Redalyc.Primer Registro De Allomyces Neomoniliformis (Chytridiomycota) Y
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The Life Cycles of Cryptogams 7
Acta Botanica Malacitana, 16(1): 5-18 Málaga, 1991 E IE CYCES O CYOGAMS Peter R. BELL SUMMARY: Meiosis and karyogamy are recognized as control points in the life cycle of cryptogams. The control of meiosis is evidently complex and in yeast, and by analogy in all cryptogams, involves progressive gene activation. The causes of the delay in meiosis in diplohaplontic and diplontic organisms, and the manner in which the block is removed remain to be discovered. There is accumulating evidence that cytoplasmic RNA plays an important role in meiotic division. Many features of tn are still obscure. The tendency to oogamy has provided the opportunity for the laying down of long-lived messenger RNA in the abundant cytoplasm of the female gamete. The sporophytic nature of the developing zygote can in this way be partially pre-determined. There is evidence that this is the situation in the ferns. Specific molecules (probably arabino-galacto-proteins) on the surface of the plasma membrane are likely to account both for gametic selection, and the readiness with which appropriate gametes fuse. The dikaryotic condition indicates that nuclear fusion is not inevitable following plasmogamy. The ultimate fusion of the nuclei may result from quite simple changes in the nuclear surface. Exposure of lipid, for example, would lead to fusion as a result of hydrophobic forces. Aberrations of cryptogamic life cycles are numerous. The nuclear relationships of many aberrant cycles are unknown. In general it appears that the maintenance of sporophytic growth depends upon the presence of at least two sets of chromosomes. Conversely the maintenance of gametophytic growth in cultures obtained aposporously appears to be impossible in the presence of four sets of chromosomes, or more. -
S41467-021-25308-W.Pdf
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25308-w OPEN Phylogenomics of a new fungal phylum reveals multiple waves of reductive evolution across Holomycota ✉ ✉ Luis Javier Galindo 1 , Purificación López-García 1, Guifré Torruella1, Sergey Karpov2,3 & David Moreira 1 Compared to multicellular fungi and unicellular yeasts, unicellular fungi with free-living fla- gellated stages (zoospores) remain poorly known and their phylogenetic position is often 1234567890():,; unresolved. Recently, rRNA gene phylogenetic analyses of two atypical parasitic fungi with amoeboid zoospores and long kinetosomes, the sanchytrids Amoeboradix gromovi and San- chytrium tribonematis, showed that they formed a monophyletic group without close affinity with known fungal clades. Here, we sequence single-cell genomes for both species to assess their phylogenetic position and evolution. Phylogenomic analyses using different protein datasets and a comprehensive taxon sampling result in an almost fully-resolved fungal tree, with Chytridiomycota as sister to all other fungi, and sanchytrids forming a well-supported, fast-evolving clade sister to Blastocladiomycota. Comparative genomic analyses across fungi and their allies (Holomycota) reveal an atypically reduced metabolic repertoire for sanchy- trids. We infer three main independent flagellum losses from the distribution of over 60 flagellum-specific proteins across Holomycota. Based on sanchytrids’ phylogenetic position and unique traits, we propose the designation of a novel phylum, Sanchytriomycota. In addition, our results indicate that most of the hyphal morphogenesis gene repertoire of multicellular fungi had already evolved in early holomycotan lineages. 1 Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France. 2 Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. ✉ Petersburg, Russia. 3 St. -
Morphology, Ultrastructure, and Molecular Phylogeny of Rozella Multimorpha, a New Species in Cryptomycota
DR. PETER LETCHER (Orcid ID : 0000-0003-4455-9992) Article type : Original Article Letcher et al.---A New Rozella From Pythium Morphology, Ultrastructure, and Molecular Phylogeny of Rozella multimorpha, a New Species in Cryptomycota Peter M. Letchera, Joyce E. Longcoreb, Timothy Y. Jamesc, Domingos S. Leited, D. Rabern Simmonsc, Martha J. Powella a Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, 35487, Alabama, USA b School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, 04469, Maine, USA c Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, Michigan, USA d Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13082-862, Brazil Corresponding author: P. M. Letcher, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, 1332 SEC, Box 870344, 300 Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA, telephone number:Author Manuscript +1 205-348-8208; FAX number: +1 205-348-1786; e-mail: [email protected] This is the author manuscript accepted for publication and has undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi: 10.1111/jeu.12452-4996 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved ABSTRACT Increasing numbers of sequences of basal fungi from environmental DNA studies are being deposited in public databases. Many of these sequences remain unclassified below the phylum level because sequence information from identified species is sparse. Lack of basic biological knowledge due to a dearth of identified species is extreme in Cryptomycota, a new phylum widespread in the environment and phylogenetically basal within the fungal lineage. -
Multimodal Sensorimotor System in Unicellular Zoospores of a Fungus Andrew J
© 2018. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Experimental Biology (2018) 221, jeb163196. doi:10.1242/jeb.163196 RESEARCH ARTICLE Multimodal sensorimotor system in unicellular zoospores of a fungus Andrew J. M. Swafford and Todd H. Oakley* ABSTRACT found in freshwater ecosystems with a global distribution (James Complex sensory systems often underlie critical behaviors, including et al., 2014). Zoosporic fungi are typically characterized as saprobes, avoiding predators and locating prey, mates and shelter. Multisensory such as Allomyces, although parasitic life strategies on both plant and systems that control motor behavior even appear in unicellular animal hosts also do exist (Longcore et al., 1999). Similar to all fungi, eukaryotes, such as Chlamydomonas, which are important laboratory colonies of Allomyces use mycelia to absorb nutrients and ultimately models for sensory biology. However, we know of no unicellular grow reproductive structures. Unlike most fungi, Allomyces produce opisthokonts that control motor behavior using a multimodal sensory zoosporangia, terminations of mycelial branches that make, store and system. Therefore, existing single-celled models for multimodal ultimately release a multitude of single-celled, flagellated propagules, sensorimotor integration are very distantly related to animals. Here, termed zoospores (Olson, 1984). When the appropriate we describe a multisensory system that controls the motor function of environmental cues are present, zoospores are produced en masse, unicellular fungal zoospores. We found that zoospores of Allomyces eventually bursting from zoosporangia (James et al., 2014). Once in arbusculus exhibit both phototaxis and chemotaxis. Furthermore, the water column, the zoospores rely on a single, posterior flagellum we report that closely related Allomyces species respond to either to propel themselves away from the parent colony and towards the chemical or the light stimuli presented in this study, not both, and suitable substrates or hosts (Olson, 1984). -
Comparative Genomics of Chytrid Fungi Reveal Insights Into the Obligate
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Comparative genomics of chytrid fungi reveal insights into the obligate biotrophic and Received: 4 February 2019 Accepted: 31 May 2019 pathogenic lifestyle of Synchytrium Published: xx xx xxxx endobioticum Bart T. L. H. van de Vossenberg1,2, Sven Warris 1, Hai D. T. Nguyen3, Marga P. E. van Gent-Pelzer1, David L. Joly 4, Henri C. van de Geest1, Peter J. M. Bonants1, Donna S. Smith5, C. André Lévesque 3 & Theo A. J. van der Lee1 Synchytrium endobioticum is an obligate biotrophic soilborne Chytridiomycota (chytrid) species that causes potato wart disease, and represents the most basal lineage among the fungal plant pathogens. We have chosen a functional genomics approach exploiting knowledge acquired from other fungal taxa and compared this to several saprobic and pathogenic chytrid species. Observations linked to obligate biotrophy, genome plasticity and pathogenicity are reported. Essential purine pathway genes were found uniquely absent in S. endobioticum, suggesting that it relies on scavenging guanine from its host for survival. The small gene-dense and intron-rich chytrid genomes were not protected for genome duplications by repeat-induced point mutation. Both pathogenic chytrids Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and S. endobioticum contained the largest amounts of repeats, and we identifed S. endobioticum specifc candidate efectors that are associated with repeat-rich regions. These candidate efectors share a highly conserved motif, and show isolate specifc duplications. A reduced set of cell wall degrading enzymes, and LysM protein expansions were found in S. endobioticum, which may prevent triggering plant defense responses. Our study underlines the high diversity in chytrids compared to the well-studied Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, refects characteristic biological diferences between the phyla, and shows commonalities in genomic features among pathogenic fungi. -
Classification of Plant Diseases
K. K. WAGH COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, NASHIK DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY THEORY NOTES Course No.: - PATH -121 Course Title: - Fundamentals of Plant Pathology Credits: - 3 (2+1) Compiled By Prof. Patil K.P. Assistant Professor Department of Plant Pathology Teaching Schedule a) Theory Lecture Topic Weightage (%) 1 Importance of plant diseases, scope and objectives of Plant 3 Pathology..... 2 History of Plant Pathology with special reference to Indian work 3 3,4 Terms and concepts in Plant Pathology, Pathogenesis 6 5 classification of plant diseases 5 6,7, 8 Causes of Plant Disease Biotic (fungi, bacteria, fastidious 10 vesicular bacteria, Phytoplasmas, spiroplasmas, viruses, viroids, algae, protozoa, and nematodes ) and abiotic causes with examples of diseases caused by them 9 Study of phanerogamic plant parasites. 3 10, 11 Symptoms of plant diseases 6 12,13, Fungi: general characters, definition of fungus, somatic structures, 7 14 types of fungal thalli, fungal tissues, modifications of thallus, 15 Reproduction in fungi (asexual and sexual). 4 16, 17 Nomenclature, Binomial system of nomenclature, rules of 6 nomenclature, 18, 19 Classification of fungi. Key to divisions, sub-divisions, orders and 6 classes. 20, 21, Bacteria and mollicutes: general morphological characters. Basic 8 22 methods of classification and reproduction in bacteria 23,24, Viruses: nature, architecture, multiplication and transmission 7 25 26, 27 Nematodes: General morphology and reproduction, classification 6 of nematode Symptoms and nature of damage caused by plant nematodes (Heterodera, Meloidogyne, Anguina etc.) 28, 29, Principles and methods of plant disease management. 6 30 31, 32, Nature, chemical combination, classification of fungicides and 7 33 antibiotics. -
Blastocladiomycota) and Rozella Allomycis (Cryptomycota)
fungal biology 121 (2017) 561e572 journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/funbio Ultrastructural characterization of the hosteparasite interface between Allomyces anomalus (Blastocladiomycota) and Rozella allomycis (Cryptomycota) Martha J. POWELLa, Peter M. LETCHERa,*, Timothy Y. JAMESb aDepartment of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA bDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA article info abstract Article history: Rozella allomycis is an obligate endoparasite of the water mold Allomyces and a member of Received 16 December 2016 a clade (¼ Opisthosporidia) sister to the traditional Fungi. Gaining insights into Rozella’s de- Received in revised form velopment as a phylogenetically pivotal endoparasite can aid our understanding of struc- 8 March 2017 tural adaptations and evolution of the Opisthosporidia clade, especially within the context Accepted 13 March 2017 of genomic information. The purpose of this study is to characterize the interface between Available online 21 March 2017 R. allomycis and Allomyces anomalus. Electron microscopy of developing plasmodia of R. al- Corresponding Editor: lomycis in host hyphae shows that the interface consists of three-membrane layers, inter- Gordon William Beakes preted as the parasite’s plasma membrane (inner one layer) and a host cisterna (outer two layers). As sporangial and resting spore plasmodia develop, host mitochondria typically Keywords: cluster at the surface of the parasite and eventually align parallel to the three-membrane Evolution layered interface. The parasite’s mitochondria have only a few cristae and the mitochon- Interface drial matrix is sparse, clearly distinguishing parasite mitochondria from those of the Mitochondrial recruitment host. Consistent with the expected organellar topology if the parasite plasmodia phagocy- Parasitism tize host cytoplasm, phagocytic vacuoles are at first bounded by three-membrane layers Phagocytosis with host-type mitochondria lining the inner membrane. -
This Article Appeared in a Journal Published by Elsevier. the Attached
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright Author's personal copy fungal biology 115 (2011) 381e392 journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/funbio Molecular phylogeny of the Blastocladiomycota (Fungi) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA Teresita M. PORTERa,*, Wallace MARTINb, Timothy Y. JAMESc, Joyce E. LONGCOREd, Frank H. GLEASONe, Peter H. ADLERf, Peter M. LETCHERg, Rytas VILGALYSa aDuke University, Biology Department, Campus Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA bRandolph-Macon College, Department of Biology, P.O. Box 5005, Ashland, VA 23005, USA cUniversity of Michigan, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 830 N. University, 1147 Kraus Natural Science Building, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA dUniversity of Maine, School of Biology and Ecology, 216 Deering Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA eUniversity of Sydney, School of Biological Sciences A12, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia fClemson University, Department of Entomology, Soils, and Plant Sciences, 114 Long Hall, Box 340315, Clemson, SC 29634, USA gUniversity of Alabama, Department of Biological Sciences, 1332 SEC, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA article info abstract Article history: The Blastocladiomycota is a recently described phylum of ecologically diverse zoosporic Received 22 November 2010 fungi whose species have not been thoroughly sampled and placed within a molecular Received in revised form phylogeny. -
Indian Chytrids. II. Olpidium Indicum Sp. Nov. *) by John S
©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Indian Chytrids. II. Olpidium indicum sp. nov. *) By John S. Kar 1 i n g. Department of Biological Sciences Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, U. S. A. (21 text-figures). In 1963 while participating as a mycologist in the UJMESCO- sponsored International Indian Ocean Expedition the author isolated numerous chytrids from soil, poods and lakes an various parts of India. Some of the monocentric eucarpic species were described in an earlier paper (Karl ing, 1964 a). In addition to these, a large Olpidum species was found which parasitized the thalli and spor- angia of Phlyclorhiza variabilis and the sporangia of Rhizophlyclis fuscis Karling (1964 b). These host had been isolated from soil at the edge of a slightly brackish pool at Mandapam Camp, Rhamnad District, and grown on bleached corn leave« in tap water whose salt contort varied from 0.3 to 1.0 per cent. Under such conditions they became so abundantly parasitized by the Olpidium species that after two weeks it was difficult to find any thalli which were not attacked. Subsequently, it was found in isolates of the same hosts from sou in dry rice paddies 10 and 51 kilometers south of Madurai along the Rhamnad Road where the soil is non-brackish. The sporangia of the parasite vary markedly in size and shape, depending to some degree on the number present in a host cell, but when they occur singly in a large sporangium of Rhyzophlyclis fus- cis they may fill it and attain a diameter of 150 \i, the largest size reported so far for any species of Olpidium. -
AR TICLE a Taxonomic Summary and Revision of Rozella (Cryptomycota)
doi:10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.02.09 IMA FUNGUS · 9(2): 383–399 (2018) A taxonomic summary and revision of Rozella (Cryptomycota) ARTICLE Peter M. Letcher1 and Martha J. Powell1 1NOQ=R%U*@@QVBO#+WX@ZZ@XX\^=U^@_Z+WRQU corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Rozella is a genus of endoparasites of a broad range of hosts. Most species are known by their Key words: [%# Rozellida genome sequenced. Determined in molecular phylogenies to be the earliest diverging lineage in kingdom Fungi, Rozellomycota Rozella currently nests among an abundance of environmental sequences in phylum Cryptomycota, superphylum straminipilous fungi Opisthosporidia\\"Rozella, provide descriptions of all species, and include a key to the species of Rozella. Article info: Submitted: 18 September 2018; Accepted: 8 November 2018; Published: 16 November 2018. INTRODUCTION " thallus formed a single sporangium. The fourth-named Rozella (Cornu 1872) is a genus currently consisting of species was distinguishable from the others by the absence 27 species of endobiotic, holocarpic, unwalled parasites (or slightness) of host hypertrophy and by the formation from of a variety of hosts in Oomycota (Heterokontophyta), the the thallus of a linear series of sporangia that were separated Fungi phyla Blastocladiomycota, Monoblepharidomycota, from each other by cross walls. Thus, at conception, there Chytridiomycota, and Basidiomycota, and the green alga were two morphologically distinct forms within Rozella, the Coleochaete (Charophyta). Cornu erected the genus “sporangium” (monosporangiate) form containing Cornu’s to describe four species, which had in common: (1) a [OP \ " containing R. septigena. Subsequently, the developmental (for three of the species) that escape through a circular distinction (monosporangiate vs polysporangiate) was opening that results from the dissolution of a papilla; and (3) regarded as important, such that Fischer (1892) erected the formation of spherical, thick walled resting spores with the genus Pleolpidium for the monosporangiate members spiny ornamentations. -
The Genus Allomyces (Blastocladiomycota) in the State of Piauí, Brazil
Hoehnea 43(3): 487-495, 27 fig., 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-93/2015 The genus Allomyces (Blastocladiomycota) in the State of Piauí, Brazil José de Ribamar de Sousa Rocha1,2,3, Laércio de Sousa Saraiva1, Janete Barros da Silva1 and Maria do Amparo de Moura Macêdo1 Received: 16.12.2015; accepted: 1.08.2016 ABSTRACT - (The genus Allomyces (Blastocladiomycota) in the State of Piauí, Brazil). Brazilian ecosystems have been intensively exploited for agricultural expansion, however, the diversity of zoosporic organisms in such biomes remains little known. Therefore, further research is required to better understand their role within these ecosystems. Studies with zoosporic fungi were carried out and 22 Allomyces isolates were obtained from soil samples collected at six municipalities from Piauí State. After identification procedures, the taxa were grouped into four species: A. anomalus R. Emers., A. arbusculus E.J. Butler, A. moniliformis Coker & Braxton, and A. neomoniliformis Indoh. A. arbusculus had the highest rate of resistant sporangia viability (10%) and the largest geographical distribution in Piauí, occurring in seven out of ten sites studied. Countrywide, they occur within 14 municipalities from three states. Greater knowledge about the geographical distribution of Allomyces in Brazil is being pioneered in the State of Piauí. Novel information regarding the diversity and occurrence, as well as taxonomic characteristics of the isolates is presented herein. Keywords: biodiversity, geographical distribution, zoosporic organisms RESUMO - (O gênero Allomyces (Blastocladiomycota) no Estado do Piauí, Brasil). Os biomas no Brasil estão sendo intensamente explorados para expansão das fronteiras agrícolas e a diversidade de organismos zoospóricos ainda é pouco explorada. -
Ultrastructure of Early Stages of Rozella Allomycis (Cryptomycota) Infection of Its Host, Allomyces Macrogynus (Blastocladiomycota)
Fungal Biology 123 (2019) 109e116 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Fungal Biology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/funbio Ultrastructure of early stages of Rozella allomycis (Cryptomycota) infection of its host, Allomyces macrogynus (Blastocladiomycota) * Martha J. Powell, Peter M. Letcher Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA article info abstract Article history: This study reconstructs early stages of Rozella allomycis endoparasitic infection of its host, Allomyces Received 15 August 2018 macrogynus. Young thalli of A. macrogynus were inoculated with suspensions of R. allomycis zoospores Received in revised form and allowed to develop for 120 h. Infected thalli at intervals were fixed for electron microscopy and 28 September 2018 observed. Zoospores were attracted to host thalli, encysted on their surfaces, and penetrated their walls Accepted 13 November 2018 with an infection tube. The parasite cyst discharged its protoplast through an infection tube, which Available online 22 November 2018 invaginated the host plasma membrane. The host plasma membrane then surrounded the parasite Corresponding Editor: Pieter van West protoplast and formed a compartment confining it inside host cytoplasm. The earliest host-parasite interface within host cytoplasm consisted of two membranes, the outer layer the host plasma mem- Keywords: brane and the inner layer the parasite plasma membrane. At first a wide space separated the two Development membranes and no material was observed within this space. Later, as the endoparasite thallus expanded Interface within the compartment, the two membranes became closely appressed. As the endoparasite thallus Mitochondria continued to enlarge, the interface developed into three membrane layers. Thus, host plasma membrane Parasitism surrounded the parasite protoplast initially without the parasite having to pierce the host plasma Plasmodium membrane for entry.