Multimodal Sensorimotor System in Unicellular Zoospores of a Fungus Andrew J
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The Linear Mitochondrial Genome of the Quarantine Chytrid Synchytrium
van de Vossenberg et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2018) 18:136 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-018-1246-6 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access The linear mitochondrial genome of the quarantine chytrid Synchytrium endobioticum; insights into the evolution and recent history of an obligate biotrophic plant pathogen Bart T. L. H. van de Vossenberg1,2* , Balázs Brankovics3, Hai D. T. Nguyen4, Marga P. E. van Gent-Pelzer1, Donna Smith5, Kasia Dadej4, Jarosław Przetakiewicz6, Jan F. Kreuze7, Margriet Boerma8, Gerard C. M. van Leeuwen2, C. André Lévesque4 and Theo A. J. van der Lee1 Abstract Background: Chytridiomycota species (chytrids) belong to a basal lineage in the fungal kingdom. Inhabiting terrestrial and aquatic environments, most are free-living saprophytes but several species cause important diseases: e.g. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, responsible for worldwide amphibian decline; and Synchytrium endobioticum, causing potato wart disease. S. endobioticum has an obligate biotrophic lifestyle and isolates can be further characterized as pathotypes based on their virulence on a differential set of potato cultivars. Quarantine measures have been implemented globally to control the disease and prevent its spread. We used a comparative approach using chytrid mitogenomes to determine taxonomical relationships and to gain insights into the evolution and recent history of introductions of this plant pathogen. (Continued on next page) * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] 1Wageningen UR, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Biointeractions and Plant Health & Plant Breeding, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands 2Dutch National Plant Protection Organization, National Reference Centre, Geertjesweg 15, 6706EA Wageningen, The Netherlands Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). -
The Life Cycles of Cryptogams 7
Acta Botanica Malacitana, 16(1): 5-18 Málaga, 1991 E IE CYCES O CYOGAMS Peter R. BELL SUMMARY: Meiosis and karyogamy are recognized as control points in the life cycle of cryptogams. The control of meiosis is evidently complex and in yeast, and by analogy in all cryptogams, involves progressive gene activation. The causes of the delay in meiosis in diplohaplontic and diplontic organisms, and the manner in which the block is removed remain to be discovered. There is accumulating evidence that cytoplasmic RNA plays an important role in meiotic division. Many features of tn are still obscure. The tendency to oogamy has provided the opportunity for the laying down of long-lived messenger RNA in the abundant cytoplasm of the female gamete. The sporophytic nature of the developing zygote can in this way be partially pre-determined. There is evidence that this is the situation in the ferns. Specific molecules (probably arabino-galacto-proteins) on the surface of the plasma membrane are likely to account both for gametic selection, and the readiness with which appropriate gametes fuse. The dikaryotic condition indicates that nuclear fusion is not inevitable following plasmogamy. The ultimate fusion of the nuclei may result from quite simple changes in the nuclear surface. Exposure of lipid, for example, would lead to fusion as a result of hydrophobic forces. Aberrations of cryptogamic life cycles are numerous. The nuclear relationships of many aberrant cycles are unknown. In general it appears that the maintenance of sporophytic growth depends upon the presence of at least two sets of chromosomes. Conversely the maintenance of gametophytic growth in cultures obtained aposporously appears to be impossible in the presence of four sets of chromosomes, or more. -
Movement of Plastic-Baled Garbage and Regulated (Domestic) Garbage from Hawaii to Landfills in Oregon, Idaho, and Washington
Movement of Plastic-baled Garbage and Regulated (Domestic) Garbage from Hawaii to Landfills in Oregon, Idaho, and Washington. Final Biological Assessment, February 2008 Table of Contents I. Introduction and Background on Proposed Action 3 II. Listed Species and Program Assessments 28 Appendix A. Compliance Agreements 85 Appendix B. Marine Mammal Protection Act 150 Appendix C. Risk of Introduction of Pests to the Continental United States via Municipal Solid Waste from Hawaii. 159 Appendix D. Risk of Introduction of Pests to Washington State via Municipal Solid Waste from Hawaii 205 Appendix E. Risk of Introduction of Pests to Oregon via Municipal Solid Waste from Hawaii. 214 Appendix F. Risk of Introduction of Pests to Idaho via Municipal Solid Waste from Hawaii. 233 2 I. Introduction and Background on Proposed Action This biological assessment (BA) has been prepared by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) to evaluate the potential effects on federally-listed threatened and endangered species and designated critical habitat from the movement of baled garbage and regulated (domestic) garbage (GRG) from the State of Hawaii for disposal at landfills in Oregon, Idaho, and Washington. Specifically, garbage is defined as urban (commercial and residential) solid waste from municipalities in Hawaii, excluding incinerator ash and collections of agricultural waste and yard waste. Regulated (domestic) garbage refers to articles generated in Hawaii that are restricted from movement to the continental United States under various quarantine regulations established to prevent the spread of plant pests (including insects, disease, and weeds) into areas where the pests are not prevalent. -
S41467-021-25308-W.Pdf
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25308-w OPEN Phylogenomics of a new fungal phylum reveals multiple waves of reductive evolution across Holomycota ✉ ✉ Luis Javier Galindo 1 , Purificación López-García 1, Guifré Torruella1, Sergey Karpov2,3 & David Moreira 1 Compared to multicellular fungi and unicellular yeasts, unicellular fungi with free-living fla- gellated stages (zoospores) remain poorly known and their phylogenetic position is often 1234567890():,; unresolved. Recently, rRNA gene phylogenetic analyses of two atypical parasitic fungi with amoeboid zoospores and long kinetosomes, the sanchytrids Amoeboradix gromovi and San- chytrium tribonematis, showed that they formed a monophyletic group without close affinity with known fungal clades. Here, we sequence single-cell genomes for both species to assess their phylogenetic position and evolution. Phylogenomic analyses using different protein datasets and a comprehensive taxon sampling result in an almost fully-resolved fungal tree, with Chytridiomycota as sister to all other fungi, and sanchytrids forming a well-supported, fast-evolving clade sister to Blastocladiomycota. Comparative genomic analyses across fungi and their allies (Holomycota) reveal an atypically reduced metabolic repertoire for sanchy- trids. We infer three main independent flagellum losses from the distribution of over 60 flagellum-specific proteins across Holomycota. Based on sanchytrids’ phylogenetic position and unique traits, we propose the designation of a novel phylum, Sanchytriomycota. In addition, our results indicate that most of the hyphal morphogenesis gene repertoire of multicellular fungi had already evolved in early holomycotan lineages. 1 Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France. 2 Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. ✉ Petersburg, Russia. 3 St. -
Redalyc.Primer Registro De Allomyces Neomoniliformis (Chytridiomycota) Y
Darwiniana ISSN: 0011-6793 [email protected] Instituto de Botánica Darwinion Argentina Steciow, Mónica M.; Eliades, Lorena A. Primer registro de Allomyces neomoniliformis (Chytridiomycota) y Dictyuchus missouriensis (Oomycota) aislados de un suelo agrícola (Buenos Aires, Argentina) Darwiniana, vol. 39, núm. 1-2, 2001, pp. 15-18 Instituto de Botánica Darwinion Buenos Aires, Argentina Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=66939203 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto NOTAM. M.TAXONÓMICA STECIOW & L. A. ELIADES. Primer registroDARWINIANA de Allomyces neomoniliformis y DictyuchusISSN missouriensis 0011-6793 39(1-2): 15-18. 2001 PRIMER REGISTRO DE ALLOMYCES NEOMONILIFORMIS (CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA) Y DICTYUCHUS MISSOURIENSIS (OOMYCOTA) AISLADOS DE UN SUELO AGRICOLA (BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA) MÓNICA M. STECIOW 1 & LORENA A. ELIADES 2 Instituto de Botánica Spegazzini, Calle 53 N° 477, B1900AVJ La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Steciow, M. M. & Eliades, L. A. 2001. First record of Allomyces neomoniliformis (Chytridiomycota) and Dictyuchus missouriensis (Oomycota) from an agricultural soil in Argentina. Darwiniana 39(1-2): 15-18. Allomyces neomoniliformis and Dictyuchus missouriensis were isolated from agricultural soil with organic matter (leaves, roots and twigs) in Argentina. Both are reported for the first time from Argentina and for the second time for South America; this is the southernmost record of these species in the Western Hemisphere. These are the second isolations made of a member of the genus Allomyces and Dictyuchus in Argentina. -
Evolutionary Histories of Soil Fungi Are Reflected in Their Large
Ecology Letters, (2014) doi: 10.1111/ele.12311 LETTER Evolutionary histories of soil fungi are reflected in their large- scale biogeography Abstract Kathleen K. Treseder,1* Mia R. Although fungal communities are known to vary along latitudinal gradients, mechanisms underly- Maltz,1 Bradford A. Hawkins,1 ing this pattern are not well-understood. We used high-throughput sequencing to examine the Noah Fierer,2 Jason E. Stajich3 and large-scale distributions of soil fungi and their relation to evolutionary history. We tested the Trop- Krista L. McGuire4 ical Conservatism Hypothesis, which predicts that ancestral fungal groups should be more restricted to tropical latitudes and conditions than would more recently derived groups. We found support for this hypothesis in that older phyla preferred significantly lower latitudes and warmer, wetter conditions than did younger phyla. Moreover, preferences for higher latitudes and lower pre- cipitation levels were significantly phylogenetically conserved among the six younger phyla, possibly because the older phyla possess a zoospore stage that is vulnerable to drought, whereas the younger phyla retain protective cell walls throughout their life cycle. Our study provides novel evidence that the Tropical Conservatism Hypothesis applies to microbes as well as plants and animals. Keywords Latitude, phylum, precipitation, regular septa, snowball earth events, soil, temperature, traits, zoo- spore. Ecology Letters (2014) Here, we test predictions of TCH as they may apply to a INTRODUCTION group of organisms much older than those normally consid- Numerous studies have reported shifts in fungal community ered. The Earth’s paleoclimate was relatively warm and wet composition by latitude, temperature, and precipitation during the earliest evolution of ancestral fungi, whereas severe (Arnold & Lutzoni 2007; Tedersoo et al. -
The Taxonomy and Biology of Phytophthora and Pythium
Journal of Bacteriology & Mycology: Open Access Review Article Open Access The taxonomy and biology of Phytophthora and Pythium Abstract Volume 6 Issue 1 - 2018 The genera Phytophthora and Pythium include many economically important species Hon H Ho which have been placed in Kingdom Chromista or Kingdom Straminipila, distinct from Department of Biology, State University of New York, USA Kingdom Fungi. Their taxonomic problems, basic biology and economic importance have been reviewed. Morphologically, both genera are very similar in having coenocytic, hyaline Correspondence: Hon H Ho, Professor of Biology, State and freely branching mycelia, oogonia with usually single oospores but the definitive University of New York, New Paltz, NY 12561, USA, differentiation between them lies in the mode of zoospore differentiation and discharge. Email [email protected] In Phytophthora, the zoospores are differentiated within the sporangium proper and when mature, released in an evanescent vesicle at the sporangial apex, whereas in Pythium, the Received: January 23, 2018 | Published: February 12, 2018 protoplast of a sporangium is transferred usually through an exit tube to a thin vesicle outside the sporangium where zoospores are differentiated and released upon the rupture of the vesicle. Many species of Phytophthora are destructive pathogens of especially dicotyledonous woody trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants whereas Pythium species attacked primarily monocotyledonous herbaceous plants, whereas some cause diseases in fishes, red algae and mammals including humans. However, several mycoparasitic and entomopathogenic species of Pythium have been utilized respectively, to successfully control other plant pathogenic fungi and harmful insects including mosquitoes while the others utilized to produce valuable chemicals for pharmacy and food industry. -
Flagellar Structures of Zoospores of Some Fungi and Algae
I III I n II ‘ I I | II II I I II I I I A ,- I I FLAGELLAR STRUCTURES OF ZOOSPORES OF SOME FUNGI AND ALGAE THESIS FOR DEGREE OF MASTEh LF SCIENCE MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE BERNARD ELLISON I944 THESIS This is to certify that the thesis entitled £;:lat7/LIUL“- z4:2:;;cjt;¢‘t :jj 2F4""%L’L“ <5 ,ALIhLL ,¢E¢4flfi}£~‘ap«a( 0p19‘vk presented by MW has been accepted towards fulfilment of the requirements for K“ g degree in W Major professo Date M (I /?/'/</ FIAGELLAR STRUC'IURES OF ZOOSPORES 01" SM FUNGI AND AIGAE by BERNARD 1I_*‘3“.I..I.ISOI\I A 1531313 Sutmitted to the Graduate School of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree or MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Botany and Plant Pathology THESIS ACKNCNLEDGSM’WT I should like to eXpress my appreciation to Dr. Ernst A. Bessey for suggesting this research problem and for his valuable aid and advice. His interest and encouragement have been a source of inspiration to me throughout the course of the investigation and his suggestions and criticisms have been most helpful. I should also like to thank Mr. John M. Roberts for many stimulating and valuable suggestions and for furnishing me with certain material used in the investigation. Likewise I should like to express my thanks to D. J. C. Walker of the Agricultural College of the University of Wisconsin, and to Dr. C. M. Haenseler of the New Jersey Experiment Station who were good enough to furnish me with clubbed cabbage roots from which I obtained the zoospores of Plasmodiophora brassicae. -
Chytridiomycetes, Chytridiomycota)
VOLUME 5 JUNE 2020 Fungal Systematics and Evolution PAGES 17–38 doi.org/10.3114/fuse.2020.05.02 Taxonomic revision of the genus Zygorhizidium: Zygorhizidiales and Zygophlyctidales ord. nov. (Chytridiomycetes, Chytridiomycota) K. Seto1,2,3*, S. Van den Wyngaert4, Y. Degawa1, M. Kagami2,3 1Sugadaira Research Station, Mountain Science Center, University of Tsukuba, 1278-294, Sugadaira-Kogen, Ueda, Nagano 386-2204, Japan 2Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1, Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan 3Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240- 8502, Japan 4Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Alte Fischerhuette 2, D-16775 Stechlin, Germany *Corresponding author: [email protected] Key words: Abstract: During the last decade, the classification system of chytrids has dramatically changed based on zoospore Chytridiomycota ultrastructure and molecular phylogeny. In contrast to well-studied saprotrophic chytrids, most parasitic chytrids parasite have thus far been only morphologically described by light microscopy, hence they hold great potential for filling taxonomy some of the existing gaps in the current classification of chytrids. The genus Zygorhizidium is characterized by an zoospore ultrastructure operculate zoosporangium and a resting spore formed as a result of sexual reproduction in which a male thallus Zygophlyctis and female thallus fuse via a conjugation tube. All described species of Zygorhizidium are parasites of algae and Zygorhizidium their taxonomic positions remain to be resolved. Here, we examined morphology, zoospore ultrastructure, host specificity, and molecular phylogeny of seven cultures of Zygorhizidium spp. Based on thallus morphology and host specificity, one culture was identified as Z. -
Morphology, Ultrastructure, and Molecular Phylogeny of Rozella Multimorpha, a New Species in Cryptomycota
DR. PETER LETCHER (Orcid ID : 0000-0003-4455-9992) Article type : Original Article Letcher et al.---A New Rozella From Pythium Morphology, Ultrastructure, and Molecular Phylogeny of Rozella multimorpha, a New Species in Cryptomycota Peter M. Letchera, Joyce E. Longcoreb, Timothy Y. Jamesc, Domingos S. Leited, D. Rabern Simmonsc, Martha J. Powella a Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, 35487, Alabama, USA b School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, 04469, Maine, USA c Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, Michigan, USA d Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13082-862, Brazil Corresponding author: P. M. Letcher, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, 1332 SEC, Box 870344, 300 Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA, telephone number:Author Manuscript +1 205-348-8208; FAX number: +1 205-348-1786; e-mail: [email protected] This is the author manuscript accepted for publication and has undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi: 10.1111/jeu.12452-4996 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved ABSTRACT Increasing numbers of sequences of basal fungi from environmental DNA studies are being deposited in public databases. Many of these sequences remain unclassified below the phylum level because sequence information from identified species is sparse. Lack of basic biological knowledge due to a dearth of identified species is extreme in Cryptomycota, a new phylum widespread in the environment and phylogenetically basal within the fungal lineage. -
A Taxonomic Revision of the Genus
A peer-reviewed open-access journal MycoKeys 66: 55–81 (2020) Revision of the genus Conidiobolus 55 doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.66.46575 RESEARCH ARTICLE MycoKeys http://mycokeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research A taxonomic revision of the genus Conidiobolus (Ancylistaceae, Entomophthorales): four clades including three new genera Yong Nie1,2, De-Shui Yu1, Cheng-Fang Wang1, Xiao-Yong Liu3, Bo Huang1 1 Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China 2 School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan 243002, China 3 State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China Corresponding author: Xiao-Yong Liu ([email protected]), Bo Huang ([email protected]) Academic editor: M. Stadler | Received 14 September 2019 | Accepted 13 March 2020 | Published 30 March 2020 Citation: Nie Y, Yu D-S, Wang C-F, Liu X-Y, Huang B (2020) A taxonomic revision of the genus Conidiobolus (Ancylistaceae, Entomophthorales): four clades including three new genera. MycoKeys 66: 55–81. https://doi. org/10.3897/mycokeys.66.46575 Abstract The genus Conidiobolus is an important group in entomophthoroid fungi and is considered to be poly- phyletic in recent molecular phylogenies. To re-evaluate and delimit this genus, multi-locus phylogenetic analyses were performed using the large and small subunits of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nucLSU and nuc- SSU), the small subunit of the mitochondrial ribosomal DNA (mtSSU) and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α). The results indicated that the Conidiobolus is not monophyletic, being grouped into a paraphyletic grade with four clades. -
A Multigene Phylogeny of Olpidium and Its Implications for Early Fungal Evolution
Sekimoto et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011, 11:331 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/11/331 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access A multigene phylogeny of Olpidium and its implications for early fungal evolution Satoshi Sekimoto1,3*,D’Ann Rochon2, Jennifer E Long1,4, Jaclyn M Dee1 and Mary L Berbee1 Abstract Background: From a common ancestor with animals, the earliest fungi inherited flagellated zoospores for dispersal in water. Terrestrial fungi lost all flagellated stages and reproduce instead with nonmotile spores. Olpidium virulentus (= Olpidium brassicae), a unicellular fungus parasitizing vascular plant root cells, seemed anomalous. Although Olpidium produces zoospores, in previous phylogenetic studies it appeared nested among the terrestrial fungi. Its position was based mainly on ribosomal gene sequences and was not strongly supported. Our goal in this study was to use amino acid sequences from four genes to reconstruct the branching order of the early- diverging fungi with particular emphasis on the position of Olpidium. Results: We concatenated sequences from the Ef-2, RPB1, RPB2 and actin loci for maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. In the resulting trees, Olpidium virulentus, O. bornovanus and non-flagellated terrestrial fungi formed a strongly supported clade. Topology tests rejected monophyly of the Olpidium species with any other clades of flagellated fungi. Placing Olpidium at the base of terrestrial fungi was also rejected. Within the terrestrial fungi, Olpidium formed a monophyletic group with the taxa traditionally classified in the phylum Zygomycota. Within Zygomycota, Mucoromycotina was robustly monophyletic. Although without bootstrap support, Monoblepharidomycetes, a small class of zoosporic fungi, diverged from the basal node in Fungi.