, 303 red ring spot, 478 B. vanillae, 686 red ring spot caulimovirus, 394 Botryosporium, 243 ring spot, 394 B. pulchrum, 243, 541, 679 scorch carlavirus, 394 Botryotinia, 106, 299 shoestring, 478 B. convoluta, 299, 568 shoestring sobemovirus, 395 B. fuckeliana, 107 stunt, 478 B. narcissicola, 334 stunt phytoplasma, 395 B. polyblastis, 137, 599 witches’ broom, 116 B. ricini, 107, 493 Blue cohosh (Caulophyllum), 478 B. sphaerosperma, 579 742 Index

Botrytis sp., 107, 151, 204, 299, 518, 529, 546, 566, 577, dieback, 158, 164, 166 586, 604 gall canker, 163 B. aclada, 299 mortality, 155 B. allii, 606, 655 necrosis, 155 B. byssoidea, 299 rot, 438 B. cinerea, 15, 107, 151, 229, 449, 451–453, 455, 459, and truck canker, 150 460, 462, 464, 465, 467–470, 474, 476–478, wilt, 440 484–492, 494–496, 498, 502, 503, 505, Branched broomrapeh, 147 507–509, 512, 514–520, 522–525, 528, 531, Brasiliomyces trina, 287 533, 535, 537, 538, 541–545, 547, 548, 553, Brassica 555, 557, 560, 562, 564, 565, 568, 577–581, B. alboglabra, 484 583, 584, 589, 590, 593, 595, 599, 600, 604, B. carinata, 484 606–608, 611, 612, 614–616, 618, 620, B. napus, 484 622–625, 628, 630, 631, 633, 636, 638, 639, B. perviridis, 484 641, 642, 645, 647, 649, 650, 652, 654, 656, B. rapa, 484 658–660, 663, 665, 667, 668, 671, 673, 674, B. robertiana, 484 678–682, 686–689, 698, color plate 14 Bremia, 181 B. douglasii, 108, 575, 654 B. lactucae, 181, 495, 528, 554, 574, 577, 637 B. elliptica, 108, 466, 529, 543, 579, 667, 682 Bremiella B. fabae, 204, 687 B. megasperma, 689 B. galanthina, 109, 658 B. sphaerosperma, 566 B. gladiolorum, 109, 299, 543 Brickellia (brickle-bush), 481 B. hyacinthi, 109, 585 Briosia, 110 blight, 107, 109, 110 b. amphelophaga, 548 B. liliorum, 579 B. azalea, 643 B. narcissicola, 109 B. azaleae, 111, 467 b. paeoniae, 109, 579, 620 Bristlegrass (setaria), 481 B. polyblastis, 114 Broad bean B. porri, 299, 605 severe chlorosis, 687 B. ricini, 486 severe chlorosis closterovirus, 395 B. squamosa, 299, 606 wilt, 474, 495, 678, 686, 687 B. streptothrix, 110, 478, 508, 545, 656 wilt fabavirus, 395 B. tulipae, 110, 299, 682, 688 Broad bean severe chlorosis, 687 crown rot, 299 Broccoli, 481 neck rot, 299 Brodiaea, 481 Botrytis spp., 457 Brome Bottle-brush (Callistemon), 479 grass mosaic, 472 Bottom rot, 331, 332 mosaic, 511 Bougainvillea (Buginvillaea), 479 mosaic bromovirus, 395 Bouvardia, 479 Bromegrass Boxelder (Acer negundo), 479 mosaic, 471, 518, 552, 624, 666, 671 Boxwood mosaic virus, 470, 514 (Buxus), 480 smooth (Bromus), 481 leaf blight, 141 Bromelia, 481 nectria canker, 173 Bromovirus, 51 spiral nematode, 266 Bronopol, 13 tip blight, 130 Bronze leaf, 471 Boydia insculpta, 560 Bronzing, 473, 504, 665, 683 Boysenberry, 479 Brooks fruit spot, 190 Brachiaria Broom (broadleaf signalgrass), 480 (Cytisus), 481 B. platyphylla, 549 Spanish (Spartium), 481 Brachycome (swan river daisy), 480 Brooming disease, 660, 691 Brachypodium (slender false-brome), 480 Broussonetia (paper-mulberry), 481 Brachysporium, 299 Browallia (Streptosolen jamesonii), 481 tomato, 299, 680 Brown Bramble anthracnose, 387 bark spot, 273, 498, 617, 630 Branch blight, 217, 218, 577 canker, 157–160 blotch, 617 Index 743

core, 457 Bunch disease, 619 core rot, 327 Bunchflower (Melanthium), 483 crumbly rot, 308, 337 Bunch mold, 298 cubical rot, 303, 305, 329, 330 Bundleflower (Desmanthus), 483 felt blight, 121, 125 Bunt, 375, 376 heart, 272, 484, 528, 684 Bupirimate, 6 heart rot, 328 Burgundy mix, 6 leaf blotch, 145, 233 Burkholderia leaf spot, 212, 671 B. andropogonis, 77, 479 mottled heart rot, 323 B. caryophylli,78 patch, 321, 332 B. cepacia,6,78 pocket rot, 308, 314, 316, 336 B. gladioli, 78, 607 root, 668 Burn, 551 root rot, 130 Burnet (Sanguisorba), 483 rot, 79, 82, 124, 317, 322, 326, 327, 330 Burrillia, 373 scale, 302 B. decipiens, 373, 602 spot, 77, 78, 202, 229, 234 B. pustulata, 461 spot, foliar, 81 Burrowing nematode, 265 stain, 556 Bursaphelenchus, 255 stem, 495 B. lignicolus, 256, 627 stem rot, 300 B. xylophilus, 256, 627 stringy rot, 307 Butlerelfia eustacei, 303 stripe, 232 Butterfly-flower (Schizanthus), 483 tip, 544 Butterfly pea trunk rot, 308 (Centrosema), 483 Brunchorstia boycei, 523 (Clitoria), 483 Brunfelsia, 482 Butterfly weed (Asclepias), 483 Brussels sprouts, 482 Butternut dieback, 163 Bryonopsis, 482 Buttonbush (Cephalanthus), 483 Bubakia Butt rot, 312 (Phakopsora), 342 Bymovirus, 51 B. crotonis, 513 B. erythroxylonis, 342 Buckeye, 482 C leaf blotch, 144 Cabbage rot, 327 (Brassica oleracea) (including Broccoli, Brussels Buckleya, 482 sprouts, Cauliflower, Kale, Kohl-rabi), 484 Buckthorn (Rhamnus), 482 black ring spot, 395 Buckwheat-tree (Cliftonia), 482 cyst nematode, 259 Bud leaf curl, 484 blast, 109, 579, 620 leaf spot, 202 blight leaf, 120 ring necrosis, 484 drop, 273, 540, 673 ring necrosis¼turnip mosaic potyvirus, 395 drop, dieback, 488 yellows, 438 failure, 452 Cacopaurus, 256 and flower blight, 107 C. pestis, 256 gall, 191 Cactodera estonica, 660 and leaf nematode, 255 Cactus proliferation, 90 (Cereus), 310 rot, 321, 322 (Leuchtenbergia principis and Schlumbergera scorch, 197 gaertneri Makoyana), 485 and twig blight, 111 anthracnose, 66 Buddleia (butterfly-bush), 482 cyst nematode, 259 Buffaloberry (Shepherdia), 482 fishhook, pincushion (Mammillaria), 485 Buffalograss (Buchloe), 482 giant, Saguaro (Carnegiea), 485 Bugleweed (Ajuga), 482 prickly pear (Opuntia), 485 Bulb decay, 72, 77 star, sea-urchin, barrel (Echinocactus), 485 Bulb rot, 299, 310, 311 virus X, 602 Bumelia, 483 X. potexvirus, 395 744 Index

Caeoma, 342 yellow mottle leaf, 489 C. dubium, 557 yellow mottle varicosavirus, 395 C. faulliana, 342, 536 Camomile (Anthemis), 489 C. torreyae, 342 Campanula (bellflower, canterbury bells), 489 Caesalpinia, 486 Campestris, 460 Caladium, 486 Camphor-tree Calathea, 486 (Cinnamomum), 489 Calceolaria (slipperwort), 486 scab, 385 Calcium chloride injury, 273 Canavirgella, 246 Calcium deficiency, 273 C. banfieldii, 246, 626 Calendula Cancroid spot, 504 (pot marigold), 486 Candida krusei, 505 leaf spot, 206 Candidatus white smut, 374 C. asteris, 490 Calibrachoa C. brasiliense, 622 (Calibrachoa sp.), 486 C. phytoplasma asteris, 636 mottle, 486, 624 Candlestick shrub (Cassia), 489 mottle carmovirus, 395 Candytuft (Iberis), 489 Caliciopsis, 151 Cane C. nigra, 572 blight, 120, 123, 131, 132 C. pinea, 151, 626 gall, 69 California knot canker, 172 aster yellows, 88, 486, 487, 489, 490, 495, 505, 509, rust, 352 510, 518, 528, 537, 539, 540, 542, 544–545, spot, 150, 170 553, 556, 558, 577, 586, 589, 590, 593, 600, Canker, 63, 79, 106, 122, 130–132, 140, 149–164, 605, 612, 624, 637, 640, 641, 648, 649, 651, 166–172, 192, 193, 224, 305, 313, 365, 653, 654, 667, 670, 671, 674, 689, 698 440, 557 chinquapin leaf blister, 195 Canker stain of London plane, 151 dagger nematode, 268 Canna, 489 mistletoe, 240 mosaic, 395 pepper-tree (Schinus), 487 yellow mottle, 490 pitcher-plant (Darlingtonia), 487 yellow mottle badnavirus, 396 poppy (Eschscholtzia), 487 Canola (Brassica napus), 490 sessile nematode, 264 Cantaloupe, 490 California-bluebell (Phacelia), 486 Cape-cowslip (Lachenalia), 490 California-laurel (Umbellularia), 487 Cape-honeysuckle (Tecomaria), 490 California-rose (Convolvulus japonicus), 487 Cape-marigold (Dimorphotheca), 490 Calla Caper (Capparis), 490 chlorotic spot, 488 Capeweed, cape dandelion (Arctotheca calendula), 490 common, golden, pink (Zantedeschia), 487 Capillovirus, 51 leaf spot, 228 Capnodiaceae, 38 wild (Calla palustris), 488 Capnodium sp., 383, 482, 507, 535, 612, 624, 695 Calliandra (false-mesquite), 488 C. axiliatum, 494 Callicarpa (beauty-berry; French-mulberry), 488 C. citri, 383, 505, 607 Callus knot, 457 C. citricola, 505 Calonectria sp., 111, 204, 300, 612 C. elongatum, 383, 475, 560, 561, 605, 683 C. colhounii, 111, 205, 448, 577, 610 C. footii, 456 C. graminicola, 551 C. grandisporum, 492, 693 C. theae, 205, 610 C. pini, 628 Caloscypha fulgens, 664 Capnodium spp., 383, 512, 540, 587, 697 Calycanthus (sweetshrub, carolina allspice), 488 Capsule spot, 218, 219 Calyx-end rot, 296, 298, 335 Captan, 6 Camass (Camassia), 488 Carapace spot, 466 Camellia, 488 Caraway (Carum), 490 dieback, 161 Carbendazim, 6 flower blight, 137, 138 Carbofuran, 15 leaf gall, 191 Carbon disulfide, 6 leaf spot, 225, 227, 235 Carboxin, 6 scab, 386 Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus), 490 Index 745

Carissa, 490 Castor-bean (Ricinus communis), 493 (natal-plum), 491 Casuarina (Australian-pine), 493 Carlavirus, 51, 556 Catalina cherry (Prunus lyoni), 493 Carmovirus, 51 Catalpa, 493 Carnation leaf spot, 202, 227 (Dianthus caryophyllus), 491 Catenularia, 300 bud rot, 311 C. fuliginea, 300, 609 collar blight, 104 Catface, 273, 615, 679 downy mildew, 182 Catha (Arabian-tea), 494 etched ring caulimovirus, 396 Catkin hypertrophy, 196 etch-ring, 491 Catnip (Nepeta), 494 fusarium wilt, 439 Cats-claw (Doxantha), 494 Italian ring spot, 491 Cat-tail (Typha ), 494 Italian ring spot tombusvirus, 396 Cattleya blossom brown necrotic streak, 607 latent, 491, 520 Cattleya dry sepal, 607 latent carlavirus, 396 Cauliflower mosaic, 396, 491, 675 mosaic, 484, 500, 599, 668 mottle, 491 mosaic caulimovirus, 397 mottle carmovirus, 396 Caulimovirus, 51 necrotic fleck, 491 Ceanothus, 494 necrotic fleck closterovirus, 396 Cedar pimple, 86, 87 (Cedrus sp.) (atlas cedar, deodar, cedar of pin nematode, 263 Lebanon), 494 powdery mildew, 289 blight, 130 ring spot, 491 Cedar-apple rust, 350 ring spot dianthovirus, 396 Celandine (Chelidonium), 494 rust, 362 Celery streak, 396, 491 brown spot, 205 vein mottle, 491 calico, 397, 495, 519 vein mottle potyvirus, 396 celeriac (Apium graveolens), 495 yellows, 396, 491 late blight, 139 Carob, St. Johns bread (Ceratonia), 491 mosaic, 492, 495 Carolina geranium (Geranium carolinianum), 491 mosaic potyvirus, 397 Carolina jessamine (Gelsemium), 492 pin nematode, 263 Carolina moonseed (Cocculus), 492 wilt, 437 Carolina spiral nematode, 266 yellow dwarf poleroviridae, 397 Carpetweed (Mollugo), 492 yellow spot, 495 Carrot yellow spot luteovirus, 397 (Daucus carota var. sativa), 492 Celtuce (Lactuca serriota var. sativa), 495 cyst nematode, 259 Cenangium, 111 leaf blight, 103 C. ferruginosum, 111, 535, 626 motley dwarf, 492 C. singulare, 151, 634 motley dwarf¼carrot mottle umbrarvirus, 396 dieback, 111 purple leaf, 492 Cenchrus (buffelgrass), 495 red leaf, 492 Centaurea (bachelors-button, basketflower; cornflower; red leaf luteovirus, 396 dusty-miller, yellow starthistle), 495 thin leaf, 492 Centipede thin leaf potyvirus, 397 grass (Eremochloa), 496 wild (Daucus carota), 492 Centrospora acerina, 300, 492, 495, 611, 612, 689 Cascara (Ramnus ramorum), 493 Century plant (Agave), 496 Cashew (Anacardium), 493 Cephaleuros, 205 Cassabana, curuba (Sicana), 493 Cephaleuros virescens, 205, 448, 456, 461, 466, 475–476, Cassava 488, 489, 503, 504, 507, 539, 552, 553, 570, common mosaic, 587 574–576, 582, 585, 587, 619, 623, 638, 643, common mosaic potexvirus, 397 676, 688 Cassia (Senna, Sicklepod, Partridgepea), 493 Cephalosporium sp., 205, 300, 433, 478, 527, 535, 566, Cassiope, 493 592, 603, 683 Cassytha filiformis, 504, 607 C. acremonium, 510, 534 Cast, 248 C. apii, 205, 495 746 Index

Cephalosporium sp. (cont.) C. aquilegiae, 206, 508 C. carpogenum, 300, 457, 618 C. arachidicola, 206 C. cinnamomeum, 205, 601, 675 C. arboreae, 503, 622 C. dieffenbachiae, 205, 521 C. arborescentis, 565 C. diospyri, 433, 623 C. armoraciae, 206, 564 C. gregatum, 300, 471, 661 C. asclepiadorae, 483 Cephalosporium wilt, 437 C. asiminae, 613 Cephalotaxus (Japanese plum-yew), 496 C. asparagi, 464 Ceratobasidium anceps, 506, 522, 533, 566, 582, 641, 666 C. asterata, 465 Ceratocystis sp., 151, 197, 300, 634 C. atrogrisea, 640 (Ceratostomella), 151 C. atromaculans, 460, 558 C. coerulescens, 588 C. aurantia, 504 C. fagacearum, 433, 501, 604 C. avicennae, 448 C. fimbriata, 300, 452, 459, 570, 596, 614, 630, 632, 675 C. bacilligera, 482 C. fimbriata f. sp. platani, 151, 629 C. barbarea, 695 C. paradoxa, 197, 609, 628 C. bellynckii, 688 C. tremullo-aurea, 633 C. beticola, 207, 473, 650, 662, 675 C. ulmi, 527 C. biformis, 613 (Ceratostomella) C. ulmi, 434 C. bixae, 476 C. wageneri, 301, 623 C. boerhaaviae, 662 Ceratostomataceae, 39 C. bougainvilleae, 206, 479 Ceratostomella radiciola, 609 C. brassicicola, 599, 684 Cercoseptoria C. brassicola, 484, 500 C. blephiliae, 471, 598 C. brinkii, 206, 541 C. caryigena, 563 C. brunnea, 659 C. minuta, 489 C. caldosporioides, 605 Cercospora sp., 103, 143, 205, 207, 448, 449, 461, 473, C. calendulae, 206, 486 474, 488, 510, 512, 517, 528, 532, 545, 546, C. callae, 461, 487 562, 573, 579, 585, 589, 591, 595, 609, 610, C. callicarpae, 488 625, 667, 673, 682 C. calthae, 589 C. abeliae, 205, 448 C. cana, 529 C. abelmoschi, 205, 604 C. canescens, 453, 471, 494, 523, 660 C. acalyphae, 448 C. cannabina, 206, 557 C. acetosellae, 649 C. cannabis, 206, 557 C. adusta, 639 C. capitati crotonicola, 513 C. aeruginosa, 482 C. capreolata, 475 C. aesculina, 563 C. capsici, 206, 621 C. afflata, 563 C. carii, 526 C. ageratoides, 530 C. carotae, 112, 492 C. alabamensis, 570, 596 C. catalpae, 493 C. albo-maculans, 205 C. catenospora, 526 C. alismatis, 461 C. caulophylli, 478, 648 C. alni, 451 C. ceanothi, 494 C. althaeina, 205, 561, 634 C. cebrina, 511 C. amalayensis, 559 C. celosiae, 507 C. amaryllidis, 453, 587, 641, 662 C. cercidis, 643 C. amelopsidis, 596 C. chionanthi, 538 C. ampelopsidis, 689 C. chrysanthemi, 502, 655 C. amptosori, 534 C. cichorii, 528 C. anethi, 521 C. cinchonae, 503 C. angulata, 206, 515, 547, 595 C. circumscissa, 206, 452, 459, 498, 501, C. anomala, 449 615, 630 C. antipus, 562 C. citri-grisea, 504 C. antirrhini, 658 C. citrullina, 206, 665, 692 C. apii, 111, 487, 495 C. cladosporioides, 498 C. apiifoliae, 555 C. clavata, 483 C. apii f. sp. clerodendri, 506 C. clavicarpa, 667 C. apii var. angelicae, 455 C. cleomis, 506 C. apocyni, 521 C. clitoriae, 483 Index 747

C. cocculicola, 492 C. fukushiana, 566 C. coleosanthi, 481 C. fuliginosa, 623 C. concentrica, 697 C. fulvella, 687 C. concors, 143, 206, 207 C. fusca, 207, 559, 619 C. condensata, 562 C. fuscomaculans, 550 C. consobrina, 615 C. fuscovirens, 613 C. consociata, 649 C. galii, 539 C. conspicua, 556 C. garryae, 540 C. coreopsidis, 509 C. gaultheriae, 472, 540, 695 C. cornicola, 206, 522 C. gaurae, 540 C. corylina, 555 C. gayophyti, 553 C. crassoides, 538 C. gei, 542 C. crotonifolia, 513 C. gentianae, 541 C. crotonis, 513 C. gentianicola, 541 C. crotonophila, 513 C. gigantea, 504 C. cruciferarum, 640 C. glandulosa, 450 C. cruenta, 476, 483 C. gnaphaliacea, 545 C. cucurbitae, 514, 547, 665 C. gomphrenae, 544 C. cydoniae, 640 C. gonolobi, 651 C. cynoglossi, 516, 574 C. granuliformis, 689 C. cypripedii, 607 C. graphioides, 498 C. daemonicola, 519 C. grindeliae, 552 C. daleae, 658 C. grisea, 593 C. decumariae, 518 C. guttulata, 524 C. delphinii, 518 C. gymnocladi, 573 C. dendrobii, 607 C. halesiae, 554 C. depazeoides, 526 C. handelii, 644 C. desmanthi, 483 C. helenii, 556 C. destructiva, 530 C. helianthi, 462, 671 C. deutziae, 519 C. heliotropii, 557 C. diffusa, 552 C. hemerocallis, 518 C. dioscoreae, 696 C. henningsii, 587 C. dispersa, 693 C. heteromeles, 625 C. dubia, 651 C. heterospora, 664 C. dulcamerae, 571 C. heuchera, 550 C. duplicata, 682 C. hibisci, 559, 647 C. echii, 689 C. hieracii, 554 C. echinocystis, 594 C. houstoniae, 565 C. effusa, 581 C. hujina, 460, 516 C. elaeagni, 649 C. hydrangeae, 565 C. elongata, 676 C. hyperici, 650 C. epigaeae, 528 C. ilicis, 560, 567 C. epipactidis, 607 C. insulana, 667 C. eriobotryae, 625 C. juglandis, 690 C. erysimi, 690 C. jujubae, 571 C. erythrogena, 590 C. jussiaeae, 692 C. euonymi, 590 C. kalmiae, 597 C. euphorbiae, 664 C. kellermanii, 561, 648 C. euphorbiicola, 659 C. kikuchii, 660 C. exotica, 691 C. kolkwitziae, 472 C. ferruginae, 462 C. laburni, 545 C. ferruginea, 650 C. lanuginosa, 483 C. fici, 534 C. lathyrina, 673 C. fingens, 590 C. leonotidis, 580 C. flagellaris, 648 C. leptandrae, 514 C. floricola, 697 C. leptosperma, 460 C. fragariae, 668 C. leucosticta, 499 C. fraserae, 508 C. leucothoes, 578 C. fraxinites, 463 C. ligustri, 638 748 Index

Cercospora sp. (cont.) C. osmorhizae, 688 C. lilacis, 578 C. oxalidiphila, 608 C. lippiae, 580 C. oxybaphi, 452, 685 C. liquidambaris, 671 C. oxydendri, 608 C. lobeliae, 581 C. pachypus, 671 C. longispora, 583 C. paeoniae, 620 C. longissima, 577 C. pancratii, 513, 662 C. ludwigiae, 583 C. papaveri, 634 C. lupini, 583 C. parvimaculans, 546 C. lutescens, 501 C. pastinacae, 612 C. lycii, 584, 590 C. pastinacina, 612 C. lycopi, 691 C. penstemonis, 620 C. lysimachiae, 582 C. peristeriae, 607 C. lythracearum, 207, 512, 584 C. perniciosa, 483 C. lythri, 584 C. perseae, 466 C. maclurae, 608 C. personata, 208 C. macrochaeta, 603 C. petroselini, 612 C. macroguttata, 503 C. petuniae, 623 C. magnoliae, 207, 585 C. photiniae-serrulata, 625 C. malayensis, 604, 648 C. phyllitidis, 533 C. mali, 456, 501 C. physalicola, 552 C. malkoffi, 455 C. physalidis, 552 C. malloti, 586 C. physaloides, 458 C. maritima, 513 C. piaropi, 207, 619 C. marrubii, 560 C. piri, 501 C. melanochaeta, 476 C. pisi-sativae, 614 C. meliae, 499 C. pittospori, 207, 629 C. melongenae, 207, 525 C. platanicola, 629 C. menispermi, 596 C. plumeriae, 631 C. menthicola, 594 C. poagena, 550 C. microspora, 112, 580 C. podophylli, 590 C. mikaniae, 593 C. populicola, 634 C. mimuli, 593 C. populina, 634 C. minima, 617 C. prenanthis, 637 C. mirabilis, 452 C. prosopidis, 593 C. mitellae, 475 C. psedericola, 689 C. montana, 528 C. psidii, 553 C. moricola, 598 C. pteleae, 563 C. morindicola, 596 C. puderi, 207, 646 C. morongiae, 653 C. pulcherrimae, 631, 659 C. nandinae, 207 C. pulsatillae, 455 C. nasturtii, 519, 691 C. purpurea, 143, 466, 643 C. negundinis, 479, 588 C. pustulata, 569 C. nelumbonis, 582 C. pyri, 617 C. nepetae, 494 C. ranunculi, 641 C. nepheloides, 531 C. ratibida, 643 C. neriella, 605 C. regalis, 613 C. nigricans, 493 C. repens, 508 C. noveboracensis, 568 C. resedae, 207, 593 C. nymphaeacea, 692 C. rhamni, 482 C. nyssae, 684 C. rhapontici, 644 C. obscura, 462, 490 C. rhizophorae, 587 C. oculata, 568 C. rhododendri, 259, 644 C. odontoglossi, 607 C. rhoina, 657, 670 C. oenotherae, 604 C. ribicola, 515 C. oenotherae-sinutae, 604 C. ribis, 515 C. olivacea, 462, 581, 633, 650 C. richardiaecola, 207, 487 C. omphakodes, 624, 633 C. ricinella, 493 C. opuli, 687 C. rosicola, 207 Index 749

C. rubigo, 506, 663 C. verbasicola, 596 C. rudbeckiae, 545, 646 C. verbenicola, 686 C. rudbeckii, 525 C. vexans, 668 C. sabbatiae, 647 C. violae, 611, 688 C. saccharini, 588 C. viticis, 689 C. salicina, 664 C. vitis, 454, 622 C. salviicola, 649 C. websteri, 683 C. sanguinariae, 447 C. weigelae, 693 C. saururi, 662 C. weigeliae, 521 C. scutellariae, 656 C. xanthoxyli, 558, 637 C. sechii, 497 C. zeae-maydis, 509 C. seminalis, 550 C. zebrina, 207, 471, 506, 553, 576, 616, 681 C. senecionicola, 654 C. zinniae, 698 C. senecionis, 664 C. ziziae, 698 C. sequoiae, 112, 654 leaf spot, 673 C. sequoiae var. juniperi, 572 spot, 142, 143, 201 C. sesami, 655 Cercospora spp., 503, 677, 679 C. sidicola, 656 Cercosporella, 208, 315 C. silphii, 656 C. aceris, 588 C. smilacina, 657 C. acroptili, 449, 649 C. smilacis, 207, 657 C. alni, 451 C. sojina, 207, 660 C. brassicae, 208 C. sordida, 112 C. cana, 465 C. speculariae, 662 C. celtidis, 553 C. sphaeriaeformis, 527 C. chionea, 643 C. spiraea, 602 C. colubrina, 529 C. squalidula, 506 C. filiformis, 455, 590 C. stachydis, 666 C. idahoensis, 659 C. stillingiae, 500, 668 C. lilii, 579 C. stizolobii, 686 C. mirabilis, 555 C. stomae, 531 C. mori, 598 C. streptopi, 670 C. nivosa, 620 C. stromatis, 554 C. pastinacae, 612 C. struthanthi, 594 C. pastinaceae, 230 C. subsessilis, 499 C. pirina, 511 C. symphoricarpi, 509, 658, 696 C. primulae, 638 C. symplocarpi, 207, 657 C. prolificans, 526 C. tabacina, 637, 648 C. pycnanthemi, 598 C. tageticola, 589 C. rubi, 476, 520, 642 C. ternateae, 570 C. saxifragae, 652 C. tetragoniae, 601 C. terminalis, 686 C. teucrii, 542 Cercosporidium, 112 C. thaliae, 677 C. bougainvilleae, 207 C. thaspii, 455 C. fasciculatum, 664 C. theae, 488 C. graminis, 232 C. thermopsidis, 677 C. magnoliae, 207 C. thujina, 460, 516 C. personata, 208 C. tinea, 688 C. personatum, 616 C. tortipes, 687 C. punctum, 112, 532 C. tragopogonis, 651 Cercosporidum, 208 C. triostei, 564 Cereal anthracnose, 61 C. tropaeoli, 600 Cerotelium, 342 C. truncata, 454 C. dicentrae, 342, 524 C. truncatella, 613 C. fici, 342, 535, 598, 608 C. tuberculans, 672 Cerrena unicolor, 305 C. unamunoi, 621 Cestrum, 496 C. varia, 562, 688 Ceuthocarpon ferrugineum, 584 C. velutina, 469 Ceuthocarpum conflictum, 581 C. venturioides, 483 Ceuthospora lunata, 301, 512 750 Index

Chaerophyllum, 496 (flowering) rough bark, 399, 498 Chaetoderma luna, 322 rough fruit, 498 Chaetodiplodia sp., 607 rugose mosaic, 498 Chaetomella sp., 457 rugose mosaic¼strain of prunus necrotic ringspot Chaetomiaceae, 39 ilarvirus, 398 Chaetomium bostrychodes, 679 rusty mottle, 399, 498 Chalara (Chalaropsis), 243, 301 twisted leaf, 399, 498 C. thielavioides, 243 vein clearing, 399, 498, 631 C. thielaviopsis, 301, 632 witches’ broom, 196 Chalaropsis yellows, 498, 616 C. thielavioides, 243 yellows¼prune dwarf ilarvirus, 399 C. thielaviopsis, 301, 632 Cherry-laurel (Prunus laurocerasus), 498 Chalking, 682 Chestnut Chalk rot, 487 (Castanea), 499 Chamaecyparis (Atlantic white-cedar, Port Orford white- blight, 118 cedar, Alaska yellow-cedar, Hinoki cypress, Chickory, 499 Sawara cypress-retinospora), 496–497 Chickpea Chamaedaphne (Cassandra, Leatherleaf), 497 filiform, 499 Chamber’s dagger nematode, 268 filiform potyvirus, 399 Charcoal garbanzo (Cicer), 499 rot, 123, 316, 332 Chickweed (Stellaria and Cerastium), 499 spot, 214 Chinaberry (Melia), 499 Chard blue mold, 183 Chinese Char spot, 233 cabbage (Brassica pekinensis, B. chinensis), 500 Chayote (Sechium), 497 evergreen (Aglaonema), 500 Checker mallow (Sidalcea), 497 holly spot anthracnose, 386 Checking, 635 lantern (Physalis alkekengi), 500 Cheilaria agrostis, 229, 233 tallowtree (Sapium), 500 Chenopodium, 497 waxgourd (Beincasa), 500 Cherimoya, custard-apple (Annona), 497 Chinquapin (Castanopsis), 500 Cherry Chiogenes (creeping snowberry), 501 (Prunus sp.), 497 Chionodoxa (glory-of-the-snow), 501 albino, 397, 498 Chirita, 501 bark splitting, 397, 498 Chives (Allium schoenoprasum), 501 black canker, 397, 498 Chloranil, 6 buckskin, 397, 498 Chlorine injury, 273 bud abortion, 397, 498 Chlorogalum (soap-plant), 501 calico, 611 Chloroneb, 6 chlorosis, 397, 498 Chloropicrin, 6 flowering, oriental (Prunus serrulata), 498 Chloroscypha freckle fruit disease, 398, 498 C. chloromela, 654 green ring mottle, 398, 498 C. juniperina, 572 gummosis, 398, 798 Chlorosis, 273, 448, 451, 452, 457, 459, 467, 471, 473, japanese flowering (Prunus subhirtella), 498 484, 489, 492, 494, 498, 504, 512, 514, 518, leaf blight, 121 521, 530, 535, 537, 540, 556, 560, 565, 579, leaf spot, 202, 209, 210 582, 598, 599, 603, 606, 609, 610, 614–617, little cherry, 398, 498 630, 631, 634, 635, 638, 642, 644, 646, 661, midleaf necrosis, 398, 498 665, 669, 671 mora, 398, 498 Chlorothalonil, 6 mottle leaf, 498 Chlorotic mottle leaf trichovirus, 398 dwarf, 627 necrotic rusty mottle, 398, 498 mottle, 670 pink fruit, 498 peacock pattern, 669 (sour) pink fruit, 398 ring spot, 485 pinto leaf, 398, 498 spot, 638 rasp leaf, 498 streak, 571 rasp leaf nepovirus, 398 Chlorpicrin, 15 ring spot, 498 Choanephoraceae, 36 ring spot¼prunus necrotic ringspot ilarvirus, 398 Choanephora sp., 112, 698 Index 751

C. americana, 517, 611 C. candolleana, 603 C. compacta, 596 C. confundens, 634 C. conjuncta, 613, 623 C. erythronii, 113, 529 C. cucurbitarum, 112, 471, 514, 535, 604, 621, 623, C. foliicola, 694 665, 673, 688 C. gracilipes, 585 C. infundibulifera, 112, 559, 570, 660 C. gracilis, 113, 529 C. persicaria, 615 C. seaveri, 208 Chocolate leaf spot, 204 C. trillii, 681 Chokeberry (Aronia), 501 C. violae, 688 Chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), 501 C. whetzelii, 208 Chondropodium, 152 C. wisconsinensis, 694 C. udotsugae, 152, 523 Cimicifuga (bugbane, black cohosh), 503 Chondrostereum purpureum, 337 Cinchona, 503 Christie’s spiral nematode, 266 Cineraria Christie’s stubby root nematode, 266 (Senecio), 503 Christmas berry (Heteromeles arbutifolia), 502 mosaic, 400, 503 Christmas berry scab, 120 Cinnamon-tree (Cinnamomum zeylandicum), 503 Christmas cactus (Zygocactus truncatus), 502 Cintractia, 374 Christmas rose (Helleborus niger), 502 C. luzulae, 696 Chrysanthemum Cirsium (plumed thistle), 503 (Dendranthema grandiflora), 502 Cissus, 503 aspermy, 399 Citrus B carlavirus, 400 blast, 80 chlorotic mottle viroid, 399, 502 blight, 135 flower distortion, 399, 502 canker, 84 foliar nematode, 254 enation, 505 leaf spot, 115, 233 enation-woody gall luteovirus, 400 mosaic, 400, 514 exocortis, 505 ring spot, 400, 514 exocortis viroid, 400 rosette, 400, 514 fruits (grapefruit, lemon, lime, orange), 503 rust, 360 leaf rugose, 505 stunt, 503 leaf rugose ilarvirus and citrus variegation stunt viroid, 400 ilarvirus, 400 Chrysomyxa, 343 leprosis, 505 C. arctostaphyli, 343, 472, 664 leprosis rhabdovirus, 400 C. cassandrae, 455 mildew, 289 C. chiogenis, 343, 501 nematode, 267 C. empetri, 343, 513, 664 psorosis, 505 C. ilicina, 343, 560 psorosis complex: citrus leaf rugose ilarvirus, citrus C. ledi, 343, 576, 664 ringspot virus, citrus variegation ilarvirus, 400 C. ledicola, 343, 576, 664 ring nematode, 256 C. ledi var. cassandrae, 343, 497, 664 ringspot, 505 C. ledi var. groenlandici, 343 ringspot virus, 401 C. ledi var. rhododendri, 343, 644 scab, 386 C. moneses, 343 septoria spot, 233 C. piperiana, 343, 644 stubborn disease, 401, 504 C. pirolata, 343, 595, 644 tatter leaf, 505 C. roahensis, 664 tatter leaf cappillovirus, 401 C. roanensis, 664 tristeza, 505 C. weirii, 343, 664 tristeza closterovirus, 401 Chrysopsis (golden aster), 503 variegation, 505 Chytridiomycota,34 vein enation, 401, 505 Ciberinia camelliae, 137 xyloporosis, 401, 505 Ciboria, 113 yellow vein, 401, 505 C. acerina, 113 Cladochytrium C. carunculoides, 113, 598 C. graminis, 550 Ciborinia, 113, 208 C. replicatum, 681 C. acerina, 587 Cladocolea cupulata, 626 C. bifrons, 634 Cladode rot, 298, 306 752 Index

Cladosporium sp., 113, 144, 209, 244, 363, 462, 464, 538, C. poinsettiae, 71, 631 548, 570, 575, 579, 618, 630, 645, 646, 672, C. sepedonicum, 71, 473, 635 676, 689, 691 C. xyli,72 (Heterosporium), 218 C. xyli ssp. cynodontis, 72, 549 C. allii, 219 Claviceps C. aromaticum, 670 C. africana, 571 C. arthrinioides, 479 C. cynodontis, 550 C. astericola, 546 C. microcephala, 550 C. beijerinckii, 114 C. purpurea, 469, 550, 631, 645 C. brevipes, 603 Clavicipitaceae, 39 C. bruneo-atrum, 363 Claytonia (spring beauty), 505 C. brunneolum, 569 Clematis (including virgins-bower), 506 C. carpophilum, 363, 452, 459, 498, 600, 614, 631 leaf, 204 C. caryigenum, 363 leaf spot, 212 C. cladosporioides, 113, 668 Cleome (spider-flower), 506 C. cladosporioides f. sp. pisicola, 364 Clerodendron zonate ring spot, 401 C. colocasiae, 209, 526 Clerodendrum (glorybower), 506 C. coreopsidis, 364, 509 Clethra (sweet pepperbush, white-alder), 506 C. cucumerinum, 364, 514, 592, 666, 692 Climacoden septentrionalis, 336 C. echinulatum, 209, 219, 491 Clinopodium (basil-weed), 506 C. effusum, 559, 619 Clintonia, 506 C. epiphyllum, 209, 581 Clitocybe C. erianthi, 631 C. monadelpha, 301, 615, 638 C. fasciculatum, 585 C. olearia, 603, 629 C. fulvum, 244, 679 C. parasitica, 559, 615 C. fuscum, 646 C. tabescens, 302, 446, 448, 449, 458, 459, 461, 467, C. gloeosporioides, 650 469, 486, 488, 489, 493, 494, 500, 505, 508, C. gramineum, 468 509, 512, 516, 526, 529, 530, 544, 548, 553, C. herbarum, 144, 244, 448, 467, 471, 491, 498, 535, 554, 559, 560, 563, 565, 569, 570, 572, 583, 544, 550, 568, 569, 578, 603, 616, 621, 680, 585, 586, 588, 603, 605, 609, 610, 612, 615, 688 627, 631–633, 646, 651, 667, 668, 672, 676, C. heugelinianum, 482 678, 683, 688, 693 C. iridis, 219 root rot, 301, 302 C. lysimachiae, 582 Clivia, 506 C. macrocarpum, 244, 662 Closterovirus, 51 C. oxycocci, 512 Cloudy spot, 319, 679 C. oxysporum, 209, 504, 679 Clover, 614 C. paeoniae, 144, 620 (Trifolium incarnatum, T. pratense, T. repens, C. pisicola, 364, 614 T. stoloniferum, T. subterraneum, C. triostei, 564 T. vesiculosum), 506 C. variabile, 219, 662 club leaf, 401 C. vignae, 470 cyst nematode, 260 Cladosporium spp., 457, 494 dodder, 179 Clarkia, 505 (alsike) mosaic¼clover yellows vein Clasterosporium sp., 457 potyvirus, 402 C. cornigerum, 563 proliferation, 89, 668 Clausena (wampi), 505 proliferation subgroup a phytoplasma, 472 Clavariaceae, 42 (red) vein mosaic carlavirus, 402 Clavibacter wound tumor phytoreovirus 402, 626 C. agcopyri,71 yellow edge, 668 C. cassiicola, 631 yellow edge phytoplasma, 556 C. fascians, 71, 491, 502, 541, 553, 556, 566, 600, 623, yellow mosaic, 506, 687 624, 639, 655, 667, 673 yellow mosaic potexvirus, 402 C. flaccumfaciens, 71, 470, 660 yellow vein, 472, 492, 552, 632 C. humiferum, 71, 633 yellow vein mosaic, 402 C. ilicis, 560 Clove rot, 322 C. michiganense, 71, 481, 483, 496, 518, 525, 552, Club root, 175 571, 621, 635, 651, 678, 681 Clypeolella leemingii, 539 C. michiganense ssp. sepedonicum,71 Clypeosphaeriaceae, 39 Index 753

Cobb’s Colletotrichum sp., 60–61, 63, 113, 152, 210, 302, 461, meadow nematode, 264 464, 465, 467, 470, 483, 491, 500, 505, 524, ring nematode, 256 562, 565, 579, 585, 596, 610, 621, 624, 632, spiral nematode, 258 644, 654, 675, 681, 687, 688 stubby root nematode, 267 C. acutatum, 61, 113, 152, 210, 302, 452, 476, 522, Coccoloba (sea-grape, dove-plum), 507 588, 614, 623, 650, 671, 683, 693 Coccomyces sp., 459, 482 C. acutatus, 669 C. hiemalis, 210, 498 C. antirrhini, 61, 658 C. kerriae, 210, 573 C. atramentarium, 61, 635, 680 C. lutescens, 210, 498 C. azaleae, 467 C. prunophorae, 210, 630 C. bletiae,61 C. tumidus, 454 C. capsici, 61, 611, 621, 622 Cocklebur (Xanthium), 507 C. cinctum, 607 Cockscomb (Celosia argentia), 507 C. circinans, 302, 602, 606, 655 Cocksfoot C. coccodes, 61, 210, 302, 448, 594, 622, 660, 680 streak, 552 C. crassipes, 453 streak potyvirus, 402 C. dematium, 61, 113, 543, 662, 688 Cocoa (Theobroma cacas), 507 C. dematium f. sp. spinaciae,61 Cocoa-plum (Chrysobalanus), 507 C. dematium f. sp. truncata, 61, 210, 523, 670, 678 Cocoyam (Xanthosoma), 507 C. dioscoreae, 696 Codonanthe, 507 C. elastica, 210, 534 Coffee-berry (Rhamnus californicus), 507 C. erumpens,61 Coleosporium, 343 C. erythrinae, 629 C. apocyanaceum, 343, 454, 627 C. falcatum, 631 C. aridum, 481 C. fragariae, 61, 516, 609 C. asterum, 343, 344, 465, 503, 529, 539, 546, 552, C. fructus, 458 628, 655 C. fuscum, 61, 538 C. campanulae, 489, 582, 627, 662 C. gloeosporioides, 61, 113, 210, 302, 312, 456, 466, C. crowellii, 343, 627 470, 486, 487, 490, 494, 516, 522, 532–535, C. delicatulum, 343, 546, 627 548, 570, 581–583, 594, 604, 607, 610, 611, C. domingense, 631 613, 622, 629, 633, 647, 650, 667, 668, 695 C. helianthi, 343, 462, 556, 627, 671 C. glycines, 678 C. inconspicuum, 509, 627 C. gossypii, 678 C. ipomoeae, 344, 487, 517, 570, 596, 627, 674 C. graminicola, 61, 480, 496, 678 C. jonesii, 344, 515, 547, 622 C. graminicolum, 549 C. lacinariae, 344 C. griseum, 530 C. laciniariae, 578, 627 C. helianthi, 671 C. madiae, 589, 627, 671 C. hibisci, 559, 604, 648 C. mentzeliae, 344 C. jussiaeae, 692 C. minutum, 344, 537, 627 C. lagenarium, 61, 468, 493, 497, 500, 514, 547, 591, C. occidentale, 654 594, 665, 692 C. pacificum, 344 C. liliacearum, 61, 659, 698 C. pinicola, 344, 628 C. lilii, 62, 302, 579 C. plumeriae, 631 C. lindemuthianum, 62, 470, 472 C. senecionis, 628, 654 C. malvarum, 62, 448, 561, 575, 656 C. sonchiarvensis, 628 C. nigrum, 303, 622 C. steviae, 342 C. omnivorum, 62, 465 C. terebinthinaceae, 628, 656 C. orbiculare, 62, 692 C. tussilaginis, 344 C. peckii, 681 C. vernoniae, 344, 568, 628 C. philodendri, 624 C. viburni, 344, 688 C. phomoides,62 C. viguierae, 687 C. pisi, 62, 613, 673 Coleus , 507 C. pleosporioides, 611 mosaic, 507 C. primulae, 638 mosaic¼cucumber mosaic cucumovirus, 402 C. rhexiae, 590, 643 Collards, 507 C. schizanthi, 62, 483 Collar rot, 120, 296, 306, 311, 315, 325, C. silphii, 656 326, 451 C. smilacis, 657 Collecephalus hemerocalli, 518 C. solitarium, 546 754 Index

Colletotrichum sp. (cont.) C. pyrinum, 457, 555, 617 C. sordidum, 596 C. rhois, 670 C. spinaciae, 662 C. rosarum, 153, 646 C. spinacicola, 662 C. ulmea, 527 C. sublineola,62 C. wernsdorffiae, 153, 646 C. sublineolum, 694 Coniothyrium spp, 527 C. trichellum, 62, 203, 678 Conophilis americana, 473 C. trifolii, 583 Conoplea globosa, 171 C. truncatum, 62, 470, 525, 576, 660 Copper C. vermicularioides, 579 acetate, 6 C. violae-tricoloris, 63, 611, 688 ammonium carbonate, 6, 13 Colletotrichum spp., 525 carbonate, 6 Collinsia (blue-lips, blue-eyed mary), 508 compounds, 6 Collinsonia (horse-balm), 508 deficiency, 273–274 Collomia, 508 fixed, 13 Collybia hydroxide, 7, 13 C. dryophila, 520 oxide, 7 C. velutipes, 303, 494, 527, 563, 580, 588, 634, 683 oxychloride, 7 Coltsfoot (Tussilago), 508 spot, 215, 231 Columbine (Aquilegia), 508 spray injury, 274, 560 leaf spot, 206 sulfate, 7, 13 root-knob nematode, 591 Coprinus, 303 Columbo (Frasera), 508 C. urticicola, 303, 618 Columnea, 508 Coral-bells, 508 Comandra blister rust, 345 Coralberry (Symphoricarpos orbiculatus), 509 Commelina Coral spot, 164 C. diffusa, 508 Cordia, 509 diffusa potyvirus and commelina mosaic Coreopsis (tickseed), 509 potyvirus, 402 Coriander (Coriandrum), 509 mosaic, 508 feathery red vein, 509 Common feathery red vein nucleorhabdovirus, 402 bunt, 375 Coriolus versicolor, 330 dodder, 179 Cork, 274, 457, 617 scab, 365 dry rot, 311 Comovirus, 51 rot, 82 Completoria complens, 532 scab, 365 Confederate-jasmine (Trachelospermum), 508 Corm rot, 109, 310, 543 Coniella Corn (Coniothyrium), 303 cyst nematode, 260 C. diplodiella, 303 leaf fleck, 221, 402 C. granati, 633 meadow nematode, 265 Coniophora, 303 measles, 229 C. corrugis, 303, 536, 572 mosaic, 510 C. puteana, 303, 516, 536, 575 (sweet) mosaic, 402 Coniosporium fairmani, 665 pox, 229 Coniothecium root rot, 312 C. eriodictyonis, 697 rust, 359 C. richardiae, 487 smut, 377 Coniothyrium sp., 152, 211, 477, 585, 614, 620 stunt, 89, 90, 510 C. agaves, 496 sweet (Zea mays var. saccharata), 509 C. cephalanthi, 483 Corncockle (Agrostemma), 510 C. concentricum, 211, 496, 697 Corn-marigold (Chrysanthemum segetum), 510 C. diplodiella, 303, 548 Corticium, 113, 303 C. fuckelii, 123, 152, 614, 689 C. centrifugum, 303, 457 C. hellebori, 211, 502 C. falactinum, 688 C. negundinis, 479, 588 C. fuciforme, 303, 551 C. olivaceum, 585 C. galactinum, 304, 452, 458, 476, 506, 520, 522, 560, C. pirinum, 511 570, 584, 597, 603, 670 C. pyrina, 211 C. koleroga, 113 Index 755

C. laetum, 456 ring spot, 512 C. microsclerotia, 303 rose bloom, 191 C. radiosum, 304 Crape-myrtle C. salmonicolor, 113, 456, 534, 617 (Lagerstroemia), 512 C. vagum, 113 powdery mildew, 293 Corydalis, 510 Crassula, 513 Corynebacterium Creeping zinnia (Sanvitalia procumbens), 513 C. agropyri,72 Creosote bush (Larrea), 513 C. humiferum,72 Cribropeltis, 189 Coryneform group mycobacteriaceae, 70 C. citrullina, 189, 692 Coryneliaceae, 38 Criconella xenoplax, 256 Corynespora, 211, 304 Criconema sp., 256, 583 C. cassiicola, 211, 304, 467, 493, 534, 560, 583, 604, C. civellae, 256, 504 631, 638, 655, 660, 661, 678, 679, 692 C. decalineatum, 256 Coryneum, 113 C. mutabile, 458 blight, 113, 114 C. spinalineatum, 256 canker, 153 Criconemella xenoplax, 551, 649 C. asperulum, 516 Criconemoides sp., 588, 646 C. beierincki, 493 C. annulatum, 256, 603 C. berckmansii, 114, 461, 516 C. citri, 256, 504 C. cardinale, 153, 461, 516, 567, 572 C. crotaloides, 256, 523, 634 C. foliicola, 153, 457, 617 C. cylindricum, 256, 616 C. japonicum, 572 C. komabaensis, 256, 488 C. microstictum, 114, 478, 666 C. lobatum, 256, 551, 627 C. negundinis, 479 C. mutabile, 256, 635 C. rhododendri, 644 C. ornatum, 256, 551 C. tumoricola, 644 C. parvum, 256, 551 Cosmopolitan, 299 C. rusticum, 256, 551 Cosmos, 510 C. similis, 256, 615, 627 Cotoneaster, 511 C. teres, 256, 603 Cotton C. xenoplax, 256, 487, 548, 551, 615 (Gossypium), 511 genus dubium, 256 leaf curl bigeminivirus, 403 Crimson root-knob nematode, 263 clover latent, 506 root rot, 323, 324 clover latent nepovirus, 403 Cottony rot, 335 Crinkle, 507, 647 Coursetia, 511 Crinum, 513 Covered kernel smut, 375 Cristulariella, 211 Covered smut, 377 C. depraedans, 211 Cowania, 511 C. depraedens, 588 Cowpea C. moricola, 211, 548, 554, 559, 679 (Vigna sinensis), 511 C. pyramidalis,451,454,457,471,480,498,522,548, aphid-borne mosaic, 511 559, 585, 588, 600, 613, 619, 629, 652, 688, 690 canker, 87, 88 C. pyramudates, 478 chlorotic mottle, 392, 403, 670 Crocus, 513 mosaic, 472, 560, 661 Cronartium mosaic comovirus, 403 (causing blister rusts), 344 severe mosaic, 511 C. appalachianum, 345, 628 Crabapple flowering (Malus), 511 C. coleosporioides, 345, 608, 609, 627, 696 Cracked stem, 274, 495 C. comandrae, 345, 482, 627 Crackneck, 502 C. comptoniae, 609, 628, 672 Cranberry C. conigenum, 345, 603, 627 (Vaccinium, subgenus Oxycoccus), 512 C. filamentosum, 628 bitter rot, 313 C. fusiforme, 603, 627 blotch rot, 295 C. harknessii, 345 early rot, 313, 314 C. occidentale, 345, 515, 547, 628 end rot, 313 C. quercuum, 345, 581, 603, 627 false blossom, 403, 512 C. quercuum f. sp. fusiforme, 345, 627 hard rot, 318 C. ribicola, 345, 515, 620, 628 756 Index

Cronartium (cont.) C. minimum, 155, 646 C. stalactiforme, 347, 627 C. pinicola, 155 C. strobilinum, 347, 603, 671 Cryptostictis sp., 114, 211, 522, 578 Crook-neck, 541 C. arbuti, 115, 576, 584, 587 Crossonema sp., 256, 496 C. mariae, 644 Crotalaria retusa, 513 C. paeoniae, 620 Croton C. violae, 688 Codiaeum, 513 Crytodiaporthe aculeans, 154 Croton, 513 Cucumber Crowberry (Empetrum), 513 (Cucumis sativus), 514 Crown blight, 104 canker, 155, 168 mosaic, 452, 453, 468, 471, 474, 483, 486, 490, 494, and collar rot, 300 495, 500, 507, 508, 510, 514, 517, 519, 521, elongation, 620 525, 527, 529, 531, 538, 541, 542, 547, 553, gall, 69 558, 566, 577, 579, 589, 592, 594, 596, 599, and petiole spot, 210 602, 613, 621, 622, 624, 638, 649, 658, 663, and root rot, 323, 326 666, 671, 680, 685, 687, 688, 698 rot, 120, 126, 127, 298, 309, 311, 314, 319, 322, mosaic cucumovirus, 403 327, 331, 332, 334, 336 scab, 363 rust, 357 wilt, 77, 438 vetch (Coronilla varia), 513 Cucumovirus, 51, 533 Crown-headed lance nematode, 260 Cucurbit Cryphonectria, 154 leaf crumple, 692 (Endothia), 118 leaf crumple begomovirus, 404 C. cubensis, 158 leaf curl, 514, 592, 666 C. parasitica, 118, 154, 603 leaf curl begomovirus, 404 Cryptantha, 513 yellows, 669 Cryptanthus, 514 yellow stunting, 592 Cryptochaete, 304 yellow stunting crinivirus, 404 (Corticium) polygonia, 304 Cucurbitariaceae, 39 Cryptocline, 114 Cufraneb, 7 C. betularum, 215 Culvers-root (Veronicastrum), 514 C. cinerescens, 114, 602 Cumminsiella, 347 C. taxicola, 697 C. mirabilissima, 347, 586 Cryptococcus C. sanguinea, 469 C. fagesuiga, 472 C. texana, 347, 586 C. laurentii, 548 C. wootoniana, 586 Cryptodiaporthe, 154 Cunninghamia, 515 C. aculeans, 670 Cuphea, 515 C. castanea, 154, 499 Curl-stripe disease, 579 C. corni, 522 Curly top virus (Beet), 490 C. macounii, 663 Currant C. salicella, 154 (Ribes spp.), 515 C. salicina, 694 flowering (Ribes), 515 Cryptomeria, 514 mosaic, 515 Cryptomyces, 154 (red) mosaic¼tomato ringspot nepovirus, 404 C. maximus, 154, 608, 694 Current Cryptomycina, 211 anthracnose, 67 C. maximus, 154, 608, 694 cane blight, 106 Cryptospora, 114 nematode, 255 C. longispora, 114, 139, 450 Curtobacterium Cryptosporella, 154 C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens,72 C. umbrina, 154, 646 C. flaccumfaciens pv. poinsettia,72 C. viticola, 154, 548 C. flaccumfaciens ssp. flaccumfaciens, 470 Cryptosporiopsis Curvularia sp., 115, 197, 496, 566, 583, 619, 631, 673 ( Glutinium), 161 C. crepini, 532 C. pruinosa, 161 C. cymbopogonis, 115, 569 Cryptosporium, 155 C. geniculata, 481, 484, 549 C. macrospermum, 860 C. inaequalis, 512, 550, 616, 662, 684 Index 757

C. lunata, 115, 543, 549, 622 C. macrosporium, 610 C. trifolii, 514, 665 C. parasiticum, 305, 493, 560, 616 disease, 115 C. pauciramosum, 304, 556, 599 Curvularia spp., 699 C. pteridis, 212, 305, 532–534 Cuscuta sp., 488, 492, 495, 496, 502, 509, 510, 521, 547, C. scoparium, 115, 156, 304, 467, 557, 560, 575, 550, 563, 565, 569, 581, 600, 612, 613, 621, 578, 626, 627, 634, 644, 646, 663, 669, 672, 635, 638, 650, 658, 662, 671, 672, 696 674, 683 C. americana, 179, 504 C. scorparium, 305 C. arvensis, 281, 502, 591, 604, 686 C. sesami, 655 C. californica, 149 Cylindrosporium sp., 115, 212, 482, 531, 557, 589, 591 C. campestris, 574 C. acori, 672 C. compacta, 451, 483, 501, 560, 567, 584, 622, 688, 693 C. angustifolium, 697 C. coryli, 179 C. ariaefolium, 561 C. cuspidata, 539 C. artemisiae, 650 C. epithymum, 179 C. betulae, 212, 475 C. exaltata, 179, 481, 560, 594, 643, 670 C. brevispina, 555 C. glomerata, 578 C. castaneae, 499 C. gronovii, 179, 483, 514, 534, 571, 588, 607, 642, C. ceanothi, 494 644, 695 C. celtidis, 553 C. indecora, 180, 489, 502, 513, 605, 646, 673, 688 C. cercosporioides, 683 C. paradoxa, 180, 646 C. chrysanthemi, 212, 502, 517 C. pentagona, 180 C. circinans, 477 C. planifera, 180 C. clematidinis, 212 C. subinclusa, 487 C. clematidis, 506 Cuscuta spp., 179, 465, 473, 525, 546, 603, 606, 623, C. crataegi, 550 679, 694 C. dearnessi, 563 Cuticle crack, 679 C. defoliatum, 115, 553 Cuticularia ilicis, 560 C. eminens, 538, 671 Cutospora canker, 156 C. eryngii, 529 Cyathus stercoreus, 187, 550 C. ficariae, 641 Cycad, sago-palm (Cycas), 515 C. filipendulae, 663 Cyclamen, 515 C. fraxini, 463 leaf, 120 C. gei, 542 Cyclaneusma C. geranii, 542 (Naemacyclus), 248 C. glyceriae, 550 C. niveum, 248 C. gnaphalicola, 545 Cycloconium, 212 C. griseum, 115, 659 C. oleaginum, 212, 605 C. guttatum, 667 Cycloheximide, 7 C. heraclei, 558 Cylindrobasidium corrugum, 303 C. hirtella, 603 Cylindrocarpon sp., 93, 156, 304, 478, 572 C. humuli, 653 C. cylindroides, 156 C. juglandis, 115, 690 C. destructans, 304 C. kelloggii, 603 C. didymium, 156, 456 C. lippiae, 603 C. liriodendri, 304 C. lupini, 583 C. obtusisporum, 93, 548 C. magnusianum, 666 C. radicicola, 450, 467, 474, 579, 600 C. microspilum, 603 Cylindrocephalum sp., 472 C. montenegrinum, 682 Cylindrocladium sp., 171, 236, 321, 472, 585, 643, 691 C. negundinis, 479 black rot, 156 C. nuttallii, 501, 608 blight, 115 C. officinale, 659 C. avesiculatum, 115, 212, 560, 578 C. orthosporum, 475 C. canadense, 664 C. parkinsoniae, 612 C. clavatum, 115, 212, 304, 460, 475, 479, 627 C. passaloroides, 567, 612 C. colhounii, 205, 479 C. pastinacae, 612 C. crotalariae, 304, 573, 616, 661, 683 C. phaceliae, 486 C. floridanum, 464, 578, 615, 644, 674, 683 C. populinum, 221 C. heptaseptatum, 304, 533 C. rhamni, 482 C. liriodendri, 683 C. ribis, 515 758 Index

Cylindrosporium sp. (cont.) Cytosporina C. rubi, 476, 642 C. ludibunda, 527 C. salicinum, 212, 694 dieback, 160 C. scrophulariae, 535 Cytovirin, 17 C. smilacinae, 659 Cyttariaceae, 39 C. smilacis, 657 C. solitarium, 571 C. stachydis, 666 D C. tenuisporium, 527 Dactylaria, 212 C. thalictri, 590 D. higginsii, 212, 602 C. tradescantiae, 681 Daedalea, 305 C. triostei, 564 D. ambigua, 562, 623, 691, 694 C. veratrinum, 686 D. confragosa, 305, 451, 458, 522, 527, 538, 555, 560, C. vermiforme, 451, 555 563, 580, 652, 672, 684, 691, 694 C. violae, 688 D. elegans, 562 C. ziziae, 698 D. extensa, 683 Cylindrosporium spp., 557, 663 D. juniperina, 572 Cymbidium D. quercina, 305, 603, 691 mosaic, 607 unicolor, 305, 451, 454, 475, 482, 582, 683, 684 mosaic potexvirus, 404 Daedalea spp., 463, 473, 554, 559, 588, 629, 634 Cymoxanil, 7 Daedaleopsis confragosa, 305 Cynoglossum (hounds-tongue), 516 Dagger nematode, 268 Cyphella marginata, 614 Dahlia, 517 Cyphellopsis anomala, 171 leaf smut, 374 Cypress mosaic, 517 (Cupressus), 516 mosaic caulimovirus; stunt, 404 root rot, 327 oakleaf, 404 Cypress-vine (Quamoclit), 517 ring spot, 404 Cypripedium leaf spot, 204 Daisy oxeye (Leucanthemum vulgare), 517 Cyproconazole, 7 Daldinia, 305 Cyprodinil, 7 D. centrica, 305, 463, 505, 527, 563, 580, 585, 588, Cyrilla (leatherwood), 517 603, 623 Cyst nematode, 259 D. identalis, 451 Cystospora pinicola, 594 D. vernicosa, 522, 560, 603, 652, 683 Cystotheca lanestris, 291 Daldinia spp., 473 Cytophoma pruinosa, 463 Dalibarda (Dewdrop), 517 Cytorhabdovirus, 51 Damping-off, 202, 233, 296, 321, 328, 331, 332 Cytospora sp., 156, 157, 212, 451, 463, 499, 522, 523, Dandelion (Taraxacum), 517 557, 597, 598, 619, 625, 646, 685, 690 Daphne, 518 C. abietis, 156, 535 leaf spot, 221 C. amorphae, 454 Dapple apple, 458 canker, 156 Dasheen mosaic, 488, 526 C. annularis, 463 Dasheen mosaic potyvirus, 404 C. cenisia, 516 Dasyscyphus, 157 C. chrysosperma, 156, 501, 526, 597, 603, 633 D. agassizi, 157 C. cylindroides, 535 D. calycina, 157 C. gleditschiae, 561 D. ellisiana, 157, 523, 626 C. kunzei, 156, 663 D. gaultheriae, 650 C. leucosperma, 157 D. pseudotsugae, 157, 523 C. leucostoma, 157, 497, 597 D. resinaria, 157, 536 C. ludibunda, 527 D. willkommii, 157, 546 C. massariana, 597 Datura, 518 C. microspora, 597 Davisomycella ampla, 247 C. nivea, 157 Daylily (Hemerocallis), 518 C. pinastri, 535, 626 Dazomet, 7, 13, 15 C. pruinosa, 156 DDT injury, 274 C. rubescens, 597 Dead-arm disease, 155 C. sambucicola, 526 Decline, 90, 256, 266, 315, 321, 322, 339, 458, 588, 629, 672 Cytospora spp., 157, 456, 459, 473, 588, 617 Decline disease, 320 Index 759

Decumaria, 518 D. phaseolorum var. batatatis, 660 Delayed maturity, 90 D. phaseolorum var. cauliflora, 596 Delphinella, 116 D. phaseolorum var. caulivora, 116, 158, 449, 453, (Rehmiellopsis), 136 493, 557, 567, 570, 571, 643, 656, 660, 665 D. balsameae, 116, 136, 535 D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis, 660 Delphinium D. phaseolorum var. sojae, 116 blackleg, 75 D. pruni, 158 black spot, 80 D. sojae, 616, 660 ring spot, 404, 519 D. stewartii, 510 Delphinium (Larkspur), 518 D. vaccinii, 116, 477, 512 DeMan’s meadow nematode, 265 (Phomopsis) D. vaccinii, 477 Dematiaceae, 44 D. vexans, 117 Dematium spp., 512 Diaporthe spp., 481 Dematophora Diatrypaceae, 39 D. necatrix, 535 Dibotryon Dematophora sp., 547 D. morbosum, 91, 459, 497, 501, 630 Demorphotheca, 519 D. symphoricarpi, 696 Dendrophoma sp., 116, 477 Dichaena quercina, 603 D. obscurans, 116, 130, 668 Dichlofluanid, 7 Dendrothele acerina, 149 Dichloropropene, 15 Dermatea balsamea, 557 Dichomitus squalens, 328 Dermea Dichondra (lawn-leaf), 520 (Dermatea), 158 Dichotomophora, 117 D. acerina, 158 D. lutea, 117 D. balsamea, 158 Dichotomophthora, 158, 306 D. pseudotsugae, 158, 523 D. indica, 635 Desert bird of paradise (Caesalpinia), 519 D. portulacae, 158, 306, 635 Desert-candle (Eremurus), 519 Dichotomophthoropsis, 212 Desert-plume (Stanleya), 519 D. nymphaearum, 212, 691, 693 Desert-rose (Adenium obesum), 519 D. nymphaerum, 691 Desert-willow (Chilopsis), 519 Dicloran, 7 Desmella, 347 Didymaria, 212 D. aneimiae, 347 D. alismatis, 461 D. superficialis, 532 D. conferta, 696 yellow mottle, 553, 560 D. didyma, 213, 455, 641 yellow mottle tymovirus, 404 Didymascella Desmodium (Keithia), 117 (arrowleaf), 519 D. chamaecyparissi, 696 mosaic, 560 D. thujina, 117, 460 mosic potyvirus, 404 D. tsugae, 117, 119, 557 Deutzia, 519 Didymella, 117 Devils-club (Oplopanax), 519 D. applanata, 117, 476, 520, 642 Devilwood (Osmanthus americanus), 519 D. bryoniae, 117, 692 Dewberry (Rubus), 520 D. ligulica, 105 Diachea leucopodia, 669 D. lycopersici, 204 Dianthovirus,51 D. sepincoliformis, 158, 646 Dianthus (garden pinks), 520 Didymellina, 213 Diapleella coniothyrium, 123, 162 D. macrospora, 213, 477, 568 Diaporthe, 116, 158, 305 D. ornithogali, 213, 667 blight, 116 D. poecilospora, 213 D. arctii, 116, 518 Didymosphaeria, 118 D. batatis, 674 D. oregonensis, 451 D. citri, 305, 505, 554, 574 D. populina, 118 D. cubensis, 158, 529 Didymosporina aceris, 221, 587 D. eres, 158, 514, 560 Didymosporium arbuticola, 213, 585 D. helianthi, 158, 671 Dieback, 63, 67, 106, 131, 132, 149–152, 154, 156–158, D. oncostoma, 158, 581 160, 161, 163–164, 167–168, 171, 172, 274, D. pernisiosa, 457 313, 437, 466, 540, 691 D. phaseolorum, 116, 305, 471, 622, 660, 680 wilt, 544 760 Index

Dieffenbachia, 521 D. natalensis, 159, 306, 450, 489, 493, 497, 504, leaf spot, 84, 87, 205 514, 525, 535, 554, 573, 591, 606, 615, 623, Diervilla (bush honeysuckle), 521 637, 665 Difenoconazole, 7 D. opuntia, 306 Digitaria (large crabgrass), 521 D. opuntiae, 485 Dill D. persicae, 615 (Anethum), 521 D. phoenicum, 306, 609 root rot, 311 D. pinastri, 306 Dilophospora geranii, D. pinea, 494, 523, 626, 664, 685 214, 542 D. quercina, 159, 602 Dimanin A, 13 D. radicicola, 524 Dimerium D. rhododendri, 214 D. alpinum, 620 D. salicina, 694 D. juniperi, 97, 572 D. sarmentorum, 118 Dimerosporium,96 D. sarothamni, 481 D. abietis, 96, 535 D. sophorae, 159, 660 D. ellissi, 565 D. sycina, 159, 534 D. hispidulum, 96, 597 D. theobromae, 306, 466, 674, 680 D. magnoliae, 585 D. tubericola, 306, 489 D. pulchrum, 96, 463, D. tumefaciens, 163 508, 522 D. viticola, 548 D. robiniae, 96, 450 D. zeae, 306, 510 D. tropicale,96 rot, 325 Dimethirimol, 7 Diplodia spp., 526, 630, 646, 692 Dimethomorph, 7 Diplodina, 214, 307 Dimple, 635 D. delphinii, 518 Dimple skin, 635 D. persicae, 307 Diniconazole, 8 Diplosporonema delastrei, 221 Diodia, 521 Diplotheca sp., 486 vein chlorosis, 521 (Stevensea), 214 vein chlorosis closterovirus, 404 D. tunae,97 Diplocarpon, 99, 197 D. wrightii, 214, 485 (Fabraea), 119 Discella, 159 D. earliana, 668 D. carbonacea, 159, 694 D. earlianum, 197 D. microsperma, 159 D. mespili, 119 D. ochroleuca, 221 D. rosae, 99, 645, color plate 10 Discocainia treleasi, 557 Diploceras hypericum, 650 Discochora philoprina, 227 Diplodia sp., 118, 158, 306, 461, 504, Discogloeum concentricum, 215 511, 526, 541, 552, 560, 587, 610, Discohainesia oenotherae, 226, 478, 512, 522, 612, 629, 672 539, 540 collar, 306 Discola fraxinea, 538 collar and root rot, 306 Discosia corn ear rot, 306 D. artocreas, 558, 644, 672, 695 D. acerina, 233 D. bubaki, 528 D. ailanthi, 450 D. maculicola, 695 D. amorphae, 454, 567 Discosporium populeum, 159 D. asparagi, 464 Discostroma corticola, 161 D. bambusae, 468 Discula sp., 63, 118, 522 D. camphorae, 158, 489 D. campestris, 63, 587 D. circinans, 697 D. destructive, 63, 522 D. coluteae, 118, 477 D. fraxinea, 63, 463 D. crataegi, 639 D. quercina, 118, 602 D. gossypina, 118, 616, 626 Diseased inflorescence, 106 D. infuscans, 158, 463 Disinfectant, 1 D. juglandis, 159, 690 Dithianon, 8 D. laeliocattleyae, 607 Dittany, stonemint (Cunila), 521 D. longispora, 118, 499, 602 Ditylenchus, 256 D. mutila, 159, 545, 572 D. destructor, 257, 517, 635 Index 761

D. dipsaci, 257, 473, 495, 501, 508, 517, D. wolfii, 140 518, 532, 538, 543, 552, 565, 568, Dothiorella sp., 159, 160, 437, 561, 598, 629, 645, 580, 582, 584, 599, 606, 608, 612, 683, 694 620, 624, 638, 640, 641, 651, 653, canker, 159 661, 669, 673, 674, 676, 678, 682 D. berengeriana, 672 D. gallicus, 527 D. fraxinicola, 160, 463 (Sychnotylenchus) D. gallicus, 257 D. gregaria, 610, 690 D. iridis, 257 D. mori, 598 Dizygotheca, 521 D. nelumbonis, 582 Doassansia, 374 D. phomiformis, 603 D. deformans, 461 D. quercina, 160, 603 D. epilobii, 374, 528 D. smilacina, 657 D. furva, 461 D. ulmi, 160, 437, 527 D. intermedia, 461 rot, 299 D. obscura, 462 Dothistroma, 118 D. opaca, 462 D. pini, 118, 626 D. ranunculina, 641 D. septospora, 626 D. sagittariae, 462 Double spot, 214 Dodder Douglas-fir (Cuscuta), 521 dwarf mistletoe, 240 latent mosaic, 404 needle rust, 352 Dodecatheon (shooting-star), 521 root rot, 330 Dodemorph acetate, 8 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga), 523 Dogbane (Apocynum), 521 Downy mildew, 181–186 Dogwood Downy spot, 222 dwarf, bunchberry (Cornus canadensis), 522 Draba (whitlow-grass), 524 flowering (Cornus florida), 522 Dracaena, 524 leaf spot, 204, 206, 233 leaf spot, 228 mosaic, 522 tip blight, 131 mosaic nepovirus, 405 Dragonhead (Dracocephalum), 524 pacific (Cornus nuttalli), 522 Drechslera pagoda, gray, red osier, western osier D. cactivora, 524 (Cornus sp.), 523 D. catenaria, 217, 249, 251 spot anthracnose, 385 D. dictyoides, 217 Dolichodorus, 258 D. erythrospilum, 217 D. heterocephalus, 258, 471, 495, 621, 679 D. gigantean, 550, 594 D. obtusus, 619 D. giganteum, 217 (Neodolichlodorus) obtusus, 258 D. poae, 217 Dolichos (twinflower, hyacinth bean), 523 D. setariae, 486, 589 Dollar spot, 334 D. siccans, 217 Doronicum (leopards-bane), 523 D. stenacra, 218 Dorylaimus spp., 258 D. triseptata, 218 Dothichiza, 159, 214 D. tritici-repentis, 218 canker, 159 Drepanopeziza ribis,67 D. caroliniana, 214, 478 Dropsy, 229 D. garryae, 540, 656 Drought, 274 D. populea, 159, 633 Dry bubble, 442 Dothideaceae, 38 Dry root rot, 311 Dothidea tetraspora, 481 Dry rot, 317, 319, 337, 369, 605 Dothidella Du nema, 15 D. alni, 451 Duranta, 524 D. castanopsidis, 501 Dusting, 19 D. parryi, 496 Dutch elm disease, 434 D. vacciniicola, 478 Dutchmans-breeches, squirrel-corn Dothiora, 159 (Dicentra), 524 (Sphaerulina), 140 Dutchmans-pipe (Aristolochia), 524 D. polyspora, 159, 633, 694 Dwarf bunt, 375 D. ribesia, 167 Dwarf mistletoe, 241, 626 D. taxicola, 140 Dyschoriste, 524 762 Index

E E. parthenocissi, 386, 689 Early blight, 104, 109, 111, 112 E. phaseoli, 386 Early rot, 229 E. pini, 618 Ear rot, 312 E. piri, 386, 458, 639 Easter cactus (Rhipsalidopsis), 524 E. quercicola, 386 Eastern dwarf mistletoe, 241 E. quercus-falcatae, 387, 603 Eastern gall rust, 345 E. randii, 387, 559, 618 Eastern mistletoe, 240 E. rosarum, 387, 652 Echeveria, 524 E. solidaginis, 387, 546 Echidnodella E. tiliae, 387, 580 E. angustiformis,96 E. veneta, 387, 477, 520, 642 E. rugispora,96 Elytroderma, 376 Echinacea (purple coneflower), 524 E. deformans, 246, 626, 628 Echinochloa (barnyardgrass), 525 Emilia (tasselflower, floras-paintbrush), 527 Echinodontium, 307 Enamovirus, 51 E. tinctorium, 307, 523, 536, 575 Encelia, 527 Eclipta, 525 Encoelia Ectostroma, 214, 683 (Cenangium), 151 E. afflatum, 503 E. pruinosa, 151 Edifenphos, 8 Encoeliopsis rhododendron, 214 Eggplant (Solanum melongena), 525 Endive escarole, witloof chicory (Cichorium), 527 anthracnose, 63, 64 Endoconidiophora virescens, 588 leaf spot, 207 Endocronartium, 347 mosaic, 525 E. harknessii, 347, 628 Elaeagnus (russian-olive, silverberry), 525 Endomyces mali, 457 Elaphomycetaceae, 40 Endophyllum, 347 Elder (Sambucus), 526 E. sempervivi, 347, 654 Elderberry, 526 E. tuberculatum, 348, 497, 561, 635 disease¼elderberry carlavirus, elderberry latent Endothia, 160 carmovirus, 405 canker, 118 Elephant hide, 635 E. gyrosa, 160, 473, 623 Elephants-ear (Colocasia), 526 E. parasitica, 499, 500, 603 Eleusine (goosegrass), 526 End spot, 274, 466 Elm Engelmannia (engelmann daisy), 528 (Ulmus), 526 Englerula carnea, 643 black spot, 216 English daisy (Bellis perennis), 528 leaf blister, 196 English ivy leaf spot, 228 leaf spot, 215, 233 English ivy scab, 387 mosaic, 405 Enterobacter cloacae, 72, 543, 605, 606 phloem necrosis, 89 Enterobacteriaceae, 72 yellows, 527 Entomosporium zonate canker, 405 E. maculatum, 119, 567 Elsinoaceae, 38 leaf spot, 119 Elsinoe¨, 385 Entyloma, 374 E. ampelina, 385, 547, 549 E. arnicale, 461 E. cinnamomi, 385, 489 E. aster-seriaceanum, 465 E. corni, 385, 522 E. australe, 500, 552 E. diospyri, 385 E. calendulae, 374, 486 E. euonymi-japonici, 385 E. collinsiae, 508 E. fawcettii, 385, 505, 554, color plate 15 E. compositarum, 374, 465, 479, 529, 530, 545, 546, E. ilicis, 386, 560 556, 643, 648, 656 E. jasminae, 386, 570 E. dactylidis, 374 E. ledi, 386, 576, 578, 650 E. dahliae, 374, 517 E. lepagei, 386, 652 E. ellisii, 374, 662 E. leucospila, 386, 489, 676 E. eryngii, 529 E. magnoliae, 386, 585 E. eschscholtziae, 487, 681 E. mangiferae, 386, 587 E. fuscum, 634 E. mattirolianium, 585 E. irregulare, 551 E. mattirolianum, 386, 670 E. linariae, 580 Index 763

E. lineatum, 374, 694 E. herbicola, 76, 524, 553 E. lobeliae, 581 E. nigrifluens, 690 E. menispermi, 596 E. nimipressuralis, 76, 526, 603, 694 E. microsporum, 641 E. quercina, 602 E. nymphaeae, 691, 692 E. rhapontica,77 E. polysporum, 374, 539, 556, 671 E. rhapontici, 470, 499, 573, 613, 614 E. ranunculi, 455, 642 E. rubrifaciens, 690 E. serotinum, 574, 592 E. stewartii, 76, 77, 509 E. thalictri, 590 E. tracheiphila, 76, 514, 591, 665, 692 E. veronicae, 687 Eryngium (rattlesnake master), 529 E. winteri, 519 Erysiphe sp., 286, 288, 679 E. wyomingense, 519 E. aggregata, 442, 709 Entylomella armoraciae, 230 E. azaleae, 467 Ephelis sp., 619 E. berberidis, 599 Epichloe typhina, 550 E. cichoracearum, color plate 9 Epicoccum sp., 160, 198, 214, 307, 471, 477, 619, 661 E. convolvuli var. convolvuli, 475 E. asterinum, 214, 697 E. cruciferarum, 288, 485, 684 E. granulatum, 457 E. galeopsidis, 656, 666 E. neglectum, 610 E. graminis, 287, 288, 481, 551 E. nigrum, 160, 214, 307, 585, 591 E. heraclei, 228, 456, 495, 612 E. purpurascens, 453, 467, 543 E. knautiae, 653 Epifagus virginiana, 471 E. orontii, 228 Epigaea (mayflower, trailing arbutus), 528 E. panax, 228, 543 Epilobium (willow-herb, fireweed), 528 E. pisi, 591 Episcia, 528 E. polygoni, 228, 448, 454, 455, 465–467, 469, Epoxiconazole, 8 471–473, 477, 483, 484, 486, 489, 492, Eradicant, 1 493, 500, 506, 508, 515, 518, 528, 539, Eranthemum, 529 540, 542, 544, 552, 556, 561, 562, 564, Eremothecium coryli, 680 565, 567, 582, 583, 590, 594, 595, 599, Erigeron (fleabane), 529 604, 609, 614, 620, 634, 637, 638, 641, Erinose, 691 645, 648, 684 Eriophyllum, 529 E. polygoni var. sepulta, 640 Erostrotheca multiformis, 244, 673 E. sedi, 654 Ersiphe polygoni, 517 E. taurica, 228 Eruca sativa, 463 E. trina, 228, 581, 603 Erwinia sp., 591, 692 E. unbelliferarum, 612 E. amylovora, 72, 452, 453, 456, 459, 497, 498, 501, E. viburni, 575 555, 567, 582, 591, 617, 625, 630, 639, 640, Erysphie 642, 663, 668 E. galeopsidis, 594 E. aroideae, 481, 487, 500, 514, 526, 591, 621, 635, E. orontii, 594 652, 665, 678, 692 Erythricium salmonicolor, 113 E. carnegieana, 74, 485 Erythrina, 529 E. carotovora, 464, 470, 484–487, 492, 495, 502, Erythronium 516–518, 524–526, 528, 531, 543, 564, 565, (dogs-tooth violet, adders-tongue, trout-lily), 529 568, 577, 579, 605, 607, 612, 617, 635, 640, smut, 589 644, 651, 662, 668, 671, 673, 678, 682, 684 Erythroxylum, 529 E. carotovora pv., 573 Ethylene dibromide, 15 E. carotovora pv. atroseptica, 635 Etridiazole, 15 E. carotovora pv. carotovora, 621, 665 Euascomycetidae, 37 E. carotovora pv. chrysanthemi, 631 Eucalyptus (gum-tree), 529 E. carotovora ssp. atroseptica,75 Eucharis (Amazon-lily), 530 E. carotovora ssp. carotovora, 74, 75, 597 Eugenia, 530 E. carotovora var. carotovora, 492 Euonymus E. carotovorus, 514 (burning-bush, spindle-tree), 530 E. chrysanthemi, 79, 492, 502, 624, 678, color plate 6 mildew, 289 E. cypripedii, 76, 607 mosaic, 405, 530 E. cytolitica, 517 Eupatorium (boneset, blue mist-flower, E. dieffenbachiae, 521 dogfennel, white snakeroot, Joe-Pye E. dissolvens, 509 weed), 530 764 Index

Euphorbia F. dehnii, 637 E. trigona, 531 F. macula, 640 mosaic, 665 F. maculata, 451, 457, 511, 567, 582, 591, 597, 614, mosaic begiminivirus, 405 625, 639 European F. maculate, 119 dagger nematode, 268 F. ranunculi, 641 larch canker, 157 F. rousseauana, 589 mistletoe, 240 F. thuemenii, 119, 555 nectria canker, 164 Fabrella tsugae, 119 poplar canker, 159 Fairy ring, 187 powdery mildew, 289 Fairy ring spot, 219 Euryops, 531 False root-knob nematode, 263 Eustoma (prairie Gentian, Texas bluebell), 531 False rust, 193 Eutypa sp., 243, 534, 535 False smut, 374 E. armeniacae, 459, 497, 501, 548 False solomons seal (Maianthemum racemosum), 659 E. armeniacae syn. E. lata, 160 Farkleberry tree-huckleberry (Vacciniumarboreum), 531 E. lata, 459, 497, 501, 548 Fasciation, 71, 72, 635, 658, 679 Eutypella Favolus alveolaris, 307, 559 E. parasitica, 588 Feather rot, 330 E. stellulata, 499 Feijoa (Pineapple guava), 531 E. vitis, 548 Felt fungus, 170, 463 Everlasting (Antennaria), 531 Fenaminosulf, 8 Evolvulus, 531 Fenarimol, 8 Exacum, 531 Fenbuconazole, 8 Exanthema, 274, 459, 504, 617, 630 Fendlera, 531 Excipulaceae, 44 Fennel (Foeniculum), 531 Exobasidiaceae, 42 Fenpiclonil, 8 Exobasidium, 191, 651, 693 Fenpropidin, 8 E. burtii, 191, 467, 644 Fenpropimorph, 8 E. camelliae, 191 Fenugreek (Trigonella), 532 E. camelliae var. gracilis, 488 Ferbam, 8 E. monosporum, 488 Fern E. oxycocci, 191, 512 adders-tongue (ophioglossum), 532 E. parvifolii, 693 anthracnose, 59 E. rhododendri, 191 aquatic (Salvinia spp.), 532 E. symploci, 191, 672 birds-nest (Asplenium), 532 E. uvae-ursi, 191 bladder (Cystopteris), 532 E. vaccinii, 191, 455, 478, 493, 497, 512, 531, 565, boston (Nephrolepis), 532 576, 578, 587, 592, 597, 644, 651 bracken (Pteridium), 532 E. vaccinii-uliginosae, 644 brake (Pteris), 532 E. vaccinii-uliginosi, 192, 587, 597, 693 christmas (Polystichum), 532 Exophoma magnoliae, 585 cliff-brake (Pellaea), 533 Exosporina fawcetti, 504, 690 holly (Cyrtomium), 533 Exosporium sp., 214, 598 japanese climbing (Lygodium japonicum)also-old E. concentricum, 215, 530, 638 world climbing(Lygodium microphyllum), 533 E. fawcettii, 499 lady, silvery spleenwort (Athyrium), E. glomerulosum, 572 533 E. liquidambaris, 236, 672 leaf spot, 304, 321 E. palmivorum, 236, 609, 610 leatherleaf (Rumohra), 533 E. phoradendri, 594 maidenhair (Adiantum), 533 Exserohilum nematode, 253 E. rostratum, 218, 549, 609, 610 Osmunda (Osmunda; cinnamon, interrupted, and royal E. turcicum, 314, 509 ferns), 533 Exudation, 624 polypody (Polypodium), 533 Eye spot, 217, 218 rock (Woodsia), 534 rock-brake (Cryptogramma), 533 F sensitive (Onoclea), 534 Fabavirus, 51 tree (Cibotium), 534 Fabraea walking (Camptosorus), 534 Index 765

wood, shield (Dryopteris), 534 Fomes, 307 woodwardia, chain (Woodwardia), 534 F. annosus, 307, 461, 496, 536, 572, 587, 597, 627, Fescue 644, 655, 664 netblotch, 217, 218 F. applanatus, 307, 487, 588, 630 smut, 379 F. conchatus, 602, 691 Feverfew (Chrysanthemum parthenium), 534 F. connatus, 307, 543, 588, 684 Field dodder, 180 F. earlei, 572 Fig F. everhartii, 307, 593, 691 (Ficus carica), 534 F. extensus, 550, 593 cyst nematode, 259 F. fasciatus, 585 florida strangler (Ficus aurea), 535 F. fomentarius, 307, 458, 498 mosaic, 405, 535 F. fraxinophilus, 307, 463, 482 pin nematode, 264 F. fulvus, 501, 630 rust, 342 F. geotropus, 468, 585 smut, 298 F. hartigii, 697 spine nematode, 256 F. igniarius, 308, 451, 458, 480, 482, 501, 522, 526, Figwort 587, 588, 618, 634, 637, 652, 691 (Scrophularia), 535 F. juniperinus, 572 mosaic, 535 F. meliae, 600 mosaic caulimovirus, 405 F. officinalis, 308 Fijivirus, 52 F. pini, 308, 494, 496, 516, 567, 634, 664 Filaree red leaf, 535, 558 F. pinicola, 308, 451, 458, 496, 567, 583, 618, 664 Filbert, 535 F. rimosus, 308, 581 blight, 84, 87 F. roseus, 308, 460, 663, 697 Filipin, 8 F. scutellatus, 451, 696 Fir F. subroseus, 496, 572, 585, 664 (Abies), 535 F. texanus, 572 needle blight, 122 Fomes spp, 473, 475, 487, 499, 523, 527, 554, 555, 557, Fire, 213 559, 562, 563, 575, 581, 603, 615, 623, 627, Fire blight, 72, 112 629, 633, 672, 694 Fire cracker plant (Crossandra infundibuliformis), 536 Fomitopsis Firethorn, 536 F. officinalis, 308 Fir-fern rust, 351, 361 F. pinicola, 308 Fir-huckleberry rust, 360 F. rosea, 308 Fir-willow rust, 352 Foot rot, 75, 93, 217, 298, 325, 326, 328 Fisheye fruit rot, 303 Forestiera (swamp-privet), 537 Fistulina hepatica, 603 Forget-me-not Fittonia, 537 (Myosotis), 537 Flag smut, 376 downy mildew, 183 Flat limb, 618 Forsythia (goldenbells), 537 Flax flowering (Linum), 537 Fosetyl-aluminum, 9 Floral smut, 376 Fouquieria (ocotillo, candlewood), 537 Florida beggarweed (Desmonium tortuosum), 474 Four-o’clock (Mirabilis), 537 Florida pusley (Richardia scaba), 537 Foxglove Flower (Digitalis), 538 blight, 129 anthracnose, 61 rot, 296 leaf spot, 230 smut, 375 Foxtail spot, 193 mosaic, 481 Fluazinam, 8 mosaic potexvirus, 405 Fludioxonil, 8 Frammulina Flusilazole, 9 (Collybia), 303 Flutolanil, 9 F. velutipes, 303 Fly speck, 189 Freesia, 538 Foam-flower (Tiarella), 537 Freeway daisy (Osteospermum), 538 Fobrella tsugae, 117 Freezing, 480 Foliar blight, 120, 136, 311 Fremontia (flannel bush), 538 Foliar nematode, 263 Frenching, 683 Folpet, 9 Fringe-tree (Chionanthus), 538 766 Index

Fritillaria, 538 F. equiseti, 309, 591, 665 Froelichia, 538 F. foetens, 437, 474 Frog-eye disease, 207 F. graminearum, 120, 474, 636, 661, 665, 694 Frog-eye leaf spot, 325 F. heterosporum, 364, 550, 551 Frommeella, 348 F. lateritium, 246, 480, 499, 596, 600, 660, 681 F. duchesneae, 348, 595 F. lateritium f. sp. cicerii, 499 Frost crack, 588 F. lateritium f. sp. pini, 626 Frost injury, 274 F. moniliforme, 309, 509, 535, 566, 607, 652 Frost scorch, 381 F. moniliforme var. intermedium, 626 Frostwort (Crocanthemum), 538 F. moniliforme var. subglutinans, 120, 160, 626 Fruit F. nivale, 381, 551 anthracnose, 62, 64 F. oxysporum, 160, 309, 437–440, 453, 458, 472, 480, blotch, 79 485, 502, 517, 522–524, 536, 538, 544, 557, and core rot, 323 564, 568, 604, 607, 616, 627, 637, 639, 650, pit, 605 664, 665, 668, 670, 680, 813 rot, 63, 112, 117, 124, 153, 161, 166, 216, 226, 229, F. oxysporum f. sp. apii, 437, 495, 671 295, 299, 300, 302, 303, 306, 307, 309, 312, F. oxysporum f. sp. asparagi, 437, 464 316, 319, 322, 324, 328, 331, 338 F. oxysporum f. sp. aurantiacum, 529, 689 rot of date, 300 F. oxysporum f. sp. barbati, 470, 675 russet, 189, 190 F. oxysporum f. sp. basilicum, 470 spot, 63, 64, 113, 114, 119, 145, 210, 211 F. oxysporum f. sp. batatas, 310, 570, 596, 674 storage rot, 339 F. oxysporum f. sp. betae, 437, 474 Fuchsia, 539 F. oxysporum f. sp. callistephi, 437, 465, 496, 502, 589 rust, 360 F. oxysporum f. sp. carthami, 649 Fuligo F. oxysporum f. sp. cassiae, 493 F. septica, 371, 528, 551, 669 F. oxysporum f. sp. cattleyae, 437, 607 F. violacea, 673 F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae, 310, 606 Fulvia fulva, 244 F. oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi, 310 Fumago, 384 F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans, 438, 485, 641, F. salicina, 561 653, 684 F. vagans, 384, 458, 535, 560, 562, 580, 615, 628 F. oxysporum f. sp. coriandrii, 509 Fumigants, 1 F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense, 438, 469 Fungi, 1 F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, 438, 514 Fungicide, 1 F. oxysporum f. sp. cucurbitae, 514 Furcaspora, 120 F. oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis, 438, 516 F. pinicola, 120, 535 F. oxysporum f. sp. delphinii, 518 Furovirus, 52 F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi, 438, 491 Fusaria, 480 F. oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli, 438, 529 Fusarium sp., 120, 160, 192, 198, 246, 309, 312, 364, 437, F. oxysporum f. sp. exaii, 531 464, 466, 467, 477, 478, 482, 484, 489, 490, F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli, 310, 569, 678, 682 494, 502, 503, 505, 510, 511, 514, 516, 518, F. oxysporum f. sp. hebae, 438, 556 521, 525, 531, 538, 541, 545, 546, 559, 565, F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucum, 438, 577 573, 574, 577, 582, 583, 589, 594, 596, 599, F. oxysporum f. sp. lilii, 310, 579 612, 621, 624, 632, 633, 647, 651, 652, 654, F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, 438, 680 658, 670, 675, 682, 686, 687, 698 F. oxysporum f. sp. mathioli, 668 brown rot, 310 F. oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis, 600 F. acuminatum, 309, 564, 666 F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis, 439, 592 F. annuum, 437, 622 F. oxysporum f. sp. narcissi, 310, 600 F. avenaceum, 309, 485, 523, 531, 536, 557, 562, 627, F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum, 439, 666, 692 664, 665, 668 F. oxysporum f. sp. perniciosum, 439, 593 F. bulbigenum, 453 F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi, 600 F. buxicola, 480 F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis, 680 F. carpineum, 559 F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, 311, 680 F. cerealis, 311, 491 F. oxysporum f. sp. raphani, 440, 641 F. circinatum, 536, 626 F. oxysporum f. sp. rhois, 671 F. conglutin, 474 F. oxysporum f. sp. sedi, 654 F. conglutinans (Orthoceras), 474 F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae, 440, 663 F. culmorum, 309, 551, 566, 655 F. oxysporum f. sp. tracheiphilum, 440, 502, 511, 661 F. decemcellulare, 192, 587 F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, 472, 605, 673 Index 767

F. oxysporum var. redolens, 311, 627 Gallex, 13 F. poae, 311, 520 Gall rust, 351 F. proliferatum, 311, 464, 506, 565, 606, 665 Galtonia (summer-hyacinth), 539 F. roseum f. sp. sambucinum, 523 Ganoderma sp., 312, 477 F. roseum sp., 311, 513, 517, 549, 655 G. applanatum, 312, 448, 451, 458, 468, 473, 512, 530, F. sambucinum, 562, 636 563, 598, 683, 684 F. sarcochroum, 581 G. applanatus, 638 F. scirpi, 481, 530, 543, 661, 692 G. curtisii, 312, 527, 559, 562, 615 F. semitectum, 311, 592 G. lucidum, 312, 329, 463, 480, 505, 554, 557, 562, F. solani, 160, 311, 440, 450, 452, 458, 461, 472, 480, 588, 593, 643, 691, 694 481, 484, 486, 499, 502, 505, 516, 517, 520, G. oregonenses, 501 523, 526, 536, 538, 541, 557, 564, 603, 607, G. oregonensis, 524 616, 622, 627, 631, 633, 636, 653, 655, 661, G. polychromum, 487 663, 664, 673, 674, 683, 684, 690, 696 G. sequoiae, 654 F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae, 311, 655 G. sulcatum, 576, 610 F. solani f. sp. glycines, 661 G. zonatum, 312 F. solani f. sp. phaseoli, 311, 471, 472 Ganoderma spp., 672 F. solani f. sp. pisi, 311, 499, 614, 673 Gardenia F. solani f. sp. radicicola, 514 (cape-jasmine), 539 F. subglutinans, 120, 160, 500, 607, 622, 626 canker, 130 F. subgutinans, 311 Garlic (Allium sativum), 540 F. tabacinum, 120, 665 Garrya (tassel-tree, silk-tasselbush), 540 F. tricinctum f. sp. poae, 491, 502, 549 Gasteromycetous fungus, 500 head blight, 312 Gas toxicity, 275 patch, 381 Gaultheria (checkerberry, teaberry) (source of oil of root rot, 311 wintergreen), 540 wilt, 310, 437, 438, 440 Gaura, 540 yellows, 437, 670 Gazania, 540 Fusarium spp., 456, 474, 478, 492, 505, 510, 514, 518, (treasure flower), 541 527, 538, 551, 588, 609, 615, 617, 622, 636, Geastrumia, 144 637, 646, 665, 669, 674, 699 G. polystigmatis, 144, 456, 476 Fusicladium, 215 Gelatirosporium piricola, 155 F. angelica, 455, 558, 674, 676 Genista (wood-waxen), 541 F. aplectri, 607 Gentian (Gentiana), 541 F. cerasi, 498 Geoglossaceae, 39 F. dendriticum, 364 Geotrichum F. eriobotryae, 364, 582 G. candidum, 320, 600, 615, 674 F. levieri, 623 G. citriaurantii, 674 F. photinicola, 364 Geranium F. pisicola, 215, 614 (cranesbill, herb-robert), 542 F. pyracanthae, 364, 639 (Pelargonium), 541 F. robiniae, 215, 581 chlorotic spot, 405 F. saliciperdum, 364, 472 crinkle, 405 F. staticis, 667 leaf spot, 86, 87, 206 Fusicoccum sp., 160, 463, 585, 597, 628 mosaic, 541 F. amygdali, 160, 614 (Pelargonium) mosaic, 406 F. elaeagni, 160, 525, 649 Gerbera (transvaal daisy), 542 F. putrefaciens, 477 Germander (Teucrium), 542 Geum (Avens), 542 Ghost ring, 653 G Giant hill, 635 Gaeumannomyces, 312 Gibbago, 215 G. graminis, 396 G. trianthemae, 215, 564 G. graminis var. graminis, 312, 551, 619, 650, Gibberella, 120, 160, 312 654, 699 G. acuminatum, 563 Gaillardia (blanket flower), 539 G. baccata, 120, 160, 450, 457, 504, 511, 534, Galax, 539 545, 563 Galium (bedstraw), 539 G. baccata var. mori, 598 Gall, 171, 192, 193 G. persicaria, 615 768 Index

Gibberella (cont.) G. aletridis, 667 G. quinqueseptata, 557 G. aleuriticum, 683 G. saubinetti, 557 G. allantosporum, 63, 642 G. zeae, 312, 510, 551, 680 G. amygdalinum, 452 Gibberidea G. angelicae, 455 G. abundans, 638 G. apocryptum,63 G. heliopsidis, 92, 465, 546, 556, 650, 671 G. aquifolli, 560 Gilbertella, 312 G. argemonis, 637 G. persicaria, 312, 615 G. aridum, 63, 463 Gilia (skyrocket), 542 G. berberidis, 469, 858 Gillenia (American ipecac, Indian physic), 543 G. betae, 473 Ginger G. betularum, 215 edible (Zingiber), 543 G. cactorum, 485 wild (Asarum), 543 G. callae, 487 Ginkgo (maidenhair-tree), 543 G. camphorae, 489 Ginseng (Panax), 543 G. carthami, 649 Girdle, 473 G. catalpae, 493 Girdling roots, 275 G. cattleyae, 607 Gladiolus, 543 G. confluens, 461 botrytis blight, 109 G. convallariae, 579 flower blight, 115 G. coryli, 555 mosaic, 406 G. crataegi, 555 scab, 78 G. diospyri, 623 smut, 376 G. fagi, 473 Glassy end, 635 G. ferrugineum, 644 Gleosporium sp., 555 G. foliicolum, 312, 505 Gliocephabotrichum G. frigidum, 530 G. bulbilium, 641 G. fructigenum, 525, 552, 613 G. simplex, 641 G. hemerocallidis, 662 Gliocladium sp., 636 G. heterophyllum, 462 (Isaria), 315 G. hydrophylli, 566 G. roseum, 315, 322 G. inconspicuum, 215, 527 G. vermoeseni, 322, 609 G. leguminum, 593 G. viride, 457 G. limetticolum, 63, 503 Globe-amaranth (Gomphrena), 544 G. liriodendri, 683 Globe-mallow (Sphaeralcea), 544 G. manihotis, 587 Globe-thistle (Echinops), 544 G. melongenae, 63, 525 Globodera G. mezerei, 215, 518 G. rostochiensis, 259, 525, 635 G. minus, 512 G. tabacum solanacearum, 601 G. musarum, 468 Gloecephalus hemerocalli, 518 G. nervisequum, 672 Gloeocercospora, 215 G. ochraceum, 489 G. inconspicua, 215 G. oleae, 673 G. sorghi, 215 G. olivarum, 605 Gloeocereocospora G. osmaroniae, 608 G. inconspicua, 478 G. osmundae, 533 Gloeodes, 144 G. paludosum, 461 G. pomigena, 144, 456, 476, 504, 511, 520, 540, 607, G. perennans, 453 617, 695 G. piperatum, 63, 621 Gloeophyllum sepiarium, 316, 575 G. polymorphum, 524 Gloeosporium sp., 63, 161, 215, 312, 449, 455, 466, 467, G. prunicola, 501 474, 475, 477, 481, 486, 500, 502, 510, 513, G. quercinum, 63, 602 514, 521, 524, 537, 542, 560, 572, 596, 600, G. ramosum, 593 605, 608, 620, 621, 624, 625, 631, 634, 635, G. revolutum, 581 639, 644, 647, 648, 657, 665, 667, 668, 675 G. rhododendri, 215 G. acerinum, 587 G. robergei, 563 G. aceris, 587 G. rumicis, 649 G. affine, 607 G. saccharinum, 587 G. ailanthi, 450 G. salicis, 694 Index 769

G. sanguinariae, 477 Gnomoniaceae, 39 G. sansevieriae, 652 Gnomoniella, 216 G. senecionis, 654 G. coryli, 216, 556 G. septorioides, 603 G. fmbriata, 216 G. syringae, 578 G. fraxini,63 G. tabernaemontanae, 676 Goats-beard (Aruncus), 545 G. thalictri, 590 Godetia, 545 G. thuemenii, 486, 524 Godfrey’s meadow nematode, 264 G. thuemenii f. sp. tulipi, 63, 682 Godronia, 313 G. tineum, 526 G. cassandrae, 313, 477, 513 G. trillii, 681 G. cassandrae f. sp. vaccinii, 313, 477 G. tubiformis, 451 Going-out, 217, 218 G. ulmicola, 215, 527 Golden-chain (Laburnum), 545 G. veronicae, 687 Golden-club (Orontium), 545 G. yuccogenum, 697 Golden-eye (Viguiera), 545 Gloeosporium spp., 457, 513, 646, 694 Golden-glow (Rudbeckia lacinata), 545 Gloeotinia, 313 Golden-larch (Pseudolarix), 546 G. granigera, 313 Golden nematode, 259, 260 G. temulenta, 313, 551 Goldenrain-tree (Koelreuteria), 546 Gloesporium sp., 509 Goldenrod (Solidago), 546 G. betulae-luteae, 475 scab, 387 G. betularum, 475 Goldenseal (Hydrastis), 546 G. cactorum, 485 Goldentop (Lamarckia), 546 Glomerella sp., 63, 120, 161, 216, 312, 607 Goldthread (Coptis), 546 G. cincta, 486, 521, 524, 561, 589, 610 Golovinomyces G. cingulata, 63–65, 120, 131, 161, 168, 216, 313, 457, G. cichoracearum, 287, 449, 450, 461–462, 465, 468, 462, 466, 476, 478, 488, 489, 496, 497, 503, 474, 479, 486, 489, 490, 496, 502–503, 509, 505, 506, 512, 515, 516, 520, 525, 534, 544, 510, 513–514, 516–518, 523, 525, 528–530, 549, 553, 554, 562, 569, 585, 587, 590, 599, 534, 539, 542, 545–547, 552, 554–556, 558, 610, 611, 615, 619, 621, 633, 639, 642, 561, 562, 566–569, 574, 576–578, 580, 581, 644–646, 648, 658–659, 673, 683 589–592, 594–595, 599, 601, 604, 612, 620, G. cingulata var. vaccinii, 313, 512 624, 633, 634, 636–638, 640, 643, 648–651, G. glycines, 65, 660 654, 656, 665, 667, 668, 671, 676–677, 682, G. gossypii,65 685–687, 692, 695, 696, 698 G. lindemuthianum,65 G. cynoglossi, 537 G. nephrolepidis, 65, 532 G. orontii, 686 G. phomoides, 678 Gonatobotryum, 216 G. rubicola, 457, 642 G. apiculatum, 216 Glomerularia corni, 522 G. maculicola, 695 Glomus macrocarpum, 601 Gooseberry Glory-bush (Tibouchina), 544 (Ribes), 547 Gloxinia (Sinningia), 544 scab, 388 Glutinium Gopher plant or caper spurge (Euphorbia), 546 G. macrosporum, 161 Gordonia (Franklinia and loblolly-bay), 547 G. microsporum, 617 Gouania, 547 Gnaphalium (cudweed), 545 Gourd (Lagenaria, Luffa, Trichosanthes), 547 Gnomonia, 65, 120, 216 Grading injuries, 275 G. caryae, 66, 559 Graft incompatibility, 276 G. caryae var. pecanae, 216, 619 Graft union necrosis, 458 G. comari, 216, 668 Grandinia (Hyphodontia), 315 G. fragariae, 216 G. granulosa, 315 G. fructicola, 668 Granville wilt, 79, 83 G. leptostyla, 66, 690 Grape (Vitis), 547 G. nerviseda, 216, 619 anthracnose, 385 G. platani, 629 downy mildew, 185 G. quercina, 602 fanleaf, 549 G. rubi, 120, 476 leaf roll, 549 G. tiliae, 580 leaf roll¼grapevine leafroll-associated G. ulmea, 216, 527 closterovirus, 406 770 Index

Grape (Vitis)(cont.) Green ring mottle, 616 powdery mildew, 293 Green scurf, 205 yellow mosaic, 549 Gremmeniella abietina, 626 yellow mosaic F strain of grapevine fanleaf nepovirus Grevillea (silk-oak), 552 (Panachure), 406 Grindelia (gumweed), 552 yellow vein¼tomato ringspot nepovirus, 406 Griphosphaeria, 161 Grapefruit, 549 G. corticola, 161, 646 Grape-hyacinth (Muscari), 549 Ground-cherry Grapevine husk-tomato (Physalis), 552 fanleaf nepovirus, 406 purple-flowered (Quincula), 553 fleck, 549 Ground-ivy (Gleoma), 553 fleck virus, 406 Groundnut (Apios), 553 rupestris vein feathering, 549 Ground-smoke (Gayophytum), 553 rupestris vein feathering marafivirus, 406 Grovesiella abieticola, 170 stem pitting associated, 549 Grovesinia pyramidalis, 690 stem pitting associated chlosterovirus, 406 Growth cracks, 636 Graphiola, 374 Guar (Cyamopsis), 553 G. congesta, 611 symptomless, 553 G. phoenicis, 374, 610, 611 symptomless potyvirus, 406 G. thaxteri, 611 Guava (Psidium), 553 Graphiolaceae, 42 scab, 388 Graphium, 216 Guayule (Parthenium), 553 G. hamamelidis, 695 Guignardia, 144, 217, 313 G. sessile, 483, 652 G. aesculi, 114, 563 G. sorbi, 216, 597 G. bidwellii, 313, 454, 548, 569, color plate 7 G. ulmi, 434 G. bidwellii f. sp. parthenocissi, 217, 622, 689 Graphium spp., 627 G. leucothoe¨s, 578 Grapvine fanleaf, 552 G. lonicerae, 562 Grass G. rhodorae, 644 cyst nematode, 260 G. vaccinii, 313, 512 nematode, 253 Gummosis, 150, 276, 306, 326, 448, 458, 504, 614 sneath nematode, 259 Gummy stem blight, 124 Grasses, lawn, turf, 549 Gum spot, 630 Grass-of-parnassus (Parnassia), 552 Gymnoascaceae, 38 Gray Gymnoconia bark, 117 G. interstitialis, 348 blight, 246 G. nitens, 352 bulb rot, 332 G. peckiana, 348, 476, 520, 642 leaf, 225 Gymnosporangium, 348 leaf blight, 122, 247 G. asiaticum, 350 leaf mold, 218 G. bermudianum, 348, 572 leaf spot, 235 G. bethelii, 348, 555, 572 mold, 109 G. biseptatum, 349, 454, 496 mold blight, 107 G. clavariiforme, 349, 454, 501, 572, 618, 640 mold fruit rot, 299 G. clavipes, 349, 454, 458, 501, 512, 555, 572, 591, mold neck rot, 299 618, 625, 640 mold rot, 107, 299 G. confusum, 349 scab, 388 G. corniculans, 454, 572 spot, 228 G. cornutum, 349, 572, 597 Greasy G. cunninghamianum, 349 blotch, 146 G. cupressi, 454, 516 spot, 504 G. davisii, 349, 501, 572 Green dwarf, 636 G. effusum, 349, 572 Greeneria, 312 G. ellisii, 349, 470, 497, 672, 693 G. uvicola, 312, 317, 548 G. exiguum, 350, 555, 572 Green fruit rot, 335 G. exterum, 350, 543, 572 Green mold, 322 G. floriforme, 350, 555, 572 Green mold rot, cosmopolitan, 338 G. fraternum, 350, 497, 501 Green mottle, 458 G. fuseum, 618 Index 771

G. globosum, 350, 458, 512, 555, 572, 597, 618 Head blight, 120 G. gracile, 350, 454, 572, 640 Head browning, 202 G. harknessianum, 350, 454, 572 Head rot, 327, 333 G. hyalinum, 350, 555, 618 Head scab, 364 G. inconspicum, 572 Head smut, 375, 377 G. inconspicuum, 350, 454, 666 Heart rot, 197, 276, 303, 305, 307–309, 312, 316, 323, 612, 675 G. japonicum, 350, 572, 625 Heartwood rot, 307 G. juniperi-virginianae, 350, 458, 512, 572, Heath (Erica), 556 color plate 2 Heather (Calluna), 556 G. juvenescens, 454, 572 Heat injury, 276 G. kernianum, 351, 454, 572, 618 Hebe, 556 G. libocedri, 351, 454, 458, 512, 555, 567, 640 Hedge parsley (Torilis), 556 G. multiporum, 351, 572 Helenium (sneezeweed), 556 G. nelsoni, 454, 512, 555, 572, 597, 640, 666 Helichrysum, 556 G. nelsonii, 351 Helicobasidium, 314 G. nidusavis, 454, 572 H. brebissonii, 314 G. nidus-avis, 351 H. corticioides, 314 G. nootkatense, 351, 496, 512, 597, 618 H. purpureum, 454, 463, 474, 480, 483, 492, 494, G. speciosum, 351, 531, 572, 595 500, 509, 520, 526, 527, 545, 554, 559, 568, G. trachysorum, 351, 555, 572 586, 588, 598, 619, 636, 643, 648, 657–659, G. tremelloides, 351, 572, 597 671, 674, 687, 689, 694 G. tubulatum, 555, 572 Helicoceras nymphaearum, 691 G. vauqueliniae, 351, 572 Helicotylenchus sp., 258, 478, 654 Gymnosporium exiguum, 502 H. dihystera, 258, 551 Gypsophila (babys-breath), 553 H. erythrinae, 258, 621, 661 H. multicinctus, 258, 626 H. nannus, 258, 464, 467, 480, 486, 488, 540, 551, H 610, 616, 624, 648, 661, 679 Hackberry H. pseudorobustus, 258, 548 leaf mosaic, 554 Helicotylenchus spp., 646 sugarberry (Celtis), 553 Heliopsis, 556 Hadrotrichum, 120 Heliotrope (Heliotropium), 557 H. globiferum, 120, 583 Hellenium S. carlavirus, 406, 556 Hairy mistletoe, 240 Helminthosporium sp., 120, 189, 217, 314, 466, 468, 561, Hairy root, 69 589, 601, 610, 611, 616, 631, 679, 682, 692 Halbaniella linnaeae, 580 (Bipolaris), 635 Halesia (silver-bell, snowdrop-tree), 554 (Spondylocladium), 369 Halo blight, 80 H. allii, 606 Hamelia (scarlet-bush), 554 H. apiculiferum, 611 Hand-operated sprayers, 21 H. beaumontii, 688 Hapalosphaeria deformans, 476, 520 H. cactivorum, 314, 485 Haplobasidium pavoninum, 508 H. catenarium, 120, 218, 645 Harbinger-of-spring (Erigenia), 554 H. cynodontis, 218, 550 Hardenbergia, 554 H. dictyoides, 218, 550 Hard end, 617 H. erythrospilum, 218, 550 Hardy orange (Poncirus), 554 H. gigantea, 121 Hares-tail (Lagurus), 554 H. giganteum, 218, 550, 619, 645 Harknessia rhoina, 670 H. hawaiiense, 643 Hawkbit, fall dandelion (Leontodon), 554 H. maydis, 121, 509 Hawksbeard (Crepis), 554 H. molle, 609 Hawkweed (Hieracium), 554 H. papulosum, 189, 457, 617 Hawthorn H. pedicellatrum, 510 (Crataegus), 555 H. portulacae, 635 leaf blight, 119 H. rostratum, 218, 481, 550 rust, 350 H. sacchari, 576 Hazel dodder, 179 H. sarracenia, 629 Hazelnut H. sativum, 218, 550, 675 filbert (Corylus), 555 H. sesami, 314, 655 leaf blister, 195 H. setariae, 218 772 Index

Helminthosporium sp. (cont.) Heracleum (cow-parsnip), 558 H. siccans, 218, 550 Hercules-club H. solani, 369 (Aralia spinosa), 558 H. sorokiniana, 218 (Zanthoxylum clavaherculis), 558 H. stenacrum, 218, 550 Hericium, 315 H. stenophilum, 550 H. erinaceous, 588, 603 H. tetramera, 699 H. erinaceus, 315, 623, 672, 684 H. triseptatum, 218, 550 H. obietis, 336 H. tritici-repentis, 218 Hericium spp., 473 H. turcicum, 121, 314, 509 Heronsbill (Erodium), 558 H. vagans, 218, 550 Herpobasidium H. vignae, 660 H. deformans, 562 Helotiaceae, 40 H. filicinum, 534 Helvellaceae, 40 Herpotrichia, 121 Hemicriconemoides, 258 H. juniperi, 121, 594 H. biformis, 258, 603 H. nigra, 523, 535, 557, 567, 572, 597, 625, 663, 697 H. chitwoodi, 258 Hesperis (dames-rocket), 558 H. floridensis, 258 Heterobasidion annosum, 308 H. gaddi, 258, 488 Heterodera H. wessoni, 258, 693 and Globodera, 259 Hemicycliophora sp., 258, 588, 642 H. avenae, 259, 614 H. arenaria, 258 H. cacti, 259, 485 H. brevis, 258, 487 H. carotae, 259, 492 H. obtusa, 258, 473 H. cruciferae, 259, 484 H. oracilis, 544 H. fici, 259, 535 H. parvana, 258, 495, 524 H. glycines, 259, 471, 660, 679 H. similis, 259, 478, 512 H. gottingiana, 259, 614, 660 Hemicycliophora spp., 646 H. humuli, 259, 471, 514, 614 Hemlock (Tsuga), 557 H. iri, 259, 550 blight, 117 H. mothi, 259, 602 dwarf mistletoe, 241 H. punctata, 259, 548 needle, 117 H. rostochiensis, 259, 525, 635, 679 needle blight, 117, 119, 136 H. schachtii, 259, 473, 599, 600, 651 rust, 360 H. tabacum, 259, 525, 571, 621, 679 Hemlock-poplar rust, 352 H. trifolii, 260, 473, 491, 660, 662 Hemp H. zeae, 259, 509 (Cannabis), 557 Heterosporium sp., 121, 461, 521, 544, 579, 584, 650, Broomrape, 147 681, 689, 690 Hempsesbania (Sesbania), 557 H. abroniae, 651 Henbane mosaic, 406 H. allii, 219, 606 Henbit (Laminum), 557 H. asperatum, 659 Hendersonia, 198, 218 H. echinulatum, 219, 491, 520 H. concentrica, 218, 644 H. escholtziae, 219 H. crataegicola, 218, 555 H. eschscholtziae, 487 H. culmiseda, 611 H. gracile, 219, 501 H. cydoniae, 617 H. gracilis, 518 H. davisii, 559 H. hybridum, 506 H. foliorum var. viburni, 688 H. iridis, 538, 611 H. magnoliae, 585 H. magnoliae, 585 H. opuntiae, 198, 485 H. syringae, 121, 578 H. rubi, 452 H. trillii, 681 H. subalbicans, 488 H. tropaeoli, 600 H. tenella, 652 variabile, 219, 484, 662 H. tini, 575 Heuchera (alum-root, coral-bells), 558 Hendersonula, 162, 440 Hexaconazole, 9 H. pinicola, 626 Hibbertia (guinea-gold-vine), 558 H. toruloidea, 162, 440, 504, 585, 690 Hibiscus H. toruloides, 535 (arborescent forms) (rose-of-sharon, confederate-rose, Hepatica, 557 Chinese Hibiscus, kenaf), 558 Index 773

chlorotic ringspot, 559 Hordeivirus, 52 chlorotic ringspot carmovirus, 407 Hormodendron cladosporiodes, 457 latent fort pierce, 559 Hormotheca rubicola, 236 latent fort pierce tobamovirus, 407 Hornbeam (Carpinus), 563 Hickory Horse-chestnut, buckeye (Aesculus), 563 (Carya), 559 Horse-chestnut leaf blotch, 144 anthracnose, 65 Horse-chestnut powdery mildew, 293 Higginisia, 121 Horse-gentian (Triosteum), 564 H. hiemalis, 121, 210 Horse purslane (Trianthema), 564 H. kerriae, 121, 210 Horse-radish (Armoracia), 564 Hippeastrum, 560 Horse-radish leaf spot, 83, 206 mosaic, 453 Horseweed (Conyza), 564 mosaic potyvirus, 407 Hosta (plantain-lily), 564 Hoarhound (Marrubium), 560 virus X, 564 Hoary-tick clover (Desmodium), 560 Houstonia (bluets), 564 Hollow heart, 276, 636 Hoya, 565 Hollow stem, 495 Huckleberry Holly (Gaylussacia), 565 (Ilex)(Ilex opaca, American; I. equifolium, evergreen (Vaccinium), 965 English; I. cornuta, Chinese; I. crenata, Huisache, sweet acacia (Acacia farnesiana), Japanese), 560 565 blight, 132 Hyacinth (Hyacinthus), 565 leaf spot, 227, 228 botrytis blight, 109 Osmanthus (Osmanthus ilicifolius), 561 mosaic, 565 West Indian (Leea coccinea), 561 mosaic potyvirus, 407 Hollyhock yellows, 85, 87 (Althaea), 561 Hyalodendron sp., 603 anthracnose, 62 Hyalopsora, 351 mosaic, 407, 561 H. aspidiotus, 351, 534, 536 rust, 359 H. cheilanthis, 352, 533 Holodiscus H. polypodii, 352, 532, 534 (ocean spray, rock spirea), 561 Hybrigeminivirus, 52 witches’ broom, 407, 561 Hydnaceae, 42 Holo pocket, 329, 330 Hydnum Homalomena, 561 H. abietis, 536 Honesty (Lunaria), 561 H. balsameum, 536 Honey locust (Gleditsia), 561 H. coralloides, 524 Honey plant, bitterbush (Picramnia), 562 H. septentrionale, 336 Honeysuckle (Lonicera), 562 Hydrangea, 565 Hop latent, 566 (Humulus), 562 latent carlavirus, 407 American latent, 562 leaf spot, 228 American latent carlavirus, hop latent carlavirus, phyllody phytoplasma, 407 hop mosaic carlavirus, 407 ring spot, 566 cyst nematode, 260 ring spot potexvirus, 407 hornbeam, ironwood (Ostrya), 562 virescence, 565 latent, 562 Hydrated lime and copper sulfate, 9 mildew, 292 Hydraulic sprayers, 19 mosaic, 562 Hydrilla, 566 stunt viroid, 600, 616 Hydrophyllum (waterleaf), 566 Hoplolaimus sp., 260, 584, 646 leaf spot, 232 H. bradys, 524 Hydroxyquinoline sulfate, 9, 14 H. coronatus, 260, 491, 504, 550, 601, 603, 626, Hymatotrichum omnivorum, 458 673, 679 Hymenochaete, 162 H. galeatus, 260 canker, 161 H. magnistylus, 260, 559 H. agglutinans, 162, 451, 456, 475, 526, H. uniformis, 260, 522, 560, 585 555, 557, 578, 587, 594, 598, 652, Hopperburn, 276, 636 672, 688 Hop-tree (Ptelea), 563 H. tabacina, 655 774 Index

Hymenopappus, 566 Illosporium, 219 Hyphodontia aspera, 664 I. maculicola, 588 Hypholoma, 315 I. malifoliorum, 219, 457, 511 H. perplexum, 515 Imazalil, 9 H. sublateritium, 315 Impatiens Hypoderma, 121, 246 (garden balsam, sultan), 566 H. desmazierii, 246, 626 latent, 566 H. hedgecockii, 246, 626 latent potexvirus, 408 H. lethale, 122, 626 necrotic spot, 474, 477, 516, 527, 531, 545, H. lethali, 246 564, 566, 606, 616, 622, 637, 638, 642, H. pedatum, 626 653, 658 H. pini, 626 necrotic spot phytoplasma, 602 H. robustum, 246, 247, 536 necrotic spot tospovirus, 408 H. saccatum, 626 serotype, 450, 596, 624 Hypodermella sp., 122, 246, 626 Incense-cedar (Libocedrus(¼Calocedrus decurrens)), concolor, 247, 626 567 H. abietis-concoloris, 122, 246, 536 Incense cedar mistletoe, 240 H. ampla, 246, 626 India-hawthorn (Raphiolepis), 567 H. arcuata, 626 Indian cucumber-root (Medeola), 567 H. cerina, 626 Indian grass (Sorghastrum), 567 H. lacrimformis, 626 Indigo (Indigofera), 567 H. laricis, 122, 247, 575 Indigo-bush, lead-plant (Amorpha), 567 H. limitata, 626 Inflorescence smut, 375 H. medusa, 626 Inkberry (Ilex glabra), 567 H. mirabilis, 536 Ink spot, 124, 125, 208, 544 H. montana, 626 Inonotus, 315 H. montivaga, 626 I. circinatus, 330 H. nervata, 247, 536 I. dryadeus, 329 H. punctata, 536 I. hispidus, 329 Hypomyces I. tomentosus, 315, 329, 664 H. cancri, 557 Insecticide, 1 H. ipomoeae, 122, 666 Internal Hyponectria, 122 bark necrosis, 457, 615 H. buxi, 122, 480 breakdown, 674 Hypospila californica, 451 browning, 459, 692 Hypoxylon, 162 browning or cork, 276 canker, 162 brown spot, 636, 674 H. atropunctatum, 603 Intumescence, 614, 674 H. diatrypeoides, 593 Inula (elecampane), 567 H. mammatum, 162 Iononutus circinatus, 627 H. mediterraneum, 603 Ipomovirus,52 H. morsei, 588 Iprodione, 9 H. pruinatum, 633 Irene H. punctulatum, 603 I. araliae, 96, 585 H. tinctor, 629 I. calostroma, 96, 693 Hypoxylon spp., 456, 652 I. perseae, 96, 466 Hypsizygus ulmarius, 328 Irenina Hypsoperine, 260 I. manca, 96, 602, 693 H. graminis, 260, 550, 699 I. sanguinea, 520 Hyssop (Hyssopus), 566 Irenopsis Hysteriaceae, 38 I. cryptocarpa,97 I. martiniana, 97, 643 Iresine (blood-leaf), 568 I Iris Ice plant (Carpobrotus), 566 (bulbous) (English, Spanish, Dutch), 568 Idaeovirus, 52 (rhizomatous) (German, Siberian, Idriella, 315 Native Species), 568 I. lunata, 315, 669 basal rot, 310 Ilarvirus, 52 fulva mosaic, 568 Index 775

fulva mosaic potyvirus and Iris severe mosaic Jetbead (Rhodotypos), 571 potyvirus, 407 Jipijapa (Carludovia palmata), 571 mosaic, 468, 513, 538, 568, 569, 661, Jobs-tears (Coix lachryma-jobi), 571 670, 682, 693 Johnsongrass (Sorgum), 571 mosaic¼Iris mild mosaic potyvirus, 407 mosaic, 571 rust, 357 mosaic potyvirus, 408 severe mosaic, 568 Jointweed (Polygonello articulata), 571 yellow bunyaviridae, 661 Jojoba (Simmondsia), 571 yellow spot tospovirus, 408 Jonathan spot, 457 Irish leaf spot, 212, 213 Jujube (Zizyphus), 571 Iron deficiency, 276 Junghuhnia luteoalba, 330 Ironweed (Vernonia), 568 Juniper Irpex, 315 blight, 130 I. lacteus, 315 gall rust, 349 I. tulipiferae, 457 mistletoe, 240 Isaria red-cedar (Juniperus), 572 clonostachoides, 315, 680 rot, 315 Isariopsis, 219 K I. griseola, 219, 471, 673 Kabatia, 219 I. laxa, 471 K. lonicerae, 219, 562 Island chlorosis, 554 K. periclymeni, 220 Issatchenkia scutulata, 600, 615 Kabatiella sp., 512 Isthmiella K. microsticta, 568, 579 I. abietis, 245 K. phorodendri f. sp. umbellulariae, 487 I. faulii, 245 K. zeae, 509, 510 Italian dandelion (Cichorium intybus), 569 Kabatina, 162 Itchgrass (Rottobellia), 569 K. juniperi, 162 Itersonilia sp., 122 Kageneckia, 573 I. perplexans, 122, 465, 502, 521, Kalanchoe, 573 612, 671 latent, 573 Ivesia, 569 top-spotting, 573 Ivy top-spotting badnavirus, 408 boston (Parthenocissus tricuspidata), 569 Kalmia leaf spot, 228 English (Hedera helix), 569 Kansas lettuce disease, 79 Ixia, 569 Kaskaskia gleditsiae, 906 mosaic, 408 Kellermania Ixora, 569 K. anomala, 123 K. sisyrinchii, 123, 478 Kellermannia anomala, 697 J Kentucky coffee-tree (Gymnocladus), 573 Jacaranda, 569 Kernel spot, 319, 619 Jack-bean, sword bean (Canavalia), 570 Kerria, 573 Jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema), 570 leaf, 121 Jacobinia, 570 leaf spot, 210 Jacquemontia (small flower morning glory), 570 Kidney vetch, ladys-fingers (Anthyllis), 573 Jacquinia, 570 Kiwi (Actinidia), 573 Jamesia (cliffbrush), 570 Kloeckera apiculata, 600, 615 Jasmine (Jasminum), 570 Kluyveromyces, 315 scab, 386 K. marxianus var. marxianus, 315, 606 Jatropha, 570 Kniphofia (Tritoma, torch-lily, poker-plant), 573 Java black rot, 306 Knobbiness, 636 Javanese root-knob nematode, 263 Knotroot bristlegrass (Setaria geniculata), 573 Jerusalem-cherry Kochia (summer-cypress), 573 (Solanum pseudocapsicum) (Also Solanum Kohleria, 574 capsicastrum, false Jerusalem-cherry; Kresoxim-methyl, 9 S. dulcamara bittersweet; S. integrifolium, Kriegeria sp., 572 scarlet eggplant; S. nigrum, black Krigia (dwarf dandelion), 574 nightshade), 571 Kudzu (Pueraria), 574 776 Index

Kuehneola, 352 Layia (tidy-tips), 576 K. malvicola, 352, 559, 586, 648 Leadtree (Leucaena), 576 K. uredinis, 352, 476, 520, 642 Leaf, 110 Kuhnia (false-boneset), 574 blight, 63, 64, 77, 83, 105, 112, 113, 119, 120, Kumquat (Fortunella), 574 122–125, 127–130, 132, 133, 137, 139, 140, Kunkelia, 552 156, 221, 230, 234, 314 K. nitens, 476, 520, 552, 642 blister, 195, 196 Kutilakesa, 192 blotch, 59, 143–145, 206, 207, 217, 223, 232, 233, K. pironii, 192, 506, 513 277, 547, 560 and cane rust, 355 cast, 122, 169 L crinkle, 660 Labrella, 123 and crown necrosis, 319 L. aspidistrae, 123, 465 curl, 196 Laburnum mosaic, 408 curl and wilt, 206, 208 Labyrinthula sp., 549 drop, 327, 624 Lachnellula, 162 fleck, 221 L. agassizi, 157 and flower spot, 87 L. pseudotsuga, 157 gall, 191, 193 L. resinaria, 157 hair discoloration, 224 L. subtilissima, 157 mold, 218–219, 243–244 L. willkommii, 157, 162, 575 mottle, 473 Laestadia (Plagiostoma), 229 and petal or greasy spot, 217, 218 L. asarifolia, 229 and pod spot, 62, 64, 217, 218 L. brunnea, 588 rust, 359, 360 L. prenanthis, 637 rust of rose, 354 Laetiporus sulphureus, 329, 330 scald, 83, 563 Laetisaria fuciformis, 304 scorch, 197–199, 277, 280, 447, 457, 473, 544, 547, Lambertella sp., 498 588, 646, 691 L. pruni, 459, 630 smut, 373, 374, 376 Lamium (perennial groundcover), 574 spot, 59, 62, 65, 66, 71, 72, 76–80, 82, 84, 85, 87, 88, Lantana, 574 104, 105, 114–116, 123, 124, 131, 135, 163, Lappula (Hackelia), 574 198, 201–231, 233–236, 363, 374, 591 Larch spot/blotch, 216 (Larix), 575 spot/greasy spot, 341 needle, 122, 247 and stalk blight, 110 needle rust, 352 and stalk rot, 306 willow rust, 353 stem Large brown patch rot, 320 and bub blight, 135 Larkspur, 518 and fruit spot, 67 Lasiobotrys, 220 and stem blight, 141 L. affinis, 562 and stem smut, 376 L. lonicerae, 220, 562 and stem spot, 203, 207 L. symphoricarpi, 658 streak, 83 Lasiodiplodia, 315 and twig blight, 118 (Botryodiplodia), 298 yellows, 571 L. theobromae, 118, 150, 159, 298, 306, 315, 477, 616 yellow strip, mosaic, dwarfism, 540 Lasmenia sp., 641 yellow strip virus, 540 Late Leafroll disease, 549, 679 blight, 132 Leak, 331 of potato, 133 Leatherwood (Dirca), 576 of tomato, 134 Lebbek (Albizzia lebbek), 576 leaf rust, 360 Lecanosticta sp., 626 Laurel, 575 Ledum (labrador-tea), 932 sweet bay (Laurus), 575 spot anthracnose, 386 Laurestinus (Viburnum tinus), 575 Leek, 932 Lavatera (Treemallow), 575 Lembosia Lavender (Lavandula), 575 (Morenoella), 96 Lawns, 576 L. acicola, 625 Index 777

L. andromedae, 584 Leptothyrella L. cactorum, 96, 485 L. acerinum, 588 L. camphorae, 489 L. californicum, 603 L. coccolobae, 96, 507 L. liquidambaris, 220, 672 L. illiciicola, 96, 456 L. pomi, 540, 639 L. lucens, 540, 656 Leptothyrium, 220 L. oleae, 519 L. californicum, 220 L. philodendri, 507 L. doelligeriae, 465 L. portoricense, 507 L. dryinum, 220 L. rolfsii, 686 L. lychnidis, 584 L. rugispora, 96, 643 L. periclymeni, 220, 262 L. tenella, 507 L. pomi, 476, 520, 548, 617, 623, 642, 695 Lembosina L. pseudotsugae, 523 (Morenoella), 222 Lesion nematodes, 265 L. quercina, 222 Lespedeza, 576 Le moine disease, 620 Lethal disease decline, 668 Lemon, 576 Lethal yellowing, 90, 609, 610 Lemon grass, Citronella grass (Cymbopogon), 576 Lettuce Lenticel enlargement, 636 (Lactuca), 577 Lentil (Lens), 576 anthracnose, 66 Lentinus, 316 big vein, 577 L. lepideus, 316, 627 big vein varicosavirus, 408 L. tigrinus, 316, 463, 603, 623 chlorosis, 473 Lentinus spp., 684 drop, 335 Lenzites, 316 infectious yellows, 474, 492, 577, 592, L. betulina, 316, 473, 487, 522, 580 666, 692 L. betulinum, 527 infectious yellows closterovirus, 408 L. saepiaria, 316, 451, 461, 496, 516, 523, 567, 572, mosaic, 472, 489, 495, 499, 538, 540, 577, 651, 575, 585, 615, 627, 630, 634, 655 663, 666, 685 L. trabea, 451 mosaic potyvirus, 408 Lenzites spp., 468, 588 serotype, 596 Leopard spot disease, 388 speckles mottle, 474, 577, 663 Lepiota morgani, 187, 550 speckles mottle umbravirus, 408 Leprosis, 504 Leucojum (snowflake), 577 Leptographium Leucospermum, 577 (Verticicladiella), 339 Leucostoma, 162 L. abietinum, 339 L. cincta, 162, 172, 456 L. penicillata, 339 L. kunzei, 172 L. procera, 339 L. persoonii, 172 L. procerum, 627 Leucothoe¨, 578 L. terebrantis, 627 leaf spot, 225 L. wagenerii, 339 Leveillula, 228 Leptospermum, 576 L. taurica, 445, 477, 487, 506, 514, 519, Leptosphaeria sp., 92, 94, 123, 162, 316, 521, 594 553, 556, 559, 593, 606, 621, L. berberidis, 585 634, 636 L. coniothyrium, 162, 456, 476, 520, 547, 642, 646, 669 Lewisia (bitterroot), 578 (Melanomma) L. conithyrium, 123 Liatris (gayfeather), 578 L. heliopsidis,92 Lightning injury, 277 L. korrae, 123, 316, 549, 550 Ligustrum, 576 L. maculans, 94, 484, 490 Lilac (Syringa), 578 L. obtusipora, 697 blight, 80 L. physalidis, 552 leaf blight, 121 L. thomasiana, 123, 520 mildew, 228 L. tini, 575, 688 mottle, 578 Leptosphaerulin arachidicola, 616 mottle carlavirus, 408 Leptostromataceae, 43 ring spot, 578 Leptostromella, 220 shoot blight, 140 L. bignoniae, 475 witches’ broom, 578 L. elastica, 220, 648 witches’ broom phytoplasma, 408 778 Index

Lily (Lilium), 579 Locust (Robinia), 581 botrytis blight, 108 witches’ broom, 409, 582 color adding, 409 Lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe, 241 color removing, 409 Loganberry, 582 fleck, 409, 579 dwarf, 394, 409, 520 latent mosaic, 409, 579 Lolium mottle, 579 latent, 552 mottle potyvirus, 409 latent potexvirus, 409 ring spot, 579 Lomatium (biscuit-root), 582 ring spot¼cucumber mosaic cucumovirus, 409 London plane canker, 160 rosette, 409, 579 Longidorus sp., 627, 661 symptomless, 579 L. elongatus, 261 symptomless carlavirus, 409 L. maximus, 261 X, 579 and Paralongidorus, 260 Lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria), 579 Lonicera infectious variegation, 410 Lima bean Loose bud, 513 mild mottle, 472 Loose kernel smut, 375 pod blight, 116 Loosestrife scab, 386 fringed (Steironema), 582 Limacinula anomala,95 moneywort (Lysimachia), 582 Limb blight, 113 Lophiostomataceae, 39 Limber neck, 937 Lophodermella sp., 123 Lime L. cerina, 626 anthracnose, 61, 63, 64 L. concolor, 247 sulfur, 9 Lophodermina Lime-induced chlorosis, 277 L. prunicola, 501 Limonomyces roseipellis, 549 L. septata, 664 Linaria (blue toadflax; butter and eggs), 579 Lophodermium sp., 220, 247, 516, 575 Linden L. autumnale, 536 anthracnose, 59 L. consciatum, 536 basswood (Tilia), 580 L. decorum, 536 leaf blight, 112 L. dracaenae, 524 spot anthracnose, 387 L. durilabrum, 247, 626 Linnaea (twin-flower), 580 L. filiforme, 247, 664 Linospora, 123, 220 L. heteromeles, 625 L. brunellae, 638 L. juniperinum, 247, 567, 572 L. gleditschiae, 220 L. lacerum, 536 L. gleditsiae, 562 L. laricinum, 575 L. psederae, 454 L. laricis, 575 L. tetraspora, 123, 633 L. nitens, 248, 626 Linzites betulina, 603 L. piceae, 248, 536, 664 Lions-ear (Leonotis), 580 L. pinastri, 248, 626 Lippia (fog-fruit, lemon-verbena), 580 L. ponderosae, 626 spot anthracnose, 387 L. schweinitzii, 220, 644 Lipstick vine (Aeschynanthus), 580 L. seditiosum, 248, 626 Lirula, 247 L. thujae, 461 L. abietis-concoloris, 122, 247 L. uncinatum, 536 L. macrospora, 247 Lophophacidium hyperboreum, 663 L. nervata, 247 Loquat (Eriobotrya), 364, 365, 582 Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflora), 581 Lotus (Nelumbo), 582 Lithocarpus (tanbark oak), 581 Louisiana broomrape, 147 Lithophragma (woodland-star), 581 Louisiana lettuce disease, 82 Lithospermum (gromwell, puccoon), 581 Lucuma (canistel, egg-fruit), 583 Litsea (pond-spice), 581 Ludwigia (false loosestrife), 583 Little leaf, 278, 452, 459, 466, 498, 535, 548, 582, 587, Lunariae, 561 610, 615, 617, 630, 691 Lupine (Lupinus), 583 Little peach, 630 Luteovirus, 52 Littleseed alfalfa dodder, 180 Lychee, 583 Lobelia (cardinal-flower, blue Lobelia), 581 Lychnis (campion), 584 Index 779

Lycium (desert-thorn, christmasberry), 584 dwarf mosaic potyvirus, 410 Lycoris, 584 rayado fino, 510 Lyonia (maleberry, fetterbush, staggerbush), 584 rayado fino marafivirus, 410 Lysiloma, 584 stripe, 510 Lythrum (winged, purple loosestrife), 584 stripe tenuivirus, 410 stunt¼maize chlorotic dwarfwaikavirus, 410 white line mosaic, 410 M Malachra, 586 Maackia, 584 Malacothrix, 586 Macadamia, 584 Malampsora abieti-capraearum, 608 Machlomovirus, 52 Mallotus, 586 Macluravirus, 52 Mallow Macrophoma sp., 163, 316, 490, 548, 550, 569, 587, 719 garden malva, 586 M. candollei, 163, 221, 480 vein clearing, 586 M. cupressi, 163, 516 vein clearing potyvirus, 410 M. cylindrospora, 642 Malvastrum (false-mallow, bush-mallow), 586 M. diospyri, 623 Malvaviscus, 586 M. fici, 534 Mamianiella M. halstedii, 578 M. coryli, 216 M. pandani, 611 M. fimbriata, 246 M. parca, 535 Mancozeb, 10 M. phacediella, 560 Maneb, 10 M. philodendri, 596 Manfreda (spice-lily, wildtuberose), 586 M. phoradendron, 163 Manganese deficiency, 278 M. rubi, 642 Mango M. sphaeropsispora, 546 (Mangifera), 587 M. straminella, 645 scab, 386 M. taxi, 697 Mangrove (Rhizophora), 587 M. trichosanthis, 547 Manihot (cassava, manioc), 587 M. tumefaciens, 163 Manzanita (Arctostaphylos), 587 M. vincae, 688 Maple Macrophoma spp., 694 anthracnose, 63, 64 Macrophomina, 123, 317 brown leaf blister, 196 M. phaseoli, 448, 464, 470, 473, 484, 485, 490, 502, canker, 171 505, 507, 510, 514, 517, 525, 529, 548, 557, inflorescence blight, 113 574, 579, 583, 586, 588, 589, 592, 604, 606, leaf blister, 195 613, 622, 624, 627, 636, 649, 654, 655, 658, leaf spot, 78, 79, 228, 233 660, 671, 674, 680, 686, 694, 698 wilt, 440 M. phaseolina, 125, 316, 453, 546, 596, 659, 661, 664, Maple (Acer), 587 665, 669, 671, 678 Marafivirus, 52 Macrosporium baccatum, 563 Marah, 589 Madrone, Arbutus menziesii, 584 Maranta (calathea), 589 Magnaporthe, 317 Marasmiellus pigmentatus, 320 M. poae, 317, 551 Marasmius oreades, 187, 550 Magnesium deficiency, 278 Marasmius spp., 471 Magnolia, 585 Maravalia leaf spot, 228 (Scopella), 360 scab, 386 M. sapotae, 360 Mahogany Marginal blight, 79 (Swietenia), 585 Marginal browning, 278, 636 browning, 636 Marginal leaf blight, 617 Mahonia (oregon-grape), 585 Marginal scorch, 630 Maianthemum, 586 Marguerite (Argyranthemum frutescens), 589 Mainsia rubi, 520 Marigold Maize (Tagetes), 585 chlorotic dwarf virus, 619 leaf spot, 234 chlorotic mottle, 510 Mariposa-lily, globe-tulip (Calochortus), 589 chlorotic mottle machlovirus, 410 Marshelder (Iva xanthifolia), 589 dwarf mosaic, 510, 552 Marsh-marigold (Caltha), 589 780 Index

Marssonina sp., 221, 461, 476, 573 M. euphorbiae, 664 M. adunca, 542 M. farlowii, 352, 557 M. apicalis, 694 M. hypericorum, 352, 650 M. baptisiae, 469 M. larici-populina, 352, 575, 627, 634 M. brunnea, 634 M. medusae, 342, 352, 575, 634 M. californica, 690 M. medusae f. sp. deltoidae, 352, 524, 575 M. callae, 487 M. medusae f. sp. deltoidea, 627 M. coronaria, 511 M. occidentalis, 352, 634 M. daphnes, 216, 221, 518 M. paradoxa, 353, 575, 695 M. delastrei, 221, 510, 656 M. populnea, 634 M. fraserae, 508 M. ribesii-purpureae, 353, 515, 695 M. fraxini, 221 Melampsoraceae, 41 M. grossulariae, 547 Melampsorella, 353 M. juglandis, 221, 559 M. caryophyllacearum, 353, 536 M. kriegeriana, 694 M. cerastii, 536, 664 M. lonicerae, 562, 602 Melampsoridium M. martini, 603 M. betulinum, 353, 475, 575 M. melonis, 692 M. carpini, 563 M. neilliae, 602 Melamsoridium M. ochroleuca, 221, 499 M. alni, 451 M. panattoniana, 528, 577 Melanconiaceae, 44 M. populi, 221 Melanconidiaceae, 44 M. potentillae, 637 Melanconis, 163 M. rhabdospora, 221 M. alni, 451 M. rhamni, 482 M. juglandis, 163, 690 M. ribicola, 515 M. stilbostoma, 475 M. rosae, 221, 645 Melanconium, 221, 317 M. thomasiana, 530 M. fuligineum, 317, 548 M. tremulae, 221 M. pandani, 221, 611 M. truncatula, 221, 588 Melanorhiza, 466 M. violae, 688 Melanose, 305 M. wyethiae, 696 Melanospora sp., 477 Marssonina spp., 634, 694 M. destruens, 512 Massaria, 163 M. erostrotheca, 244 M. platani, 163, 629 M. fallax, 453 Mastigosporium rubricosum, 221, 550 M. multiformis, 244 Matelea, 590 Melasmia Matricaria (false chamomile), 590 M. falcata, 222 Matrimony-vine (Lycium halimifolium), 590 M. galli, 539 Maurandya, 590 M. menziesiae, 222 Mauritius-hemp (Furcraea), 590 M. menziesii, 467, 592 May-apple (Podophyllum), 590 M. rhododendri, 644 Meadow-beauty (Rhexia), 590 Melilotus, 591 Meadow-rue (Thalictrum), 590 Meliodogyne sp., 500 Meadow sweet (Filipendula), 591 Meliola sp., 142, 499, 587, 650 Measles, 144, 457 M. amphitricha, 97, 519, 585, 643 Medeolaria farlowii, 567 M. bidentata, 97, 475, 651 Medicago (black medic), 591 M. camelliae, 97, 488 Medlar (Mespilus), 591 M. cookeana, 97, 488, 574 Megalonectria pseudotrichia, 534 M. cryptocarpa, 97, 547 Melaleuca, 591 M. furcata, 475 Melampodium divaricatum, 591 M. jatrophae, 570 Melampsora, 352 M. lippiae, 97, 580 M. abieti-capraearum, 536, 608, 695 M. magnoliae, 97, 585 M. abietis-canadensis, 352, 557 M. manca, 693 M. albertensis, 524, 634 M. martiana,97 M. arctica, 352, 653, 695 M. mitchellae, 613 M. bietis-canadensis, 634 M. nidulans, 97, 477, 522 M. epitea, 695 M. palmicola,97 Index 781

M. tenuis, 97, 468 muskmelon, cantaloupe, cassabra (Cucumis M. wrightii,97 melo), 591 Meliola spp., 611 necrotic spot, 591 Meloderma desmazierii, 246 necrotic spot carmovirus, 410 Melogrammataceae,39 root rot, 331 Meloidodera, 399 Melothria, 592 M. floridensis, 261, 679 Melting-out, 217–218 M. javanica, 679 Mentzelia (blazing star), 592 Meloidodera sp., 523 Menziesia, 592 Meloidoderita sp., 261 Mercury toxicity, 278, 646 Meloidogyne sp., 78, 261, 448, 449, 451–453, 459, 461, Meria, 163 463–466, 468, 470, 475, 479, 481, 483, 485, M. laricis, 163, 575 487, 489, 490, 493, 496–501, 503, 506–510, Merismodes ochracea, 171 513, 515–517, 520, 521, 523, 524, 526–530, Merlinius joctus, 266, 478 532, 537, 538, 542–545, 547, 551–554, Mertensia (bluebells, virginia cowslip), 592 557–559, 562, 564–566, 568–570, 573, 575, Merulius hexa-gonoides, 655 578–580, 582, 583, 585, 587–590, 592, 593, Mesembryanthemum (fig-marigold), 593 595, 596, 599–601, 603, 605, 609–611, 613, Mesocriconema, 256 617, 620, 623, 624, 627–629, 631, 633, 635, (Criconemella), 687 639, 640, 645–652, 655, 660, 663, 666–668, M. xenoplax, 256 670–672, 674–678, 681–684, 686–688, 693, Mesquite prosopis, 593 694, 696–698 Metalaxyl, 10 M. arenaria, 262, 448, 449, 471, 473, 480, 484, 491, Metalaxyl M, 10 492, 540, 560, 591, 615, 616, 621, 635, 640, Metam-sodium, 10, 15 682, 692 Metiram, 10 M. arenaria var. thamesi, 262, 593, 637, 679 Micosphaerella maculiformis var. hippocastani, 563 M. ayaguensis, 455 Microbotryum silybum, 677 M. chitwoodi, 262, 473, 510, 635, 679 Microcera coccophila, 619 M. floridensis, 679 Microdochium,66 M. graminicola, 262, 506, 602 (Fusarium), 381 M. hapla, 262, 469, 471, 473, 480, 509, 518, M. nivale, 381 521, 525, 529, 530, 537, 539, 540, 543, M. panattonianum,66 560, 577, 589, 591, 593, 594, 596, 616, Micropeltaceae, 38 620, 621, 635, 646, 650, 655, 661, 663, Micropeltis, 123, 222 665, 669, 679 M. alabamensis, 222, 585 M. incognita, 263, 448, 467, 471, 480, 482, 485, 488, M. viburni, 123 492, 495, 497, 498, 514, 518, 525, 540, 551, Microsphaera sp., 288, 528, 574, 583, 656 560, 568, 570, 573, 593, 596, 601, 604, 606, M. alni, 451, 463, 467, 469, 473, 475, 476, 480, 482, 615, 619–621, 631, 637, 648, 653, 654, 659, 483, 493, 494, 499, 501, 521, 522, 526, 527, 673, 679, 692 530, 537, 540, 556, 559, 560, 562, 563, 576, M. incognita-acrita, 470, 480, 491, 537, 673 578, 580, 588, 596, 597, 603, 619, 673, 682, M. javanica, 263, 471, 473, 480, 484, 486, 492, 498, 688, 691, 695 500, 514, 525, 540, 558, 560, 579, 593, 615, M. alni var. cinnamomi, 489 616, 627, 640, 649, 652, 654, 661 M. alni var. vaccinii, 455, 478, 494, 512, 528, 565, M. mayaguensis, 455 584, 592, 598, 693 M. naasi, 550 M. berberidis, 599 M. ovalis, 263, 588 M. diffusa, 289, 470, 471, 509, 582, 590, 658, 661, 696 M. partityla, 619 M. euphorbiae, 289, 471, 523, 647, 659, 664 Meloidogyne spp., 457, 462–464, 468, 474, 482, 486, 491, M. grossulariae, 289, 515, 526, 547 499, 502, 503, 507, 518, 519, 523, 527, 535, M. penicillata, 288, 289, 578 538, 541, 544, 546, 548, 552, 559, 561, 565, M. pulchra, 289, 522 570, 571, 574, 579–582, 598, 608–610, 612, M. russellii, 608 614, 619, 620, 623, 624, 630, 638, 645, Microsphaeropsis concentrica, 211 648–650, 655, 656, 658, 662–663, 666, 673, Microspora (Erysiphe) Palczewskii, 618 684, 686–690, 695 Microstroma sp., 222, 473 Melon M. brachysporum, 690 anthracnose, 61 M. juglandis, 222, 559, 619, 690 leaf curl, 592 M. tonellianum, 498 leaf curl bigeminivirus, 410 Microthyriaceae, 38 782 Index

Microthyriella, 189, 222 M. fructicola, 124, 317, 452, 454, 457, 459, 497, M. cuticulosa, 222, 560 498, 501, 548, 600, 615, 618, 630, 639, 640, M. rubi, 189, 457, 607 642, color plate 16 Mignonette (Reseda), 593 M. gregaria, 453 Mikania (climbing hempweed), 593 M. johnsonii, 124, 555 Mild cattleya color-break, 607 M. laxa, 124, 318, 452, 457, 459, 497, 498, 600, Mild mosaic, 636 615, 618, 630, 639, 640 Milesia M. ledi, 693 M. darker, 533 M. oxycocci, 318, 512 M. dilatata, 534 M. padi, 501 M. fructuosa, 534, 536 M. rhododendri, 124, 497 M. glycyrrhiza, 533 M. urnula, 318 M. laeviuscula, 533 M. vaccinii-corymbosi, 478 M. marginalis, 534, 536 Monilochaetes, 318, 369 M. polypodophila, 533, 536 M. infuscans, 318, 369, 570, 596, 674 M. polystichi, 532 Monkshood M. vogesiaca, 533 aconite (Aconitum), 595 Milesina, 353 vine (Ampelopsis aconitifolia), 595 M. laeviuscula, 354 Monochaetia, 163, 222 M. marginalis, 354 M. compta, 646 M. pycnograndis, 354 M. crataegi, 555 Milk thistle (Silybum), 593 M. desmazierii, 499, 527, 559, 563, 588, 603, 688, 695 Milkwort (Polygala), 593 M. kansensis, 499 Mimosa M. mali, 163, 456 silk-tree (Albizzia julibrissin), 593 M. monochaeta, 222 striped chlorosis, 593 M. pinicola, 626 striped chlorosis badnavirus, 410 M. rosenwaldia, 459 wilt, 439 M. unicornis, 516 Mimulus (monkey-flower), 593 Monogeminivirus, 52 Mint Monographella,66 anthracnose, 387 M. nivales, 381 Mint (Mentha), 594 M. opuntiae,66 crinkle, 594 Monosporascus, 319 crinkle closterovirus, 410 M. cannonballus, 319, 592, 692 Mirabilis Monstera, 596 mosaic, 538 Montia (Indian lettuce), 596 mosaic caulimovirus, 410 Moonflower (Calonyction), 596 Miscanthus, 123 Moonseed (Menispermum), 596 Mistletoe (Phoradendron), 594 Morea, 596 Mistletoe, dwarf (Arceuthobium spp.), 594 Morenoella Mist sprayers, 19 M. angustiformis,97 Miyagia pseudosphaeria, 660 M. cliftoniae, 482 MLO, 463, 578, 623, 642, 688 M. dothideoides, 584 Mock-cucumber (Echinocystis), 594 M. ilicis, 560, 567 Mock-orange (Philadelphus), 595 M. quercina, 222, 602 Mock-strawberry (Duchesnea), 595 Morinda Mollisiaceae, 40 royoc, indian-mulberry, 596 Molybdenum toxicity, 278 scab, 388 Mombin scab, 388 Morning-glory (Ipomoea), 596 Monarda (horse-mint, bee-balm), 595 Mosaic, 448, 450, 453–455, 458, 479, 485, 490, 499, 508, Monardella, 595 511, 513, 523, 525, 528, 529, 538, 546, 547, Moneses (wood-nymph), 595 552, 553, 556, 559, 562, 573, 595, 596, 601, Moniliaceae, 44 604, 611, 613, 624, 629, 648, 652, 655, 658, Monilia sitophila, 592 659, 662, 668, 670 Monilinia, 317 clover yellow vein potyvirus, 639 (Sclerotinia), 124 Moss rose (Portulaca grandiflora), 596 M. amelanchieris, 454 Motherwort (Leonurus), 597 M. azaleae, 124, 467 Mottle, 636 M. demissa, 501 leaf, 278, 459, 466, 504 Index 783

Mountain-ash (Sorbus), 597 M. caroliniana, 223, 608 Mountain-heather (Phyllodoce), 597 M. caryigena, 223, 619 Mountain-holly (Nemopanthus), 597 M. cerasella, 223, 501 Mountain-laurel (Kalmia), 597 M. cercidicola, 223, 643 leaf blight, 131 M. chimaphilae, 639 leaf spot, 223, 228 M. chimaphilina, 628 Mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus), 598 M. citri, 223, 504 Mountain-mint (Pycnanthemum), 598 M. citrullina, 124, 514, 547, 591, 665, 692 Mountain-sorrel (Oxyria), 598 M. clintoniana, 644 Mucilago spongiosa, 371, 551, 669 M. clymenia, 562 Mucoraceae, 36 M. colorata, 223, 597 Mucor sp., 319, 592 M. confusa, 476, 520, 642 M. mucedo, 319, 680 M. coptis, 546 M. piriformis, 319, 457, 498 M. cruenta, 223, 470, 471, 660, 686 M. racemosus, 319, 674 M. cypripedii, 607 Mucor spp., 505 M. dearnessii, 140 Mulberry M. dendroides, 145, 559, 619 (Morus), 598 M. diospyri, 145, 623 leaf spot, 223 M. effigurata, 223, 463 Mule’s Ear disease, 616 M. erysiphina, 562 Mullein (Verbascum), 598 M. fijiensis, 124, 468 Mummy berry, 318 M. fragariae, 223, 669 Mushroom M. fraxinicola, 223, 463 oyster (Pleurotus), 599 M. gardeniae, 539 root rot, 297, 301, 302 M. gaultheriae, 540, 650, 695 Muskmelon M. juglandis, 223, 690 fusarium wilt, 439 M. krigiae, 574 mosaic, 592 M. lageniformis, 504 mosaic¼squash mosaic comovirus, 411 M. laricina, 248, 575 mustard greens (Brassica juncea), 599 M. leucothoe¨s, 578 vein necrosis, 592 M. liriodendri, 223, 683 vein necrosis carlavirus, 411 M. louisianae, 223, 669 Musk-root (Adoxa), 599 M. lythracearum, 145, 633 Mustard mosaic, 411 M. macrospora, 213 Mycelial neck rot, 299 M. melonis, 124, 514 Myclobutanil, 10 M. molleriana, 530 Mycocentrospora, 224, 300, 317 M. mori, 223, 598 M. acerina, 300, 317, 492 M. myricae, 470 M. verrucosa, 224 M. nigromaculans, 224, 512 Mycoleptodiscus, 319 M. nyssaecola, 684 M. terrestris, 319, 660, 681, 691 M. nyssicola, 224 Mycoplasmataceae, 88 M. opuntiae, 485 Mycosphaerella sp., 124, 145, 190, 222, 248, 454, 461, M. pachystimae, 608 468, 501, 526, 533, 535, 545, 555, 568, 582, M. persicae, 615 603, 613, 638, 695 M. personata, 224, 548 blight, 105 M. physostegiae, 625 M. aleuritidis, 683 M. pinodes, 124, 583, 613, 673 M. angulata, 222 M. pomi, 190, 457, 639, 640 M. arachidicola, 616 M. pontederiae, 691 M. arachidis, 222 M. populicola, 224, 634 M. arachnoidea, 598 M. populorum, 224, 634 M. arbuticola, 585 M. prenanthis, 229 M. arbutifolia, 501 M. primulae, 645 M. aurea, 515 M. psilospora, 224 M. berkeleyi, 222, 616 M. pueraricola, 574 M. bolleana, 222, 535, 648 M. punctiformis, 670 M. brassicicola, 222, 484, 684 M. pyri, 224 M. caricae, 612 M. rabiei, 124 M. carigena, 559 M. ribis, 224, 515, 547 784 Index

Mycosphaerella sp. (cont.) Naevia oxycocci, 512 M. rosicola, 224, 646 Nailhead spot, 203 M. rosigena, 646 Nanavirus, 52 M. rubi, 224, 476, 520, 642 Nandina, 599 M. sapindii, 659 leaf spot, 207 M. sarraceniae, 487, 629 mosaic, 599 M. sentina, 457, 617 mosaic potexvirus, 411 M. sequoiae, 124, 654 stem pitting, 599 M. serrulata, 611 Napicladium prosopodium, 593 M. smilacicola, 657 Narcissus (daffodil, jonquil), 599 M. solani, 571 basal rot, 310 M. staphylina, 666 chocolate spot, 411, 600 M. stigmina-platani, 629 fire, 137, 138 M. taxi, 697 flower streak, 411, 600 M. tecomae, 682 leaf scorch, 198 M. thalictri, 590 mosaic, 600 M. tulipiferae, 683 mosaic potexvirus, 411 M. tussilaginis, 508 smoulder, 334, 335 M. ulmi, 527 white mold, 230 Mycosyrinx, 375 white streak, 411 M. cissi, 503 yellow stripe, 600 M. osmundae, 375, 533 yellow stripe potyvirus, 411 Mycovellosiella concors, 207 Nasturtium Myocentrospora sp., 530 (Tropaeolum), 600 Myriangiaceae, 38 mosaic potyvirus, 411 Myrianginella sabaleos, 611 Near wilt, 439 Myriangium tuberculans, 619 Neck rot, 78 Myrioconium comitatum, 694 Necrotic spot, 616 Myriogenospora, 124 Necrovirus, 52 M. atramentosa, 124 Nectarine (Prunus persica var. nectarina), 600 M. paspali, 576 Nectriaceae, 38 Myrobalan Nectria sp., 164, 497, 562, 585, 598, 652, 672, 683 asteroid spot, 630 (Hypomyces), 122 mottle, 630 beech bark canker, 164 Myrothecium sp., 224, 319, 474, 680 canker, 141, 165, 169 M. roridum, 224, 319, 462, 500, 519, 521, 528, 537, N. balsameae, 536 539, 544, 561, 565, 566, 580, 601, 611, 621, N. bulbicola, 607 658, 660, 662, 668, 679, 682, 692 N. cinnabarina, 164, 450, 453, 454, 457, 459, 460, Myrovellosiella concors, 143 463, 475, 477, 479, 481, 487, 511, 515, Myrtle (Myrtus), 599 526–527, 534, 546, 547, 558, 561–563, 571, Mystrosporium, 124 573, 581, 588, 593, 594, 597, 598, 613, 614, M. adustum, 125, 568 617, 625, 633, 646, 660, 670, 695 Myxosporium, 125 N. coccinea, 450, 451, 463, 475, 481, 487, 499, 526, M. corticola, 456, 617 527, 560, 588 M. diedickei, 125, 598 N. coccinea var. faginata, 164, 473 M. everhartii, 125 N. desmazierii, 164 M. nitidum, 125, 522 N. ditissima, 164, 448, 515 Myxosporium spp., 683 N. fuckeliana, 164, 536 N. galligena, 164, 451, 456, 473, 475, 522, 559, 563, 588, 603, 617, 633, 639, 670, 684, 690 N N. haematococca, 531, 621, 622 Naccobus, 263 N. ipomoeae, 122 N. aberrans, 263 N. magnoliae, 165, 585 N. batatiformis, 263, 539, 577, 668 Nectria spp., 580, 626, 690 N. dorsalis, 263 Nectrioidaceae, 43 Nacobbodera, 263 Needle N. chitwoodi, 263, 536, 664 blight, 118, 124, 129, 131, 132, 136, 140, 248 Nacobbus batatiformis, 473, 484, 485, 492 blister rust, 343 Naemacyclus niveus, 248 cast, 120, 123, 245–249 Index 785

cast and blight, 248 Northern root-knob nematode, 262 cast or blight, 247 Northwestern apple anthracnose, 66 and cone rust, 352 Nostoc commune, 515 curl, 627 Nothanguina, 263 rust, 342, 354 N. phyllobia, 602 spot, 248 N. (Orrina) phyllobia, 263 Nematanthus, 601 Nothophacidium abietinellum, 129 Nematicide,1 Nothoscordum (false garlic), 602 Nematodes, 251 mosaic, 453, 602 Nematospora, 319 mosaic potyvirus, 411 N. coryli, 319, 505, 555, 622, 633, 661, 680 Nucleorhabdovirus, 52 N. phaseoli, 319, 471 Nuda loose smut, 379 Nematostoma, 224 Nummularia, 165 N. artemisiae, 462 N. discreeta, 166 N. occidentalis, 224 N. discreta, 454, 456, 511, 597, 617 Nemesia, 601 Nursery blight, 130, 387 ring necrosis tymovirus, 686, 687 Nut rot, 299 Nemophila (baby blue-eyes), 601 Nutsedge (Cyperus rotunders), 602 Neocosmospora vasinfecta, 661 Nymphoides (floating-heart), 602 Neofabraea, 165 Nyssopsora, 354 N. malicorticis, 456, 511, 617, 639 N. clavellosa, 354, 460 N. perennans, 165, 456, 617, 639 Neolentinus lepideus, 316, 575 Neopeckia, 125 O N. coulteri, 125, 625, 663, 697 O3, 589 Neottiospora, 225 Oak N. yuccifolia, 225, 697 (Quercus), 602 Neovossia, 375 anthracnose, 59, 60, 63 N. iowensis, 375 bark patch, 149 Nephthytis, 601 leaf blister, 195 Nepovirus, 52 leaf spot, 224 Nerine (guernsey-lily), 601 powdery mildew, 287, 288 Nettle (Urtica, Urera), 601 ringspot, 604 Neurospora, 319 ringspot virus, 411 N. sitophila, 319, 618 sheathoid nematode, 258 New York apple tree canker, 325 wilt, 433, 434 New Zealand flax (Phormium tenax), 601 Oat, 604 New Zealand spinach (Tetragonia), 601 blue dwarf marafivirus, 412 Nicotiana (flowering tobacco), 601 cyst nematode, 259 N. tobacum, 601 golden stripe furovirus, 412 Nicrosphaeria alni, 638 mosaic bymovirus, 412 Night-blooming cereus (Hylocereus), 602 Ocotillo, coach-whip, candlewood (Fouquieria), 604 Nightshade Odontoglossum hairy and climbing (Solanum sarachoides, ring spot, 607 S. dulcamara), 602 tobamovirus, 412 silverleaf (Solanum elaeagnifolium), 602 Oedema, 279, 430, 474, 484, 485, 541, 621, 679, 750, 768, Nigra loose smut, 377 770, 871 Nigrospora, 320 Oenothera (evening-primrose), 604 cob rot, 320 Ohia (Metrosideros spp.); also Eugenia, Syzgium and N. oryzae, 320, 511, 680 Psidium spp. in Myrtaceae family, 604 N. sorghi, 510 Oidiopsis taurica, 593, 606, 679 Ninebark (Physocarpus), 602 Oidium sp., 289, 290, 445, 450, 469, 474, 491, 504, 591, Nitrogen deficiency, 278 599, 601, 624, 632, 658, 670, 679, 681 Nitrogen excess, 278 euonymus japonici, 289 Nitrothal-isopropyl, 10 O. araliacearum, 289, 569 NO2, 589 O. begoniae, 289, 464 Nocardia, 192 O. caricae, 612 N. vaccinii, 192 O. dianthi, 289, 491 Northern corn leaf blight, 121 O. erysipheoides, 456 786 Index

Oidium sp. (cont.) O. korrae, 551 O. erysiphoides var. crotalariae, 513 O. narmari, 551 O. euonymi-japonici, 530 Ophiostoma sp., 627 O. mangiferae, 587 (Ceratocystis), 433 O. neolycopersici, 679 O. novo-ulmi, 434 O. obductum, 289, 629 O. ulmi, 434 O. pyrinum, 289, 511 O. wageneri, 301 O. tingitaninum, 289, 504 Oplismenus (basket-grass), 606 Okra (Hibiscus esculentus), 604 Opuntia Oleander Sammons, 485 (nerium), 604 Sammons’ tobamovirus, 412 bacterial gall, 82 Orange, 606 scab, 388 Orange rust, 348, 352 Oleocellosis, 504 Orchids Oligoporus placentas, 575 (Dendrobium), 607 Olive anthracnose, 61 (Olea), 605 anthracnose leaf spot, 64 knot, 82 (Cattleya) blossom brown necrotic streak, 412 leaf spot, 212 brown rot, 78 Olpidium, 320 fleck, 412 O. brassicae, 320, 551, 663, 669 fleck rhabdovirus, 412 Omphalia sp., 320, 513 imported species, 607 O. pigmentata, 320, 609 (Cattleya) mosaic potexvirus, 412 O. tralucida, 320, 609 (Cymbidium) mosaicpotexvirus, 412 Oncidium ring spot, 607 native species, 607 Oncoba, 605 (Oncidium) ring spot, 413 Onion (vanda) ring spot, 645 (Allium cepa), 605 (Odontoglossum) ring spottobamovirus, 412 bulb rot, 78 Oregano, Sweet Marjoram (Origanum), 608 downy mildew, 182 Ormathodium fici, 535 smudge, 302 Ornithogalum smut, 377 mosaic, 450, 490, 539, 565, 653, 667 yellow dwarf, 606 mosaic potyvirus, 413 leak yellow stripe, garlic common Orobanche sp., 668 latent, 540 O. ludoviciana, 147, 679 potyvirus, 412 O. racemosa, 679 yellow spot, 540 O. ramosa, 147, 496, 507, 509, 528, 529, 540, 542, Onosmodium (Marbleseed), 606 551, 591, 634, 656, 686 Onygenaceae, 38 Oryzavirus, 53 Oomycota, 34 Osage-orange (Maclura), 608 Oospora sp., 457, 535 Osier, basket-willow (Salix), 608 (Geotrichum), 320 Osoberry (Osmaronia), 608 O. citri-aurantii, 320, 504 Ostrich (Pteretis), 533 O. lacti, 320 Ourmiavirus, 53 O. lactis, 680 Ovularia sp., 225, 673 O. pustulans, 636 O. aristolochiae, 225, 524 Ophiobolus sp., 494 O. asperifolii var. lappulae, 574 O. graminis, 551 O. asteris, 465 Ophiodothella, 225 O. bulbigera, 483, 662 O. fici, 535 O. bullata, 466 O. vaccinii, 225, 531, 565 O. decipiens, 641 Ophiodothis alnea, 451 O. delphinii, 518 Ophionectria O. edwiniae, 570 (Scoleconectria), 166 O. hughesiana, 461 O. balsamea, 166 O. isarioides, 666 O. scolecospora, 166, 565 O. lupinicola, 583 Ophiosphaerella sp., 320 O. maclurae, 608 O. agrostis, 550, 551 O. nymphaearum, 691 O. herpotricha, 551 O. pulchella, 225, 549 Index 787

O. pyrolae, 639 P. herbicola,77 O. virgaureae, 465 P. stewartii,77 Ovulariopsis sp, 583 Papaya Ovulinia, 125 (Carica), 611 O. azaleae, 125, 467, 597, 644 mosaic, 612 Owls clover (Orthocarpus), 608 mosaic potexvirus, 413 Oxadixyl, 10 ring spot, 592, 692 Oxalis (wood-sorrel), 608 ringspot, 612 Oxycarboxin, 10 ringspot potyvirus, 413 Oxydendron (sourwood, sorrel-tree), 608 Papery leaf, 543 Oxygen deficiency, asphyxiation, 279 Papularia Oxytetracycline hydroxide, 14 P. odorae, 463 Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), 990 P. sphaerosperma, 463 Ozone injury, 457, 471, 627, 635 Papulospora sp., 477 Paralongidorus sylphus, 261, 594 Paratrichodorus P P. allius, 206 Pachistima, 608 P. christiei, 206, 467, 495, 504, 512, 548, 551, 606 Pachysandra P. obtusa, 551 (Japanese-spurge), 608 P. pachydermus, 267, 517 leaf, 141 Paratylenchus sp., 263, 619 Pacific dagger nematode, 268 P. anceps, 264 Pacific wax myrtle (Myrica californica), 609 (Gracilacus) P. anceps, 487 Paecilomyces, 321 P. dianthus, 264, 491 P. buxi, 321, 480 P. elachistus, 264, 479 Paintbrush blister rust, 345 P. epacris, 264 Painted cup, Indian paintbrush (Castilleja), 609 P. hamatus, 264, 495, 535, 548 Pale leaf spot, 230 P. macrophallus, 264, 594 Palm P. micoletzkyi, 264, 589 (Chamaedorea), 609 P. penetrans, 264, 658 areca (Chrysalidocarpus), 609 P. projectus, 264, 495, 550, 612, 664 bud rot, 327 Paratylenchus spp., 646 coconut (Cocos), 609 Parkinsonia, 612 date (Phoenix), 609 Parodiella perisporioides, 523, 674 fishtail (Caryota), 610 Parrotfeather (Myriophyllum), 612 forster sentry (sentry palm) kentia Parsley (Petroselinum), 612 (Howeia), 610 Parsnip (Pastinaca), 612 leaf spot, 225, 226 Partridge-berry (Mitchella), 613 mosaic, 610 Passiflora latent, 613 mosaic potyvirus, 413 Passion flower (Passiflora), 613 pindo (Butia), 610 Patellariaceae, 40 queen, plumy coconut (Arecastrum), 610 Paulownia (princess-tree), 613 rhapis (Rhapis), 610 Pawpaw (Asimina), 613 royal (Roystonea), 610 Pea sugar (Arenga), 610 (Pisum), 613 Washington (Washingtonia), 610 anthracnose, 62, 64 Palmetto, cabbage palm (Sabal), 611 blight, 124 Paloverde (Cercidium), 611 cyst nematode, 260 Pampas grass (Cordaderia), 611 downy mildew, 183 Panagrolaimus subelongatus, 616 enation mosaic, 499, 614 Pandanus (screw pine), 611 enation mosaic enamovirus, 413 Panicum mosaic, 614, 673 mosaic, 552, 650 mosaic potyvirus, 413 mosaic sobemovirus, 413 mottle, 414, 614 Pansy (Viola tricolor), 611 root rot, 296 Pansy scab, 601 rust, 362 Pantoea scab, 364 P. agglomerans, 606 seedborne mosaic, 685 P. ananatis, 77, 496, 605 streak, 499, 614 788 Index

Pea (cont.) stony pit, 416, 618 streak carlavirus, 414 vein yellows/red mottle, 618 stunt, 614 Pea-tree (Caragana), 618 wilt, 414, 439, 614 Pecan Peach (Carya illinoensis), 619 (Prunus persica), 614 anthracnose, 387 asteroid spot, 414, 615 brown leaf spot, 207, 208 calico, 414, 615 downy spot, 223 dwarf, 414, 615 leaf blotch, 223 golden net, 414, 615 liver spot, 216 latent mosaic viroid, 600, 614 scab, 363 leaf curl, 195, 196 vein spot, 216 little peach, 414, 615 Pedicel necrosis, 646 mildew, 292 Pelargonium mosaic, 414, 452, 459, 600, 615, 631 flower break, 541 mottle, 414, 615 flower break carmovirus and pelargonium line pattern necrotic leaf spot, 414, 615 carmovirus, 416 phony, 459 leaf curl, 541 phony disease, 414, 615 line pattern, 541 red suture, 415, 615 rust, 359 ring spot, 452, 459, 501, 615 Pellicularia, 126, 321 ring spot ilarvirus, 415 P. filamentosa, 127, 471, 492, 526, 551, 559, 561, 564, rosette, 63, 415, 452, 459, 588, 615 569, 574, 614, 618, 661, 683 rosette mosaic, 478, 549, 615 P. filamentosa f. sp. microsclerotia, 127 rosette mosaic nepovirus, 415 P. filamentosa f. sp. sasakii, 127, 549 rust, 361 P. filamentosa f. sp. timsii, 127 scab, 363 P. koleroga, 128, 456, 467, 476, 483, 491, 499, 504, shoot blight, 114 511, 515, 522, 526, 529, 530, 534, 546, 547, stubby twig, 415, 615 553, 559, 560, 562, 567, 575, 578, 596, 609, wart, 415, 615 617, 619, 622, 623, 628, 630, 633, 638, 639, western x-disease, 89, 397, 497 646, 659, 672, 683, 687, 689 x-disease, 89, 497, 501, 600, 614 P. microsclerotia, 534 yellow bud mosaic, 452, 459, 615 P. rolfsii, 127 yellow bud¼tomato ringspotnepovirus, 415 P. solani, 585 yellow leaf roll, 89, 497, 615 Penconazole, 10 yellows, 89, 452, 459, 600, 616, 631 Pencycuron, 10 Peacock spot, 212 Penicillium sp., 129, 166, 322, 464, 488, 492, 513, Peanut 615, 616, 622, 674 (Arachis), 616 disease, 166 early leaf spot, 206 dry rot, 322 leaf spot, 207, 208, 222 P. aurantiogriseum, 322 mottle, 472, 519, 552, 583, 617 P. bacillosporium, 474 mottle potyvirus, 415 P. digitatum, 322, 505 rust, 356 P. expansum, 322, 466, 498, 531, 623, 633, 640 stunt, 472, 506, 617 P. funiculosum, 544 stunt cucumovirus, 415 P. gladioli, 322, 538, 544, 653, 678 top paralysis, 617 P. hirsutum, 564 top paralysis potyvirus, 415 P. italicum, 322, 505 Pear P. martensii, 464 (Pyrus), 617 P. oxalicum, 129, 509, 550 bark measles, 618 P. roseum, 322, 505, 609 decline, 415, 618 P. vermoeseni, 166, 322, 609, 610 decline phytoplasma, 415 Penicillium spp., 457, 474, 512, 548, 568, 579, 592, 600, latent, 618 606, 618, 636, 669, 682 leaf blight, 119 Peniophora, 322 leaf curl, 618 P. luna, 322 leaf spot, 224 P. polygonia, 304 ring-pattern mosaic, 618 P. sanguinea, 501 scab, 367 Pennisetum, 619 Index 789

Penstemon (beard-tongue), 620 P. effusa, 183, 662 Peony P. farinosa, 183, 651 (Paeonia), 620 P. farinosa f. sp. spinaciae, 662 anthracnose, 63 P. ficariae, 518, 641, 681 botrytis blight, 109 P. fragariae, 183, 668 leaf blotch, 143 P. giliae, 542 leaf curl, 416 P. grisea, 183, 687 ring spot, 621 P. hydrophylli, 566 ring spot¼tobacco rattle tobravirus, 416 P. lamii, 507, 649 Peperomia, 621 P. lepidii, 622 ring Spot, 416 P. leptosperma, 183, 462, 650 Pepino mosaic, 680 P. linariae, 183, 580 Pepper P. lophanthi, 183, 450 (Capsicum), 621 P. manshurica, 183, 660 anthracnose, 63, 64 P. myosotidis, 183, 537, 574 golden mosaic, 661, 680 P. oxybaphi, 183, 452, 651, 685 leaf spot, 206 P. parasitica, 183, 460, 463, 484, 489, 499, 500, mild mottle, 622 506, 524, 558, 564, 599, 640, 668, 672, 684, mild mottle tobamovirus, 416 690, 695 mild tigre, 622 P. phlogina, 624 mild tigre’ bigeminivirus and pepper Texas P. pisi, 183 bigeminivirus, 416 P. potentillae, 183, 450, 520, 595, 637 mottle, 622 P. radii, 183, 589 mottle potyvirus, 416 P. rubi, 183, 476, 520, 642 spot, 82 P. rumicis, 184, 644 strain of alfalfa mosaic, 416, 622 P. schachtii, 184, 473, 675 Texas, 622 P. seymourii, 564 vein banding mosaic, 416 P. silenes, 656 vein-banding mosaic, 622 P. sordida, 535, 598 vine, Cissus (Ampelopsis arborea), 622 P. sorghi, 184 Pepper-grass, garden cress (Lepidium), 622 P. sparsa, 184, 646, color plate 15, 16 Peppermint root, 311 P. statices, 184, 667 Perennial canker, 165, 172 P. swinglei, 649 Perenniporia P. tabacina, 184, 525, 601, 621, 679 P. fraxinophila, 308 P. trifoliorum, 184, 583, 673 P. subacida, 330 P. viciae, 613 Periconia maculans, 244 P. violae, 611 Peridermium, 354 P. whippleae, 693 P. bethelii, 354, 594 Peronosporaceae, 35 P. ornamentale, 354, 536 Peronospora sp., 524, 542, 592 P. rugosum, 354, 536 Peronspora dicentrae, 524 P. stalactiforme, 347 Persimmon P. weirii, 628 (Diospyros), 623 Periwinkle, Madagascar (Catharanthus), 622 wilt, 433 Peronosclerospora sorghi, 182, 509, 571 Pestalopezia Peronospora, 182 P. brunneo-pruinosa, 650 P. antirrhini, 182, 658 P. rhododendri, 644 P. arborescens, 182, 637 Pestalotia sp., 129, 198, 225, 248, 322, 477, 488, 548, 582, P. arthuri, 182, 505, 540, 545, 604 609, 619, 623, 625 P. calotheca, 539, 564 P. aquatica, 225, 461, 629 P. candida, 645 P. aucubae, 225, 466 P. claytoniae, 505 P. castagnei, 581 P. corydalis, 510 P. cibotii, 534 P. cynoglossi, 516 P. clavata, 657 P. destructor, 182, 501, 606, 655, 688 P. cliftoniae, 225, 482 P. dianthicola, 183, 491 P. coccolobae, 507 P. digitalidis, 538 P. cryptomeriae, 514 P. dipsaci, 676 P. cycadis, 516 P. echinospermi, 574 P. decolorata, 599 790 Index

Pestalotia sp. (cont.) Phacidiaceae, 39 P. funerea, 129, 225, 460, 468, 496, 514, 516, 572, Phacidiella, 166 629, 654 P. coniferarum, 166 P. guepini, 225, 643, 676 Phacidiopycnis P. hartigii, 129 P. boycei, 166 P. kalmicola, 598 P. piri, 166, 618 P. langloisii, 539 P. pseudotsugae, 557 P. leucothoe¨s, 225, 578 P. washingtonensis, 457, 458, 511, 618 P. longisetula, 322, 669 Phacidium, 129, 226 P. macrotricha, 225, 644 P. abietinellum, 129, 535 P. micheneri, 460 P. balsameae, 129, 535 P. microspora, 248 P. convexum, 626 P. oenotherae, 604 P. curtisii, 226, 560, 567 P. palmarum, 225, 609–611 P. infestans, 129, 460, 523, 535, 626, 663 P. polychaeta, 481 P. sphaerodieum, 567 P. quepini, 488 Phaciopycnis pseudotsugae, 523 P. rhododendri, 225 Phaelous schweinitzii, 575 P. scirrofaciens, 652 Phaeoacremonium, 130, 322 P. sphaerelloides, 559 P. aleophilum, 322, 548 P. swieteniae, 585 P. chlamydosporum, 130, 323, 548 P. uvicola, 619 P. inflatipes, 323, 548 P. vaccinicola, 531 P. mortoniae, 463 P. vaccinii, 512, 565, 584 P. viticola, 548 Pestalotia spp., 457, 466, 467, 643 Phaeocryptopus Pestalotiopsis (Adelopus), 245 P. aquatica, 225 P. gaeumannii, 245, 523 P. funerea, 129, 225 Phaeoisariopsis P. leucothoe¨s, 225 P. griseda, 219 P. maculans, 225 P. personata, 208 P. microspora, 681 P. robiniae, 215 P. palmarum, 225 Phaeolus schweinitzii, 329 P. quepini var. macrotricha, 226 Phaeoseptoria sp., 550 P. sydowiana, 226 Phaeosphaerella rhamni, 482, 507 Pestalotiopsis spp., 553 Phaeosphaeria, 226 Pestalozziella, 226 P. maydis, 226, 509 P. subsessilis, 214, 226, 542 Phaeotrichoconis, 226 P. yuccae, 697 P. crotalariae, 226, 609–610 Pesticide, 1 Phakopsora, 354 Pestuloria sp., 697 P. cherimoliae, 354, 497 P. funerea, 697 P. jatrophicola, 354, 570 Petal blight, 112, 125 P. pachyrhizi, 354, 471, 472, 474, Petalostemon (prairie-clover), 623 574, 661 Petasites (Butter-bur), 623 P. zizyphi-vulgaris, 354, 571 Petiole rot, 450 Phellinus Petunia, 623 P. everhartii, 308 vein-clearing, 624 P. gilvus, 329 Pezicula, 66, 166 P. ingiarius, 308 P. carpinea, 166, 563 P. laevigatus, 330 P. corticola, 166 P. pini, 309 P. livida, 158 P. robiniae, 309 P. malicorticis, 66, 165 P. robustus, 309 P. pruinosa, 166, 453 P. weirii, 330 Pezizaceae, 40 Phialophora, 130, 323, 440 Pezizella P. cinerescens, 491 (Allophylaria), 226 P. graminicola, 130, 549 (Discohainesia) oenotherae, 226 P. gregata, 300, 440, 499 P. lythri, 669 P. malorum, 323, 457, 618 P. oenotherae, 476, 520, 530, 583, 584, 588, 590, 595, Philibertia, 624 604, 620, 642, 646, 655, 657, 670, 695 Philodendron, 624 Index 791

Phlebia, 323 P. mammillariae, 485 P. chrysocrea, 323, 603 P. mariae, 130, 562 Phloem necrosis, 90, 502, 526 P. menthae, 594 Phloeospora, 130, 226 P. palmicola, 610 P. aceris, 227 P. persicae, 614 P. adusta, 130, 506 P. piceina, 130 P. ampelopsidis, 454, 569, 689 P. sclerotioides, 130, 591 P. anemones, 455 P. strobiligena, 130 P. asiminae, 613 P. subvelata, 547, 666 P. bigeloviae, 640 P. terrestris, 323, 331, 471, 510 P. celtidis, 553 P. thermopsidicola, 677 P. idahoensis, 551 P. tuberosa, 636 P. multimaculans, 629, 690 P. weigelae, 693 P. osmorhizae, 674 root rot, 323 P. pteleae, 563 rot, 323 P. robiniae, 581 wilt, 93 P. salicifoliae, 663 Phoma spp., 457, 548 P. vagnerae, 659 Phomopsis sp., 130, 166, 167, 192, 227, 323, 440, 466, Phlox, 624 467, 473, 476, 481, 488, 499, 509, 513, 515, mildew, 287 527, 531, 537, 539, 559, 560, 566, 570, 585, streak, 416 587, 588, 597, 611, 615, 629, 638, 644, Phlyctema, 66, 227 681, 688 P. ficuum, 227, 535 blight, 117, 131 P. tiliae, 580 canker, 166, 167 P. vagabunda,67 discolor, 167 Phoenix-tree (Firmiana simplex), 625 disease, 166 Pholiota, 323 P. acerina, 588 P. adiposa, 323, 451, 458, 580, 588, 634 P. alnea, 166, 451 P. destruens, 634 P. ambigua, 130, 617 Pholiota spp., 694 P. amygdali, 166, 323, 452 Phoma sp., 93, 130, 145, 192, 227, 248, 323, 464, 477, P. arnoldia, 526 482, 487, 508, 518, 527, 570, 583, 612, 614, P. boycei, 167, 536 616, 638, 640, 641, 661, 680, 688 P. buddleiae, 482 fruit spot, 190 P. callistephi, 465 P. ailanthi, 450 P. cinerescens, 534 P. anethi, 521 P. dichenii, 612 P. antennariae, 531 P. diospyri, 130 P. apiicola, 323, 495 P. elaeagni, 167, 526 P. arachidicola, 145, 616 P. fokoyae, 536 P. asclepiadea, 483 P. gardeniae, 167, 539 P. asparagi, 464 P. japonica, 130, 573 P. betae, 323, 473 P. juniperovora, 130, 460, 496, 516, 572, 654 P. chrysanthemi, 105 P. kalmiae, 131, 597 P. conidiogena, 130, 480 P. ligustri-vulgaris, 638 P. cydoniae, 640 P. lirella, 167, 688 P. destructiva, 323, 622, 680 P. lokoyae, 167, 523 P. diospyri, 623 P. longicolla, 131, 511 P. erysiphoides, 545 P. macrospora, 633 P. eupyrena, 248, 523, 535 P. mali, 167, 323, 458 P. exigua, 204, 227, 511, 565, 577, 618, 650 P. montanensis, 536 P. fumosa, 130 P. oblonga, 131, 527 P. glomerata, 130 P. obscurans, 116, 131, 668, 669 P. herbarum, 450 P. occulta, 131, 460, 663, 664, 677 P. hieracii, 554 P. padina, 167, 497 P. lingam, 93, 484, 489, 499, 641, 672, 684 P. phoenicola, 609 P. lupini, 583 P. pseudotsugae, 575 P. lycopersici, 203 P. rhododendri, 644 P. macdonaldii, 130, 323, 671 P. salicina, 694 P. mali, 618, 640 P. sarothamni, 481 792 Index

Phomopsis sp. (cont.) P. graminis, 227, 550 P. sojae, 661 P. melanoplaca, 686 P. tuberivora, 636 P. oxalina, 608 P. vaccinii, 131, 324, 477, 478 P. punctum, 606 P. vexans, 131, 525 P. sabal, 611 P. viticola, 227, 548 P. simplex, 653 stem end rot, 305 P. sterigena, 465 Phoradendron sp., 504, 516 P. swieteniae, 585 (true mistletoe), 240 P. sylvatica, 227, 550 P. californicum, 240, 448, 513, 593, 611, 612, 657, 666 P. texana, 448 P. densum, 572 P. wittrockii, 580 P. juniperinum, 240, 567, 572 Phyllachora sp., 508, 582 P. libocedri, 240 Phyllactinia, 290 P. pauciflorum, 536 P. angulata, 290 P. serotinum, 240 P. corylea, 290, 451, 454, 460, 463, 469, 473, P. serotinum ssp. flavescens, 451, 457, 463, 473, 475, 475–476, 480, 482, 483, 488, 494, 499–501, 481, 489, 498, 499, 520, 522, 523, 526, 527, 511, 512, 515, 522, 526, 527, 529, 538, 546, 537, 553, 555, 558, 559, 562, 563, 580, 581, 547, 555, 556, 558–561, 563, 564, 580, 582, 588, 593, 603, 617, 619, 623, 629–631, 634, 588, 595, 598, 603, 608, 613, 624, 629, 637, 652, 659, 660, 662, 672, 682, 684, 690, 694 639, 642, 646, 652, 657, 676, 677, 683, 691, P. tomentosum, 240, 527, 553, 593, 603 694, 696, 697 P. villosum, 240, 451, 499, 563, 587, 603 P. elaeagni, 526 Phorodendron P. gutata, 556 P. serotinum (flavescens), 608 P. ungulata, 527 P. tomentosum, 608 Phyllody, 667 Phosphorus deficiency, 279 Phyllosticta sp., 131, 145, 227, 448, 467, 474, 478, 500, Photinia (Christmasberry, toyon and oriental 507, 511, 518, 522, 529, 531, 542, 552, species), 625 563–565, 573, 578, 579, 591, 596, 611, 613, Photinia photinicola, 625 616, 620, 623, 624, 629, 632, 639, 648, 649, Phragmidium, 354 652, 659, 664, 667, 674, 683–685, 697 P. americanum, 354, 647 P. adoxae, 449, 599 P. andersonii, 511, 637 P. ailanthi, 450 P. fusiforme, 354, 647 P. alliariifoliae, 489 P. horkeliae, 569 P. allii, 606 P. ivesia, 569 P. alnea, 451 P. jonesii, 569 P. althaeina, 227, 448 P. montivagum, 354, 647 P. amaranthi, 453 P. mucronatum, 354, 647, color plate 2 P. amicta, 587 P. rosae-arkansanae, 355 P. andromedae, 625 P. rosae-californicae, 355, 647 P. andropogonivora, 227, 479 P. rosae-pimpinellifoliae, 647 P. anemones, 455 P. rosicola, 355, 647 P. anemonicola, 455 P. rubi-idaei, 355, 642 P. angelicae, 455 P. speciosum, 355, 647 P. anserinae, 637 P. subcorticium, 355 P. antennariae, 531 P. tuberculatum, 355 P. antirrhini, 227, 620, 658 P. violaceum, 476 P. apicalis, 694 Phragmodothella, 167 P. apii, 495 P. ribesia, 167, 515, 547 P. aplectri, 607 Phragmodothis berberidis, 686 P. apocyni, 521 Phragmopyxis, 355 P. aquilegicola, 508 P. acuminata, 355, 511 P. araliae, 460, 558 Phyctema vagabunda, 463 P. arbutifolia, 501 Phyllachora, 227 P. argyrea, 526 P. beaumontii, 498 P. aristolochiae, 524 P. domingensis, 562 P. arnicae, 461 P. erianthi, 631 P. asiminae, 613 P. flabellum, 532 P. astericola, 465 P. fusicarpa, 524 P. aucubae, 227, 466 Index 793

P. auerswaldii, 480 P. dioscoreae, 696 P. azedarachis, 499 P. discincola, 537 P. batatas, 131, 487, 673 P. dispergens, 520 P. berberidis, 469 P. dodecathei, 521 P. betulinum, 475 P. dracaenae, 524 P. bixae, 476 P. dracocephali, 524 P. brassicicola, 484 P. draconis, 524 P. bridgesii, 581 P. epigaeae, 528 P. brunellae, 638 P. eriobotryae, 582 P. bumeliifolia, 483 P. erysiphoides, 519 P. cacti, 485 P. euonymi, 530 P. camelliae, 227, 488 P. everhartii, 460, 558 P. camelliaecola, 227, 488 P. excavata, 558 P. caricae-papayae, 612 P. eximia, 554 P. carpogena, 520 P. extensa, 530 P. caryae, 559 P. faginea, 473 P. castanea, 499 P. fatiscens, 691 P. catalpae, 227, 493 P. ferax, 583 P. ceanothi, 494 P. fimbriata, 585 P. celastri, 476 P. fraserae, 508 P. celtidis, 553 P. fritillariae, 538 P. cephalanthi, 483 P. galactis, 539 P. cercidicola, 643 P. gallarum, 618 P. chamaeneri, 528 P. garrettii, 654 P. chenopodii, 662 P. garryae, 540, 656 P. chionanthi, 538 P. gaultheriae, 650, 695 P. chrysanthemi, 502 P. gelsemii, 492 P. circumscissa, 228, 459, 501, 615, 630 P. geranii, 542 P. cirsii, 503, 677 P. ginkgo, 543 P. cissicola, 503 P. globigera, 597 P. citricola, 574 P. glycinea, 660 P. clematidis, 506 P. gordoniae, 547 P. clethricola, 506 P. grossulariae, 515, 547 P. concava, 485 P. guttulatae, 608 P. concentrica, 228, 569 P. gymnocladi, 573 P. concomitans, 560 P. hamamelidis, 228, 695 P. confertissima, 527 P. helleboricola var. coptidis, 546 P. congesta, 145, 630 P. heraclei, 558 P. convexula, 619 P. heteromeles, 625 P. cookei, 228, 585 P. hibiscina, 559, 604, 648 P. coreopsidis, 509 P. hortorum, 525, 679 P. cornicola, 522 P. humuli, 562 P. coryli, 556 P. hydrangeae, 228, 565 P. cotoneastri, 511 P. hymenocallidis, 587 P. cryptomeriae, 131, 514 P. ilicis, 228 P. cucurbitacearum, 514 P. illinoiensis, 652 P. cucurbitarum, 665 P. innumerabilis, 454 P. curtisii, 483 P. ipomoeae, 596 P. cyclaminicola, 516 P. iridis, 568 P. cyclaminis, 516 P. juliflora, 593 P. cydoniae, 511 P. kalmicola, 228 P. cyrillae, 517 P. lagerstroemiae, 131, 512 P. decidua, 228, 450, 460, 468, 494, 506, 514, 516, P. lantanoides, 688 530, 542, 554, 562, 564, 574, 594, 595, 597, P. laurocerasi, 499 656, 666, 691 P. lentisci, 628 P. delphinii, 518 P. liatridis, 578 P. deutziae, 519 P. linderae, 662 P. diervillae, 521 P. lindericola, 662 P. digitalis, 538 P. lirodendrica, 683 794 Index

Phyllosticta sp. (cont.) P. pteleicola, 563 P. ludwigiae, 583 P. pteridis, 131, 532 P. lupini, 583 P. punctata, 688 P. lychnidis, 584 P. putrefaciens, 512 P. lycii, 590 P. pyrolae, 639 P. lysimachiae, 582 P. pyrorum, 617 P. maclurae, 608 P. rafinesquii, 611 P. maculicola, 228, 524 P. raui, 650 P. macunae, 686 P. rhamnigena, 482 P. magnoliae, 585 P. rhexiae, 590, 643 P. malvavisci, 586 P. rhododendri, 644 P. maxima, 228, 625 P. rhoiseda, 670 P. medeolae, 567 P. richardiae, 228 P. melanoplaca, 686 P. roberti, 535, 648 P. meliae, 499 P. robiniae, 581 P. menispermicola, 596 P. rosae, 645 P. mentzeliae, 592 P. rosae-setigerae, 646 P. micropuncta, 466 P. ruborum, 520 P. minima, 228, 480, 588 P. rudbeckiae, 545, 643 P. minor, 688 P. saccardoi, 228 P. mitellae, 475 P. sambuci, 526 P. monardae, 595 P. sanguinariae, 228, 477 P. monardellae, 595 P. sapindii, 659 P. moricola, 598 P. sassafras, 652 P. mortoni, 587 P. saxifragarum, 652 P. multicorniculata, 131, 535 P. serotina, 498 P. myricae, 470, 609, 693 P. sojicola, 228, 660 P. nebulosa, 656 P. solani, 525 P. negundinis, 479, 588 P. solidagnicola, 546 P. nerii, 605 P. solitaria, 145, 456, 511 P. nigrescens, 689 P. sophorae, 660 P. nyssae, 684 P. sorbi, 597 P. oleae, 519, 561 P. spinosa, 656 P. opulasteris, 602 P. staticis, 667 P. orbicula, 564 P. stillingiae, 500 P. orbicularis, 665 P. subeffusa, 657 P. orobella, 673 P. symphoricarpi, 658 P. orontii, 545 P. syriaca, 648 P. ovalifolii, 638 P. taxi, 697 P. pachysandrae, 608 P. tecomae, 682 P. pallens, 530 P. tenerrima, 659 P. palmetto, 611 P. terminalis, 560, 578 P. palustris, 666 P. texensis, 686 P. parkinsoniae, 612 P. tinea, 688 P. paulowniae, 613 P. trillii, 681 P. paupercula, 454 P. trollii, 682 P. penicillariae, 228, 619 P. tuberosa, 463, 483 P. persicae, 614 P. typhina, 494 P. phaseolina, 471 P. vaccinii, 228, 512, 531 P. phorodendri, 594 P. verbasicola, 598 P. physaleos, 500 P. verbesinae, 687 P. physopellae, 535 P. vincae-majoris, 688 P. pitcheriana, 556 P. violae, 689 P. pithecolobii, 629 P. virginiana, 454, 501 P. platani, 629 P. wistariae, 229, 695 P. podophylli, 590 P. wyomingensis, 528 P. praetervisa, 580 P. xanthorhizae, 697 P. pruni-avium, 498 P. zonata, 511 P. pseudocapsici, 571 Phyllosticta spp., 476, 555, 586, 603, 607, 634 Index 795

Phyllostictina P. cactorum, 132, 135, 168, 325, 440, 452, 457, 459, P. carpogena, 642 466, 473, 475, 477, 478, 480, 485, 491, 492, P. hysterella, 697 496, 497, 505, 518, 522, 526, 527, 530, 536, P. pyriformis, 607 538, 543, 546, 553, 559, 563, 572, 573, 578, P. vaccinii, 477 583–585, 588, 589, 603, 607, 615, 618–620, Phymatotrichopsis (Phymatotrichum), 324 625, 627, 630, 644, 645, 658, 663, 666, 669, P. omnivors, 324 673, 680, 682, 684, 688, 691, 692 Phymatotrichum, 484 P. cambivora, 587, 625, 644 P. omnivorum, 325, 448–455, 458–462, 465, 467–469, P. capsici, 132, 326, 448, 471, 514, 621, 637, 662, 471, 472, 474–476, 480–483, 486–494, 665, 675, 680, 692 496–503, 505, 508–523, 525–530, 532, 535, P. cinnamomi, 169, 326, 385, 440, 466, 467, 475, 478, 538–540, 542, 543, 545–548, 552–572, 488, 489, 494, 496, 499, 512, 516, 523, 533, 584–588, 592, 593, 595–599, 601, 608, 536, 556, 558, 567, 572, 575, 582, 584, 587, 610–620, 622–625, 627–639, 641, 643–673, 598, 603, 618, 627, 629, 644, 663, 664, 683, 675–677, 680, 682–689, 691–693, 695, 685, 686, 688, 691, 693, 697 697, 698 P. citricola, 326, 466, 467, 505, 557, 579, 627, 644 root rot, 324, 325 P. citrophthora, 132, 326, 452, 459, 467, 480, 497, Physalis 504, 562, 572, 614, 618, 620, 644, 654, 692 mosaic, 552 P. colocasiae, 326, 543 mosaic tymovirus, 416 P. cryptogea, 326, 449, 465, 473, 487, 542, 544, 545, Physalospora, 131, 167, 325 566, 572, 577, 589, 612, 615, 636, 649, 658, (Acanthorhynchus), 295 663, 664, 668, 671, 680, 691, 698 P. abdita, 587 P. cryptogea var. richardiae, 326, 487 P. corticis, 168, 478 P. drechsleri, 326, 473, 484, 536, 649, 680 P. dracaenae, 131, 524 P. dreschleri, 470, 476, 508, 553, 572, 580, 627, P. fusca, 448 649, 664 P. glandicola, 168, 603 P. erythroseptica, 132, 326, 487, 636, 642, 694 P. gregaria, 132, 697 P. europa, 604 P. ilicis, 227, 559, 695 P. foliarum, 467 P. lepachydis, 643 P. fragariae, 327, 668 P. miyabeana, 168, 694 P. gymnocarpa, 696 P. mutila, 325, 457 P. hedraiandra, 644 P. obtusa, 132, 167, 327, 450, 451, 457, 473, P. hibernalis, 644 481, 485, 490, 511–513, 547, 561, P. ilicis, 132, 560 578, 583, 597, 603, 618, 623, 632, P. infestans, 132, 525, 571, 601, 602, 623, 635, 679, 640, 646, 652, 670 color plate 9 P. rhodina, 167, 327, 457, 485, 490, 524, 534, 548, P. inflata, 527, 644 587, 603, 617, 648, 674 P. insolita, 644 P. rhododendri, 644 P. ipomoeae, 596 P. vaccini, 295 P. lateralis, 327, 467, 496, 572, 598, 625, 688, 697 Physalospora spp., 587, 588, 607, 623 P. meadii, 135, 561 Physarum P. medicaginis, 135 P. cinereum, 551, 577, 669, 674 P. megasperma, 327, 462, 464, 484, 492, 511, 561, P. plumbeum, 674 615, 668 P. polycephalum, 371 Phytophthora sp., 450, 461, 464, 503, 511, 518, 565, Physarum spp., 495 566, 610, 614, 625, 632, 654, 663, 674 Physiological, 698 P. megasperma f. sp. glycinea, 327, 660, 661 Physoderma sp., 229, 652 P. megasperma var. sojae, 661 P. claytoniana, 505 P. nicotianae, 135, 502, 537, 664, 666, 693 P. maydis, 229, 509 P. nicotianae var. nicotianae, 327, 538 Physopella P. nicotianae var. parasitica, 327, 467, 621, 624, 632 (Angiopsora), 355 P. palmivora, 327, 466, 478, 521, 559, 569, 587, 598, P. ampelopsidis, 355, 549 609, 610, 621, 693 P. compressa, 355 P. parasitica, 135, 460, 462, 465, 479, 480, 485, 493, Physostegia (false dragonhead), 625 502, 504, 522, 525, 539, 559, 571, 579, 582, Phythiogeton autossytum, 494 601, 621, 624, 636, 645, 647, 649, 654, 658, Phytophthora, 132, 168, 184, 229, 325, 440, 473 678, 679, 686, 688, 698 blight, 132 P. parasitica var. nicotianae, 327, 601, 627 leaf, 327 P. phaseoli, 184, 471 796 Index

Phytophthora sp. (cont.) Piptoporus betulinus, 329 P. porri, 327 Pirostoma nyssae, 229 P. ramorum, 229, 482, 487, 488, 493, 502, 507, 523, Pistachio (Pistacia), 628 533, 562, 563, 565, 581, 584, 587, 602, 625, Pitch (branch) cankers, 160 643, 654, 659, 666, 687 Pitcher-plant (Sarracenia), 629 P. sojae, 327, 661 Pithecellobium (blackbead, catsclaw), 629 P. syringae, 135, 169, 328, 452, 458, 504, 572, 578, Pith necrosis, 79 614, 625 Pithomyces chartarum, 550 P. thalictri, 590 Pitoporus betulinus, 329 P. torulosum, 328 Pitted sap rot, 329 P. tropicalis, 625, 643, 644 Pitting spot, 636 Phytophthora spp., 592, 624 Pittosporum, 629 Phytoplasma, 54 leaf spot, 207 Phytoreovirus, 53 Placosphaeria, 229 Phytotoxic, 2 P. graminis, 229, 550 Pick-a-back (Tolmiea), 625 P. haydeni, 229, 465, 546 Piedraiaceae, 38 Plagiostoma Pierce’s disease, 548 P. asarifolia, 229, 543 Pierce’s grape disease, 88 P. prenanthis, 229 Pieris (mountain, Japanese andromeda), 625 Plane blight, 151 Pigeon pea (Cajanus), 625 Plane-tree, sycamore (Platanus) (american sycamore, Pigeon pea golden mosaic, 625 P. occidentalis; california plane, P. acerifolia; Pigeon pea golden mosaic begomovirus, 417 and oriental plane, P. orientalis), 629 Piggotia Plantago P. depressa, 455 mottle, 630 P. fraxini, 221 mottle tymovirus, 417 P. negundinis, 480, 588 Plantain, common (Plantago), 630 P. vaccinii, 478 Plasmapara halstedii, 193 Pileolaria, 355 Plasmodiophora, 175 P. cotini-coggyriae, 355, 657 P. brassicae, 175, 453, 460, 484, 489, 500, 558, 561, P. effusa, 670 564, 599, 640, 668, 672, 690 P. patzcuarensis, 355, 671 P. brassicicola, 684 Pine Plasmodiophoraceae, 34 (Pinus), 625 Plasmopara, 184, 193 branch, 150 P. acalyphae, 184, 448 brown spot needle blight, 140 P. australis, 594 canker, 151 P. cephalophora, 625 cone rust, 345, 347 P. cercidis, 643 little leaf, 326 P. crustosa, 184 needle cast, 247 P. epilobii, 528 needle rust, 343 P. geranii, 184, 542 sheathoid nematode, 258 P. gonolobi, 184, 651, 688 twig blight, 111 P. halstedii, 184, 462, 490, 496, 503, 507, 529, 530, Pineapple 545, 566, 568, 589, 641, 643, 648, 656, 670, (Ananas), 628 671, 686 wilt-associated, 628 P. lactucaeradicis, 577 wilt-associated closterovirus, 417 P. nivea, 184, 582, 612 Pine-pine gall rust, 347 P. obducens, 566 Pinewood nematode, 256 P. pygmaea, 184, 455, 557, 595 Pink head, 484 P. ribicola, 547 Pink mold rot, 339 P. viburni, 185, 575, 687 Pink patch, 303 P. viticola, 185, 484, 515, 548, 569, 689 Pink root, 331 Platycodon (balloon-flower), 630 Pink rot, 335 Plectospira, 328 Pink snowmold, 381 P. myriandra, 328, 680 Pink watery rot, 326 Plectosporium, 135 Pinon blister rust, 345 P. tabacinum, 135, 471, 566 Piperalin, 10 Pleiochaeta, 229 Pipsissewa (Chimaphila), 628 P. setosa, 229, 541, 583 Index 797

Plenodomus, 169, 570 Poison hemlock (Conium), 632 P. destruens, 328, 570, 596, 674 Poison ivy, 632 P. fuscomaculans, 169, 456 Poison oak, 632 Pleochaeta prosopidis, 292 Poison sumac, 633 Pleosphaerulina sp., 541 Polemonium (Jacobs-ladder, Greek-valerian), 633 (Pringsheimia), 230 Pollaccia saliciperda, 364 P. sojicola, 230, 660 Polyporaceae, 42 Pleospora sp., 230, 328, 504, 600, 616, 654 Polyporus, 307, 328 P. allii, 464 (Favolus), 307 P. compositarum, 465 P. abietinus (Hirshioporus abietinus), 329 P. fructicola, 457, 618 P. adustus, 450, 643, 672 P. herbarum, 230, 328, 457, 464, 465, 577, 578, p. amplectrens, 613 609, 662 p. anceps, 329 P. hyalospora, 614 p. balsameus, 329 P. lycopersici, 680 P. betulinus, 329, 475 Pleurotus sp., 328, 695 P. dryadeus, 329 P. ostreatus, 328, 527, 549, 560, 580, 623, 629 P. dryophilus, 487 P. serotinus, 451, 475 P. farlowii, 487, 598, 694 P. similis, 563 P. gilvus, 329, 475, 578, 672 P. ulmarius, 312, 458 P. halesiae, 554 Pleurotus spp., 588, 672, 694 P. hirsutus, 501, 543, 597, 615, 631, 643 Ploioderma P. hispidus, 329, 475, 598 P. hedgecockii, 247 P. lacteus, 451, 543, 615 P. lethale, 122, 246 P. lucidus, 329, 643 Plum P. mori, 307 line pattern, 631 P. mutabilis, 643 line pattern¼plum american linepattern ilarvirus, 417 P. olaea, 605 plumegrass (Erianthus), 631 P. pargamenus, 329 pox, 498 P. pulchellus, 573 (garden), prune (Prunus domestica), 630 P. robiniophilus, 613 rusty blotch, 631 P. schweinitzii, 330, 627, 697 wart, 91, 92 P. spraguei, 613, 697 white spot, 417, 631 P. squamosus, 330 wild (Prunus americana), 631 P. sulphureus, 66, 329, 451, 487, 563, 691 Plumeria (Frangipani), 631 P. texanus, 593 Pockets, 679 P. tomentosa, 315 Pod, 103 P. tomentosus var. circinatus, 329 Pod and seed spot, 244 P. tulipiferae, 460, 543, 558 Podocarpus, 631 P. versicolor, 451, 452, 487, 500, 501, 543, 553, 555, Podosonaera pannosa, 646 566, 597, 598, 613, 615, 631, 638, 643 Podosphaera sp., 290, 511 P. versicolor Syn. Coriolus versicolor, 330 P. biuncinata, 695 Polyporus spp., 458, 463, 468, 473, 475, 496, 498, P. clandestina, 291 499, 505, 516, 522, 523, 527, 530, 536, 549, P. jusca, 531 554, 557, 559, 560, 562, 563, 575, 580, 582, P. leucotricha, 457, 511, 618, 625, 639 585, 588, 603, 618, 623, 627, 629, 634, 652, P. oxyacanthae, 453, 454, 457, 459, 483, 498, 501, 655, 664, 671, 672, 683, 684, 691, 695, 696 512, 555, 600, 615, 618, 625, 634, 639, 652, Polystomellaceae, 38 658, 663, 693 Pome fruit spot anthracnose, 386 P. oxyacanthae var. tridactyla, 452, 630 Pomegranate P. pannosa, 291, color plate 8 (Punica granatum), 633 P. tridactyla, 291, 452 rot, 298 Pod spot, 203, 204, 219, 238, 319 spot anthracnose, 388 Poinciana (Caesalpinia), 631 Ponderosa pine rust, 345 Poinsettia Pond-spice (Litsea), 633 (Euphorbia pulcherrima), 631 Popcorn disease, 113 mosaic, 632 Poplar mosaic tymovirus, 417 aspen, cottonwood (Populus), 633 scab, 388 decline, 634 Pointed ends, 636 decline potyvirus, 417 798 Index

Poplar (cont.) rugose mosaic, 418, 624, 636 leaf spot, 221 S carlavirus, 418 mosaic, 634 spindle tuber, 636 mosaic carlavirus, 417 spindle tuber viroid, 418 rust, 352 vein banding, 636 yellow leaf blister, 196 vein banding ¼ potato Y potyvirus, 418 Poppy (Papaver), 634 virus A, 418, 602, 637 Poppy-mallow (Callirhoe¨), 634 virus M, 637 Pops, 616 virus S, 637 Poria sp., 330, 485 virus X, 470, 472, 513, 523, 570, 622 P. albipellucida, 655 virus Y, 602, 622, 685 P. ambigua, 498, 554 wart, 193 P. carnegieae, 485 witches’ broom, 418, 636 P. cocos, 330 X potexvirus, 418 P. ferrea, 556 yellow dwarf, 517, 546, 636, 648, 688, 695 P. ferruginosa, 587, 652 yellow dwarf nucleorhabdovirus, 419 P. inermis, 597 yellow spot, 419, 636 P. isabellina, 613 Potentilla (Cinquefoil), 637 P. laevigata, 330 Potexvirus, 53 P. luteoalba, 330 Pothos (Epipremnum), 637 P. prunicola, 330 Pothos, ivy-arum (Scindapsus), 637 P. punctata, 469, 480, 608, 671 Potyvirus, 53 P. sequoiae, 655 Pouts, 616 P. spiculosa, 559 Powdery mildew, 287–292 P. subacida, 330, 516 Powdery scab, 365 P. vaporaria, 461, 505 Pratylenchus sp., 264, 448, 450, 474, 486, 498, 513, P. versipora, 567, 584 577, 581, 588, 603, 621, 624, 637, P. weirii, 330, 461, 523, 536 652, 673 Poria spp., 458, 463, 468, 496, 499, 522, 536, 549, 560, P. brachyurus, 16, 264, 466, 504, 550, 628, 635 563, 575, 581, 582, 585, 588, 609, 627, 672, 691 P. coffeae, 264, 488, 500, 548, 669 Portulaca, 635 P. crenatus, 264 Postharvest decay, 304 P. fallax, 264, 550 Postharvest rot, 319 P. hexincisus, 264 Postia balsamea, 330 P. minyus, 264, 535, 548, 617 Potassium bicarbonate, 10 P. musicola, 264, 468, 535, 605, 690 Potato (Solanum tuberosum), 635 P. nannus, 264, 698 acropetal necrosis, 417 P. negelectus, 264, 635 anthracnose, 61 P. penetrans, 264, 457, 459, 510, 532, 566, 579, 615, apical leaf roll, 90 621, 635, 642, 654, 669, 698 aucuba mosaic, 636 P. pratensis, 265, 456, 457, 471, 478, 480, 481, 484, aucuba mosaic potexvirus, 417 489, 502, 516, 518, 525, 535, 542, 546, 548, blackleg, 75 550, 561, 565, 579, 583, 585, 600, 607, 630, bouquet disease, 417 646, 651, 658, 667, 669, 673, 679, 683, 684, calico, 417, 636 689, 693 corky ring spot, 636 P. safaenis, 265, 661 crinkle, 417, 636 P. scribneri, 265, 453, 607, 635, 646, 669 green dwarf, 418 P. subpenetrans, 265, 550 leaf blotch, 143 P. thornei, 264, 265, 516, 550, 576, 588, 600 leafroll, 518, 552, 577, 602, 680, 698 P. vulnus, 265, 452, 459, 466, 480, 498, 504, 535, 537, leaf roll, 559, 636, 663, 666 548, 572, 579, 615, 630, 642, 646, 654, 690, 694 leaf rolling mosaic, 636 P. zeae, 265 leaf rolling mosaic ¼ potato M carlavirus, 418 Pratylenchus spp., 265 leaf roll luteovirus, 418 Premature ripening, 130 leaf spot, 206, 207 Prenanthes (rattlesnake-root), 637 mop-top, 637 Prickly-ash (Xanthoxylum americanum), 637 mottle, 418, 500 Prickly-poppy (Argemone), 637 a potyvirus, 417 Primrose (Primula), 637 purple top, 636 leaf spot, 230 rot nematode, 257 mosaic, 419, 638 Index 799

Privet P. angulata, 78, 481, 552 (Ligustrum), 638 P. asplenii, 78, 532 ring spot, 419 P. avenae, 78, 509 Prochloraz, 11 P. berberidis, 78, 469 Propamocarb, 11 P. caryophylli, 79, 491, 667 Propiconazole, 11 P. cattleyae, 79, 607 Propineb, 11 P. cepacia, 79, 605 Prospodium, 355 P. cichorii, 79, 469, 484, 495, 502, 527, 528, 541, 581, P. appendiculatum, 355, 667 637, 643, 653 P. lippiae, 355 P. coadunata, 470 P. plagiopus, 355, 675 P. colurnae, 555 P. transformans, 355 P. coronafaciens var. atropurpurea, 481 Protectant, 6 P. corrugata, 79, 678 Protomyces, 192 P. delphinii, 595 P. gravidus, 192, 641 P. erodii, 558 P. macrosporus, 192, 556 P. fluorescens, 79, 564 Protomycetaceae, 32 P. fluorescens pv. marginalis, 577 Prune P. gladioli, 79, 532 constricting mosaic, 631 P. helianthi, 462 (standard) constricting mosaic, 419 P. huttiensis, 678 diamond canker, 419, 631 P. intybus, 527 dwarf, 498, 631 P. jaggeri pv. apii, 495 dwarf ilarvirus, 419 P. lachrymans, 514, 547, 591, 692 Prunella (self-heal, heal-all), 638 P. lauraceum, 482 Pruning disease, 111 P. longifolia, 552 Pruning wound canker, 169 P. maculicola, 484, 625, 684 Prunus P. marginalis, 668 black knot, 91, 92 P. marginata, 513, 538, 543, 678 necrotic ring spot, 421, 428, 498 P. melophthora, 79, 456 necrotic ring spot ilarvirus, 419 P. morsprunorum, 497 ring spot, 616, 666 P. ovata, 470 Psalliota campestris, 187, 550 P. pastinacae, 612 Pseudeurotiaceae, 53 P. phaseolicola, 472, 574 Pseudocercospora P. pisi, 673 P. abelmoschi, 208 P. primulae, 637 P. cannabina, 208 P. pseudoalcaligenes, 79, 665 P. capsellae, 208 P. pseudoalcaligenes ssp. citrulli, 665, 692 P. handelii, 208 P. ribicola, 79, 515 P. paederiae, 657 P. sesami, 79, 665 P. puderi, 208 P. solanacearum, 79, 456, 468, 470, 493, 510, 517, P. purpurea, 143 525, 541, 561, 565, 589, 600, 616, 621, 623, P. sordida, 112 635, 655, 660, 671, 678, 698 Pseudocercosporella, 230 P. stizolobii, 686 P. albida, 471 P. syringae, 79, 452, 456, 458, 463, 466, 470, 484, 495, P. capsellae, 208, 230, 484, 500, 599, 684 497, 504, 509, 522, 526, 528, 532, 559, 566, Pseudocercosporella spp., 631 569, 573, 574, 578, 585, 589, 595, 597, 600, Pseudo curly top, 680 605, 613, 614, 621, 625, 630, 649, 686 Pseudomassaria P. syringae pv. aceris,79 (Didymella), 158 P. syringae pv. alisalensis, 463, 484, 549 P. sepincolaeformis, 158 P. syringae pv. angulata,79 Pseudomonadaceae, 77 P. syringae pv. apii, 79, 495 Pseudomonas sp., 82, 449, 477, 544, 642, 683 P. syringae pv. aptata, 79, 473, 600, 675 P. aceris, 78, 479, 587 P. syringae pv. coronafaciens, 80, 481, 549 P. acernea, 587 P. syringae pv. coryli, 555 P. adzukicola, 78, 470 P. syringae pv. delphinii, 80, 518 P. albopreciptans,78 P. syringae pv. glycinea, 80, 660 P. alcaligenes, 544 P. syringae pv. helianthi, 80, 671 P. alliicola, 605 P. syringae pv. hibisci, 80, 559 P. andropogonis, 78, 479, 499, 506, 509, 667 P. syringae pv. lachrymans, 80, 514, 665 800 Index

Pseudomonas sp. (cont.) P. allii, 355, 540, 606 P. syringae pv. maculicola, 484, 684 P. amphigena, 356, 657, 697 P. syringae pv. mori, 80, 598 P. andina, 641 P. syringae pv. mors-prunorum,80 P. andropogonis, 356, 469, 558, 583, 593, 594, 608, P. syringae pv. papulans, 81, 456 609, 657, 667, 685, 689 P. syringae pv. phaseolicola, 81, 470 P. andropogonis var. onobrychidis, 583 P. syringae pv. pisi, 81, 613 P. andropogonis var. penstemonis, 685 P. syringae pv. porri, 81, 655 P. andropogonis var. polygalina, 593 P. syringae pv. primulae,81 P. andropogonis var. xanthoxyli, 558, 637 P. syringae pv. savastanoi, 81, 605 P. anemones-virginianae, 455 P. syringae pv. syringae, 472, 532, 543, 665, 694 P. angelicae, 455, 676 P. syringae pv. tabaci, 82, 470, 525, 552, 678 P. angustata, 594, 595, 598, 691 P. syringae pv. tagetis, 82, 462, 589, 641, 656, P. angustata var. eriophori, 654 670, 671 P. antirrhini, 356, 580, 658 P. syringae pv. tomato, 82, 678 P. arachidis, 356, 617 P. syringae pv. tonelliana, 605 P. araliae, 543 P. syringae pv. zizaniae, 82, 694 P. arenariae, 520, 584, 652, 675 P. tabaci, 82, 494, 601, 660 P. areolata, 590 P. viburni, 82, 687 P. argentata, 449, 599 P. viridiflava, 82, 469, 621, 631, 678 P. aristidae, 356, 452, 474, 486, 506, 510, 513, 519, P. viridilivida, 82, 577 524, 537, 543, 553, 557, 574, 592, 599, 600, P. washingtoniae, 82, 610 604, 622, 624, 638, 641, 651, 655, 656, 659, P. woodsii, 82, 491 663, 687, 690, 691 Pseudonectria, 169 P. arnicalis, 461 P. pachysandricola, 141 P. arundinariae, 657 P. rouselliana, 169 P. asarina, 543 Pseudoperonospora, 185 P. asparagi, 356, 464, 606 P. celtidis, 185, 553 P. asperior, 582 P. cubensis, 185, 468, 482, 500, 514, 547, 591, 592, P. asteris, 465 594, 665, 692 P. atrofusca, 462, 650 P. erodii, 558 P. atropuncta, 483, 637, 667, 687, 696, 698 P. humuli, 562 P. ballotaeflorae, 650 Pseudopezicula, 300 P. balsamorhizae, 468, 696 P. tetraspora, 300, 549 P. bartholomaei, 483, 624 Pseudopeziza,67 P. batesiana, 556 P. repanda, 539 P. bistortae, 455 P. ribis, 67, 515, 539, 547 P. bolleyana, 526 Pseudorhytisma bistortae, 231 P. bouvardiae, 479 Pseudosaccharomycetaceae, 44 P. brachypodii var. poae-nemoralis, 356 Pseudoseptoria P. brandegei, 510 P. everhartii, 232 P. calcitrapae var. centaureae, 357 P. obtusa, 232 P. calochorti, 589 Pseudovalsa, 169 P. calthae, 590 P. longipes, 169, 603 P. calthicola, 590 Psilocybe agrariella var. vaccinii, 512 P. campanulae, 489 Psittacanthus macrantherus, 603, 626 P. carduorum, 357, 657, 677 Psyllid yellows, 636, 679 P. caricina, 357, 515 Ptychogaster sp., 607 P. caricina var. grossulariata, 547 Puccinastrum sparsum, 585 P. caricina var. limosae, 666 Puccinia, 355 P. caricina var. uliginosa, 552 P. aberrans, 657 P. caricina var. uniporula, 547 P. abrupta, 545, 687 P. caricis, 515 P. acetosae, 649 P. caricis-shepherdiae, 482, 526 P. acrophila, 675 P. carnegiana, 481 P. adoxae, 449, 559 P. carthami, 357, 649 P. agnita, 505 P. castillejae, 609 P. agrimoniae, 450 P. caulicola, 650 P. albulensis, 687 P. chelonis, 685 P. aletridis, 667 P. chloridis, 463 Index 801

P. cirsii, 503, 677 P. giliae, 508, 543 P. claytoniicola, 351 P. glabella, 479 P. clintonii, 696 P. glechomatis, 553 P. coelopleuri, 455 P. globosipes, 584, 590 P. cognata, 687 P. glumarum, 551 P. collinsiae, 508 P. gnaphaliicola, 545 P. columbiensis, 555 P. graminis, 357, 469, 546, 551, 554, 586 P. commutata, 685 P. graminis ssp. graminicola, 551 P. confraga, 620 P. grindeliae, 465, 503, 529, 546, 552, 566, 640 P. conglomerata, 623 P. grumosa, 667, 698 P. conoclinii, 357, 450, 530 P. gulosa, 633 P. consimilis, 690 P. haleniae, 541 P. conspicua, 556 P. harknessii, 586, 667 P. convolvuli, 487 P. helianthi, 358, 462, 586, 671 P. cooperiae, 641, 648 P. hemerocallidis, 519 P. crandallii, 357, 509, 658, 696 P. heterospora, 358, 448, 561, 586, 656 P. crassipes, 596 P. heucherae, 358, 475, 537, 558, 581, 653, 676 P. crepidis-montanae, 554 P. hieracii, 358, 528, 554, 555, 567, P. cryptanthes, 513 574, 577, 586 P. cyani, 496 P. holboellii, 524, 657, 690 P. cynodontis, 357, 551 P. horiana, 358, 502 P. cyperi, 529 P. hydrophylli, 566 P. cypripedii, 357, 607 P. hyssopi, 450 P. dayi, 582 P. insperata, 637 P. delphinii, 519 P. interveniens, 497, 544, 586, 635 P. dichelostemmae, 762 P. invaginata, 547 P. dichondrae, 521 P. investita, 545 P. difformis, 539 P. iridis, 358, 477, 568, 596 P. dioicae, 357, 465, 479, 528, 529, 545, 555, 556, 574, P. irrequiseta, 496 576, 577, 604, 637, 640, 648, 654, 655, 685 P. jaceae var. diffusa, 358, 496 P. dioicae var. asteris, 465, 479 P. jaceae var. solstitiales, 496 P. distichlidis, 582 P. jonesii, 582 P. douglasii, 624 P. jussiaeae, 583, 692 P. drabae, 524 P. koeleriae, 469, 586 P. dracunculi, 357 P. kuhniae, 481, 574 P. eatoniae var. myosotidis, 537 P. lagenophorae, 358, 503, 528, 654 P. eatoniae var. ranunculi, 641 P. lantanae, 574 P. echeveriae, 524 P. lateripes, 649 P. effusa, 689 P. lateritia, 565 P. eleocharidis, 530 P. leonotidis, 580 P. ellisiana, 611, 689 P. leveillei, 542 P. ellisii, 455 P. liatridis, 578 P. emiliae, 527 P. ligustici, 455, 582 P. enceliae, 527 P. limosae, 582 P. epilobii, 528 P. linkii, 688 P. erigeniae, 554 P. lithospermi, 531 P. eriophylii, 529 P. lobata, 561, 656 P. expansa, 654 P. lobeliae, 581 P. extensicola var. oenotherae, 540 P. lygodii, 533 P. farinacea, 650 P. macrospora, 657 P. fergussoni, 689 P. maculosa, 574 P. festucae, 562 P. magnusiana, 455 P. flaveriae, 357, 486, 490 P. malvacearum, 359, 561, 575, 586 P. fraseri, 555 P. marie-wilsoniae, 505 P. gaillardiae, 539 P. massalis, 671 P. gemella, 590 P. melampodii, 359 P. gentianae, 541 P. melanconioides, 521 P. gigantea, 550 P. melanocephala, 468 P. gigantispora, 455 P. melliflora, 650 802 Index

Puccinia (cont.) P. pyrolae, 593 P. menthae, 359, 477, 506, 521, 542, 594, 595, 598, P. ranunculi, 641 608, 697 P. raunkaerii, 648 P. mertensiae, 537, 574, 592 P. recedens, 654 P. mesneriana, 482, 507 P. recondita, 359, 455, 469, 481, 486, 506, 508, P. mesomajalis, 506 519, 551, 566, 581, 590, 592, 595, 606, P. micrantha, 515 641, 648 P. millefolii, 462, 650, 696 P. recondita tritici, 359 P. monoica, 460, 524, 657 P. recondita var. secalis, 454 P. montanensis, 469 P. retecta, 455 P. moreniana, 481 P. rhaetica, 687 P. nakanishikii, 359, 576 P. romanzoffiae, 645 P. nodosa, 481 P. rubefaciens, 539 P. obliqua, 624, 652, 688 P. rudbeckiae, 648 P. obscura, 696 P. rufescens, 696 P. oenotherae, 479, 505, 528, 545, 604, 698 P. rydbergii, 654 P. orbicula, 637 P. salviicola, 650 P. ortonii, 521 P. scandica, 528 P. oxalidis, 586, 608 P. schedonnardi, 497, 544, 561, 586, 635, 648, 656 P. oxyriae, 598 P. scirpi, 602 P. pallidissima, 666 P. septentrionalis, 590 P. palmeri, 620 P. sessilis, 568, 586, 659, 670, 685 P. panici, 659, 664 P. seymouriana, 454, 483, 522 P. parkerae, 515 P. sherardiana, 497, 544, 561, 586 P. parnassiae, 552 P. sieversii, 542 P. paroselae, 657 P. silphii, 656 P. pattersoniana, 481 P. smilacis, 522, 657 P. pazschkei var. tricuspidatae, 653 P. solheimi, 359, 521 P. pelargonii-zonalis, 359, 541 P. sorghi, 359, 510, 608 P. penstemonis, 620 P. sparganioides, 360, 463 P. peridermiospora, 537 P. sparsum, 472 P. phaceliae, 486 P. spegazzinii, 593 P. phragmitis, 359, 640 P. sphaeralceae, 544 P. physalidis, 552 P. sporoboli, 579 P. physostegiae, 625 P. stenotaphri, 551 P. pimpinellae, 456, 674 P. stenotaphricola, 360 P. piperi, 551 P. stipae, 465, 503, 529, 546, 552, 640, 654 P. plumbaria, 508, 543, 624 P. striiformis, 360, 551 P. poae-nemoralis, 356, 551 P. striiformis f. sp. tritici, 693 P. poae-sudeticae, 356 P. stromatica, 506 P. poarum, 623 P. subangulata, 481 P. podophylli, 590 P. subcircinata, 654 P. polemonii, 633 P. subdecora, 481 P. polygoni-amphibii, 359, 542, 571 P. substriata, 360 P. polysora, 359, 510, 631 P. substriata (I), 525 P. poromera, 455 P. symphoricarpi, 658, 696 P. porphyrogenita, 522 P. tageticola, 589 P. porri, 501 P. tanaceti, 462, 650, 676 P. praegracilis, 607 P. tanaceti var. dracunculina, 360 P. probabilis, 687 P. taneceti, 360, 502 P. psidii, 359, 452, 591, 604 P. tardissima, 652 P. pulsatillae, 455, 506, 681 P. tenuis, 530 P. pulverulenta, 528, 545 P. thaliae, 360, 462, 677 P. punctata, 539 P. thlaspeos, 460 P. punctata var. troglodytes, 539 P. tolimensis, 530 P. punctiformis, 677 P. treleasiana, 590 P. pygmaea, 359, 551 P. tripsaci, 494 Pucciniaceae, 41 P. tumidipes, 545, 584, 590 Puccinia sp., 456 P. umbilici, 654 Index 803

P. vagans, 553 P. phlogis, 135, 624 P. vagans var. epilobi-tetragoni, 479 P. terrestris, 331, 551, 606, 614, 622, 655, 663, P. valerianae, 685 674, 680 P. veratri, 528, 686 P. venuta, 603 P. verbesinae, 449, 687 Pyrenophora P. vernoniae, 568 P. trichostoma, 694 P. veronicarum, 514, 687 P. tritici-repentis, 693 P. vertisepta, 650 Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium, P. vesiculosa, 455 C. coccineum), 639 P. vilfae, 687 Pyricularia, 135, 230 P. vincae, 599, 688 P. grisea, 136, 230, 495, 549, 550, 619, 645 P. violae, 611, 689 P. perenne, 550 P. virgae-aureae, 546 Pyrifenox, 11 P. virgata, 631 Pyrola (shinleaf), 639 P. volkartiana, 645 Pyroquilon, 11 P. waldsteiniae, 469 Pythiaceae, 35 P. welfeniae, 675 Pythium sp., 136, 331, 440, 448, 480, 491, 492, 496, 502, P. windsoriae, 563 503, 510, 513, 522, 527, 566, 609, 610, 612, P. xanthii, 507, 671 616, 641, 654, 655, 684 P. yosemitana, 543 P. abappressorium, 693 P. ziziae, 698 P. acanthicum, 331 P. zoysiae, 699 P. aphanidermatum, 331, 440, 462, 471, 519, 525, 541, Pucciniastrum, 360 546, 549, 553, 566, 592, 602, 611, 622, 632, P. agrimoniae, 450 641, 660, 661, 664, 665, 675 P. alaskanum, 541 P. aristorum, 471 P. americanum, 360, 642 P. aristosporum, 331 P. epilobii, 360, 539, 545 P. arrhenomanes, 331, 480, 521, 526, 551, 569, 571, P. ericae, 556 602, 622, 675, 680 P. galii, 539 P. carolinianum, 331, 612 P. goeppertianum, 360, 478, 536, 694 P. catenulatum, 331, 471, 622 P. hydrangeae, 360, 557, 566 P. debaryanum, 331, 453, 469, 471, 485, 505, 525, P. myrtilli, 467, 478, 557, 565, 526, 528, 541, 543, 551, 553, 573, 579, 581, 584, 592 583, 591, 611, 622, 632, 636, 640, 649, 665, P. pustulatum, 505, 528, 536 671, 682, 691 P. pyrolae, 628, 639 P. deliense, 474 P. sparsum, 476, 587 P. dissotocum, 331, 471, 541, 661 P. vaccinii, 360, 512, 644, 694 P. graminicola, 622, 629 Pucciniastrum spp., 694 P. helicoides, 494, 622, 657 Puccinii hieracii, 577 P. heterothallicum, 541 Puffing, 679 P. hypogynum, 558 Pullularia sp., 498 P. intermedium, 532 P. pullulans, 471, 626, 679 P. irregulare, 331, 470, 506, 541, 542, 576, 581, 622, Pullularia spp., 477 632, 638 Pulmonaria, 638 P. mamillatum, 450, 508, 541 Pumpkin, 638 P. mastophorum, 331, 486, 495, 528 Punctodera punctata, 550 P. myriotylum, 136, 331, 440, 471, 541, 577, 582, 601, Puncture vine (Tribulus), 639 616, 617, 622, 678, 680 Purple blotch, 143, 223 P. oligandrum, 489 Purple cane spot, 117 P. palingenes, 638 Purple leaf blotch, 145 P. paroecandrum, 331, 583 Purple leaf spot, 223 P. periplocum, 331, 592 Purple spot, 235 P. perniciosum, 632 Pustular spot, 114 P. polymastum, 331, 484 Pycnosystanus azalea, 111 P. polytylum, 638 Pyracantha (firethorn), 639 P. rostratum, 539 scab, 364, 365 P. splendens, 331, 500, 521, 541, 601, 607, 621, 622, Pyrazophos, 11 624, 637 Pyrenochaeta sp., 135, 331, 478 P. torulosum, 660, 694 P. lycopersici, 331, 679 P. tracheiphilum, 440, 577 804 Index

Pythium sp. (cont.) R. beticola, 473, 675 P. ultimum, 331, 450, 453, 465, 471, 482, 483, 486, R. brevipes, 595 490, 493, 496, 499, 503, 506, 519, 520, 539, R. brunellae, 638 541, 544, 545, 551, 558, 566, 571, 573, 583, R. calthae, 589 589, 607, 608, 632, 663–664, 666, 672, 674, R. carthami, 649 682, 684 R. celastri, 476 P. uncinulatum, 331, 577 R. centranthi, 685 P. vexans, 519, 541 R. cephalanthi, 483 Pythium spp., 331, 467, 471, 473, 474, 484, 495, 504, 510, R. cercosphaelloides, 649 514, 517, 518, 577, 579, 581, 605, 611, 621, 644, R. cercosporoides, 528 658, 660, 662, 668, 669, 673, 674, 679, 691, 692 R. chrysopsidis, 503 R. cichorii, 528 R. claytoniae, 505 Q R. clematidis, 506 Quail R. crepidis, 554 pea mosaic, 670 R. cyclaminicola, 516 pea mosaic comovirus, 419 R. cylindriopsis, 584 Quarternary ammonium compounds, 11, 14 R. cynarae, 462, 490 Queen anne’s lace, false (Ammi majus), 639 R. delphinii, 518 Quince (Cydonia), 639 R. deusta f. sp. odorati, 673 flowering, Japanese, Chinese (Chaenomeles), 640 R. didyma, 213 rust, 349 R. diervillae, 521, 693 Quintozene, 10 R. dioscoreae, 696 R. effusa, 565 R. euonymi, 530 R R. filaris, 654 Rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus), 640 R. gei, 542 Radish R. geranii, 542 (Raphanus), 640 R. giliae, 542 black root, 296 R. hamamelidis, 695 leaf spot, 202 R. hedericola, 569 mosaic, 641, 684 R. heraclei, 558 mosaic comovirus, 419 R. hydrophylli, 566 wilt, 440 R. lactea, 611, 689 yellows, 577 R. lappulae, 516 Radopholus, 265 R. liriodendri, 683 R. similis, 265, 451, 466, 468, 486, 488, 490, 492, 493, R. lophanthi, 450 504, 539, 553, 569, 570, 582, 585, 611, 621, R. lupini, 583 624, 637, 657 R. lysimachiae, 582 Ragweed (Ambrosia), 641 R. macrospora, 489, 646 Rain-lily (Cooperia), 641 R. menthicola, 594 Ralstonia solanacearum, 83, 541, 586 R. mimuli, 593 Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum, 456 R. mitellae, 475 Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), 641 R. mitellae var. heucherae, 558 Ramularia sp., 230, 461, 479, 492, 547, 567, 579, 623, R. momordicae, 468 624, 638, 652, 673, 675, 684 R. monilioides, 672 R. acalyphae, 448 R. multiplex, 512 R. actaeae, 469 R. nemopanthus, 597 R. aequivoca, 641 R. obducens, 696 R. agrestis, 611, 689 R. orontii, 545 R. andromedae, 578 R. oxalidis, 608 R. angelicae, 455 R. pastinacae, 612 R. angustata, 467 R. penstemonis, 620 R. armoraciae, 230, 564 R. philadelphi, 595 R. aromatica, 672 R. primulae, 230, 638 R. artemisiae, 650 R. pruinosa, 654 R. arvensis, 637 R. pusilla, 225 R. asteris, 465 R. pyrolae, 593 R. barbareae, 695 R. ranunculi, 455 Index 805

R. repens, 460 spur blight, 117 R. reticulata, 674 streak, 420, 476, 642 R. rhei, 645 yellow mosaic, 642 R. rosea, 694 yellow mosaic¼rubus yellow net, 420 R. rubicunda, 586 Ravenelia, 360 R. rudbeckiae, 545, 643, 648 R. annulata, 584 R. salviicola, 649 R. arizonica, 593 R. sambucina, 526 R. australis, 448, 565 R. saururi, 652 R. dysocarpae, 360 R. senecionis, 654 R. fragrans var. evernia, 360 R. serotina, 540 R. gooddingii, 448 R. sidalceae, 497 R. gracilis, 629 R. sidarum, 656 R. hieronymi, 448, 565 R. smilacinae, 659 R. holwayi, 593 R. sphaeroidea, 687 R. humphreyana, 360, 486, 631 R. sphaerpioides, 677 R. igualica, 448 R. spiraeae, 602 R. indigoferae, 567 R. stachydis, 666 R. laevis, 567 R. subrufa, 657 R. leucaenae, 576 R. tanaceti, 676 R. lysilomae, 584 R. ulmariae, 545 R. morongiae, 653 R. vaccinii, 478 R. opaca, 562 R. vallisumbrosae, 230, 599 R. pithecolobii, 629 R. vancouveriae, 686 R. reticulatae, 488 R. variabilis, 230, 538, 599 R. roemerianae, 448 R. variegata, 623 R. siderocarpi, 629 R. veronicae, 514, 687 R. siliquae, 448, 565 R. viburni, 688 R. subtortuosae, 448 R. waldsteiniae, 469 R. texensis, 483 Ramularia spp., 543, 669 R. thornberiana, 448 Ramulispora, 231 R. versatilis, 448 R. sorghi, 231, 550 Red R. sorghicola, 571 blotch, 198 Ranunculus brown heart rot, 329, 330 (buttercup, crowfoot), 641 clover vein mosaic, 499, 506, 576 mosaic, 641 clover vein mosaic carlavirus, 420 mottle, 641 fire disease, 198 mottle potyvirus, 419 heart rot, 337 Raphanus raphanistruno, 484 leaf, 617 Raspberry leaf gall, 193 alpha leaf curl luteovirus, 419 leaf spot, 191, 198, 205, 217, 218, 235 beta leaf curl, 476, 520 mottle rot, 330 beta leaf curl luteovirus, 420 raspberry mosaic, 476, 642 bushy dwarf, 642 ray rot, 328, 329 cane blight, 123 ring rot, 308, 309 decline, 420 stem spot, 144 leaf curl, 642 Red-bay, swamp-bay (Persea borbonia), 643 leaf spot, 235 Redbud, judas-tree (Cercis), 643 mosaic, 520 Redbud leaf spot, 223 (red) mosaic, 420 Redweed (Melochia), 643 raspberry (rubus), 642 Rehmiellopsis balsameae, 136, 535 raspberry (black) necrosis, 420 Reniform nematode, 266 Rasutoria abietiis,96 Rhabdocline, 248 Rathayibacter rathayi, 549 R. pseudotsugae, 248, 523 Ratibida (prairie coneflower), 643 R. pseudotsugae subsp. pseudotsugae, 523 ratoon stunt, 72 R. weirii, 248, 523 rattan vine (Berchemia), 643 Rhabdogloeum ringspot, 476 R. abietinum, 535 ringspot nepovirus, 420 R. hydrophyllum, 523 806 Index

Rhabdospora, 170 Rhoeo, 644 R. mirabilissima, 626 Rhopalidium cercosporelloidis, 561 R. rubi, 170 Rhubarb Rhexia (deergrass, meadow-beauty), 643 (Rheum), 644 Rhizina, 332 anthracnose, 61, 65 R. undulata, 332, 523, 557, 575, 626 chlorotic ring, 645 Rhizobiaceae, 69 chlorotic ring spot, 420 Rhizoctonia sp., 136, 231, 332, 440, 462, 521, 532, 533, crown rot, 76 537, 539, 590, 649, 664 ring spot, 420 R. bataticola, 332, 582 Rhubard downy mildew, 184 R. crocorum, 332 Rhynchosia R. microsclerotia, 625 golden mosaic, 602, 661 R. oryzae, 614 golden mosaic begomovirus, 420 R. ramicola, 136, 512, 525, 529, 531, 560, 629, Rhytidhysteron rufulum, 141 639, 644 Rhytisma sp., 231, 592 R. solani, 136, 231, 332, 440, 448–450, 453, 454, R. acerinum, 231, 480, 588 460–467, 470–474, 476, 478, 480, 482–484, R. andromedae, 231, 455, 576, 584, 486–496, 499, 502–511, 514, 515, 517–521, 598, 625 523, 525, 527, 528, 530, 532, 534, 537, 538, R. arbuti, 585 540, 541, 543–546, 550, 553, 557, 558, 560, R. bistorti, 231 564, 566, 568, 569, 573–575, 577, 579–581, R. concavum, 695 583–585, 587–589, 591–593, 595, 599, 601, R. decolorans, 578, 584 604, 605, 607, 608, 611–615, 617, 618, R. ilicincola, 697 620–623, 625, 626, 628–630, 632, 634, 635, R. ilicinicolum, 560 638–642, 644, 645, 647–651, 654–656, 658, R. ilicis-canadensis, 597 660, 662, 664, 666–669, 671–675, 677–679, R. liriodendri, 231, 683 682–693, 696–699 R. prini, 695 R. solani Ag–7, 692 R. punctatum, 231, 480, 588 R. tuliparum, 332, 568, 579, 682 R. salicinum, 231, 694 R. zeae, 675 R. vaccinii, 531, 565, 693 Rhizoctonia spp., 492, 616 R. velatum, 560 Rhizoctoniose, 321 Ribbon-bush (Homalocladium), 645 Rhizomania, 474 Ribbon-grass (Phalaris), 645 Rhizome rot, 311, 335, 336 Ribgrass Rhizomonas suberifaciens, 82, 577 mosaic, 630 Rhizopus sp., 136, 333, 579 mosaic tobamovirus, 421 R. arrhizus, 333, 474, 544 Rice R. nigricans, 333, 458, 467, 535, 615, 618, 642, 669 (Oryzae sativa), 645 R. oryzae, 334, 671 root-knob nematode, 262 rot, 333 Rice-paper plant (Tetrapanax), 645 R. stolonifer, 136, 334, 453, 462, 471, 484, 498, 505, Rickettsia 514, 525, 531, 553, 583, 592, 600, 606, 614, like bacteria, 72 622, 623, 666, 680, 682 like organism, 549 Rhizopus spp., 452, 474, 492, 612, Ring nematode, 256 617, 636 Ring rot, 319 Rhizosphaera, 249 Ring spot, 212, 222, 279, 450, 552, 621, 631, R. kalkhoffii, 249, 663, 664 636, 658 Rhodesgrass (Chloris gayana), 643 Ripe fruit rot, 61, 320 Rhodochytrium spilanthidis, 546 Ripe rot, 63, 64, 302, 309, 319 Rhodococcus fascians, 72, 449, 489, 556, 564, 601, Robinia brooming, 421, 562 686, 687 Rock-jasmine (Androsace), 645 Rhododendron Rock-rose (Cistus), 645 leaf gall, 191 Rodopholus similis, 631 leaf spot, 207, 220, 225–228 Rodotorula glutinis, 190 necrotic ringspot, 598, 644 Roesleria, 334 necrotic ringspot potexvirus, 420 R. hypogaea, 334, 548 wilt, 440 Rohdea, 645 Rhodotorula, 190 Rollinia, 645 R. glutinis, 190, 458 Rolstonia solanacearum,83 Index 807

Romanzoffia, 645 R. cristiei, 266, 551 Root R. reniformis, 511, 616 and basal rot, 309 R. robustus, 266, 467 and butt rot, 307, 308, 315 R. uniformis, 266 and crown rot, 305, 311, 316, 326 Rouge-plant (Rivina), 648 girdle, 492 Rough bark, 629 and leaf rot, 321 Rubber-plant (Ficus elastica), 648 lesions, 311 Rudbeckia (golden-glow, cone flower, black-eyed and pod rot, 334 susan), 648 rot, 104, 158, 295, 298, 301, 302, 304–309, 311, Rue anemone (Anemonella), 648 315, 318, 321, 326, 327, 329–332, 335, Ruellia, 649 336, 339 Rugose mosaic, 680 and seed rot, 311 Rumex (garden sorrel), 649 stalk, pink kernel rot, 309 Rumple, 504 and stalk rot, 306 Russeting, 679 and stem rot, 319, 321, 327, 331, 332, 335 Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens), 649 stolon, and petiole rot, 322 Russian-olive silverberry (Elaeagnus), 649 Root-knob nematode, 262, 263 Rust, 279, 345, 352, 355, 357, 359–362, 544 Rootlet necrosis, 328 Rutabaga, 649 Rose Rymovirus, 53 (Rosa), 645 –Acacia (Robinia hispida), 647 anthracnose, 387 S blackspot, 99 Saccardia quercina, 603 brand canker, 153 Safflower (Carthamus), 649 brown canker, 154 Sage (Salvia) (includes blue, clary, sauceleaf, scarlet, canker, 161 black ornamen-tal forms), 649 commom canker, 152 Sage-brush (Artemisia), 650 dieback, 158 Saguaro downy mildew, 184 cactus, 485 graft canker, 153 cactus carmovirus, 421 leaf curl, 647 Sainfoin (Onobrychis), 650 –mallow (Hibiscus palustris), 647 Salal (Gaultheria shallon), 650 mildew, 291, 292 Salpiglossis (painted-tongue), 651 mosaic, 421, 647 Salsify rosette, 421, 647 (Tragopogon), 651 spring dwarf, 647 black (Scorzonera), 651 streak, 421, 647 leaf blight, 140 yellow mosaic, 421, 647 Salt bush (Atriplex), 651 Rose-gentian (Sabatia), 647 Saltgrass (Distichlis), 651 Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa), 647 Salt injury, 279 Rosellinia sp., 136, 334, 689 Salvinia (aquatic fern), 651 (Dematophora) necatrix, 650 Sanchezia, 651 R. caryae, 559 Sand burn, 619 R. herpotrichioides, 136, 523, 557, 663 Sand-myrtle (Leiophyllum), 651 R. necatrix, 334, 458, 467, 548, 561, 638, 688 Sand-verbena (Abronia), 651 Rosemary (Rosmarinus), 648 Sandvine (Ampelanus), 651–652 Rose-of-sharon, shrub-althaea (Hibiscus Sandwort (Arenaria), 652 syriacus), 648 Sanguisorba (burnet), 652 Rosette, 279, 457, 466, 559, 601, 619 Sansevieria (bowstring-hemp, snake plant), 652 Rosy canker, 629 Sapodilla (Achras), 652 Rot, 84, 326 Sapwood Rot root, 135 rot, 303, 316, 330, 337 Rotylenchulus, 226 wound rot, 337 R. reniformis, 266, 511, 539, 570, 679 Sarcinella heterospora, 595 Rotylenchus, 266 Sarcotrochilia balsameae, 130 R. blaberus, 266, 662 Sassafras, 652 R. brachyurus, 506 Satellivirus, 53 R. buxophilus, 266, 469, 480, 620 Saururus (swamp-lily, water dragon), 652 808 Index

Sawadaea S. polyblastis, 110, 599 S. bicornis, 588 S. ricini, 471 S. tulasnei, 588 S. rolfsii, 138, 531, 607, 685 Saxifrage (Saxifraga), 652–653 S. sativa, 682 Scab, 312, 369, 386 S. sclerotiorum, 137, 138, 170, 335, 449, 452, 456, Scabiosa, 653 457, 459, 460, 462, 464–466, 470, 471, 473, Scald, 229, 280, 313, 314, 457, 586, 606, 617, 636 474, 477–479, 483, 484, 486, 488–490, 492, Scaly cap, 316 493, 495–500, 502, 503, 505, 507–509, 511, Scarborough-lily (Vallota), 653 514–517, 519, 521, 525, 528, 532, 534, Schefflera 537–539, 541–545, 548, 557, 559, 565, (Brassaia actinophylla ¼ Schefflera 577–580, 583, 586, 589, 592, 595, 599, 600, actinophylla), 653 605, 606, 612, 614, 616–618, 620, 622–625, dwarf (Schefflera arboricola), 653 628, 632, 636, 638, 639, 641, 648–651, ringspot, 653 653–655, 658, 660, 661, 663, 666, 668, S. ringspot badnavirus, 421 669, 671–673, 676, 680–682, 684, 685, 689, Schiffnerula pulchra,97 692, 698 Schirrhia, 137 S. sclerotiorum¼Whetzelinia sclerotiorum, 671 Schizonella, 375 S. smilacina, 543 Schizophyllum, 334 S. trifoliorum, 336, 507, 513 S. commune, 334, 448, 452, 457, 459, 461, 463, 473, Sclerotium sp., 138, 336, 381, 518, 549, 569, 650, 691, 698 475, 487, 494, 505, 527, 549, 559, 562, 563, S. bataticola, 138, 582 588, 598, 603, 618, 619, 623, 629, 632, 634, S. cepivorum, 336, 540, 655 655, 671, 672, 683, 691, 695 S. deciduum, 460, 475, 533 Schizothyrium, 231 S. delphinii, 502, 518 S. gaultheriae, 231, 540 S. hydrophilum, 138, 694 S. pevexiguum, 189 S. oryzae, 138, 694 S. pomi, 96, 231 S. rhizodes, 138, 381, 551 Schizoxylon macrosporum, 588 S. rolfsii, 126, 127, 138, 335, 336, 338, 450, Schrankia, 653 453, 455, 456, 462, 465, 466, 468, 471–473, Scilla (squill), 653 477, 484, 486, 487, 489, 491–495, 497, Scindapsus, 653 499, 500, 502, 504, 509, 510, 514, 516–518, Scleroderris, 170 520, 524–526, 528–530, 534, 537, 538, S. abieticola, 170, 536 543–545, 547, 550, 552, 555, 557, 558, S. lagerbergii, 170, 626 561, 565–568, 570, 577, 579–584, 589, S. lateritium, 170 591, 595, 596, 599, 600, 605, 607, 609, Sclerophoma sp., 560 611, 613, 615, 617, 620, 621, 624, 625, S. eustomonis, 531 629, 635, 638, 641, 644, 646–651, 653–656, S. pythiophila, 130, 572 658, 660, 665, 667–669, 671, 673–677, Sclerophthora macrospora, 186, 550 679, 681–687, 689, 690, 692, 693, 695, Scleropycnium, 137 697, 698 S. aureum, 137, 593 S. rolfsii var. delphinii, 466, 638 Sclerospora, 186 Scoleconectria cucurbitula, 166 S. farlowii, 186, 550 Scolecosporiella sisyrinchii, 166 S. graminicola, 186 Scolecosporium, 232 Sclerotiniaceae, 39 S. fagi, 499 Sclerotinia sp., 170, 231, 334, 440, 598, 613, 636, 642, Scolecotrichum, 357 674, 675, 678, 682 S. graminis, 232, 550 (Whetzelinia), 137 S. typhae, 494 S. borealis, 551 Scopella sapotae, 361, 652 S. bulborum, 565, 568 Scorch, 59, 197, 280, 563, 691, 698 S. camelliae, 138, 488 Scorias, 384 S. homeocarpa, color plate 10 S. spongiosa, 384, 451, 628, 669, 689 S. homoeocarpa, 231, 334, 482, 550, 551, 616, 675 S. spongospora, 473 S. intermedia, 334, 471, 492, 495, 651 Scribner’s meadow nematode, 265 S. minor, 138, 334, 440, 460, 471, 476, 484, 491, 492, Scurf, 365 495, 499, 507, 525, 528, 532, 557, 564, 577, Scutellonema, 266 583, 604, 616, 617, 622, 636, 656, 660, 675, S. blaberum, 266 680, 686, 694 S. brachyurum, 266 S. narcissicola, 335, 600 S. brachyurus, 450, 453 Index 809

S. bradys, 266 S. sydowii, 553 S. christiei, 266 S. tenui, 585 Scytinostroma galactinum, 304 Septobasidium spp., 463, 468, 473, 480, 504, 522, 534, Sea-grape dove-plum (Coccoloba), 653 555, 559, 560, 562, 563, 567, 588, 603, 617, Sea-kale (Crambe), 653 626, 684 Seashore Paspalum (Paspalum), 653 Septocylindrium sp., 232, 672 Seaverinia, 336 S. hydrophylli, 232, 566 S. geranii, 336, 542 S. ranunculi, 641 Sedum (Stonecrop), 654 Septocyta ruberum, 170 Seed, 131 Septogloeum, 233 decay, 331 S. acerinum, 233 mold, 230 S. celtidis, 553 pitting, 471 S. cercocarpi, 598 smut, 314 S. convolvuli, 475 spotting, 614 S. defolians, 603 Seedling S. hedysari, 674 blight, 62, 103, 108, 117, 120, 124, S. lupini, 583 136, 141 S. maculans, 694 leaf blight, 215 S. oxysporum, 233, 550 root rot, 332 S. parasiticum, 233, 527 Seimatosporium S. profusum, 527, 555 S. arbuti, 212 S. querceum, 603 S. berckmansii, 114 S. rhopaloideum, 233 S. lichenicola, 114 S. salicinum, 694 Seinhorst stubby root nematode, 267 S. salicis-fendlerianae, 694 Seiridium S. schizonoti, 561 (Coryneum), 153 S. subnudum, 657 S. cardinale, 153 S. variegatum, 451 S. unicorne, 163 Septomyxa affine, 684 Selenophoma, 232 Septoria sp., 138, 145, 198, 233, 468, 490, 510, 539, S. donacis, 463, 468, 550 543, 552, 565, 568, 573, 587, 618, 634, 641, S. donacis; Syn. Pseudoseptoria everhartii, 232 648, 652 S. everhartii, 232, 550 leaf spot, 233, 234 S. obtusa, 232, 550 S. abortiva, 596 Selenophoma spp., 607 S. aceris, 480, 588 Sempervivum (houseleek), 654 S. acetosella, 608 Senecio (groundsel), 654 S. aegopodii, 674 Septobasidiaceae, 41 S. agrimoniae, 450 Septobasidium sp., 597 S. agrimoniae-eupatoriae, 450 S. alni, 672 S. agropyrina, 145, 233, 550 S. apiculatum, 672 S. alabamensis, 494 S. burtii, 170, 553, 640, 672 S. alba, 656 S. castaneum, 170, 488 S. albicans, 652 S. cokeri, 473, 639 S. albopunctata, 478, 531 S. conidiophorum, 488 S. allardii, 483 S. curtisii, 170, 473, 530, 561, 690 S. alni, 451 S. filiforme, 451 S. ampelina, 548 S. fumigatum, 580 S. anemones, 455 S. langoisii, 585 S. angularis, 465 S. leprieurii, 585 S. angustifolia, 598 S. mariani, 639 S. antirrhinorum, 590 S. peckii, 451 S. apii, 139 S. pilosum, 587 S. apiicola, 139, 495 S. pseudopedicellatum, 171, 458, 488, 500, 526, 530, S. apii-graveolentis, 139 531, 578 S. aquilegiae, 508 S. retiforme, 497 S. arabidis, 460 S. sabalis, 611 S. araliae, 543 S. sabal-minor, 611 S. argemones, 637 S. sinuosum, 517, 531, 672 S. argyrea, 526 810 Index

Septoria sp. (cont.) S. dalibardae, 517 S. artemisiae, 650 S. darlingtoniae, 487 S. asiminae, 613 S. darrowi, 476, 520, 642 S. asplenii, 533 S. dearnessii, 455 S. atropurpurea, 530 S. delphinella, 518 S. azaleae, 198, 467 S. dianthae, 491 S. baptisiae, 469 S. dianthi, 233, 520, 674 S. bataticola, 233, 673 S. didyma, 694 S. betae, 473 S. diervillae, 521 S. betulae, 475 S. dimera, 656 S. betulicola, 475 S. divaricatae, 233 S. blasdalei, 482 S. dracocephali, 524 S. breviuscula, 580 S. elaeagni, 526 S. brunellae, 638 S. eleospora, 538 S. bumeliae, 483 S. elymi, 145, 550 S. cacaliae, 654 S. epilobii, 528 S. cacticola, 485 S. erigerontis, 479 S. calamagrostidis, 233, 550 S. erigerontis var. boltoniae, 479 S. callistephi, 233, 465 S. eriobotryae, 582 S. calypsonis, 607 S. eryngicola, 529 S. calystegiae, 487 S. euonymi, 530 S. campanulae, 489 S. eupatorii, 530 S. canadensis, 489 S. eupatoriicola, 530 S. cannabis, 557 S. exotica, 556 S. carthami, 649 S. expansa, 542 S. caryae, 559, 619 S. farfaricola, 508 S. cassiicola, 493 S. fici-indicae, 485 S. ceanothi, 494 S. flagellaris, 487 S. cephalanthi, 483 S. flagellifera, 614 S. cercosperma, 545, 554 S. gaillardiae, 539 S. chamaecisti, 671 S. gaurina, 540 S. chelidonii, 494 S. gei, 542 S. chimaphilae, 628 S. glabra, 563 S. chionanthi, 538 S. gladioli, 234, 544 S. chlorogali, 488 S. glycines, 234, 660 S. chrysanthemella, 233, 502, 517 S. grindeliae, 552 S. chrysanthemi, 510 S. grindeliicola, 552 S. cirrhosa, 666 S. helenii, 556 S. cirsii, 503, 677 S. helianthi, 462, 556, 671 S. citri, 233, 504 S. heliopsidis, 556 S. citrulli, 233 S. hepaticae, 558 S. clematidis, 506 S. heucherae, 558 S. cocoina, 610 S. hicoriae, 559 S. collinsiae, 508 S. hieracicola, 554 S. consocia, 593 S. hippocastani, 563 S. conspicua, 582 S. humuli, 562 S. convolvuli, 487, 596 S. hydrangeae, 565 S. coptidis, 546 S. hydrophylli, 566 S. coreopsidis, 509 S. hypoxis, 667 S. cornicola, 233, 522 S. ilicifolia, 560 S. corydalis, 510 S. increscens, 666 S. corylina, 555 S. infuscata, 643 S. crataegi, 555 S. iresines, 568 S. cruciatae, 539 S. jussiaeae, 692 S. cucurbitacearum, 233, 514, 591, 665 S. krigiae, 574 S. cunilae, 521 S. lactucae, 234, 495, 577 S. cyclaminis, 233 S. lamii, 597 S. cylindrica, 455 S. lanaria, 531 S. cylindrospora, 696 S. lavandulae, 576 Index 811

S. lepachydis, 525 S. physostegiae, 625 S. leucanthemi, 139, 502, 517, 655 S. pileae, 462 S. liatridis, 578 S. pimpinellae, 676 S. limonium, 504 S. pisi, 614 S. linariae, 580 S. pistaciarum, 234, 628 S. liquidambaris, 672 S. platanifolia, 629 S. lithospermi, 581 S. pleosporioides, 649 S. littorea, 521 S. polemonii, 633 S. lobeliae, 581 S. polemoniicola, 633 S. loligena, 234, 550 S. polygalae, 593 S. lophanthi, 450 S. populicola, 234, 634 S. ludwigiae, 583 S. poseyi, 592 S. lupinicola, 583 S. pruni, 501, 630 S. lupulina, 562 S. pteleae, 563 S. lychnidis, 584 S. pulchella, 584 S. lychnidis var. pusilla, 510 S. punicea, 455 S. lycopersici, 234, 525, 679 S. pyri, 511 S. lycopi, 691 S. pyrolae, 639 S. lythrina, 584 S. ravenelii, 499 S. macropoda, 145, 550 S. rhapontici, 645 S. maculifera, 515 S. rhododendri, 644 S. magnoliae, 585 S. rhoina, 657, 670 S. malvicola, 561 S. rivinae, 648 S. margaritaceae, 454 S. rosae, 645 S. mariae-wilsonii, 685 S. rubi, 234, 476, 520 S. menthae, 594 S. rudbeckiae, 545, 648 S. menthicola, 477 S. salicicola, 694 S. mentzeliae, 592 S. sambucina, 526, 562 S. mikanii, 593 S. sanguinea, 515 S. mimuli, 593 S. scrophulariae, 535 S. mitellae, 475 S. scutellariae, 656 S. musiva, 655 S. secalis, 550 S. myricae, 693 S. secalis var. stipae, 234 S. myricata, 672 S. sedi, 654 S. nabali, 637 S. selenophomoides, 607 S. negundinis, 480 S. senecionis, 654 S. nepetae, 494 S. shepherdiae, 482 S. noctiflorae, 659 S. signalensis, 658 S. nodorum, 550 S. silenes, 656 S. noli-tangeris, 566 S. sitchensis, 597 S. obesa, 233, 502 S. smilacinae, 659 S. oedospora, 658 S. smilacis, 657 S. oenotherae, 604 S. solitaria, 467, 644 S. oleandrina, 605 S. sorbi, 597 S. ornithogali, 667 S. spadicea, 626 S. ostryae, 563 S. speculariae, 662 S. oudemansii, 234, 550 S. spiculosa, 657 S. pachysandrae, 608 S. spraguei, 234 S. pachyspora, 558, 637 S. stachydis, 666 S. paeoniae, 234, 620 S. stigma, 672 S. pastinacae, 612 S. streptopidis,70 S. penstemonis, 620 S. symphoricarpi, 658, 696 S. peraphylli, 666 S. symploci, 672 S. petroselini, 612 S. tageticola, 234, 589 S. petrosellini, 139 S. tecomae, 682 S. philadelphi, 595 S. tenella, 234, 550 S. phlogis, 234 S. thalictri, 590 S. photiniae, 625 S. tradescantiae, 681 S. phylctaenioides, 506 S. trautveteriae, 681 812 Index

Septoria spp., 546, 594, 603, 624, 694 Sirula macrospora, 663 Septorium spraguei, 694 Skimmia, 656 Septosphaeria maculans, 490 Skin blanching, 548 Septosporium Skullcap (Scutellaria), 656 S. heterosporum, 548 Skunk-cabbage (Symplocarpus), 656–657 S. lindquistii, 671 Skunk vine (Paederia foetide), 657 Septotinia, 139 Slenderflower thistle (Carduus), 657 S. podophyllina, 139, 590 Slight blight, 210 S. populiperda, 634 Slime disease, 79, 83 Sequivirus, 53 Small brown patch, 551 Sequoia (redwood and giant sequoia), 654 Small flower galinsoga (Galinsoga parviflora), 657 Seriocarpus (white-topped aster), 655 Small sclerotial neck rot, 299 Serrano golden mosaic, 622, 680 Smelowskia, 657 Servazziella, 139 Smilax (greenbrier cat-brier), 657 S. longispora, 114, 139 leaf spot, 207 Sesame (Sesamum), 655 Smithantha, 426 Sesquicillium buxi, 321 Smithiana, 657 Sesuvium, 655 potexvirus, 421, 657 Setaria glauca, 549 Smog injury, 280 Setosphaeria turcica, 121 Smoke injury, 280 Severe cattleya color-break, 607 Smoke-tree Shallot (Allium ascalonicum; A. porrum, Leek), 655 (Cotinus), 657 Shamrock (Dalea), 657 chlorotic ringspot, 608 Smooth-headed meadow nematode, 264 chlorotic ringspot potyvirus, 421 Smooth patch, 149 Shasta daisy (Leucanthemum X Superbum), 655 Smother, 141 Shepherd’s purse (Capsella), 655 Smut, 374, 376, 377 Shining willow (Salix lucida), 655 Snakeweed (Polygonum), 657 Shizophyllum commune, 615 Snapdragon Shoot (Antirrhinum), 658 blight, 118, 120, 122, 124, 131, 140, 247 anthracnose, 61, 65 dieback, 160, 167 downy mildew, 182 hole, 209, 210 leaf spot, 227 hypertrophy, 191 rust, 356 and leaf gall, 192 Snowball spot anthracnose, 388 and stem blight, 132 Snowberry and twig blight, 138 (Symphoricarpos), 658 Short-cycle orange rust, 352 anthracnose, 388 Shortened internodes, 698 Snow blight, 129 Shortia (oconee-bells), 655 Snowdrop (Galanthus), 658 Shot berry, 280, 548 Snowmold, 381 Shot hole, 114, 206, 210 Snow-on-the-mountain (Euphorbia marginata), 659 Shrivel, 556, 691 SO3, 589 Sickle leaf, 605 Soapberry Sida, 656 southern (Sapindus saponaria), 659 Silene (catchfly, cushion-pink, campion), 656 western (Sapindus drummondii), 659 Silk-tassel bush (Garrya), 656 Soapwort (Saponaria), 659 Silky thread blight, 136 Sobemovirus, 53 Silphium (compass plant, Indian-cup), 656 Society garlic (Tulbaghia), 659 Silver leaf, 337 Soft nose, 587, 605 Silver scurf, 369, 504 Soft rot, 74, 75, 79, 107, 315, 322, 333 Silver spike disease, 311 Soft scald, 457 Sirococcus, 139 Soggy breakdown, 457 S. clavigignenti-juglandacearum, 690 Soil rot or pox, 337 S. conigenus, 494 Solanum yellows luteovirus, 421 S. obilinus, 140, 626, 663 Solenia Sirosporium diffusum, 208 (Henningsomyces), 171 Sirrococcus S. anomala, 171 S. elavigignenti-juglandacearum, 140 S. ochracea, 171, 451, 475, 559 Index 813

Solomons-seal (Polygonatum), 659 mosaic, 422 Sonchus, 659 Spathiphyllum, 662 yellow net, 422 Spearmint rust, 359 yellow net nucleorhabdovirus, 421 Speckeled tar spot, 231 Soot injury, 280 Speckle, 232, 647 Sooty-bark canker, 151 Speckled leaf blotch, 145 Sooty blotch of fruit, 144, 456 Specularia (venus looking-glass), 662 Sooty mold, 383 Sphacele (pitcher-sage), 662 Sophora (pagoda tree, silky Sophora, Sphacelia sp., 571 mescalbean), 660 Sphaceloma sp., 460, 475, 494, 526, 644, 676 Sordariaceae, 39 S. araliae, 460, 543, 558 Sordaria sp., 477 S. cercocarpi, 598 Sorghum S. hederae, 387, 569 chlorotic spot, 571 S. lippiae, 387, 580 chlorotic spot furovirus, 421 S. menthae, 388, 594 mosaic potyvirus, 422 S. morindae, 388, 596 S. halepense, 549 S. murrayae, 695 stunt mosaic, 571 S. murrayi, 388 stunt mosaic nucleorhabdovirus, 422 S. oleandri, 388, 605 Sorosphaera veronicae, 687 S. perseae, 388, 467 Sorosporium, 375 S. phaseoli, 471 S. saponariae, 375, 656 S. poinsettiae, 388, 632, 664 S. syntherisme, 551 S. populi, 634 Sour orange scab, 386 S. psidii, 388, 531 Sour rot, 320 S. punicae, 388, 633 Sour skin rot, 78, 79 S. ribis, 388, 547 South carolina lettuce disease, 87, 88 S. spondiadis, 388, 663 Southern S. symphoricarpi, 388, 658 bacterial wilt, 79, 83 S. viburni, 388, 688 bean mosaic, 471 S. violae, 388, 689 blight, 126, 138, 211, 336 Sphaceloma spp., 388 corn leaf blight, 121 Sphacelotheca corn rust, 359 S. cruenta, 375 fusiform rust, 345 S. reiliana, 375, 510 root-knob nematode, 263 S. sorghi, 375 squash mosaic, 666 Sphaerella applanata, 506 Southwestern ponderosa pine dwarf mistletoe, 241 Sphaerellaceae, 39 Sowbane Sphaerellopsis filum, 681 mosaic, 497 Sphaeriaceae, 39 mosaic sobemovirus, 422 Sphaerioidaceae, 43 Sowthistle Sphaerobolus stellatus, 500 annual (Sonchos oleraceus), 660 Sphaerognomonia carpinea, 556, 563 yellow vein, 659 Sphaeronema sp., 266, 478, 496 yellow vein nucleorhabdovirus, 422 S. pomorum, 512 Soybean Sphaerophragmium, 361 (Glycine max), 660 S. acaciae, 361, 576 cyst nematode, 259 Sphaeropsis sp., 140, 171, 193, 463, 522, 527, 580, 605, downy mildew, 183 608, 669, 697 dwarf, 661 canker, 167, 168, 171 dwarf luteovirus, 422 S. abietis, 536 mosaic, 661, 670 S. albescens, 588 mosaic potyvirus, 422 S. asiminae, 613 pod, 116 S. cruenta, 586, 657, 659, 685 target spot, 211 S. ellisii, 626, 664 yellow mosaic, 422, 661 S. hedericola, 569 Spanish moss (Tillandsia), 661 S. hyalina, 159 Sparassis radicata, 523, 575, 627, 664 S. pyriputrescens, 456, 458, 511, 618 Sparaxis S. salviae, 649 (wandflower), 661 S. sambucina, 526 814 Index

Sphaeropsis sp. (cont.) Spondylocladium atrovirens, 369, 636 S. sapinea, 140, 171, 626 Spongospora, 365 S. tumefaciens, 171, 193, 491, 650 S. subterranea, 365, 636, 680 S. ulmicola, 171, 527 Spongy root rot, 330 S. visci, 594 Spongy sap rot, 307, 308 Sphaerotheca sp., 291, 292, 625 Spongy scab, 365 S. castagnei, 292 Sporgospora subterranea f. sp. nasturtii, 691 S. dipsacearum, 676 Sporidesmium, 140 S. fuliginea, 292, 514, 665 S. maclurae, 140 S. fusca, 292, 552 Sporisorium, 375 S. lanestris, 292, 603 S. cruentum, 345 S. macularis, 292, 450, 461, 475, 476, 482, 483, S. holci-sorghi, 375 508, 518, 520, 526, 528, 529, 537, 542, 543, S. sorghi, 375 546, 547, 562, 566, 591, 602, 609, 611, 633, Sporobolomycetaceae, 44 637, 642, 652–654, 663, 666, 669, 670, 676, Sporocybe rhois, anamorph, 154 677, 687, 689, 696 Sporodesmium S. mors-uvae, 292, 515 S. maclurae, 608 S. pannosa, 452, 459, 590, 600, 625 S. scorzonerae, 140, 651 S. pannosa var. persicae, 292, 615 Sporonema, 235 S. pannosa var. rosae, 292 S. camelliae, 235, 488 S. phytoptophila, 292, 553 S. oxycocci, 512 Sphaerulina, 234 Sporotrichum sp., 579, 680 S. polyspora, 140, 608 S. malorum, 618 S. rubi, 235 Spot S. taxi, 697 anthracnose, 385–388 S. taxicola, 697 blotch, 217, 218 Sphenospora, 567 Spraying, 636 S. kevorkianii, 987 Spring S. mera, 567, 987 beauty latent, 505 S. saphena, 987 beauty latent bromovirus, 422 Spice-bush (Lindera), 662 dead spot, 551 Spider-lily (Hymenocallis), 662 dwarf nematode, 253 Spiderling, wine-flower (Boerhaavia), 662 Sprout tubers, 636 Spike, 628 Spruce Spilocaea (Picea), 663 (Fusicladium), 364 needle cast, 247 S. botryae, 573 needle rust, 342, 343 S. eriobotryae, 582 twig blight, 105 S. photinicola, 364 Spurge S. pomi, 365 caper (Euphorbia lathyris), 664 S. pyracanthae, 365 cypress (Euphorbia cyparissias), 664 Spinach flowering (Euphorbia corollata), 664 (Spinacea), 662 leafy (Euphorbia escula), 665 anthracnose, 61 painted (Euphorbia heterophylla), 665 blight, 422 prostrate (Euphorbia supina), 665 downy mildew, 183 spotted (Euphorbia maculata), 665 latent, 663 Spy epinasty decline, 618 latent ilarvirus, 422 Squash smut, 374 leaf curl, 692 yellow dwarf, 422, 663 leaf curl bigeminivirus, 422 Spine injury, 560 mosaic, 492, 666 Spiraea (native hardhack, meadowsweet), 663 (southern) mosaic, 423 Spiral nematode, 267 mosaic comovirus, 422 Spiranthes mosaic, 607 and pumpkin (Cucurbita), 665 Spirea oriental flowering (Spiraea), 663 Squash-bush (Condalia), 666 Spiroplasma citri, 89, 90, 564, 599, 605, Squaw-apple (Peraphyllum), 666 655, 695 Stachybotrys sp., 496 Splanchrorema platani, 163 S. chartarum, 661 Spondias mombin, 663 Stachys (betony, hedgenettle, woundwort), 666 Index 815

Stagonospora sp., 198, 460, 558 lesion, 104 S. achlydis, 686 necrosis, 79, 636 S. apocyni, 522 pitting, 458, 459, 498, 615, 616, 631 S. atriplicis, 651 rot, 78, 79, 227, 233, 296, 311, 313, 314, 323, 325, 334–336 S. baptisiae, 469 rust, 357 S. cirsii, 677 spot, 82, 203, 204, 218, 219 S. curtisii, 198, 584, 599, 653, 662, 667, 698 wilt, 311 S. foliicola, 645 Stemphylium sp., 140, 235, 454, 479, 495, 537, 544, 547, S. gigantea, 496, 697 557, 612, 616, 649, 689 S. intermixta, 550 leaf spot, 235 S. petasitidis, 623 S. blight, 140 S. phaseoli, 471 S. bolickii, 235, 524, 573, 654 S. smilacis, 464, 657 S. botryosum, 230, 235, 464, 471, 484, 606, 621, 624, S. spinaciae, 662 651, 662, 675, 684 S. typhoidearum, 494 S. botryosum f. sp. capsicum, 621 Stagonosporopsis hortensis, 204 S. callistephi, 235 Stain, 606 S. congestum, 457 Stalk blight, 110 S. cucurbitacearum, 235, 514, 665 Stalk rot, 61, 65, 312 S. elasticae, 648 St. Andrews Cross, St. Peterswort (Ascyrum), 650 S. floridanum, 491, 502, 517, 679 Staphylea (bladdernut), 666 S. floridanum f. sp. kalanchoe, 573 Starbur, bristly (Acanthospermum), 666 S. ilicis, 512 Starflower (Trientalis), 666 S. lycopersici, 235 Stargrass S. polymorphum, 614 (Aletris), 667 S. solani, 235, 525, 552, 571, 621, 679 golden (hypoxis), 667 S. vesicarium, 140, 235, 464, 606 Star-of-Bethlehem (Ornithogalum), 667 Stenanthium, 667 Statice, sea-lavender (Limonium), 667 Stenocarpella maydis, 306 St. Augustine decline virus (Stenotaphrum), 552 Stenolobium (Florida yellow-trumpet), 667 St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum), 650 Stephanomeria (wire-lettuce), 667 Steccherinum sp., 336, 563 Stephanotis, 667 S. abietis, 336 Stereum sp., 336, 458 S. balloui, 496 S. albobadium, 487 S. erinaceus, 629 S. bicolor, 554 S. ochraceum, 451, 516, 603, 671, 672 S. cinerescens, 598 S. pulcherrimum, 672 S. fasciatum, 337 S. septentrionale, 336, 559, 580, 588 S. hirsutum, 337, 487, 530, 559, 581, 598, 615, 618, Steccherinum spp., 475 632, 638 Stegonsporium sp., 171 S. purpureum, 337, 458, 459, 475, 498, 578, 615, 618, S. acerinum, 588 631, 635 Stegophora ulmea, 216 S. rameale, 598 Steiner’s spiral nematode, 258 S. sanguinolentum, 337, 536, 575 Stem S. taxodii, 516 anthracnose, 62 Stereum spp., 451, 473, 475, 499, 523, 549, 563, 575, 588, blight, 105, 116, 117, 120, 135, 141 603, 627, 655, 672, 684 and branch rot, 104, 298 Sternbergia (fall-daffodil), 667 break, 565 Sterum spp., 629 and bud rot, 75 Stevia (Piqueria), 667 and bulb nematode, 257 Stewart’s disease, 76, 77 canker, 72, 116, 149, 152, 158–160, 170, 173, 210, Sthughesia,97 227, 234, 327, 332 S. juniperi,97 crown and root rot, 331 Stictidiaceae, 39 dieback, 79 Stictis araucariae, 460 end browning, 636 Stictochlorella lupini, 583 end rot, 124, 206 Stictopatella iridis, 568 and foliage blight, 112 Stigmatea gall, 167, 192, 193 (Stigmea), 236 and leaf blight, 120 S. geranii, 542 and leaf gall, 192 S. rubicola, 642 816 Index

Stigmea phyllody, 669 S. geranii, 236 phyllody strawb phf phytoplasma, 424 S. rubicola, 236 pseudo mild yellow edge, 669 Stigmella pseudo mild yellow edge carlavirus, 424 S. platani-racemosae, 236, 629 red stele disease, 327 S. vernoniae, 568 severe crinkle, 424 Stigmina stunt, 424 (Stigmella), 236 vein banding, 669 S. carpophila, 114 vein banding caulimovirus, 424 S. juniperina, 572 vein necrosis, 669 S. lautii, 663, 664 witches’ broom, 424, 669 S. liquidambaris, 236 yellow edge, 424, 669 S. palmivorum, 236 yellows, 424 S. platani-racemosae, 236 Strawberry-tree (Arbutus unedo), 670 S. populi, 634 Strawflower (Helichrysum), 670 S. thermopsidis, 677 Streak, 232, 579 Stigmonose, 280, 457, 617 Streptanthera, 670 Stilbaceae,44 mosaic, 424 Stilbella acerina, 588 Streptobotrys arisaemae, 110 Stillingia (Queens delight), 688 Streptocarpus, 670 Sting nematode, 255 Streptomyces sp., 337, 365, 636 Stinking smut, 375 S. acidiscabies, 365, 474, 492, 613, 641, 684 Stippen, 457 S. ipomoea, 337, 570, 596, 674 St. Johnswort (Hypericum), 650 S. scabies, 365, 474, 492, 517, 613, 636, Stock 641, 684 (Matthiola), 668 Streptomycin (nitrate/sulfate), 14 mosaic, 423 Streptopus (twisted-stalk), 670 Stokesia (stokes-aster), 668 Streptotinia arisaemae, 570 Stone plant (Lithops), 668 Striga asiatica, 510 Storage rot, 300, 319, 323 Strigula Stranvaesia, 668 S. complanata, 465, 571, 585, 586, 590, 603, 613, 638, Strapleaf, 559 689, 693 Strawberry S. elegans, 465, 571, 585, 586, 588, 590, 603, 613, 638, (Fragaria), 668 670, 689, 693 anthracnose, 61 String butt rot, 330 crinkle, 669 String of Pearls, 381 crinkle cytorhabdovirus, 423 Stripe rust, 551 downy mildew, 183 Stripe smut, 377, 379 green petal, 90 Stromatinia, 337 latent ringspot, 594, 612 S. gladioli, 337, 513, 538, 544, 682 latent ringspot nepovirus, 423 S. narcissi, 338, 600 latent virus rhabdovirus, 423 S. smilacinae, 659 leaf blight, 116, 130, 131 Strophostyles (wild bean), 670 leaf curl, 423 Strumella sp., 171, 580 leaf roll, 423, 669 S. canker, 171 leaf scorch, 197 S. coryneoidea, 171, 499, 559, 562, 588, 684 leaf spot, 223 S. coryneoides, 473, 603 mild crinkle, 423 Stump rot, 83 mild yellow edge, 669 Stunt, 90, 260, 632 mild yellow edge chlorosis potexvirus, 423 Stunt and leaf yellowing, 331 mild yellow edge luteovirus, 423 Stunting disease, 72 mottle, 423, 669 Stylosanthes, 670 multiplier disease, 423, 669 Styrax (snowbell), 670 necrotic shock, 669 Subanguina radicicola, 551 necrotic shock¼tobacco streak ilarvirus, 423 Suberranean clover red leaf, 606, 607 pallidosis, 669 Subterranean clover red leaf luteovirus, 424 pallidosis¼cucurbit yellows crinovirus and beet Sugar beet pseudo-yellows closterovirus, 423 (Beta vulgaris), 670 pallidosis virus, 424 nematode, 260 Index 817

Sugarcane Sydowia, 172 bacilliform badnavirus, 424 S. dothideoides, 159 mosaic, 552 S. polyspora, 172, 536 mosaic virus, 468 Syncarpella tumefaciens, 650 stylet nematode, 267 Synchytrium sp., 193, 293, 493, 662 Sulfur, 11 S. anemones, 193, 455 injury, 281 S. anomalum, 449, 599, 641, 649 Sulfur dioxide injury, 627 S. asari, 543 Sumac (Rhus), 670 S. aureum, 193, 448, 462, 506, 518, 520, 542, 545, Summer dwarf nematode, 253 582, 589, 623, 637, 648, 654, 666, 668, 685, Sunburn, 457, 535 689, 696 Sunflower S. cellulare, 598, 691 (Helianthus), 671 S. cinnamomeum, 641 mosaic, 513, 671, 698 S. edgertonii, 520 mosaic potyvirus, 424 S. endobioticum, 193, 637, 680 rust, 343, 358 S. erigerontis, 529 wilt, 433 S. fragariae, 668 Sunrose (Helianthemum), 671 S. fulgens, 505, 540, 604 Sunscald, 198, 281, 457, 480, 488, 621, 644, 679, 691 S. geranii, 542 Sunstroke, 281 S. globosum, 595, 687 Superficial bark canker, 166 S. holwayi, 595 Suture spot, 615 S. impatientis, 566 Swedish Ivy (Plectranthus australis), 671 S. innominatum, 586 Sweet S. lythrii, 584 clover latent, 591 S. marrubii, 560 clover sweet latent nucleorhabdovirus, 425 S. myosotidis, 513 Sweet alyssum (Lobularia), 672 S. nigrescens, 465 Sweet-fern (Comptonia), 672 S. papillatum, 558 Sweet-fern blister rust, 345 S. sambuci, 526 Sweet-flag (Acorus), 672 S. smilacis, 657 Sweet gale (Myrica gale), 672 S. stachydis, 666 Sweet gum (Liquidambar), 672 S. taraxaci, 528 Sweetleaf (Symplocos), 672 S. vaccinii, 193, 467, 478, 497, 506, 512, 565, 576, 597 Sweet-olive (Osmanthus fragrans), 673 Syngonium, 675 Sweet pea and perennial pea (Lathyrus), 673 Synthyris, 675 Sweet pea streak, 673 Systoria cyclaminis, 516 Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), 673 Systremma, 140 black rot, 300 S. acicola, 140, 625 caulimovirus, 425 S. artemisiae, 462 dry rot, 305 feathery mottle, 425, 674 internal cork, 674 T leaf blight, 131 Tabebuia (trumpet-tree), 675 leaf spot, 233 Tabernaemontana (crape-jasmine), 676 mosaic, 425, 674 Taenidia, 676 russet crack, 674 Tahitian bridal veil (Gibasis), 676 russet crack-strain of sweetpotato feathery mottle Tamarind (Tamarindus), 676 potyvirus, 425 Tamarisk, salt cedar (Tamarix), 676 scurf, 369 Tanacetum, 650 stem rot, 310 Tan leaf spot, 225 Sweet-root (Osmorhiza), 674 Tansy (Tanacetum), 676 Sweet vetch (Hedysarum), 674 Taphrina, 195 Sweet william (Dianthus barbatus), 674 T. aceris, 195 Swine cress (Coronopus), 675 T. aesculi, 195, 563 Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla), 675 T. alni, 196 Swiss needle cast, 245 T. amelanchieri, 454 Switchgrass (Panicum), 675 T. americana, 475 Sycamore, 675 T. aurea, 634 anthracnose, 60 T. australis, 195, 563 818 Index

Taphrina (cont.) Tenuivirus, 53 T. bartholomaei, 588 Ternstroemia, 676 T. caerulescens, 195, 603 Tesselate stylet nematode, 267 T. californica, 534 Tetraconazole, 11 T. carnea, 195, 475 Tetylenchus, 266 T. carveri, 588 Texas mistletoe, 240 T. castanopsidis, 195, 500 Texas root rot, 324, 325 T. cerasi, 497, 498 Texasweed (Caperonia), 676 T. communis, 630 Thalia, 677 T. confusa, 196, 501 Thames’ root-knot nematode, 262 T. coryli, 195, 555 Thanatephonus cucumeris, 128 T. cystopteridis, 532 Thanatephorus cucumeris, 127, 129, 321, 473 T. darkeri, 588 Thecaphora, 375 T. dearnessii, 588 T. californica, 552 T. deformans, 195, 459, 600, 615 T. cuneata, 546, 552 T. farlowii, 196, 497 T. deformans, 314, 583 T. faulliana, 196, 532 T. iresine, 568 T. filicina, 196, 534 T. pilulaeformis, 640 T. flava, 196, 475 T. trailii, 677 T. flavorubra, 196 Thekopsora minima, 557 T. flectans, 196 Thelephora, 141 T. fusca, 534 T. albido-brunnea, 587 T. gracilis, 534 T. caryophyllea, 575 T. insititiae, 630 T. spiculosa, 141 T. japonica, 196, 451 T. terrestris, 141, 523, 535, 626, 663 T. johansonii, 634 Thelephoraceae, 42 T. lutescens, 534 Thermopsis (bush-pea, golden-pea), 677 T. occidentalis, 196, 451 Thiabendazole, 11 T. polystichi, 532 Thielaviopsis sp., 338, 539 T. populina, 196, 634 T. basicola, 338, 471, 474, 481, 494, 499, 503, 505, T. populi-salicis, 634, 694 516, 518, 541, 564, 576, 577, 604, 606, 608, T. pruni, 195, 630 611, 614, 620, 624, 632, 658, 661, 679, 680, T. prunisubcordata, 195 686, 688, 689, 692 T. purpurascens, 670 T. paradoxa, 496 T. robinsoniana, 196, 451 Thiophanate T. sacchari, 196, 588 methyl, 11 T. struthiopteridis, 196 methyl plus etridiazole, 11 T. thomasii, 196 Thiram, 12 T. ulmi, 196, 527 Thistle T. virginica, 563 (Cirsium), 677 T. weisneri, 196 blessed (Cnicus), 677 Taphrinales, 37 creeping (“Canada”) (Cirsium arvense), 677 Taphrina spp., 195, 630 ivory and milk (Silybum), 677 Taphrinia musk (Carduus thoermeri), 677 T. filicina, 534 Thlaspi, 677 T. higginsii, 533 Thorn’s T. hiratsukae, 533, 534 meadow nematode, 265 Target canker, 617 needle nematode, 261 Tarjan’s Sneath nematode, 259 Thoroughwax (Bupleurum), 677 Tar spot, 211, 214, 220, 222, 226, 227, 229–231, 246, 248, Thread blight, 113, 128 467, 504, 532, 664, 697 Thujopsis (hiba arborvitae), 677 Tatter leaf, 501 Thunbergia (clockvine), 677 Tea (Thea sinensis), 676 Thyme (Thymus), 678 Teasel Thyronectria, 172 (Dipsacus), 676 austro-americana, 172, 562 mosaic, 676 balsamea, 166, 172, 536 mosaic potyvirus, 425 berolinensis, 172, 515 Tebuconazole, 11 denigrata, 562 Tellima, 676 Thytisma vaccinii, 478 Index 819

Ti (Cordyline terminalis), 678 Tomato Tibouchina (glory-bush), 678 anthracnose, 62, 65 Tidestromia, 678 aspermy, 502, 680 Tigridia aspermy cucumovirus, 427 (tiger-flower), 678 big bud, 427, 678 T. mosaic, 425, 678 black ring, 680 Tilletia, 375 black ring nepovirus, 427 T. buchloe¨ana, 375, 482, 551 bushy stunt, 577 T. caries, 375 bushy stunt tombusvirus, 427 T. euphorbiae, 665 chino la paz, 680 T. foetida, 375 chino la paz begomovirus, 427 T. fusca, 551 enation mosaic, 427 T. maclaganii, 675 fern-leaf, 427 T. pallida, 376, 551 infectious chlorosis, 680 Tilletiaceae, 41 infectious chlorosis closterovirus, 428 Timber rot, 316 leaf curl, 458 Tip blight, 65, 116, 129, 131, 136, 318, 658 leaf spot, 235 Tipburn, 281, 466, 473, 484, 528, 577, 636 Lycopersicon, 678 Tirula nervisequa conspicuous, 536 mosaic, 680 Tithonia, 678 mosaic tobamovirus, 428 Tobacco mottle, 428 broad ring spot, 425 pseudo curly top, 680 cyst nematode, 260 pseudo curly top hybrigeminivirus, 428 etch, 622, 624, 680, 685, 698 ring mosaic, 680 etch potyvirus, 425–426 ringspot, 367, 458, 482, 499, 517, 521, 528, 557, 591, mild green mosaic, 602 599, 608, 630, 638, 649, 669 mild green mosaic tobamovirus, 426 ring spot, 498, 541, 544, 549, 616, mosaic, 449, 458, 464, 466, 500, 501, 507, 526, 528, 642, 680, 685 538, 544, 571, 574, 601, 622, 624, 644, 661, ring spot nepovirus, 428 670, 680, 685, 695 severe leaf curl begomovirus, 680 mosaic tobamovirus, 426 spotted wilt, 449, 453, 462, 465, 469, 470, 474, mosaic virus, 463 477, 480, 481, 483, 485, 486, 488, 489, necrosis, 471, 577, 638, 682, 685 492, 495, 496, 502, 503, 508, 511, 517–519, necrosis necrovirus, 426 524, 525, 527, 528, 530–532, 538, 539, necrotic ring spot, 588 541, 545, 546, 549, 552, 559, 564, 566, 570, rattle, 455, 465, 469, 477, 542, 577 571, 574, 576, 577, 580, 581, 583, 591, rattle tobravirus, 426 594–596, 600–602, 607, 608, 614, 617, ring spot, 449, 464, 466, 471, 478, 514, 517, 521, 522, 622, 624, 625, 628, 633–635, 637–639, 526, 537, 541, 547, 549, 566, 570, 592, 594, 641, 645, 648, 650, 654, 655, 661, 663, 602, 604, 612, 622, 624, 636, 642, 656, 661, 666–668, 670, 671, 673, 680, 681, 685, 687, 666, 674, 685, 692 692, 698 ring spot nepovirus, 426–427 spotted wilt-impatiens serotype, 531, 538, 542, 544, ring spot virus, 463, 466 624, 688 stread, 599 spotted wilt-lettuce serotype, 450, 540, 611, 678 streak, 477, 483, 528, 531, 562, 577, 593, 641, 661, spotted wilt tospovirus, 428 669, 680 streak, 680 streak ilarvirus, 427 streak double strea, 428–429 vein-banding mosaic, 602 top necrosis, 680 vein-mottling, 602 top necrosis neopvirus, 429 vein mottling potyvirus, 427 western yellow bligh, 429 veinnal necrosis, 637 yellow leaf curl begomovirus, 429, 680 wildfire, 82 yellow net, 680 yellow net, 602 yellow net (tobacco yellow net luteovirus), 429 yellow net luteovirus, 602 yellow top, 680 Tobamovirus, 53 yellow top (strain of potato leafroll Tobravirus, 53, 621, 625 luteovirus), 429 leaf necrosis, 564 Tombusvirus, 53, 583 Togninia fraxinopennsylvanica, 463, 548 Topple, 281, 544, 682 Tomatillo (Physalis), 678 Top rot, 314 820 Index

Torenia, 681 Trichothecium, 172, 338–339 Torreya, 681 T. roseum, 172, 339, 492, 532, 535, 592, 600, 615, 618, Torula, 244 631, 636, 646, 666, 680 T. herbarum, 593 T. viride, 505 T. maculans, 244, 697 Trichothyriaceae, 38 Tospovirus, 53 Trichovirus, 53 Trabutia ficuum, 648 Tricothecium roseum, 458, 495 Trabutiella filicina, 532 Tricyclazole, 12 Tradescantia Tridemorph, 12 (wandering jew, spiderwort), 681 Trifloxystrobin, 12 T. zebrina, 681 Triflumizole, 12 Tradescantia-zebrina potyvirus, 429 Triforine, 12 Tradescantia/zebrinia mosaic, 508 Trillium (wake-robin), 681 Trametes, 338 Triphenyltin hydroxide, 12 T. hispida, 459, 487 Triphragmium, 361 T. hydnoides, 505 T. ulmariae, 361, 591 T. isabellina, 496, 567 Tritonia T. mollis, 563, 580 (montbretia), 681–682 T. pini, 308 mosaic, 429 T. rigida, 559 Trollius (Globeflower), 682 T. sepium, 494, 585, 652 Tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum), 682 T. suaveolens, 338, 694 Trumpetvine T. versicolor, 330 leaf blight, 112 Trametes spp., 458, 461, 463, 523, 626, 655 trumpet-creeper (Campsis), 682 Tranzschelia, 361 Trunk can, 150 T. cohaesa, 455 Tryblidiella, 141 T. discolor, 361, 452, 455, 459, 498, 615, 631 T. rufula, 141, 504 T. fusca, 455 Tsw-impatiens serotype, 671 T. pruni, 459 Tubackia (Pirostoma), 229 T. pruni-spinosae, 455, 501, 558, 590, 631 Tubakia dryina, 201, 220, 229, 489, 493, 629 T. pruni-spinosae var. typica, 361 Tuberaceae, 40 T. suffusca, 455 Tubercularia sp., 172, 585 T. thalictri, 590 T. nigricans, 595 T. tucsonensis, 455 T. ulmea, 172, 526, 562 T. viornae, 506 Tuberose (Polianthes), 682 Trautvetteria (false bugbane), 681 Tuber rot, 75, 311 Trechispora, 187 Tuburcinia T. alnicola, 187, 550 T. clintoniae, 670 Tree-poppy (Dendromecon), 681 T. trientalis, 666 Tree-tomato (Cyphomandra), 681 T. trienthalus, 376 Trefoil, birdsfoot (Lotus), 681 Tulare Trembling fungi, 42 apple mosaic, 458 Triadimefon, 12 apple mosaic ilarvirus, 390, 429 Triadimenol, 12 Tulip Triazophos, 15 (Tulipa), 682 Trichaptum abietinum, 330 anthracnose, 63 Trichocomaceae, 37 basal rot, 310 Trichoderma sp., 338, 661 breaking, 682 T. harzianum, 12, 338, 458 breaking mosaic, 579 T. viride, 338, 592, 600, 617 breaking potyvirus, 429 Trichoderma spp., 674 fire, 110 Trichodorus sp., 480, 497, 593 Tulip-tree and Paratrichodorus, 266–267 leaf spot, 223 T. christiei, 467, 471, 473, 484, 616, yellow poplar (Liriodendron), 683 665, 669 Tung tree (Aleurites), 683 T. obtusus, 267 Tupelo T. primitivus, 267, 467, 593 leaf spot, 224, 229 Trichodorus spp., 646 sour gum, black gum (Nyssa), 683–684 Trichodothis comata, 585 Tupidanthus, 684 Index 821

Turnip U. necator, 293, 454, 548, 569, 689 anthracnose, 61 U. parvula, 293, 553–554 Brassica rapa, 684 U. polychaeta, 293 mosaic, 484, 500, 564, 566, 599, 645, 649, 667, 668, U. prosopidis, 293 684, 685 U. prosopodis, 593 mosaic potyvirus, 429–430 U. salicis, 293, 634, 694 mosaic virus, 614 Uncinuliella Turpentine tree (Syncarpia), 684 U. australiana, 293, 512 Turtle-head (Chelone), 685 U. flexuosa, 293 Twig Unicorn-plant, proboscis-flower (Proboscidea), 685 blight, 60, 113–114, 118, 120–122, 124, 125, 129–132, Uraecium holwayi, 557 140, 141, 149, 156, 167, 169, 172, 210, 215, Uredinopsis, 361 233, 318 U. arthurii, 534 and branch canker, 154, 173 U. aspera, 532 canker, 149, 153, 158–160, 164, 169 U. atkinsonii, 534 dieback, 172, 212 U. ceratophora, 532 and needle blight, 130 U. copelandii, 533 Tylenchorhynchus sp., 267, 588 U. glabra, 532 T. annulatus, 267 U. longimucronata, 533 T. brevidus, 267, 551 U. longimucronata f. sp. acrostichoides, 533 T. capitatus, 267, 621 U. longimucronata f. sp. cyclosora, 533 T. claytoni, 267, 467, 471, 551, 616, 622, 674 U. macrosperma, 532 T. dubius, 267, 551 U. mirabilis, 534, 536 T. martini, 267 U. osmundae, 361, 533, 536 T. maximus, 267 U. phegopteridis, 361, 534, 536 Tylenchorhynchus spp., 646 U. pteridis, 361 Tylenchulidae sp., 261 U. struthiopteridis, 361, 533, 536 Tylenchulus, 267 U. virginiana, 532 T. semipenetrans, 411, 486, 505, 548, 574, 578, 585, Uredo, 361, 594 605, 623 U. arida, 481 Tylenchus, 268 U. artocarpi, 361, 462 T. balsamophilus, 671, 696 U. behnickiana, 607 T. marginatus, 663 U. cephalanthi, 483 T. semipenetrans, 504 U. coccolobae, 361, 507 Tymovirus, 53, 687 U. contraria, 486–487 Tympanis sp., 172, 477 U. epidendri, 607 T. confusa, 172, 626 U. ericae, 361 Typhula sp., 381–382, 492 U. floridana, 592 T. blight, 381 U. fuchsiae, 539 T. idahoensis, 382, 551 U. goodyerae, 607 T. incarnata, 381 U. guacae, 607 T. itoana, 551 U. guaunabensis, 692 T. variabilis, 495 U. hameliae, 554 U. ignava, 468 U. laeticolor, 596 U U. nigropuncta, 607 Udo (Aralia cordata), 685 U. phoradendri, 361, 594 Ulocladium, 236 U. sapotae, 361 U. cucurbitae, 236, 514 U. sphacelicola, 662 Umbravirus, 54 U. uviferae, 507 Umbrella-pine (Sciadopitys), 685 Urocystis, 376 Umbrellawort (Oxybaphus), 685 U. agropyri, 376, 551 Uncinula sp., 292–293, 517 U. anemones, 376, 455, 558, 642, 648, 681, 682 U. adunca, 293 U. carcinodes, 376, 469, 506, 595 U. circinata, 293, 463, 479–480, 588, 659 U. cepulae, 501, 606, 655 U. clintonii, 293, 580, 613 U. colchici, 376, 466, 488, 606, 659 U. flexuosa, 293, 564 U. erythronii, 529 U. geniculata, 598–599 U. flowersii, 698 U. macrospora, 293, 527, 553–554, 562–563 U. gladiolicola, 376, 544 822 Index

Urocystis (cont.) U. mysticus, 551 U. hypoxis, 667 U. necopinus, 667 U. kmetiana, 376, 611, 687 U. oblongisporus, 650 U. lithophragmae, 558, 581 U. occidentalis, 583 U. magica, 376 U. peckianus, 565 U. sorosporioides, 455, 508, 519, 590, 595 U. perigynius, 545, 546, 643, 648 U. trientalus, 376 U. phaseoli, 471, 472 U. trillii, 681 U. phaseoli var. typica, 471 U. tritici, 377 U. plumbarius, 540, 604 U. violae, 689 U. primaverilis, 602 U. waldsteiniae, 542 U. probus, 478 Uromyces sp., 361–362, 681 U. punctatus, 362, 466 U. acuminatus, 582 U. rudbeckiae, 525–526, 648 U. acuminatus var. magnatus, 586, 659, 685 U. ruelliae, 649 U. acuminatus var. polemonii, 508, 624, 633 U. scirpi, 492 U. acuminatus var. steironematis, 521 U. shearianus, 651 U. affinis, 667 U. silenes, 656 U. amoenus, 454 U. silphii, 656, 671 U. andropogonis, 611, 689 U. solidaginis, 546 U. apiosporus, 638 U. sparganii, 672 U. appendiculatus, 361–362 U. speciosus, 508 U. appendiculatus var. appendiculatus, 362, 471 U. striatus, 591 U. ari-triphylli, 362, 461, 570 U. suksdorfii, 584, 656 U. armeriae, 461 U. transversalis, 544 U. asclepiadis, 388, 463, 483 U. trifolii, 362 U. aureus, 501 U. triquetrus, 650 U. betae, 362, 474, 675 U. unitus, 578 U. bidenticola, 475 U. verruculosus, 584 U. brodiaeae, 481 U. zygadeni, 698 U. ciceris-arietini, 362, 499 Urophlyctis U. claytoniae, 505 U. pluriannulata, 674, 698 U. colutea, 477 U. pulposa, 651 U. commelinae, 681 Uropyxis, 362 U. compactus, 465, 479 U. amorphae, 454, 567 U. costaricensis, 362, 468 U. daleae var. eysenhardtiae, 362 U. dactylidis, 551, 641 U. eysenhardtiae, 362 U. dianthi, 362, 491, 520, 674 U. petalostemonis, 623 U. euphorbiae, 632, 659, 664 Ustilaginaceae, 41 U. fabae, 362, 614 Ustilaginoidea virens, 510, 645 U. galii-californici, 362, 539 Ustilago sp., 377–379 U. genistae-tinctoriae, 541 U. avenae, 377 U. gentianae, 541 U. buchloes, 377, 511 U. geranii, 542 U. bullata, 377 U. graminicola, 668 U. claytoniae, 596 U. halstedii, 681 U. coicis, 571 U. hedysari-obscuri, 674 U. cynodontis, 551 U. heterodermus, 529 U. esculenta, 377, 694 U. holwayi, 579 U. gayophyti, 553 U. hordeinus, 602 U. heufleri, 377, 529 U. houstoniatus, 478, 565 U. hordei, 377 U. hyalinus, 660 U. kolleri, 377 U. inaequialtus, 652 U. maydis, 377, 510 U. indigoferae, 567 U. mulfordiana, 379 U. jonesii, 641 U. oxalidis, 608 U. junci, 461, 462, 466, 503, 529, 552, 671, 677 U. penniseti, 619 U. limonii, 667 U. shiraiana, 468 U. lupini, 583 U. speculariae, 662 U. lycoctoni, 595 U. striiformis, 379, 551 U. miurae, 538 U. tritici, 379 Index 823

U. vaillantii, 549, 653 Vermicularia, 173 U. vinosa, 598 V. capsici, 570 U. violacea, 379, 584, 652, 656 V. coptina, 546 Ustulina, 339 V. ipomoearum, 173, 596 U. deusta, 339, 473, 560 V. podophylli, 590 U. vulgaris, 527, 580, 588 V. polytricha, 570 Uvularia (bellwort, merry-bells), 685 V. sparsipila, 634 Veronica (speedwell), 687 Verrucosis, 386 V Verticicladiella Valerian V. abietina, 339, 627 garden heliotrope (Valeriana), 685 V. penicillata, 339, 627 red, jupiters-beard (Centranthus), 685 V. procera, 627 Valerianella (corn-salad or lamb’s lettuce), 685–686 V. wagenerii, 523, 536, 627 Valsa, 172, 339 Verticillium sp., 440–442, 465, 477, 522, 525, 526, 546, V. ambiens, 613 559, 608, 643, 663, 673 V. ambiens ssp. leucostomoides, 339 V. albo-atrum, 440, 442, 448, 451, 452, 458–460, V. cincta, 172, 614 464–467, 469, 474, 477, 480, 486, 487, V. kunzei, 172, 536, 575 489, 491, 494–496, 499, 500, 502, V. leucosomoides, 588 503, 505, 509, 514, 519, 520, 525, 526, 529, V. leucostoma, 172, 459, 497, 511, 597, 600, 614, 538, 539, 541, 543, 557, 561–564, 566, 617, 639 571, 573, 575, 578, 580, 582, 585, V. nivea, 633, 694 587–589, 593–595, 605, 616, 620, 623, 625, V. salicina, 173, 608, 694 629, 634, 635, 637, 642, 643, 647–649, V. sordida, 173, 694 651, 655, 657, 658, 666, 669, 670, 685, Valsaceae, 39 688, 692, 697 Valsa spp, 694 V. albo-atrum f. sp. menthae, 594 Vancouveria, 686 V. buxi, 480 Vanda ring spot, 413 V. dahlia, 442, 448, 450, 451, 456, 462, 464, Vanilla, 686 484, 491, 503, 511, 517, 525, 552, 564, 566, Vanilla-leaf (Achlys), 686 577, 589, 594, 621, 622, 635, 643, 667, 671, Varicosa virus, 54 685, 692 Variegation, 281, 471, 480, 518, 629, 638, 669 V. fungicola, 442, 599 Vein mosaic, 576 wilt, 440 Velvet bean (Stizolobium), 686 Vesiculomyces citrinus, 304 Venturia sp., 366, 511 Vetch (Vicia), 687 V. acerina, 588 Viburnum, 687–688 V. arctostaphyli, 455, 497, 540, 695 downy mildew, 185 V. cerasi, 366, 459 Vidalia sweet onion (Allium), 688 V. chlorospora, 364 Vinca (periwinkle, ground-myrtle), 688 V. circinans, 542 Vincetoxicum (milkvine), 688 V. compacta, 512 Vinclozolin, 12 V. crataegi, 555 Violet V. dickei, 580 root rot, 314, 332 V. inaequalis, 365, 458, 512, 555, 597, color plate 12 scab, 388 V. orbicula, 603 (Viola odorata and native species), 688–689 V. pirina, 640 Vipers-bugloss (Echium), 689 V. populina, 633 Virescence, 90, 640 V. pyrina, 367, 618 Virgella robusta, 247 V. rhododendri, 644 Virginia crab stem pitting and brownline, 618 V. tremulae, 633 Virginia creeper Venus’s flytrap (Dionaea muscipula), 686 (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), 689 Veratrum (false-hellebore), 686 soft anthracnose, 386 Verbascum, 686 Virocides, 17 Verbena Viroids, 54 garden (Verbena hortensis), 686 Virus complex, 549 native species, 686 Virus epidemic, 576 Nemisia diascia, 686 Viruses, 49, 389 Verbesina (crownbeard), 687 Viscum (true mistletoe), 240 824 Index

Viscum album, 240, 451, 457, 463, 475, 511, 527, Web blotch, 145 555, 559, 563, 588, 597, 617, 623, 630, 634, Weed-killer injury, 282, 646 639, 694 Weigela, 693 Vitex (chaste-tree), 689 West African spiral nematode, 266 Volutella sp., 141, 173, 518, 570 Western aster yellows, 478, 480 blight, 173 Western aster yellows phytoplasma, 691 V. albido-pila, 607 Western cucumber mosaic, 611 V. buxi, 141, 173, 480 Western dwarf mistletoe, 241 V. dianthi, 674 Western gall rust, 345, 347, 628 V. diaphana, 545 Western maple leaf blister, 195 V. mellea, 611 Western X-disease, 501 V. pachysandrae, 141, 608 Western yellow blight, 680 V. phlogina, 624 Western yellow rust, 355 V. vanilla, 686 Wet scale rot, 336 V. vincae, 688 Wetwood, 72, 683 Wheat nematode, 253 W streak mosaic, 430, 694 Wahlenbergia (southern rockbell), 689 streak mosaic rymovirus, 430 Waikavirus, 54 (Triticum), 693 Wallflower Whetzelinia sclerotiorum, 449, 530, 657 (Cheiranthus), 689–690 Whipplea, 693 western (Erysimum), 690 Whip-tail, 484 Walnut (Juglans) (Includes Butternut, Black, English, and Whiskers, leak, 333 Japanese Walnuts), 690–691 White anthracnose, 66 blight, 244 blight, 85, 87 blister, 431 brooming disease, 430 break, 544 canker, 163 butt rot, 304 meadow nematode, 265 clover mosaic, 507 ring spot, 204 clover mosaic potexvirus, 430 toxicity, 644 flaky sapwood rot, 328 wilt, 679 heart rot, 315, 339 Water-core, 457 leaf spot, 222 Water-cress (Nasturtium officinale), 691 line mosaic, 430 Water deficiency, 281 mold, 222, 244 Water-elm (Planera), 691 mold rot, 335 Water-horehound (Lycopus), 691 mottled heart rot, 323 Water-hyacinths (Eichhornia), 691 mottled rot, 307, 308 Water-lily (Nymphaea), 691 mottled wound rot, 305 Water-lily, yellow pondlily (Nuphar), 691–692 mottle rot, 312 Watermelon pine blister rust, 345 (citrullus), 430 pocket rot, 308, 309 curly mottle, 692 root rot, 304, 329, 334 curly mottle bigeminivirus, 430 rot, 303, 304, 330, 336 leaf spot, 233 rust, 358, 431, 432 mosaic, 430, 592, 685, 692 sapwood rot, 303, 316, 329 mosaic potyvirus, 430 seed, 683 silver mottle tospovirus, 430 smut, 374 stunt, 692 spongy heart rot, 329 wilt, 439 spongy rot, 307, 308, 336 Water-primrose (Jussiaea), 692 spot, 205, 206 Water shield (Brasenia), 693 streak, 600 Watery fruit rot, 320 tip blight, 138 Watery leak, 331 trunk rot, 308 Watery soft rot, 335 wood rot, 338 Watsonia, 693 Whortleberry, bilberry (Vaccinium spp.), 693–694 Wax-myrtle, candleberry (Myrica cerifera), 693 Wild Web blight, 113, 127–129, 136, 321, 332 cucumber mosaic, 589 Index 825

cucumber mosaic tymovirus, 430 X. campestris, 83, 84, 451, 462, 464, 466, 475, 484, garlic (Allium vineale); wild mustard (Brassica 494, 500, 504, 507, 537, 565, 577, 599, 605, kaber), 694 640, 641, 662, 675, 678, 698 rice (Zizania), 694 X. campestris pv. armoraciae, 484, 564, 678 Wildrye (Elymus), 694 X. campestris pv. asclepiadis, 84, 483 Willow (Salix) (includes weeping willow, pussy X. campestris pv. barbareae,84 willow), 694 X. campestris pv. begoniae,84 black canker, 168 X. campestris pv. campestris, 484 leaf spot, 212 X. campestris pv. carotae, 84, 509 powdery mildew, 293 X. campestris pv. citri, 84, 504 scab, 364 X. campestris pv. corylina,84 Wilt, 75, 83, 160, 170, 172, 296, 302, 311, 327, 335, 336, X. campestris pv. cucurbitae,84 437–439 X. campestris pv. cyamopsidis, 84, 553 Wind scab, 630 X. campestris pv. dieffenbachiae, 84, 87, 507 Wind whip, 471 X. campestris pv. fici, 477 Wineberry latent, 477 X. campestris pv. fragariae,85 Wineberry latent virus, 430 X. campestris pv. glycines, 85, 87 Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus), 472 X. campestris pv. gummisudans,85 Winterberry (Ilex verticillata), 695 X. campestris pv. hederae,85 Winter blight, 114 X. campestris pv. hyacinthi,85 Winter cress (Barbarea), 695 X. campestris pv. incanae,85 Wintergreen, checkerberry (Gaultheria procumbens), 695 X. campestris pv. juglandis,85 Wintergreen, waxflower, 695 X. campestris pv. malvacearum, 86, 559 Winter injury, 282, 569 X. campestris pv. maniotis, 477 Wire-stem, 202 X. campestris pv. oryzae,86 Wisconsin pea streak, 614 X. campestris pv. papavericola,86 Wisteria X. campestris pv. pelargonii, 86, 88 leaf spot, 229 X. campestris pv. phaseoli,86 mosaic, 430 X. campestris pv. pruni, 127 vein mosaic, 430 X. campestris pv. raphani,87 vein mosaic potyvirus, 430 X. campestris pv. vesicatoria,87 (Wistaria), 695 X. campestris pv. vignicola,87 Witches’ broom, 54, 60, 69, 88, 90, 95, 192, 196, 222, 240, X. campestris pv. vitians, 87, 577, 678 241, 246, 265, 287, 288, 291, 292, 345, X. campestris pv. zinnia, 87, 698 347–351, 353, 360, 391, 644, 664, 669, 691, X. campestris var. fragariae, 668 694 X. dieffenbachiae, 84, 500, 675 disease, 522 X. fragariae, 668 rust, 351, 353 X. geranii, 542 Witch-Hazel X. gummisudans, 85, 543 (Hamamelis), 695–696 X. hederae, 85, 569 leaf spot, 228 X. hyacinthi, 85, 565 Withertip, 61, 63, 64 X. incanae, 85, 668 Wolfberry (Symphoricarpos occidentalis), 696 X. juglandis, 84, 690 Wolfiporia cocos, 331, 575 X. maculifolium-gardeniae, 539 Wood-betony, lousewort (Pedicularis), 696 X. nigromaculans, 87, 698 Wood rose (Rosa gymnocarpa, R. californica), 696 X. nigromaculans f. sp. Zinnia, 698 Wood rot, 305, 315, 328, 337 X. oryzae, 86, 491 Woodrush (Luzula), 696 X. papavericola, 86, 487, 634 Wound rot, 298, 334 X. pelargonii, 86, 541 Wyethia, 696 X. phaseoli, 86, 470, 472, 564 X. poinsetriaecola, 631 X. pruni, 86, 452, 459, 497, 498, 501, 614, 630 X X. ricinicola, 493 Xanthomonas sp., 83, 547 X. rotae, 84, 492 glycines, 85, 660 X. rylina, 84, 555 X. albilineans,83 X. solanacearum, 559 X. axonopodis, 83, 450, 605 X. translucens pv. cerealis, 549 X. barbareae, 695 X. translucens pv. poae, 549 X. begonia, 84, 474 X. translucens pv. undulosa, 464 826 Index

Xanthomonas sp. (cont.) leaf blister, 196 X. urbitae, 84, 514, 665 leaf rust, 356, 359 X. vesicatoria, 87, 621, 640, 678 leaf spot, 191, 467 X. vesicatoria pv. raphani, 640, 684 mottle, 605 X. vesicatoria var. raphani,87 mottle begomovirus, 430 X. vignicola,87 net, 675 X. vitians, 87, 577, 621, 675 rust, 352 Xanthosma, 696 spotting, 491 Xenodochus strapleaf, 502 minor, 483, 652 witches’ broom rust, 353 X. carbonarius, 483, 652 Yellowing, 90, 661 Xerophyllum (turkeybeard), 696 Yellow-root (Xanthorhiza), 697 Xiphinema sp., 268, 459, 588 Yellowwood (Cladastris), 697 X. americanum, 268, 463, 466, 478, 480, 522, 527, Yerba buena (Micromeria), 697 541, 550, 603, 615, 619, 626, 634, 646, 664, Yerba santa (Eriodictyon), 697 669, 679, 688 Yew (Taxus), 697 X. bakeri, 268, 654 Yucca X. chambersi, 268, 669 Adams-needle, Joshua-tree, Spanish bayonet, 697 X. diversicaudatum, 268, 646, 669 leaf blight, 123 X. index, 268, 454, 535, 548, 569, 595 leaf spot, 225 X. krugi, 646 X. pacificum, 615 X. radicicola, 268 Z Xylariaceae, 39 Zamia (Coontie), 697 Xylaria sp., 339, 547, 618 Zauschneria (Fire-Chalice, California Fuchsia), 698 X. apiculata, 636 Zebra plant (Aphelandra), 698 X. digitata, 555 Zephyranthes (Atamasco-Lily, Zephyr-Lily), 698 X. hypoxylon, 339, 547, 555 Zigadenus, 698 X. longeana, 543 Zimmerman’s spiral nematode, 258 X. mali, 339, 457, 562, 618 Zinc deficiency, 282–283 X. multiplex, 526 Zineb, 12 X. polymorpha, 339, 554 Zinnia, 698 Xylella fastidiosa, 88, 477, 526, 587, 602, 605, 619, blight, 105 630, 672 Ziram, 12 Xylem limited rickettsialike, 629 Zizia (Meadow Parsnip), 698 Xylem limiting bacteria, 598 Zonate leaf spot, 121, 203, 211, 218 Zonate ring spot, 401, 506 Zoysia Y Japanese lawn grass, 699 Yam spine nematode, 256 cinnamon-vine (Dioscorea), 696 Zucchini nematode, 266 yellow mosaic, 592, 666, 692 Yarrow (Achillea), 696 yellow mosaic potyvirus, 430 Yaupon (Ilex vomitoria), 697 Zygocactus Yeast spot, 319 montana X, 430 Yellow(s), 90, 196, 282, 310, 437, 438, 530, 652, 662, 667 montana X Potexvirus, 430 bean mosaic, 544 Zygomycota, 35–36 flaky heart rot, 307, 308 Zygophiala, 146, 189 gum disease, 71, 72 Z. jamaicensis, 189, 491, 631