SUSTAI W IWG MEMBERS

ABBOTT LABORATORIES ELI LILLY AND COMPANY ANALYTAB PRODUCTS MERCK SHARP AND DOHME RESEARCH LABORATORIES AYERST RESEMCH LABORATORIES MILES LABORATORIES INC. BBL MICROBIOLOGY SYSTEMS NALGE COMPANY / SY BRON CORPORATION BELCO GLASS INC. NEW BRUNSWICK SCIENTIFIC CO. BURROUGHS WELCOME COMPANY PELCO BUTLER COUNTY WJSHROOM FMI PFIZER, INC. CAROLINA BIOLOGICAL SUPPLY COMPANY PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC. DEKALB AGRESEARCH , INC . THE QUAKER OATS COMPANY DIFCO LABORATORY PRODUCTS ROHM AND HASS COMPANY FORRESTRY SUPPLIERS INCORPORATED SCHERING CORPORATION FUNK SEEDS INTERNATIONAL SEARLE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT HOECHST-ROUSSEL PHARMACEUTICALS INC. SMITH KLINE & FRENCH LABORATORIES HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE, INC. SPRINGER VERLAG NEW YORK, INC. JANSSEN PHARMACEUTICA INCORPORATED TRIARCH INCORPORATED LANE SCIENCE EqUIPMENT CO. THE WJOHN COMPANY WYETH LABORATORIES

The Society is extremely grateful for the support of its Sustaining Members. These organizations are listed above in alphabetical order. Patronize them and let their repre- sentatives know of our appreciation whenever possible.

OFFICERS OF THE MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA

Margaret Barr Bigelow, President Donald J. S. Barr, Councilor (1981-34) Harry D. Thiers, President-elect Meredith Blackwell, Councilor (1981-82) Richard T. Hanlin, Vice-president O'Neil R. Collins, Councilor (1980-83) Roger Goos, Sec.-Treas. Ian K. Ross, Councilor (1980-83) Joseph F. Amrnirati, Councilor (1981-83) Walter J. Sundberg, Councilor (1980-83) Donald T. Wicklow, Councilor (1930-83) MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA NEWSLETTER

Volume 33, No. 1, June 1982

Edited by Donald H. Pfister and Geraldine C. Kaye

TABLE OF CONTENTS General Announcements ...... 2 Positions Wanted ...... 14 Calendar of Meetings and Forays ....4 Changes in Affiliation ...... 15 New Research...... 6 Travels, Visits...... 16 Forthcoming Courses ...... 7 Papers, Seminars ...... 18 Fungi for Distribution...... 9 Regional Meetings...... 18 Identifications ...... 10 Honors, Awards, Promotions ...... 19 Publications Available...... 11 Personal News...... 20 Publications Wanted ...... 12 Notes and Comments ...... 20 New books by MSA Members...... 13 Affiliated Societies ...... 21 Miscellaneous ...... 13 Associations and Clubs ...... 22 Vacancy for Mycologist...... 14 Annual Meeting Program and Abstracts . . 23 Postdoctoral Positions...... 14

EDITORS' NOTE In this issue, along with the usual news you will find contained the abstracts of papers which will be presented at the annual meeting. The illustrations in the text are from Worth- inton G. Smith's Diseases of Field and Garden Crops. Some of you might recall E. C. Large's comments about Smith's work. We quote: "He had begun life as an architect, dabbling in botany and gardening in his spare time, and studying the larger fungi, toadstools, and the like, as a mental exercise. His hobbies had gotten the upper hand, and some time prior to 1865...he switched over from architectual draughtsmanship to botanical--without altogether changing his style. When he had occasion to draw a tomato in a hurry to illustrate some advertisement in his Chronicle, it looked exactly like an ornament off a wrought-iron gate.. .. The illustration on page 13 is by Ann Bell. The cover was prepared by J. Page Lindsey, who also provided the key to species below. Your attention is drawn to the logo competition; the first entries appear on page 4.

a, cystidia of Pluteus cervinus; b, basidiospore of Gymnopilus spectabilis; c, basidiospore of Pleurotus subareolatus; d, stephanocyst of Hyphoderma praetermissum; e, basidiospores of Poria pannocincta; f, acanthohyphidium of Aleurodiscus lapponicus; g, basidiospore of Coprinus papagoensis; h, capitate cystidium of Resinicium bicolor; i, moniliform cystidium of Hypho- derma pilosum; j, dichohyphidium of Vararia phyllophila; k, basidiospore of Dacrymyces deliquescens; 1, basidiospore of Tomentellastrum montanensis; m, incrusted cystidium of Penio- phora rufa; n, seta of Inonotus circinatus; o, basidiospore of Trechispora candidissima. GENERAL ANNOUNCEMENTS

A bequest to the Univ. of Michigan from the estate of the late Prof. and Mrs. L. E. Wehmeyer has established the Lewis E. and Elaine Prince WEHMEYER PROFESSORSHIP IN FUNGAL TAXONOMY in the Div. of Biological Sciences. Dr. Robert L. Shaffer, Director of the Herbarium and Prof. of Botany at Michigan, has been selected as the first occupant of the chair. The old SECTION OF BOTANY of the SWEDISH MJSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, STOCKHOLM, has been divided into two: the Section for Cryptogamic Botany and the Section for Phanerogamic Botany. The former Head of the section, Rolf Santesson, retired on Jan. 1, 1982. His successor as Professor and Head of the Section for Cryptogamic Botany is Dr. Nils Lundqvist, Inst. of Systematic Botany, Uppsala. Dr. Lundqvist has worked mainly on the taxonomy of coprophilous fungi, especially the Sordariaceae and other Pyrenomycetes. The LUELLA KAYLA WERESUB MYCOLOGICAL COLLECTION, comprising books, journals and reprints of the late Dr. Luella Weresub of Ottawa, was dedicated at the Dept. of Plant Pathology & Plicrobiology, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem at Rehovot, Nov. 25, 1981. Her sister, Miss Matilda Weresub of Ottawa, was present. The approximately 1500 specimens of fungi in the GARRETT HERBARIUM, Univ. of Utah (UT), Salt Lake City, have been transferred to the cryptogamic herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden (NY) and will be intercalated with the collections of fungi at NY. Included are the collections of A. 0. Garrett, with the holotypes of the species described by Garrett as well as isotypes of specimens described by Ellis, Peck, Rehm, Sydow, etc., based on collections by Garrett. Voucher specimens for the two major publications by Garrett (The Uredinales or Rusts of Utah, 1937; The Ustilaginales or Smuts of Utah, 1939) make up the bulk of the collections. Collections of fungi by Seville Flowers also are included. EDWARD HACSKAYLO has presented approximately 3,000 reprints on mycorrhizae to the National Fungus Collections Library at Beltsville, MD. Included are J. R. Schramm's photos used in the classical study on revegetation in anthracite coal spoils, and other historical items on mycorrhizae. The CEMTRO DE IIJFORMACI~NY DIWLGACI~N AGROPECUARIO, Havana, Cuba, wishes to establish publication and information exchange arrangements with interested institutions. They offer titles of mycological interest such as "Agrotecnia de Cuba", "Revista Cubana de Ciencias Veterinarias", and "~ienciay T6cnica en la Agricultura" (in several series including 'Protecci6n de Plantas'). Write to: Lic. Josefina Otero Mouriiio, J'Adq. y Dist. a la Red, C.I.D.A., Gaveta Postal 4149, La Habana 4, Cuba. The PIYCOLOGY GUIDEBOOK (1974), a fundamental aid for mycology teaching long out of print, is again available, reports Joe Ammirati, Chairman, MSA Guidebook Committee. Minor corrections have been made and a subject index added. (See Books section.) The Editorial Board of MYCOLOGIA continues to need in all fields of interest mycologists and plant pathologists willing to review papers submitted to MYCOLOGIA for publication. Any- one who is not now a reviewer for the journal, but who is interested in serving in this capacity, please contact T. W. Johnson, Jr., Dept. of Botany, Duke Univ., Durham, NC 27706; tel. (919) 684-3715. If you have missed getting a copy of the current (1981) MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY, you may obtain one from Roger Goos, Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston 02881. Don't forget IMC3! THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL MYCOLOGICAL CONGRESS will happen in Tokyo in Aug.-Sept. 1983 (see Meetings section). The Second Circular with registration forms is expected out in October 1982. Dr. Tubaki would like to receive titles of papers, posters, or symposia. 3 MSA LOGO!?!?! The Council of MSA in 1981 received a suggestion that the Society should have a logo. Dr. 0. R. Collins kindly submitted to chairing (and being) the committee, and the following four potential logos were generated. Members of PlSA are invited to send their reactions and/or any additional designs to 0. R. Collins for consideration. 4 CALENDAR OF CONFERENCES, SYMPOSIA, FORAYS Julv 1982 5-9: FUNGAL METABOLISM, GORDON RESEARCH CONFERENCE. Plymouth State College, Plymouth, NH. Chaired by J. S. Lovett and C. H. Nash. For detailed program see Science, 5 March 1982, p. 215. Contact Dr. A. M. Cruikshank, Director, Gordon Research Conferences, Pastore Chemical Lab., Univ. Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881; tel. (401) 743-4011 or -3372. 18: FORAY, Hanover, NH. See Montshire Mycological Club, Societies section. 31-Aug. 1: FORAY, Delaware Co., OH. See Ohio Mushroom Society, Societies section.

August 1982 5-8: TELLURIDE PKJSHROOM CONFERENCE, Telluride, CO. Designed for persons interested in identification and cultivation of wild mushrooms. Write: Telluride Mushroom Conference, P.O. Box 5503, Denver, CO 80217-5503. FORAY, Hanover, NH. See Montshire Mycological Club, Societies section. ANNUAL MEETING OF MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AXERICA in conjunctfon with A. I.B. S., University Park, PA. (See program elsewhere in this issue.) XIIIth INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF MICROBIOLOGY, Boston, MA. A good program covering a broad spectrum of mycological topics will be offered through the week. ANNUAL MEETING, SOCIETY FOR INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul. Contact Pls. Ann Kulback, Soc. for Industrial Microbiology, 1401 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22209; tel. (703) 256-0337. 9th ROCKY MOUNTAIN MUSHROOM CONFERENCE, Snowmass Village, CO. Lectures, displays, and field trips for medical workers, mycologists, botanists, teachers, all interested in mushroom toxicology and microscopy. Course accreditation applied for. Contact: Dept. of Professional Education, Rocky Mountain Poison Center, West 8th & Cherokee Sts., Denver, CO 80204. NORTH AMERICAN MYCOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION FORAY, East Stroudsburg State College, E. Stroudsburg, PA. Info from Jim Kronick, 46 Beacon Hill Drive, Waterford, CT 06385. (Preceded by Watling course; see Courses section.)

September 1982 1-3: 5th INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MYCOTOXINS AND PHYCOTOXINS, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vienna, Austria. Sponsored by World Health Organiza- tion. Writ:: Prof. Palle Krogh, Chairman, IWAC Symposium Scientific Committee, c/o Verein Osterreichischer Chemiker, Eschenbachgasse 9, A-1010 Vienna, Austria. For information on the 1982 STUNTZ FORAY, please contact David R. Hosford. 5-10: INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM FOR INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY, Univ. of Sussex, England. Will include a 2-day workshop on the systematics, biology, and practical use of the Ento- mophthorales, to be followed by a 5-day foray to various significant collecting sites (including some of Thomas etch's haunts). Contact R. Humber, USDA-ARC Insect Path. Research Unit, Boyce Thompson Inst., Tower Rd., Ithaca, NY 14853. 10-12: CHARLES HORTON PECK FORAY, Pack Demonstration Forest, Warrensburg, NY. Contact Josiah L. Lowe for information. 12: FORAY, Hanover, NH. See Montshire Mycological Club, Societies section.

25-26: FORAY, Lorain Co., OH. Ohio Mushroom Society. See Societies section. October 1982 14-17: 1982 Convention, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BIOLOGY TEACHERS, Detroit, MI. Theme: "The Biological and Social Sciences: Education for Citizenship." Contact: Sue Nolan, NABT, 11250 Roger Bacon Drive, Reston, VA 22090; tel. (703) 471-1134.

1983 February or March: 4th ONTARIO MYCOLOGY WORKSHOP, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario. Contact Dave Malloch. (See report on 3rd Meeting, in Regional Meetings section.) 26-31 May: 149th NATIONAL MEETING, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Detroit, MI. Contact: AAAS, 1776 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20036. 25-29 July: XI1 CONGRESS0 BRASILEIRO DE MICROBIOLOGIA, Silo Paulo, Brasil. Address Socie- dade Brasileira de Microbiologia, c/o JoZo S. Furtado, Instituto de ~otsnica,C.P. 4005, 01000 S5o Paulo SPY Brasil. 7-12 August: THIRD INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MICROBIAL ECOLOGY, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing. Write: The Kellogg Center for Continuing Education, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI 48824. 28 Aug.-3 Sept.: THIRD INTERNATIONAL MYCOLOGICAL CONGRESS, Tokyo, Japan. Contact: Prof. K. Tubaki, Secretary General, c/o International Congress Service, Inc., Chikusen Bldg. SF, 2-7-4, Nihombashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan 103, or David L. Hawksworth, Secretary, International Mycological Association. The meetings will be held at the Keio Plaza Hotel in Tokyo. Several pre- and post-congress forays are planned. The Japan Travel Bureau, Inc. and Japan Airlines have been appointed official travel agent and official carrier for the Congress. The Colorado Mycological Society will host the 1983 NAMA FORAY. Contact: Tom Flynn, 3445 Longwood Ave., Boulder, CO 80303.

1984 August: Second INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ARCTO-ALPINE MYCOLOGY, ISAM-11, will be held at Munstertal in the Swiss Alps. Gary Laursen will have information.

-1985 August: INTERNATIONAL MARINE MYCOLOGY SYMPOSIUM, Portsmouth, U.K. Roger Goos knows.

Fl". 6. 1'c;l;a yudunrn, D. alld \V. Natural rile 6 NEW RESEARCH J. BAXTER: Life cycle studies of grass rusts; species of Puccinia on Cucurbitaceae; South American species of Ravenelia. K. ESSER: Fungal mitochondria1 DNA, a new vector for prokaryotic and eukaryotic cloning in biotechnology. R. BAIRD: Taxonomic study of Sarcodon, Phellodon, Hydnellum and Bankera (stipitate Hydnums) of the Southeastern States. J. W. PADEN, K. N. EGGER: Biology of pyrophilous Discomycetes. J. POMMERVILLE: Cell surface organization in Allomyces gametes; developmental control during gametogenesis in Allomyces. N.S.M. HO: Survey of Mucorales in Taiwan. W. C. BAKEWELL: Developing plastic food containers to store dried fleshy fungi along with fumigant in the small home or teaching herbarium; use of chlorocresol to temporarily preserve fresh fleshy fungi; labeled, color-coded sporeprint cards by which sporeprints can be deposited along with basidiocarp specimens in mycological institutions. W. J. SUNDBERG: Fleshy fungi of Illinois--Basidiomycetes: a detailed literature survey; (With Ms. Iwona Kubacka): Isolation and identification of a Basidiomycete basidio- carp-inducing compound. C. B. WOLFE: Meiotic nuclear behavior in the Boletes; numerical taxonomic analysis in the Boletes. E. A. CRONIN: Identification of fleshy fungi and their mycorrhizal relationships with forest trees (at Mountain Lake Biological Station). L. JOHNSON: Phanerochaete chrysosporium decolorization of lignin wastes. S. COHEN: Study of life cycle of Trichoderma species in soil. J. TRAPPE: Rotten logs in old-growth forests as microhabitats for fungi, mycorrhizae, and fungus-using animals.

€ 1,;. 1:;. I'all~cle af unts il~vad~clI,! llic iollgih uf SI~III~>(:.l8lc,g0 CUI.~U,TIII. Sntnlnl .~r,~ FORTHCOEII NG COURSES

Walter Sundberg notes that Southern Illinois Univ. will offer two Fall Semester courses: FIELD MYCOLOGY (Botany 409), Aug. 15-Dec. 15, 1982; also, IUSHROOMS TOADSTOOLS (a Continuing Education evening class), Sept. 13-Nov. 15, 1982. For either one, contact him at Dept. of Botany, Southern Illinois Univ., Carbondale, IL 62901; tel. (618) 536-2331. Univ. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, offers FUNGI/MYCOLOGY, a new course, Fall 1982. A flexible plan offers lectures, labs, research projects, or any combination, for 1-6 credit hours. Course given by W. J. Koch, A. Domnas, and M. McGinnis. FIELD MYCOLOGY is an intensive 2-week course that will be offered at the State Univ. College at Cortland Outdoor Education Center, Raquette Lake, NY, July 19-Aug. 1, 1982. Undergraduate and graduate sections are available. Contact T. J. Baroni, Asst. Prof., Dept. of Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 2000, SUNY College at Cortland, Cortland, NY 13045; tel. (607) 753-2715. (Official deadline 31 May!) A 5-credit SUI.DER COURSE IN LICHENOLOGY will be held July 28-Aug. 21 at the Lake Itasca Biology Station, Univ. of Minnesota. M. J. Dibben will teach this course (Botany 5821) which will alternate days with FIELD PIYCOLOGY. Write: Field Biology Program, Bell Museum of Natural History, Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, PIN 55455. Fred Rhoades notes a course on ALPINE MYCOLOGY (Bio 454s) will be given July 31-Aug. 19. It's worth 3 credits through Western \lashington Univ. Write him at Biology Dept., W.W.U., Bellingham, WA 98225. A graduate level course on IfYCORRHIZAE will be given July 17-Nov. 15 at the Universidad de Costa Rica. Information: School of Biology, Univ. de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. SPECIAL TOPICS IN BIOLOGY: MYXOMYCETES will be taught by S. L. Stephenson in the fall of 1982 at Fairmont State College, Fairmont WV 26554. Botany 467, ECOLOGY OF FOREST FUNGI, will be offered fall 1982 (2 Sept.-20 Dec.). Contact R. Fogel, Herbarium, North Univ. Bldg., Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, PI1 48109, for course description, etc. Univ. of Arkansas offers Botany 5423, MYCOLOGY, Fall 1982. LABORATORY AND CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF HUNAN AND ANIMAL MYCOSES will be taught June 21-July 16, 1982 by Dr. Norman L. Goodman, Dept. of Pathology, Univ. of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536. FUNGI, ALGAE, BRYOPHYTES is a credit course offered by correspondence by the Univ. of IJaterloo. Contact Dr. Bryce Kendrick, Dept. of Biology, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont. N3L 3G1, Canada. Keene State College is offering a MUSHROOM IDENTIFICATION course this summer. Contact: Summer School Office, Keene State College, Keene, NH 03431. Dr. Roy Watling of Edinburgh will reveal HOW TO IDENTIFY MUSHROOMS TO GENUS USING CULTURAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL FEATURES, Aug. 15-19, at East Stroudsburg State College, East Stroudsburg, PA. (This is just before the NAtN Foray there.) For information contact Robert Peabody, RD No. 4, Box 281, Easton, PA 18042; tel. (215) 749-2510 evenings. David F. Perry will teach ECOLOGY OF THE FUNGI at Mountain Lake Biological Station, Rte. 1, Pembroke, VA 24136, July 19-Aug. 21, 1982. Mr. Perry is at Forest Pest Management Inst., Box 490, Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. P6A 5M7, Canada. Dr. Kenneth Erb will teach ALGAE AND FUNGI AND THEIR RELATION TO THE ENVIRONMENT, Fall semester 1982, at Dept. of Biology, Hofstra Univ., Hempstead, NY 11550. You may call him at (516) 560-3261. 8 FUNGI WANTED

ASCOMYCETES C. S. Yang: Cultures of Pulvinula convexella (haemastigma), Podophacidium xanthomelum, Byssonectria fusispora, Geopora sp., Trichophaea sp., Sphaerosporella sp., and Humaria sp. T. I. Capiello: Strossmayeria specimens or cultures. F. W. Spiegel: Ascobolus magnificus (A. scatigenus) K. Esser: Cultures of Morchella esculenta or 2. hortensis. J. W. Paden: P.licrostorna, Sarcoscypha, Sarcosoma, Plectania, Urnula, Galiella--recent collections suitable for culturing.

BASIDIOMYCETES R. A. Blanchette: Wood decayed by Phellinus nigrolimitatus (any host), Inonotus rheades on aspen, Stereum subpileatum (any host). Any size or shape. Postage will be paid. J. Baxter: Rusts on Crotalaria spp. Acacia farnesiana and Melothria spp. (Cucurbitaceae). Puccinia monardae on Monarda f'istulosa. Puccinia monardae occurs on Monarda didyma, --M. media and 2. clinopodia in New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, W. Virginia and North Carolina. It has pale brown or yellow teleutosori that have been mistaken for uredia of Puccinia menthae. R. Fogel: Cultures or specimens of Hymenogaster. W. J. Sundberg: Lepiota sensu lato, specimens, notes or color photos or both. N. L. Nickerson: Dried specimens and/or cultures of any Exobasidium from the United States. H. S. Vishniac: Chionosphaera apobasidialis, Brachybasidium pinangae, Microstroma juglandis yeast-like phase in culture. 11. E. Palm: Suillus (specimens/cultures)with notes on fresh macroscopic characters. J. Ammirati: Cortinarius, only specimens with notes on macroscopic features. R. E. Baird: Field collections of stipitate Hydnums, including notes, from Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee. M. E. Deutsch: Culture of Stropharia rugoso-annulata. N. R. OINeill: Corticium fuciforme and species of Laetisaria. Y. Ono: Uredinales from Southeast Asia, especially Phakopsora, Physopella, Cerotelium. V. Demoulin: Specimens of Gasteromycetes especially Lycoperdon. B. Liu: Tremella mesenterica and T. aurantia. D. C. Prusso: Collections of Tulostoma with collection data.

DEUTEROMYCETES L. L. Burpee: Isolates of Rhizoctonia spp. from gramineous hosts. T. I. Capiello: Cultures or specimens of Pseudospiropes. R. D. Goos: Helicosporous fungi. K. Seifert: Gleoid synnematal Hyphomycetes especially cultures of Stilbella, Graphium, Dendrostilbella. G. W. Moorman: Rhizoctonia isolated from poinsettia. S. Cohen: Cultures isolated from nature of Trichoderma viride, 2. hamatum, and T. hanzianum. M. E. Palm: Specimens or cultures of Trichocladium. LOWER FUNGI G. W. Moorman: Pythium aphanidermtum isolated from chrysanthemum. J. Ammirati: Cultures of Endogone pisiformis. J. A. S5enz Eenauld: Cultures or specimens of mycobionts (ecto-endo (V. A.) mycorrhizae). Roots. Endogonaceae specimens. J. PI. Trappe: Endogonaceae. D. W. Roberts: Cultures of Lagenidium isolated from arthropods. A. Weintraub: Prepared microscope slides of Syncephalastrum racemosum. D. J. S. Barr: Cultures of Chytridiomycetes. T. M. Hammill: Cultures of Mucor spp. in the section Mucedo.

MYXOMYCETES S. L. Stephenson: Pfyxomycetes, especially collections from western North America. K. L. Braun Jr.: Myxomycetes from Mexico. Bark from Mexican trees (identified), especially from the southern states of Pfexico. H. W. Keller: Specimens of Corticolous Myxomycetes, specimens of Licea, Clastoderma, and Perichaena.

PI1 SCELLANEOUS J. M. Trappe: Hypogeous fungi. M. Blackwell: Gulf coastal plain fungi with substrate and microhabitat data, insects from any fungi with vouchers or reliable voucher records. K. A. West: Dried specimens (with fresh specimen notes) of wood-decaying fungi associated with eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana). R. A. Humber: Entomopathogenic fungi; permits trill be provided for culture shipment.

Fit<. 107. Cluuicqs purpurea, Tul., vnr. IVtlsat~r.V.Sm., glowing from Ergot Sntllral sir?.

FUNGI FOR DISTRIBUTION BASIDIOMYCETES V. Demoulin will provide cultures and specimens of Gasteromycetes and Hebelomina neerlandica (= H. microspora). J. Baxter offers specimens of Peridermium ephedrae.

DEUTEROMYCETES Isolates of Rhizoctonia --solani, R. cerealis, and R. oryzae are available from L. L. Burpee.

MISCELLANEOUS Cultures of entomopathogenic fungi (more than 700 isolates); contact R. Humber for listing or further in£ormation. 10 IDENTIFICATIONS The following are qualified and willing to identify the taxa specified.

ASCOPNCETES T. I. Capiello: Sttossmayeria species. M. Barr Bigelow: Ascomycetes, especially Loculoascomycetes. J. W. Paden: Sarcosomataceae: Plectania, Galiella, Urnula, Sarcosoma.

BAS IDIOPNCETES G. Laursen: High latitude or altitude agarics. B. S. Luther: Lindtneria or Lindtneria-like fungi from anywhere. J. A. Sgenz Renauld: Phallaceae and Clathraceae up to species. J. Amrnirati: Cortinarius K. Seifert: Dacrymycetaceae. V. Demoulin: Lycoperdales and Sclerodermatales. Y. Ono: Asiatic Uredinales. W. J. Sundberg: Lepiota sensu lato, notes or color photos or both helpful.

DEUTEROMYCETES T. I. Capiello: Pseudospiropes. M. E. Palm: Trichocladium and similar dematiaceous Hyphomycetes.

LOWER FUNGI AND IflXOMYCETES F. W. Spiegel: Protostelids, Dictyostelids, Acrasid cellular slime moulds. J. M. Trappe: Endogonaceae. D. J. S. Barr: Spizellomycetales (Chytridiomycetes). H. W. Keller: Corticolous Myxomycetes, specimens of Licea, Clastoderma, Perichaena.

MISCELLANEOUS J. PI. Trappe: Hypogeous Ascomycotina and Basidiomycotina. R. A. Humber: Entomopathogens, particularly Entomophthorales.

FIQ. R7. Berries of .llahonia A,,tri/olilrn~,Lincll., invarlc.cl by .Tcidiam Derbeklis, Pen. Elllarged 5 dianwtsrs. 11 PUBLICATIONS FOR GIVE-AWAY, SALE, OR EXCHANGE

Andy MacKinnon offers BIRD'S NEST FUNGI by Harold Brodie (new copies) for $7 (postage paid). His new address is: Ecology, B.C. llinistry of Forests, 470-1011 - 4th Ave., Prince George, B.C., Canada. Darrell Cox has for sale: Hesler's NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF HYGROPHORUS--$15; Fink's LICHEN FLORA OF THE UNITED STATES--$15; Petersen's EVOLUTION IN THE HIGHER BASIDIOMYCETES-- $20; CIII's PLANT PATHOLOGIST'S POCKETBOOK, 1968--$5. Mycologia Memoir No. 5, THE ENDOGONACEAE IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST, by J. W. Gerdemann and J. M. Trappe, 1974, long out of print, has been reprinted. Single copies are available free from Publications, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 809 N.E. 6th Ave., Portland, OR 97232. Alex Shigo has a list of available booklets, posters, and slide tapes on tree decay, parasite attack, and treatment of tree diseases. Write him for titles, prices, and ordering addresses. R. M. Marwin offers for sale MYCOLOGIA 43-73 complete, unbound, for $162 plus shipping. Robert Ilachol has some incomplete sets of icones (e.g. Konrad & Maublanc, Lange), and is willing to entertain offers at reduced prices. Also, a treasure: Bulliard, HISTOIRE DES CHAMPIGNONS, with all 397 plates including rare, original no. 601 and 602. "It has, as almost always, only first half of text, the last half having been destroyed in a fire. Beautifully bound in half-calf with gold lettering. In excellent condition.'' A bargain at $3000. He will soon have a list of other treasures available. A. J. R. Guttay offers: IMPACT OF DEICING SALTS UPON THE ENDONYCORRHIZAE OF ROADSIDE SUGAR MAPLES; and THE GROWTH OF 3 WOODY PLANT SPECIES AND THE DEVELOPIGZNT OF THEIR MYCORRHI- ZAE IN 3 DIFFERENT PLANT COMPOSTS. Esther Dick Snell has for sale BOLETES OF IIICHIGAN, Smith & Thiers, 1971 (2 copies); THE GENUS TILLETIA, Duran & Fischer, 1961; INTRODUCTION TO MUSHROOM HUNTING, Vera K. Charles, Dover Reprint . D. C. Erwin announces the availability of INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM: PHYTOPHTHORA, ITS BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY; $3 in USA, Canada, and Mexico, $4 overseas. Make out checks to Regents, Univ. of California (for ~roceedings/PhytophthoraSymposium). Mail to Dept. of Plant Pathology, Univ. of California, Riverside, CA 92521. W. R. Burk will give away reprints on Gasteromycetes. In response to many inquiries: WORLD LITERATURE ON MYCORRHIZAE, 1973, E. Hacskaylo and C. M. Tompkins, is still available from Reed Library & Herbarium, 10105 Harford Road, Balti- more, MD 21234, for $4 plus .63 postage. Workers in aquatic mycology are encouraged to contact Dr. S. P. Meyers to be placed on the mailing list to receive the AQUATIC MICROBIOLOGY NEWSLETTER, now in its 21st year of publication. P. Sturman has for sale ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST, C. H. Peck, Univ. of State of New York, 1897, 2nd ed. Book in very good condition. Open to offer. MUSHROOMS AND OTHER FUNGI OF LAND BETWEEN THE LAKES, by W. J. Sundberg and J. R. Richardson, TVA, Knoxville, 1980. Send $3.45 (includes postage) to W. J. Sundberg. Keith Seifert offers THE LAST ROT NOTS, free to all interested. His new address: 85 Lancaster Dr., Sudbury, Ontario P3E 3R7, Canada. V. Demoulin offers 2. PILZK. 9 (N.F.) fasc. 8 to 12 (1930); and TRANS. BRIT. MYCOL. SOC. 29 (1946). Exchange preferred (he needs Z. PILZK. 10-33 except 23, 29, 31); sale considered. Roger Goos will give away APPL. MICROBIOL. 29-34 (unbound); you pay the postage. He will sell J. BACTERIOL. 109-120, 125-150 (unbound), price negotiable. A. Weintraub has most back issues of medical magazines for .50 each; also Ciba Pharma- ceutical Magazines in various languages (Japanese, Greek, etc.); also cancer journals (old issues), Radionics, etc. Write for list and information. B. Kendrick offers THE WHOLE FUNGUS, 2 vol., $25; MYCOLOGY, $18; CHALARA MONOGRAPH, $16; ICONES GENEFXJM COELOPIYCETUM, (fasc. I-XII) $29; SYNOPTIC KEY TO 200 GENERA OF COELOMY- CETES, $4; GENERA OF HYPHOMYCETES, $22; ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PIUSHROOMS, $16. M. E. Barr Bigelow has available PRELIPlINARY STUDIES ON THE DOTHIDEALES IN TEMPERATE NORTH AMERICA, 1972. The Farlow Reference Library has an updated Publications List available. Write Gerry Kaye, 20 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138. D. P. Rogers BRIEF HISTORY OF MYCOLOGY IN NORTH AMERICA, revised edition published by MSA, is available from the MSA Newsletter, 20 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138. Price: $5.00. Make checks payable to MSA Newsletter.

PUBLICATIONS WANTED

R. W. Kerrigan needs FRIESIA Bind 4, Hefte 1,2(1950); any historical information on cultivation of Agaricus subrufescens. K. D. Whitney is looking for MYCOLOGIA 61(1), 64(4); original copy of Lister's MONO- GPaH OF THE MYCETOZOANS, 3rd ed. (no reprints). Eugene W. Smith needs "A source for a host-disease index." D. E. Kendra seeks publications on fungus-produced toxins and fungus-plant interactions (biochemical, enzymatic, histochemical, etc.). B. R. Kropp needs POLYPORACEAE OF TEE UNITED STATES, ALASKA, AND CANADA, L. 0. Over- holts, 1953, Univ. Michigan Press. N. S. H. Ho is looking for MUCORALES by H. Zycha et al., 1969, J. Cramer. R. A. Humber seeks T. Petch, 1921, STUDIES IN ENTOMOGENOUS FUNGI 11. THE GENERA HYPO- CRELLA AND ASCHERSONIA. Ann. Roy. Bot. Garden Peradeniya 7: 167-278. Brian S. Luther is very anxious to obtain COLOR STANDARDS AND COLOR NOMENCLATURE, R. Ridgway, 1912--he will pay $200 for a copy in good condition. He also needs VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS, M. C. Cooke, 1892, Soc. for Promoting Christian Knowledge. J. A. Sgenz Renauld needs THE BIOLOGY OF MYCORRHIZA, J. L. Harley, 1969, Leonard Hill; ENDOMYCORRHIZAE, F. E. Sanders, B. Mosse and P. Tinker, 1975, Academic Press. [~d.Note: latter still available from Academic.] T. M. Hammill seeks CAN. JOUR. BOT. 59 (1981). Reprints on the Myxomycetes would be appreciated by S. L. Stephenson. R. E. Macho1 is always looking for books on mushrooms, especially old and/or rare, including fragments. Andy MacKinnon has still not acquired LOWER FUNGI IN THE LABORATORY, Melvin S. Fuller, ed. His new address is Ecology, B.C. Ministry of Forests, 470-1011 - 4th Ave., Prince George, B.C., Canada. W. R. Burk would like reprints on Gasteromycetes. IJ. J. Sundberg is looking for pre-1965 reprints, etc. on systematics of fleshy fungi, especially Basidiomycetes. V. Demoulin needs any volume of Z. PILZK, from 10(~.F.)to 33, except 23, 29 and 31. Nicole 0'~eillwould like to purchase a copy of the ICONES FARLOWIANAE. Please contact her. 13 NEW BOOKS BY MSA MEMBERS

John S. Karling: PREDOMINANTLY HOLOCARPIC AND EUCARPIC BIFLAGELLATE PHYCOMYCETES. 1981. J. Cramer, Vaduz. 252 pp, 75 pls. Gilbert Turian and Hans R. Hohl: THE FUNGAL SPORE: MORPHOGENETIC CONTROLS. 1981. Academic Press. 670 pp. US $67. MSA Guidebook Committee: MYCOLOGY GUIDEBOOK, reprinted with corrections and a subject index. Univ. Washington Press, Seattle, WA 98105. $35 less memberst discount of 40%. R. Charudattan and H. L. Walker, eds.: BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS WITH PLANT PATHOGENS, approx. Aug. 1982. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Richard E. Koske: COOKBOOK STATISTICS FOR PLANT PATHOLOGISTS AND MYCOLOGISTS. 1982. $6 including shipping. Available from the author, Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881. American Phytopathological Soc.: K. F. Baker & R. J. Cook, ed.: BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PLANT PATHOGENS. (1974) 2nd printing. $27.50 APS members, $32 nonmembers. Also available: COMPENDIUI+ OF BARLEY DISEASES. Edited by D. E. Mathre. $11 APS members; $12 nonmembers. Contact APS, 3340 Pilot Knob Rd., St. Paul, MN 55121. G. A. Laursen and J. F. Ammirati, eds.: ARCTIC AND ALPINE MYCOLOGY: THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ARCTO-ALPINE MYCOLOGY, available soon from Univ. of Washington Press. Price $45.

MISCELLANEOUS

DONNA INER offers a morel poster, 23" x 28". The ten color paintings by artist Gail Guth portray Plorchella, Verpa, and Gyromitra spp. $3.95 plus $1 postage ($1 extra to Cana- da). Order from Mushroom Cave, Inc., Box 894, Battle Creek, MI 49016. A. WEINTRAUB has for sale one good Ernst Leitz Wetzlar monocular microscope: 3 object- ives including Spencer oil immersion, 1 ocular, mechanical stage, mirror, etc. Can be converted to binocular. Ideal for use with a camera. No box. A beautiful instrument in like-new condition. $485 plus shipping charges. VACANCY FOR MYCOLOGIST

The UNIV. OF HAWAII has a tenure-track opening for a General Mycologist with interests in SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY OF TROPICAL FUNGI. Contact: Chairman, Botany Dept., Univ. of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822, tel. (808) 948-8218.

POSTDOCTORAL POSITIONS AND ASSISTANTSHIPS

Univ. of Maryland: Graduate Teaching Assistantship in EXPERIMENTAL MYCOLOGY available for a qualified student. Contact Dr. J. J. Motta, Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, ?.ID 20742. Washington State Univ.: Assistantships for study leading to degrees in PLANT PATHOLOGY with emphasis on various aspects of mycology. Contact J. D. Rogers, Dept. of Plant Patho- logy, Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA 99164. Wright State Univ.: Postdoctoral studies with LOWER MARINE FUNGI (dependent on funding of proposed ~roject). Also, Assistantships, Dept. of Biological Sciences, to study LOWER MARINE FUNGI. Contact Dr. James P. Amon, Dept. of Biol. Sci., Wright State Univ., Day ton, OH 45435, tel (513) 873-2632. Texas A&M Univ.: Assistantships in EXPERIMENTAL (DEVELOPMENTAL)MYCOLOGY at the MS and Ph.D. levels. Contact Dr. Jeffrey Pommerville, Dept. of Biology, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843. Oklahoma State Univ.: Graduate Assistantship (research) in EVOLUTION AND ADAPTATION OF ANTARCTIC YEASTS. Contact Dr. H. S. Vishniac, Dept. of Microbiology, OSU, Stillwater, OK 74078. Louisiana State Univ.: Teaching Assistantships and possible Research Assistantship for study of MYCOLOGY or other botanical areas ($5250, academic year). Also, exceptionally well-qualified students may apply for "Alumni Federation Graduate Fellowships" for Ph.D. study beginning 1983-84. These Fellowships provide freedom from all duties but research activities. Tax-free stipend of $10,000 per year for four years carries inflation adjustments and exclusion of university fees. Contact Meredith Blackwell, Dept. of Botany, LSU, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. Southern Illinois Univ.: Teaching Assistantship for M.A. or Ph.D. MYCOLOGY student. Teaching duties in Forest Pathology and General Botany or General Biology (or both). Available for 1983-84 via competitive selection process. Walter J. Sundberg, Dept. of Botany, Southern Illinois Univ., Carbondale, IL 62901; tel. (618) 536-2331.

POSITIONS WANTED

WALSTINE L. STEFFENS is seeking an academic position for January 1983. He obtained a Ph.D. (1981) in Plant Pathology, major professor J. P. Jones; has 18 publications. Interests are cytology-ultrastructure of higher fungi. BRUCE D. RYAN wishes taxonomical research and/or illustration assignments. He has completed his M.S. degree with F. M. Rhoades; his thesis is entitled onat at ion of lichens on a rocky shore on Fidalgo Island, Washington." Interests: Ascomycetes. DENNIS J. GRAY has recently obtained a Ph.D. at North Carolina State Univ. and is seeking employment. His interests include studies of fungal parasitism, in vitro pathology, plant tissue culture, electron microscopy, and fungal taxonomy. He is currently studying plant somatic hybridization among embryogenic cell lines for the purpose of developing resistance. KARIN H. YOHEM completed a Ph.D. in May 1982, and is interested in research and teaching in Mycology and/or Plant Pathology. Major Professor was R. L. Gilbertson. CHANGES IN AFFILIATION

FREDERICK W. SPIEGEL has moved from Dept. of Botany, Miami Univ., Oxford, OH to Dept. of Botany and Bacteriology, Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 as Assistant Professor of Mycology. DEAN A.GLAWE recently joined the Dept. of Plant Pathology, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, as Assistant Professor. STEVEN A. WARNER is a Research Associate in the Dept. of Biochemistry, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27650. JILL S. SHIPMAN has left the Univ. of New Hampshire to join ECO Instruments, Electrochemical Div. of Sea Data Corporation, Newton, MA. ROBERT A. FROPITLING has accepted the position of Senior Research Microbiologist in the Dept. of Basic Microbiology, Merck Institute for Therapeutic Research, Rahway, NJ, effective July 1, 1982. LAYNE JOHNSON has become Senior Research Microbiologist at Polybac Corp, Allentown, PA; the main impetus is applying microorganisms to solve environmental problems. L. L. BURPEE has moved from the Dept. of Agriculture and Fisheries, Bermuda to Assistant Professor, Dept. of Environmental Biology, Univ. of Guelph, Guelph, Ont., Canada. EDWARD HACSKAYLO retires from USDA Forest Service July 23 after 30 years of Federal service to become an independent consultant and cooperator in mycorrhiza research. Dr. Hacs- kaylo notes that the staff of the USDA Forest Service Pioneering Unit of Mycorrhizal Research is being relocated from the Forest Physiology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD to the Forest Service Laboratory, Berea, KY, where they will continue studies on mycor- rhizae. RICHARD A. HUIIBER has assumed a position as Research Scientist in the USDA Agricultural Research Service, still in the same location with the same responsibilities. JEFFREY POIIMERVILLE, formerly at the Univ. of Georgia, Dept. of Botany, Athens, is now Assistant Professor at Texas A&M Univ., Dept. of Biology, College Station, TX 77843. ANDY MACKINNON is joining the Ecology Dept., B.C. Piinistry of Forests, Prince George, B.C. as of May 24. . ..and.. . KEITH SEIFERT has returned to Sudbury, Ontario...thus effectively dismantling ROT NOTS by sending the ROT in one direction, the NOT in another. JUDITH C. RHODES has moved from Postdoctoral Fellow, Clinical Mycology Sect., LCI, NIAID, Bethesda, MD, to Assistant Professor, Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Univ. of Cincinnati School of Medicine, OH.

FIG.10% Claaicepspurpltrca, Tul., mr. 117lsnr~,,W.Sm., growing from Ergot. Enlarged 5 dl~lnctcn. TRAVELS, V ISITS

DAVID MINTER visited India in Nov. 1981 to work at the Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, Madras Univ., and to collect microfungi on conifers from the Himalayas. LEIF RYVARDEN (Univ. of Oslo) visited the Mycological Lab., School of Sciences, Univ. of Buenos Aires, and participated in the I1 Workshop on Identification of Subtropical Macromycetes held at the IguazG National Park. DR. PABLO BURITIC~ (Instituto Agropequario Colombiano , Bogot.5, Colombia) is working for one year at the Arthur Herbarium, Purdue Univ., on taxonomy of neotropical rusts and the Phakopsora pl~ysopellacomplex. Recent visitors/speakers at the MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF SAN FRANCISCO include Robert L. Gilbertson (Dec. ) , David L. Largent (Jan. ) , Rolf Singer and David R. Hosf ord (Feh. ) , Edmund E. Tylutki (Mar. ) Sue Sweet (Apr.), Kenneth wells (~ay). IMVIN C. WILLIAMS has been doing research on biology of the Trichomycetes in the lab of Robert W. Lichtwardt at Univ. of Kansas during Spring 1982 semester. The work is supported by grants from the Research Services Council of Kearney State College and NSF. WILLIAM BRIDGE COOKE recently spent 2 days viewing collections in the Ohio Mushroom Society Herbarium at Youngstown State Univ. GmRY T. COLE visited Brian Sutton at CMI in May to work on a joint project on developmental and taxonomic studies of the Coelomycetes. MARTYN J. DIBBEN will be in the Amazon for 3 months of 1983 under the Flora Projecta Amazon- ica program. DR. UNO ELIASSON (Director, Botanical Institute, Univ. of Goteborg) visited H. I.J. Keller in April for several days. They studied specimens of corticolous Myxomycetes and discussed matters of mutual interest concerning the Myxomycetes. Dr. Eliasson gave an informal presentation on his work on vascular plants of the Galapagos Islands. ROBERT FOGEL made collecting trips to the Bay Area of California for hypogeous fungi during January and April. While there he visited Drs. Thiers, Trappe, and Tavares. JIM TRAPPE (just back from his own sabbatical) is hosting 2 visiting scientists for a year's sabbatical: DR. BARBARA BRANZANTI, Univ. of Bologna, Italy, and Prof. M. A. EL-BUNI, Alfaatah Univ., Tripoli, Libya. JOHN PADEN visited Univ. of British Columbia 6 April and gave a well-received lecture on "Thoughts and observations on conidial states in the Pezizales." V. DEMOULIN took part in the meeting of the Editorial Committee of the ICBN in March in Berlin. He will attend the working meeting for French and German versions of the Code in October, also in Berlin. JACK D. ROGERS was visited by A. J. S. Whalley (Liverpool, U.K.) in August 1981 and by Gary Samuels (Auckland, N.Z.) in Dec. 1981. DR. UNO ELIASSON spent 4 weeks with R. L. Gilbertson at the Univ. of Arizona. R. L. GILBERTSON visited Louisiana State Univ., collected many wood-rotting fungi, and presented a seminar, "The role of brown-rot fungi in coniferous forest ecosystems." Other recent mycological visitors to Meredith Blackwell and L.S.U. were UNO ELIASSON, JIM and NANCY WEBER, and BILL CIBULA. A side trip to St. Martinville, LA by Jim, Nancy, Bill, and Meredith provided additional information on Fr. A. B. Langlois, early collector of Louisiana plants and fungi. Fr. J. M. Jammes, pastor of St. Martin de Tours Church, provided church records to show that Father Langlois died in 1900 (not 1901 as some reports state), and that he is buried beneath the right side of the church a1tar. RICHARD HANLIN visited L.S.U. for one afternoon rather than the two days planned--he was stranded in Vicksberg, MS by a snowstorm. [That was the storm that was!--ed.] WALTER J. SUNDBERG spent March 7-21, 1982 teaching and collecting at the Univ. of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez with Dr. Gary Breckon as part of the University's graduate development program. GARY LAURSEN recently visited and lectured on arctic fungal ecology at the Univ. of Oslo with Gro Gulden and Univ. of Turku (Finland) with Dr. Paavo Kallio. GERALDINE KAYE visited the National Fungus Collection, Beltsville, and gave a talk on the Farlow Library and Herbarium,en route to the annual meeting of the Council on Botanical and Horticultural Libraries, Washington, DC, June, 1982.

WILLIAM R. BURK also attended the CBHL meetings. PROFESSOR CWLES GARDNER SHAW returned in early April from a five month's assignment with the Crops Research Division, Dept. of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lincoln, N.Z. While there he worked on dryberry of bramble fruits, a disease caused by Peronospora sparsa. This downy mildew, the major disease of Boysenberries and other bramble fruits in New Zealand, is of no economic importance elsewhere in the world. Dr. Shaw worked with Director Harvey C. Smith and Mr. Harvey K. Hall to develop a breeding program aimed at finding and incorporating resistance to this disease into commercial crops. Prof. Shaw also has been designated as Chief of Party for the Jordan Valley Agri- cultural Services Project, a proposed five-year program in applied research and extension on production of fruit and vegetable crops in the Hashimite Kingdom of Jordan Subject to final contract negotiations, Dr. Shaw will leave for Jordan in mid-May for a period of two years. DR. UNO ELIASSON attended the meeting of the Association of Systematics Collections in Hawaii in May. Mycological visitors to the FARLOW LIBRARY AND HERBARIUM included: Richard S. Cowan, working on Taxonomic Literature-11; Fernando Agudelo Silva, from Universidad Central de Venezu- ela, entomogenous fungi; Daniel H. Yocum; Walter Litten; Barbara Thiers, New York Bota- nical Garden; Isabelle Tavares, Clifford Wetmore, Richard Harris, Lois Srako, Gary Lincoff, Rolf Singer. Also, attending the 5th New England ~ycologists'Conference, were such distant travellers as Robert Shoemaker and Jim Ginns, Ottawa; Amy Rossman, Washington; Harry and Anne Lubrecht, Monticello, NY; and whole contingents from Cornell, URI, and Univ. of Mass./Arnherst. D. H. PFISTER gave a seminar at Univ. of Rhode Island in April and attended the Association of Systematics Collections meetings in May, in Hawaii. CARDY RAPER is in Burlington, VT for the summer, working with BOB ULLRICH in his lab at UVM on their favorite organism. PAPERS, SEMINARS

IRA SALKM presented a 2-day wet workshop on basic techniques in medical mycology to the Empire State Association for Medical Mycology in Schenectady, NY on April 21-22, 1982. He will also be presenting the same workshop to various ASM chapters in the U.S. as part of the American Society for Microbiology program. In April, PAUL J. SZANISZLO presented a seminar entitled "Cellular development and differentiation in Wangiella dermatitidis, a pathogen of humans" to the Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville. CLETUS P. KURTZMAN, presented a seminar entitled "Molecular approaches to yeast taxonomy," Bradley Univ., Oct. 1981. DR. SAMUEL P. MEYERS was honored at a special seminar, "Thirty years of marine mycology--a tribute to Samuel P. Meyers," at the annual meeting of the American Society for Micro- biology in Atlanta, GA, March 1982. Mycologists speaking at the seminar were John D. Buck, Sidney A. Crow, Jack W. Fell, Donald G. Ahearn and Jan J. Kohlmeyer; all except the last were students of Dr. Meyers over the years. JILL S. SHIPMAN presented a talk entitled "Electrical aspects of plant disease" at the Edith Fredericks Jones Scholarship Award Dinner in Brookline, MA on April 15, 1982. The scholarship and the dinner were given by the New England Farm and Garden Association. WALTER J. SUNDBERG presented a seminar on "Observations on basidial ontogeny and meiosis in Schizophyllum commune" to students and faculty of the Dept. of Biology, Univ. of Puerto Rico at Flayaguez on March 18. JIM TRAFPE presented an invitational seminar, "Trees, truffles and beasts," at Northern Arizona Univ., Flagstaff, 27 April. GARRY T. COLE gave a seminar to the Botany Dept. at the Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, on "Biology of Graphiola phoenicis" in Feb. 1982.

REGIONAL MEETINGS

We detect a definite trend for mycologists to clump together in regional mycological meetings during the collecting off-season. Is this phenomenon analogous to plasmodia1 aggregation? Whatever--we're all for it! The THIRD ONTARIO MYCOLOGY WORKSHOP was held on the weekend of Feb. 20-21, 1982, at Carleton Univ., Ottawa. There were 19 presentations including two feature lectures. The success of the meeting was attested by over 60 registrants, including out-of-province myco- logists from Quebec, Vermont, New York and Minnesota. This workshop has become an annual event and next year (Feb. or March 1983) will be hosted by Dave Malloch at the Univ. of Toronto. The THIRD MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES MYCOLOGY CONFERENCE, Univ. of Maryland at College Park, May 1, 1982, was organized by J. J. Motta. The featured guest speaker was Orson K. Eliller, Jr. who spoke on "Fungi and mycology in Australia." Forty mycologists attended the 1-day conference in which 15 papers were presented. The continued support of regional mycologists has made the meeting a regular annual event. The FIFTH MEETING OF THE NEW ENGLAND MYCOLOGISTS, Harvard Univ., May 14-16, 1982, was co-sponsored by the Farlow Herbarium and Boston Mycological Club. Seventy-five mycologists from northeastern North America attended. Saturday meetings included a symposium on "Pleo- morphism in fungi", chaired by Amy Rossman, with an international panel of experts. Featured speaker in the afternoon was Howard Bigelow with "Arctic and alpine fungi;" several other papers followed. Sunday's foray to Estabrook Woods, organized by the Boston Mycological Club, was a delightful occasion for spring flower lovers (i.e. no morels!). Senior mycolo- gist Carroll W. Dodge, who has attended all five meetings, was honored by the BMC with the issuance of a biographical pamphlet. Next spring's meetings will be at Univ. of Connecticut at Groton; John C. Cooke will co-ordinate. HONORS j AWARDS, PROMOTIONS

BARRY L. WULFF has been promoted to Full Professor, Eastern Connecticut State College. MICHELE C. HEATH has been awarded an E.W.R. Steacie Memorial Fellowship by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. These prestigious awards are the Canadian equivalent of the U.S. Career Development awards, and are designated for "outstanding and promising scientists." Four awards are made each year. Dr. Heath is the first plant pathologist and the first woman to receive a Steacie Fellowship. ALMA DIETZ has received an Upjohn Company annual W. E. Upjohn Award. Ms. Dietz, who is Microbial Taxonomist and Culture Curator for Upjohn, was recognized for her significant contributions to Upjohn research and the worldwide recognition she has achieved as a taxonomist. CHARLES W. MIMS has been elected President of the Texas Society for Electron Microscopy for 1983. MARTYN J. DIBBEN was re-elected President of the Botanical Club of Wisconsin for a second term, which will coincide with the 15th anniversary of the Club's foundation. K. J. KWON-CHUNG received the 1982 International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM) award and Lucil ~eorge'sMedal at the 8th ISHAM Congress held at Palmerston North, New Zealand in Feb. 1982. WILLIAM W. SCOTT was re-elected for a second term as President of the Association of College Honor Societies at the Annual Meeting held Feb. 25-28 in New Orleans, LA. KARL ESSER received the degree Docteur Honoris Causa in April 1982 from 11Universit6 d 'Orleans (France). DON PRUSSO has been elected Chairman of the Biology Dept. at Univ. of Nevada, Reno. S. L. STEPHENSON received a summer Postdoctoral Fellowship from the Univ. of Virginia to study vegetation-environment relationships of upland forest communities and Myxomycete ecology at the Mountain Lake Biological Station in southwestern Virginia. ROBERT FOGEL was given the Univ. of Michigan Alumni Association Class of 1923 award for outstanding teaching of undergraduates. GARRY COLE has been promoted to Full Professor of Botany at Univ. of Texas, Austin. SUE SWEET received the Esther Colton Whited Scholarship for $300, Sept. 1981. DENNIS DESJARDIN received the Esther Colton Whited Scholarship, $400, April 1982. ROBERT G. KENNETH is Chairman of the Phytopathological Society of Israel, 1982-1984. CLETUS P. KURTZPIAN was named Research Leader and Head of the ARS Culture Collection,Northern Regional Research Center, following the retirement of Dr. Thomas G. Pridham on May 31, 1981. Dr. Kurtzman has also been elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Micro- biology. ROBERT 0. BLANCHARD has been promoted to Associate Dean of Academics in the College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, Univ. of New Hampshire. VIOLET H. WOJCIK received the President's Award for outstanding student presentation at the annual meeting of the Southeastern Branch, American Society for Microbiology, Jackson- ville, FL. The paper she presented was: "DNA--the nucleic acid of a mycovirus isolated from the aquatic fungus Rhizidiomyces apophysatus Zopf." 20 PERSONAL NEWS

MARLIN A. ESPENSHADE has retired from W. R. Grace & Co., Research Center, after about 38 years of biological research work. CHARLES GARDENER SHAW, having just returned from New Zealand, is off to Jordan for two years (see Travels section). LINDSAY S. OLIVE has retired as of May 31, 1982. He will continue his research at Univ. of North Carolina (Chapel Hill and UNC Highlands Biological Station), also at Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Hawaii during the winter. KARL L. BRAUN, Jr. has retired from teaching, but may be reached at his home address: 5460 Ballentine Pike, Springfield, OH 45502. DAVID F. KENDRA is being married on June 19, 1982 to Jeanne Anne Angus of Woolrich, PA. JORGE E. WRIGHT reports the birth of his eighth grandchild, Sebasti6n Sixto, on Jan. 20, 1982. We regret to report the death of Charles E. (NED) HOLT, of a heart attack in Germany in February. He was a faculty member of MIT and worked on Physarum genetics. DONALD and CATHLEEN PFISTER and family will take up residence in Cambridge this summer as Master and Co-Master of Kirkland House, one of the Harvard undergraduate residences. Both Don and Cathy will be in the Baltic in late August and early September on the Baltic Foray.

NOTES ANL! COMMENTS PAGING C. G. LLOYD . . . Keith Seifert would like to hear from people who corresponded with, fought with, or were acquainted with C. G. Lloyd or his brother, the novelist J. U. Lloyd. ~eith'snew address is: 85 Lancaster Dr., Sudbury, Ont. P3E 3R7, Canada.

Rick Kerrigan is looking for a source capable of preparing an edition of color micro- fiches from 35 mm Kodachromes.

DEPT. OF MYCOLOGICAL LIBRARIANSHIP . . . At Univ. of North Carolina/Chapel Hill: William R. Burk reports that the compilation of the collected journal publications of Dr. John N. Couch has been completed through 1981. Presently, compilation of the collected papers of Dr. Jan Kohlmeyer is being finished. At Farlow Reference Library, Harvard Univ.: Indexing of the letters of W. G. Farlow has been completed. Work is underway on an index of Roland Thaxter's letters. A preliminary index of the letters of other cryptogamists held, including Arthur Bliss Seymour, Edward A. Burt, Eliza B. Blackford, Lizzie Allen, and a number of others, has also been made. ...Who else is working on indexes of papers or reprint collections of mycologists? G. Kaye would like to know. 2 1 MORE ON MUSHROOM CULTIVATION There seems to be quite a bit of interest currently in cultivation of "non-traditional" edible fungi, on both industrial and backyard or basement scales. I've received information and inquiries from a number of people in the last few months, and have started informal lists of growers, suppliers, and useful literature. Meanwhile, the North American Mycological Association has started a Cultivation Committee to exchange information on the cultivation of edible fungi and to put cultivators of similar species in touch with each other. Chairman is Rick Gamble, 522 6th Street, Annapolis, PlD 21403. ~e'dbe happy to hear from those interested, especially anyone game to try growing truffles in Texas and California. (See also North American Truffling Society, Associations section.) The U.S. West Coast is a "hotbed of exotic mushroom activity," according to Rick Kerri- gan and Ralph Kurtzman; at least a dozen commercial growers are producing Pleurotus spp., Lentinus edodes, and sometimes Flammulina, Ganoderma lucidum, etc. Other growers are located in Wisconsin and in Hamilton, Ont. Amateurs are experiinenting with Volvariella, Coprinus, truffles, Pholiota nameko, Lyophyllum ...but no chanterelles! (Gerry Kaye)

A GENTLEMAN UNDER THE ELMS The late Walter H. Snell is one of eleven Brown Univ. professors featured in a book by Jay Barry--"a tribute to eleven of Brown's faculty of the past." Esther Dick Snell contri- buted some of her 53 years' reminiscences of Dr. Snell to the writing of his chapter. The book is: GENTLEMEN UNDER THE ELMS, Jay Barry, $25 plus $1.50 postage, Brown Alumni Monthly, Box 1854, Brown Univ., Providence, RI 02912.

DIRECTORY ERROR-- SUNDBERG LISTING The new MSA Directory incorrectly lists WALTER J. sUNDBERG'S home phone number. Since he cannot be reached there during the day, he requests that we supply his work number at Southern Illinois Univ. It is: (618) 536-2331. Please correct your copy of the Directory accordingly. [We apologize for the inconvenience caused you and your wife, Dr. Sundberg.]

FRIENDS OF THE FARLOW A Friends association has been organized for the Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium. The organization is an international group of amateurs and professionals, interested in cryptogamic botany, who wish to ensure that the unique Farlow collections survive and flourish. Through their support, the Farlow will maintain the excellence of its holdings by adding current items, fulfilling research and educational tasks, and continuing to make its resources known and available. An inaugural meeting and party will occur in the early fall. Membership information can be obtained by writing Friends of the Farlow, 20 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138.

AFFILIATED SOCIETIES

The Boston Mycological Club, Patrick Peterson, Treas., 21 112 Inman St., Cambridge, MA 02139. Colorado Mycological Society, Joan L. Betz, Secretary, 501 Clermont Pkwy., Denver, CO 80220. The Nycolo~icalSociety of San Francisco, Herbert Saylor, Pres., 28033 High Country Dr., Hayward, CA 94542. The New York Mycological Society, Attn.: Emil Lang, 1700 York Ave., New York, NY 10028. The North American Mycological Association, Gary Lincoff, Pres., New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458. Ohio Mushroom Society, 288 E. North Avenue, East Palestine, OH 44413. Oregon ltycological Society, Reg. Agent, Donald Goetz, 6548 SE 30th Ave., Portland, OR 97202. Puget Sound Mycological Society, 2559 NE 96th St., Seattle, WA 98115. Societg Mycologique de France, 36 Rue Geoffroy-Ste. Hilaire, Paris Ve, France. 22 ASSOCIATIONS AND CLUBS

The INTERNATIONAL MYCOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, which will meet during the Third Interna- tional Mycological Congress (see Meetings section), is a truly world-wide group. Officers are: President, C. V. Subramanian, India; Vice-Presidents, S. J. Hughes, Canada; E. ~Gller, Switzerland; E. Parmasto, Estonian SSR; and J. Webster, England; Chairman, 0. Fidalgo, Brazil; Secretary, D. L. Hawksworth, England; Treasurer, J. A. von Arx, Netherlands; Chair- man, Nomenclature Secretariat, K. T. Van Warmelo, South Africa. The Executive Committee consists of 16 members from 15 countries. Affiliated Organizations number 25, including the MSA. The last meeting was during the 13th International Botanical Congress, Sydney, Austra- lia, 26 August, 1981. Among the many topics considered were the status of mycology in the International Union of Biological Sciences; fungal nomenclature proposals; proposed statutes of the IMA; establishment of a liaison office for world mycology; and a proposal for IMC4. For more information, contact David L. Hawksworth, Secretary. The NORTH AMERICAN TRUFFLING SOCIETY invites membership applications and inquiries about its research program. Write to Pat Rawlinson, 805 NE Colorado Lake Drive, Corvallis, OR 97333. MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF SAN FRANCISCO meetings are held 3rd Tuesday, 8:00 p.m. auditor- ium of the Josephine D. Rhandal Jr. Museum, 100 Museum Way, San Francisco, CA, from Sept.- May except Nov. and Dec. meeting, which will be held at San Francisco State Univ. on the second Tuesday of the month. Officers: President, Herb Saylor; V. Pres., Steve Cochran; Mycena News Editor, John Schaff; Membership, Ann Hart, 179 St. James Dr., Piedmont, CA 94611. Major Events: Yosemite Mushroom Seminar - June 4-6, 1982; Coyote Point Fungus Fair Dec. 5, 1982; Oakland Fungus Fair Dec. 12, 1982; San Francisco Fungus Fair Jan. 16, 1983. Membership: Dues are $10 per year, and include 10 issues of Mycena News; current membership approx. 1000. Contact Persons: President - Herbert M. Saylor, 28033 High Country Dr., Hayward, CA 94542; Editor - John Schaff, 1105 Post, San Francisco, CA 94109; General Correspondence - Larry Stickney, 2431 Valdez St., Oakland CA 94612; Membership - Ann Hart (see address above). Scientific Advisors: Dr. Harry D. Thiers; Ms. Esther C. Whited, 4331 17th St., San Francisco, CA 94114. (Note: MSSF is affiliated with the MSA) The ILLINOIS MYCOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION meets monthly, 2nd Monday, at the Field Museum of Natural History, West Entrance, Roosevelt Road at the Lake, Chicago. Officers: President, Dr. John Rippon, 1148 E. 48th St., Chicago, IL 60615. Tel. 285-5162; V. Pres., Jim Zerwin, 7727 N. Ashland, Chicago, IL 60627. Tel. 465-8655; Treasurer, Betty Guttman, 1234 E. tladison Park, Chicago, IL 60615. Tel. 538-5444; ~ecretary/~ditor,Patrick Stout, 4020 Amelia Ave., Lyons, IL 60534. Tel. 447-5098. Besides the monthly meetings, the club organizes forays, publishes the lively monthly I.M.A. Newsletter which is available for exchange, and sponsors special events such as mush- room dinners. $10 family membership dues should be sent to the Treasurer. The BOSTON MYCOLOGICAL CLUB, the oldest in North America, meets monthly November-June at the Biological Laboratories, Harvard Univ., 16 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, VA, 1st Monday at 8 p.m. July through October they hold forays most Sunday mornings and identification meetings at the BioLabs the following Monday evenings. Officers: President, Ron Trial, 98 Pembroke St., Boston, MA 02118; Vice-President, Ruth Lever; Secretary, Jarmila Hrbek, 100 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139; Membership, Pat Peterson, 21-112 Inman St., Cambridge, MA 02139; BMC Bulletin Editor, Iloselio Schaechter, 855 Commonwealth Ave., Newton, MA, 02159. Annual dues $8 individual, $12 family. Bulletin received "most scholarly publication't award at last year's Northeastern Foray. MSA-affiliated society. MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA Annual Meeting Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 1982

SATURDAY, AUGUST 7 8:45 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. Field trip to Mushroom Demonstration and Research Center and foray to Alan Seegar State Park. SUNDAY, AUGUST 8 9:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m. Meeting of the MSA Council MONDAY MORNING, AUGUST 9 8:30 a.m. - 11:40 a.m. Contributed Papers. Cytology, Morphology and Ultra- structure. G1-G10. 3:30 a.m. - 12:OO noon SYMPOSIUM: Mycorrhizae and Element Cycling (Co-sponsored with ESA) MONDAY AFTERNOON, AUGUST 9 1:00 p.m. - 4:55 p.m. Contributed Papers. Taxonomy. Gll-G22. 1:00 p.m. - 5:00 p.m. Posters. Ecology, Biochemistry and Physiology. G23-G35. l:00 p.m. - 3:30 p.m. SYMPOSIUM: Recent Development in the Biology of Actinorhizal Plants (Co-sponsored with BSA) TUESDAY MORNING, AUGUST 10 8:30 a.m. - 11:50 a.m. Contributed Papers. Ecology. G36-G44. 8:30 a.m. - 12:00 noon SYMPOSIUM: Arthropod Associated Fungi (Co-sponsored with IPS) TUESDAY AFTERNOON, AUGUST 10 1:00 p.m. - 2:00 p.m. Annual Lecture: Some Aspects of the Ecology of Soil Fungi. Dennis Parkinson 2:30 p.m. - 4:40 p.m. Contributed Papers. Biochemistry, Physiology and Genetics G45-G51. 2:30 p.m. - 5:00 p.m. Contributed Papers. Taxonomy and Ecology. G52-G59. TUESDAY EVENING, AUGUST 10 7:30 p.m. - MSA SOCIAL WEDNESDAY MORNING, AUGUST 11 8:00 a.m. - 10:OO a.m. MSA Breakfast and Business Meeting 10:OO a.m. - 11:OO a.m. Presidential Address. The Ascomycete Connection. Margaret Barr-Bigelow WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, AUGUST 11 1:00 p.m. - 4:05 p.m. Contributed Papers. Biochemistry, Physiology and Medical Mycology. G60-G69. 1:00 p.m. - 5:00 p.m. Posters. Taxonomy and Ultrastructure. G70-G77. 1:00 p.m. - 4:45 p.m. SYMPOSIUM: Present Trends in the Taxonomy of Basidiomycetes G78-G82. WEDNESDAY EVENING, AUGUST 11 7:30 p.m. - 9:45 p.m. SYMPOSIUM AND DISCUSSION: Advances in Methods for Studying Fungal Communities. G83-G87. TKURSDAY MORNING, AUGUST 12 9:00 a.m. - 11:50 a.m. Contributed Papers. Cytology, Genetics and Ultrastructure. G88-G96. SYMPOSIUM: The Role of Fungi in Decomposition. G97-G101. THURSDAY AFTERNOON, AUGUST 12 1:00 p.m. - 3:20 p.m. Contributed Papers. Ecology. G102-G108. GI03 SAMIR K. ABDULLAH. Biology Department was low (1%). After harvest, we applied 5. arvalis and College of Science,University of Basrah /or a nematicide. By midwinter, 5. solani in control Basrah, Iraq. Mycoflora on decaying plots dropped (to 52%) while. arvalis increased(l4%). plant materials in stagnant water Inoculation with L. arvalis reduced A. solani (34%) habitat. as L. arvalis increased (53%). The nernaticide reduced --R. solani (46%) as 5. arvalis increased (12%). The nematicide plus 5. arvalis resulted in reduced 5. The aim of this study has been directed to solani (36%) and increased L. arvalis (43%). By spring recognizing the fungal flora which ationsin all treatments approached fall levels. colonizes decaying leaves and twigs in two In summer, 1981, A. solani decreased (38%) with the different static water habitats loss of sugar beet plants (30%)(rs=0.45). Plant num- & oligotrophic conditions). The results bers continued to decline (67%) in fall while R, have shown that out of 32 species recovered, solani density levelled off. 96% of Amaranthus were 25 species were aero-aquatic fungi. The plants had 5. solani and in fall, 5. --solani and results suggest that this group dominates Amaranthus were positively correlated (rs=0.92). the fungal flora colonizing decaying plant materials in static water habitats. species haranthus and sugar beets were negatively correlated belonging to the ~~~~~~ti~t~hyphomycetes and (rs=-0.63). A. solani and L. arvalis formed a stable dematiaceous hyphomycetes have also been equillibrium which could survive on an alternate host. encountered but to a lesser extent. some Application of the hyperparasite reduces A. solani species were found constantly colonizing or temporarily. Thus, temporal alteration of hyperpara- frequently associated with a particular kind site application and weed control may prove to be an Of decaying plant material in water, others effective biological control technology. were not. The number of species and species composition of a particular aquatic habitat M. F. Allen see Warner G30 was found to depend on the physico-chemical and biological nature of the habitat. S. L. Anagnostakis see Ellzey G77

,,, R. E. AKRIDGE and R. D. KOEHN.* Southwest Texas b'b State University, San Marcos, TX 78666. Seasonal Fluctuations of Aquatic Hyphomycetes in the San R. K. ANTIBUS. Department of Botany, University Marcos River. of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812. Factors affecting sclerotia formation in Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca. Water from the upper San Marcos River in South G50 Central Texas was sampled monthly over a one year Two isolates of Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca obtained period for the presence of aquatic hyphomycetes. from western Montana were found to produce sclerotia The headwaters were chosen because the physical pa- on two percent malt extract agar. Sclerotia were rameters such as temperature, pH, and electrical con- fixed, embedded, sectioned, and stained by a variety ductivity remain constant. Analysis of filtered of histochemical procedures. The interior of scler- water, foam, and decaying leaves reveals the presence otia consisted of globose cells containing large of at least 13 species. It appears that populations quantities of carbohydrate (probably glycogen) and of these organisms vary seasonally with the greatest large granules which gave a positive protein staining quantity of spores being collected during late fall, reaction. Growth and sclerotia formation were exam- when leaf abscission from trees along the river ined for each isolate on ten organic and inorganic reaches its peak. Results of this investigation re- nitrogen sources. Both isolates exhibited good veal that Lunulospora, Tetracladium, Triscelophorus, growth on ammonium and nitrate nitrogen. However, and a Clavatospora-like species are most abundant. after ten weeks sclerotia were produced only on urea It is concluded that in the San Marcos River the taxa and casein. The effects of carbon to nitrogen ratio present are restricted to those soecies able to soor- on sclerotium formation will also be discussed. ulate at 2Z°C, and that the seasonal fluctuations of these fungi is more dependent on substrate availabil- ity than on the physical conditions of the river. A.A. ANTONOPOULOS* and E.G. WENE. Argonne National Direct observation indicates that Lunulospora and Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439. Ethanol production Tetracladium are ubiquitious on leaf substrates. via fermentation of 5- and 6-carbon sugars by Fu- sarium strains. G66 G35 The present work was motivated by recorded evidence M.F. ALLEN*, M.G. BOOSALIS, E.D. KERR, A.E. MULDOON that Fusarium strains ferment monosaccharides to & H.J. LARSEN. Biology Dept., Utah State Univ., ethanol. Therefore, several Fusarium isolates have Logan, UT 84322. Plant Path. Dept., Univ. of been tested, and all were able to fement glucose to Nebraska, Lincoln,NE 68583. Sugar Beets,Rhizoctonia ethyl alcohol to some degree. Of the isolates tested, solani, and Laetisaria arvalis: Field Response to many yielded 4.3 mg/mL ethanol within 48 hours in 1% Perturbation. glucose solutions. Ongoing experimentation is at- tempting to improve this yield. Concurrently, all Population responses were observed to assess control Fusarium isolates and mutants found during this in- vestigation were screened for xylose fermentation. A of ---Rhizoctonia solani in sugar beets. Relative popula- tions of 5. solani and Laetisaria arvalis, a hyper- technique based on recycling Fusarium cell mass was parasite, were estimated using a beet seed coloniza- developed and utilized to enhance xylose fermentation tion assay. R. solani densities were high (colonizing and increase ethanol yields. When glucose was added 67% of beet seeds) and negatively correlated with beet along with higher xylose concentrations, the ferment- survival (rs=-0.60) in 1980. Density of 5. arvalis ation rate improved significantly. With higher con- centrations of xylose, aeration (at 0.03 v/v-min) in- of the stipe perpendicular to the wind, creased the fermentation rate. Further experimenta- tion has involved the testing of W-induced Fusarium fruitbodies grew upright. When spores began mutants for fermenting ability and the examination of several Fusarium isolates for their ethanol toler- to be formed a negative geotrophic curvation ability. of the stipe occurred but no recurvation A. A. Antonopoulos see Wene G65 occurred in a sporeless mutant. G27 3. M. Aronson, Department of Botany and Micro- biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ D. J. S. BARR. Biosystematics Research 85287. A comparison of cell wall composition Institute, Central Experimental Fm, GI4 among leptomitalean fungi. Ottawa, Ontario KIA OC6, Canada. Classification criteria for Spizellqces Cell walls of Aqualinderella fermentans and Rhipidium (Chytridimycetes) . sp. are composed of better than 80% 6-glucan and 4-5% mannosyl residues but only minute quantities of gluc~Once chytridimycetous fungi are gram in culture, sarnine (trace to 0.35). Protein, ash, and lipids the classical taxoncnnic criteria are no longer combined account for approximately 4-75 of wall applicable for their identification. Entirely new weight. The B-glucans are primarily l+3- and 1'6- criteria and systems are required for their linked, but cellulose (l+i, linkage) has been demon- classification. Spizellqces can ncxy be strated by partial hydrolysis and X-ray diffraction. classified by a dination of physiological tests Cellulose fractions constitute 105 and 18%, respec- and by mrphological characteristics seen in the tively, in A. fermentans and Rhipidium sp. No light microscope, and these will be discussed. evidence has been obtained for the presence of chitin. These data along with those from our previous work on Saprornyces elongatus, hfindeniella spinospora, and S. C. Barro see Dunn G42 Araiospora sp., demonstrate considerable uniformity in wall composition among investigated rhipidiacean species (Nellymyces is the only one of 6 rhipidiacean BARSTOW, W.E." and W.L. LINGLE. Botany Department, genera that has not been studied). With the excep- The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. tion of A. fermentans with a cellulose content of Ultrastructure of Sporangium Formation and G94 about 105, the cellulose fraction of the other Zoosporogenesis in Microcycle Cells of Allomyces species ranges from 18-27? which is approximately macrogynus. 2-3 times greater than that normally found in walls of Oornycetes. These rhipidiacean species are allied Allomyc~germlings grown for 50 min in PYG broth in the Order Leptorriitales with three genera in the at 33O in a shaking water bath were transferred to Leptomitaceae all of which have chitinous walls. Machlis' dilute salts solution, at the same tempera- Thus wall chemistry appears to be a definitive char- ture, to induce differentiation. The uninucleate and acter separating Rhipidiaceae and Leptomitaceae. The binucleate germlings differentiated into zoosporangia systematic implications of these findings will be containing only one or two zoospores. Samples were considered. fixed for electron microscopy every thirty min from 2 hrs after induction through zoospore release 2.5 hr later. The sequence of intracellular changes during J. M. Aronson see Huizar G46 differentiation was determined from thin sections prepared from each time point. Septation of the sporangium was complete 3 hr after induction. Papilla T. L. Arsuffi see Suberkropp GlOO formation was complete 3.5 hr after induction, and subsequent zoospore differentiation required one hr. Between 2.5 and 3.5 hr after induction, secretory vesicles 125m in diameter were involved in depositing the electron-opaque papilla plug. At this E. R. Badham Lehman College CUNY, Bronx, time cleavage vesicles began to separate the binucleate cells into two zoospore initials. Between New York 10468. Tropisms in the mushroom 3.5 and 4 hr the electron-opaque progenitors of gamma bodies appeared within cisternae of rough E.R. Also Psilocybe cubensis. at this time the microbodies and lipids began to aggregate around each nucleus to form the "lipid G5 1 crown" of the nucleus. The subsequent events of zoospore differentiation took place between 4 and The growth of the mushroom Psilocybe cubensis 4.5 hr after induction. These events include forma- tion of the flagellum, ribosomal aggregation to form was studied in a wind tunnel under controlled the nuclear cap, fusion of pre-gamma granules to form the Barnma bodies, and formation of the lipid- conditions of wind velocity, humidity, microbody complex.

temperature, and light. The basidiocarp stipe

grew into the wind up to the time of spore

formation. When rotated with the long axis 26 X G37 L. R. BATRA. The National Fungus Collections, R.L. BLANTON and M.S. FULLER. Botany Department, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. The MD, 20705. Biology of Monilinia vaccinii- Ultrastructure and Development of the Rhizo- corymbosi (Sclerotiniaceae). plast of Rhizophlyctis -. G93 Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi (Reade) Honey is an The zoospores of the Chytridiomycete Rhizophlyctis economically important cup-fungus that is re- (Urlingia) rosea contain a striated flagellar root- stricted to North America north of Mexico. It is let, or rhizoplast, that connects the kinetosomes to one of the nine species of Monilinia Honey that the nucleus. The structure and development of this attack ericaceous genera Ledum, R-endron and distinctive structure have been examined with the Vaccinium, and the only one that is economically transmission electron microscope. In the zoospores, significant for cultivated and wild Vaccinium spe- the rhizoplast is a periodic, fibrillar structure cies. It causes symptoms somewhat similar to other that flares at one end to connect to both kineto- Vaccinium-inhabiting species and it is occasionally somes and at the other end to connect to the nuclear confused with the European M. urnula (Weinm.) Whet. envelope. Occasionally microtubules appear to be In addition to observations on the biology of M. associated with the rhizoplast. The nucleus of the vaccinii-car mbosi and its economic importance, zoospore is flattened at the point of attachment of this paper fzr the first time (a) reports the oc- the rhizoplast. Mitochondria and microbodies are currence of conidia on mummified fruits of y. closely associated with the rhizoplast. The rhizo- corymbosum L., (b) describes a technique to obtain plast disappears during the course of zoospore conidia in vitro, (c) evaluates its host range by encystment. During the early stages of zoospore pathogenicity tests in the greenhouse or by isola- cleavage, the nuclei are oblong, spherical, or pear- tions from the infected material and, (d) authen- shaped and lack the flattened area found in zoospore ticates the identity of the pathogen and compares nuclei. Arrays of microtubules, some apparently it with all other Monilinia spp. on Ericaceae. connecting to the nuclear envelope, spread from the For the first time extent of host specificity is kinetosomes into the cytoplasm. As flagellum form- experimentally demonstrated for several Monilinia ation nears completion, most of the microtubules spp. on Vaccinium. At Greenbelt, MD (1 km from disappear, the posterior portion of the nucleus Beltsville) first mature apothecia in 1980 were begins to flatten, and the rhizoplast develops, observed on April 1 and their peak production was apparently by the lateral association of fine fibrils. on April 10. On the latter date floral trusses The rhizoplast arises first near the kinetosomes and were open and leaf buds, still subtended by green then extends towards the nucleus. Microbodies become scales, were 6 mm long. First wilting of leaves associated with the developing rhizoplast at its and shoots occurred 25 da after the first asco- junction with the nucleus. Supported by an NSF spores were collected in dew on these parts. The Postdoctoral Fellowship to RLE. first conidia appeared on May 1, when bloom was loo%, and first-mummies on June 5. Ascospores at- tacked only leaves and shoots and conidia attacked R. L. Blanton see Warner G29 only the ovary, not vice versa. J. Beiswenger see Christensen G107 J. R. Boise. University of Massachusetts hherst, MA 01003 G18 C. S. Berry see Haskins G13 Re-evaluation of the genus Trematosphaeria

G23 S. C. BEST" and F. Id. SPIEGEI,. Department of Incorporation of developmental characters into a Botany, Miami Universltx, Oxford, OH 45056. Llght classification of the Loculoascomycetes sheds new effects on sporulation in seven species of proto- light on their taxonomy. The genus Trematosphaeria stelids (Eumycetozoa). appears to be a heterogeneous assemblage based on a type (Trematosphaeria pertusa (Persoon ex Fries) Seven species of protostelids were tested for light- Fuckel) of dubious distinction from Melanomma. sensitive fruiting responses. Four exhibit differ- The centrum structure of Trematosphaeria circinans entinl responses to light conditions: Cavostelium (Sacc.) Winter and its pattern of development *ophysatum, C. bisporum, Protostelium mycophaga, suggest that it is a member of the Pleosporales. and one isolaFe (FY80-lb) of an undescribed A taxonomic revision is warranted. stelium sp. Those which sporulate regardless of -~ ------light conditions are Plano rotostelium aurantium, -- Protostelium irregularis, :nd a different isolate Ma 'a BOOsalis see AllenG35 (~~81-lb)Tthe same undescribed Protostelium sp. A studv of the effects on fruiting of various photo- periods revealed that the Cavostelium species re- quired both a dark and a light period, each having an optimum cycle in which the maximum number of fruiting bodies were formed. The Protostelium species required only a dark period, and fruiting was progressively inhibited with increasing length of the li~htperiod. A preliminary study of the visible light wavelengths active in this response was made. The cellular slime mold, Acrasis rosea was included in these experiments. The possible selective advantage of light-sensitive fruiting is discussed.

This research was supported in part by a grant from the Faculty Research Committee of Miami University. 27 GI04 TOM BOOTH, Botany Departwnt, University of lar and are located in a thin layer at the periphery Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2112 Canada. of host cells. Nuclei of young plasmodia contain Cauloplane and rhi zopl ane fungi of Sal icornia prominent nucleoli. Nuclear divisions during this rubra A. Nels. Environwntal effects. stage are cruciform. Nuclei in plasmodia at later stages do not have prominent nucleoli. Since nuclei Fungal populations on washed and plated pieces of in this stage are not seen easily, earlier investi- Salicornia rubra from four lakes in Manitoba and gators referred to these plasmodia as "akaryotic." Saskathewan are determined. Envi ronnlental factors, s~naptonemalcomplexes occur in nuclei of akaryotic ie. conductivity, pH, C1-, S04, HC03, Na+, K', plasmodia. Nuclear divisions in this stage are non- Mg++ and Ca++, are wasured for soils of each of cruciform. Thick-walled resting spores (cysts) cul- the four ha1 ophyte col lections. The envi ronmnts minate the cystogenous phase. Resting spores gener- and their concomitant factors are discussed with ally occur in a single layer at the periphery of host reference to fungal di versi ty, communi ty structure cells, and contain centrioles and crystals. Supper- and population occurrence and frequency. Plant ted by NSF grant PCM-81113631. part effects are also considered for fungal popu- lations and comuni ties. Responses of individual fungal species, eg. Alternaria tenuis and R. W.' Brown see Warner G30 Dendryphiel la infuscans are presented. T. D. BRUNS. Dept. of Botany, University of ~71RICHARD N. BOKTNICA and MARTHA J. POWELL. Miami Minnesota, St. Paul, 55108. Insect Mycophagy in University, Oxford, Ohio 45056. Zoospore fine the Boletales: Host associations and phylogeny. G58 structure in the mycoparasite Olpidiopsis (Oomy- cetes, Lagenidiales). A diverse array of insects are associated with fruitbodies of the Boletales. Many of these insects are specialized An alkaline relict boreal bog, Cedar Bog Nature Pre- on the boletes, and a few are restricted to one or serve, in west-central Ohio, was sampled for aquatic several host taxa. Host phylogeny and chemistry appear fungi. Olpidiopsis, an endobiotic mycoparasite on to be the most significant factors in determining host- its host^, SaprolegG, was recovered. In the sys- selection by these insects. Leccinum, Suillus, tematics of aquatic fungi, zoospore fine structure is Xerocomus, and several other host genera have of fundamental importance. Zoospores of Olpidiopsis distinctive groups of hostselective insect associates. were studied in a comparative light and electron Many of the same species of host fungi and insect microscopic study. The purpose of this report is to fungivores are found in Ehrope and North America, and compare the organellar arrangement and flagellar in most cases the host association patterns are similar apparatus of -idiopsis-- with the fine structure of or identical in both regions. Tylopilus felleus, Boletus oomycetous zoospores previously studied. Zoospore piperatus, Gyropotus cyanescens, and G, castaneus are release was induced by chilling 3-4 day old cultures interesting exceptions. In North America all four to 40C for 2-3 hrs. Cultures were then placed in species are attacked by Megaselia species (Phoridae), dilute salts at room temperature. The zoospores which kt in Europe the same insect species avoid these hosts were subsequently released 8 hrs. later were observed completely. Several taxa including Strobilomyces by light microscopy and were prepared for transmission floccopus, Boletellus species, Leccinum chromapes and electron microscopy. The small size of Olpidiopsis Paragyrodon sphaerospotus have not been investigated zoospores (2-4p), as compared with the typically for insects previously. Insect associates of the latter larger zoospores (9-15p) of saprophytic or ectopara- two appear to provide useful information on the generic sitic Oomycetes , puts a constraint on the arrangement affinity of these taxonomically controversial host and complexity of organellar associations. For species. example, fewer dictyosomes are associated with the nuclear envelope and the pulsating vacuole of Olpidi- JULIO BURGOS E. Depto. ciencias Exactas Natu- -opsis than of Saprolegnia secondary zoospores. The rales, Instituto Profesional de Osorno, Casilla 933 structure and arrangement of hasal bodies are similar chile. to other Oomycetes, but the rootlet structure appears ~~~hibi~~~hyphomycetes from Osorno (Chile) to be reduced. Organelles such as peripheral cis- G75 ternae and fingerprint vacuoles, typical ofoomycetous To study the role of freshwater hyphomycetes played zoospores are present. Differences in microbodies in processing leaflitter and their signi- and other single membrane bounded organelles are ficance in food webs in streams, rivers, lakes and found. ~hus,the basic organization of Olpidiopsis other water bodies, the first step is to recognize zoospores, while typical of an 0om~ceteZoosPore, is them. Many taxonomic studies have been made around distinct. the world, including South America, but nothing were known about aquatic fungi in Chile; now, 32 species of hyphomycetes growing (or their conidia) on deca- G88 JAMES BRASELTON' Department Ohio ying leaves of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous University, Athens, OH 45701. The plasmodiophorid plantshave been recorded in Osorno (CHILE). Some of in roots of Heteranthera e. them have been also found in wet terrestrial habitats but they were less abundant than in water. The re- The member of the Plasmodiophoromycetes that causes sults agree, in general, with what have been already hypertrophy of roots of Heteranthera dubia (Jacques) reported by other workers about their cosmopolitan kcM. was classified by previous investigators in character, their seasonal occurrence and their terres- either Membranosorus Ostenfeld and Peterson or trial potential. Sorodiscus Lagerheim and Winge. In this study light and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize developmental stages of the cystogenous portion of the life cycle. Plasmodia are intracellu- R. J. Caldwell see Wicklow G33 to those of Aqaricus. Montaqnea arenarius has smooth spores with three wal l layers simi lar in structure to G41 S.CAMAZINE*, J.RESCH and J. MEINWID. Carnell those of Coprinus comatus and an apical cr subapical University, Ithaca, NY 14853. Tk role af toxins germ pore. hl. arenarius differs from!. eliotti from in mushrm defense: antifeedant activity of the Ni le valley and M. tenuis from the Ga lopagos isovelleral isolated £ram Lentinellus ursinus Is lands in the size of the spores and tissues of the (Trichololllataceae). stipe-columella. Podaxis pistillaris spores have an apical germ pore and two distinct wall iayers, the Considerable wrk has ken undertaken to elucidate inner of which is extremely thickened. The results the chemistry and phamcolqy of mushroan toxins, of this study support the observation that Lonqula yet their actual function in ~turehas rained and Gyrophraqmi um are closely related to Aqari cus, unknown. In feeding bioassays developed with a and provide evidence for the relationship of Montagnea natural fungivore, the -sum Didelphis virqiniana, and Podaxis to Coprinus. e shw that Lentinellus ursinus is rejected and that its distastefulness is due, at least in part, to its E. C. Choi see Kim G67 content of the peppery-tasting sesquiterpene dialdehyde, isovelleral. This ccmpourid has previously MARTHA CHRISTENSEN and JANE BEISWENGER. Depart- been isolated only from mushroams in the unrelated ment of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY genus, Lactarius. 82071. Fungi as potential indicators of peri- Tk palatability of 18 species of mushroan was glacial soils. determined in feedinq tests with opossums. Only- 5 G107 mushrm species, Lactarius &ryso>heus, A. Species composition and cold-adaptation in the com- torminosus, L. deceptivus, Russula errretica, and munity of soil microfungi occurring at depths of 1 m Lentinellus !&E&XE Ere fourid to k unpalatable. AU were examined at 2 sites in southeastern Wyoming and of these mushrooms taste peppery and all mntain northeastern Colorado. Vegetation at both sites is sesquiterpenes which my account for their an arid shortgrass community dominated by Bouteloua distastefulness. racilis. Since one of the sites (Laramie Basin) is Isolation af the peppery qnentof Lentinellust %thin the periglacial zone postulated by 8. Wears, guided by subjective tasting by One of us, ledto a Jr. and the other (Pawnee National Grasslands), single peppery sesquiterpene, isovelleral, which approximately 96 km southeast of Laramie, presumably proved to k antifeedant when applied to pieces of is beyond major glacial influence, our primary objec- ~qaricusbisporus in concentrations comparable to tive was to discover a) whether the 2 communities of that found in fresh Lentinellus. microfungi appeared to be different compositionally, To our knwledge this is the first derronstration of physiologically, or both, and, if so, b) whether the a chemical defense in imshroams. We suggest that lMny differences could be interpreted in relation to the mushrocm toxins my serve as feeding deterrents theorized prior existence in the Wyoming basin of a protecting n'Ush~CxXISagainst £wivores and that steppe-tundra on ground containing permafrost. bioassa~swith fungivores my provide a mns Comparisons of several hundred isolates from the 2 for "hhng in" on a variety of mushroan toxins of sites have indicated: 1) a tundra-like component in hitherto unknown structure. the Laramie Basin samples and 2) differences in tem- perature optima for isolates from the 2 sites. Chrysosporium and Cylindrocarpon, common genera in contemporary tundras, accounted for 48% of all iso- J. W. Carmichael see Sigler G76 lates in the Laramie soils but were not represented in the Colorado samples. In growth rate studies, 40% of the Pawnee isolates, but none of the Laramie forms, G21 E. Castro-Mendoza. Virginia Polytechnic Institute grew at 37 C. At 15 C average diameter of the Lar- and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061. Bio- amie isolates was 68% of that at 25 C, 9 isolates systematic observations of several taxa of seco- grew at 10 C and 3 showed optimum growth at tempera- tioid fungi common in the southwestern deserts of tures below 25 C; average diameter of the Pawnee North Arne r i ca. fungi at 15 C was 31% of that at 25 C, only 2 iso- lates grew appreciably at 10 C and none showed opti- Gy rophragmi um ca I i forn i cum is known on l y from the San mum growth under 25 C. Francisco Bay area, however, Longu l a, -Montagnea, and Podaxis are commonl!l found in the southwestern deserts K. s. chung see Kim G67 of North America. The last three were col lected f row the southwestern U.S. Staining reactions of fresh carpophores were recorded. Gieba l materials including spores were fixed and prepared for examination with light microscopy, and scanning and transmission elec- tron microscopy. At least three distinct forms of Lonqula can be identified based on the size and stain- ing characteristics of sporocarps, and anotomi cal di f- ferences in the hymenium. The partial veil found in -L. texensis var. texensis appears to be homologous to the partial vei l found in Agaricus arvensis and A. xanthrodermus. Spores of al l are simi lar in struc- ture, smooth, and lack an apical germ pore. Gyro- phragmium cal ifornicum is characterized by having a large basal volva and a partial veil which is double, but l i ke Longula it has spores simi lar in structure 29

G. T. Cole see Felix G47 J. S. Dickey see Dunn G42

G92 0.R. COLLINS" and T. GONG. University of Califor- STEPHANIE DIGBY. University of Rhode GI5 nia, Berkeley, CA 94720. Speciation and isolating Island, Kingston, RI 02881. mechanisms in a myxomycete, Didymium iridis. Developmental studies on Loramyces juncicola Weston. In the morphospecies D. iridis, individual isolates are readily classifiable as either heterothallic or The taxonomic position of L. jgncicola, an nonheterothallic. Heterothallic entities are char- aquatic Ascomyc ete , has been in question acteristically interfertile, but a few are reproduc- since described by Weston in 1929. Its tively isolated from the interfertile group as well placement in current taxonomic schemes as from one another. On the basis of preliminary depends on a knowledge of ascocarp and data, we tentatively conclude that all noAeterothal- centrum development. Res~lltsof structural lic isolates may be apomictic (not homothallic) and and developmental studies will be presented that while in the apomictic state they do not inter- and their implications discussed. breed with one another or with heterothallic forms of the same species. A. J. Domnas see Eierman G26

We have been able to demonstrate that one line of an J. E. Donahue see Wicklow G38 apomictic isolate spontaneously converted to a heter- othallic state. 1n- this convertant, inbreeding is M. B. Dove see Powell G73 good, but with few exceptions, outbreeding is poor. Apparently, selection for apomixis in nature creates P. H. DUNN*;W. G. WELLS11; J. S. DICKEY: P. PI. a reproductive barrier between a new apomict and its WOHLGEMUTH, and S. C. BARRO. Pacific Southwest heterothallic progenitor. Existence of this barrier Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. permits considerable genetic divergence to occur, in- Department of Agriculture; Forest Service, 110 cluding evolution of isolating mechanisms which prob- N. Wahash Ave., Glendora, CA 91740 ably lead to speciation. This view is consistent Ashbed stabilization by one and two-membered with genetical and cytological data as well as with heat shock fungal communities. isozymal studies of several polymorphic enzymes. G4 2 Aspergillus f ischeri var. 31aber Fennel and Raper G59 WM. BRIDGE COOKE. 1135 Nilshire Ct., Cincinnati, and Gelasinospora cercalis a ow ding are the most OH 45230. Fungi of Glacier Bay National Park, frequently isolated fungi after fire on the San Alaska. Dimas ~xperimental Forest, Los Angeles Co., California. They are never isolated unless the During several trips to Glacier Bay National Park, soil is heat treated. The possibility that these .'ilaska, over 600 species of fungi have been collected fungi might enhance the soils ability to resist and identified. The major area visited was Bartlett erosion is being tested. They were added, alone Cove, ice-free for only 200 years, and which supports and in combination, to sterile soil covered with

an apparently mature --Picea ---sitchensis-Tsuga -- -heter- ash. The soil was incubated at 25OC and field ophylla forest. A brief visit to Tlingit Point, ice- capacity for one month. A 5 m rain tower was used free for only 100 years, yielded many of the same to drop three, 3.1 mm drops onto each sample held species on a preliminary survey. at a 35% slope. The ash and soil splashed was weighed. Each fungus growing alone was nore D. A. Cotter see Jackson G24 effective at resisting rain splash erosion than the two fungi combined. When growing alone, the two K. Cromack see Sollins G98 fungi were equal in their resistance to rain splash erosion.

G89 M. C. Deasey. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514. Spore formation in the cellular slime mold Fonticula a.

The trophic phase of the cellular slime mold Fonticula alba alternates with an aggregative, sorogenic phase. The sorogenic, or fruiting phase, culminates in the formation of a broadly conical stalk which bears an apical sorus of spores. The process of stalk foxmation has already been described. The purpose of this study is to describe spore formation with light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Supported by an NSF grant to Dr. Lindsay S. Olive. FIO.1%. Oapms resting-spores of the rungun of 1,etttxce >lililew, P,Derk. Enlarged UXI d~arnttern.

M. C. Deasey see Warner G29 D.M. DURALL. University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., T2N 1N4. Fungal Colonization on Decomposing Timothy R. C. Evans see Stempen G90 (Phlewn pratense L. ) . G43 D. F. FARR. Mycology Laboratory, U. S. Department The colonization of fungi on decomposing Timothy of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research (Phlewn pratense L.) as affected by different micro- Center, Beltsville, MD 20705. The biological climates in the field was investigated. Three re- species and its relationship to taxonomy in the claimed surface mine sites differing in reclamation Agaricales. age, plant litter accumulation, soil moisture and soil G82 organic matter were selected. The sites were aged 1, Most mycologists receive their training in a botany 3 and 7 years following reclamation. Soil moisture department and much of our knowledge of speciation and vegetation cover significantly increased with is based on angiosperms. However, a flower is not reclamation age and soil organic matter content was analogous to a mushroom nor is an individual plant greatest in the seven year site and lowest in the similar to an individual mushroom. It is important three year site. Nylon mesh litter bags containing that agaric taxonomists be cognizant of these and 1 g samples of Timothy leaves were exposed on the other differences if we are to logically discuss sites for either 1 month, 2 months or 4 months the interplay of speciation and taxonomy. To de- throughout the summer of 1979. During this time de- velop a fundamental understanding of speciation velopment of fungal populations was studied and the in agarics, it is necessary to go beyond the study frequency of occurrence of fungal taxa growing on the of the mushroom and include information on mating leaf surface was recorded. Analysis of important compatibility. This allows us to discuss mushrooms species, species richness and species diversity as biological species. values were made. Community diversity of fungi de- composing Timothy were similar in all sites, however, A biological species could be defined as a popula- values were consistently greater in sites of high tion which no longer exchanges genetic material soil organic matter content. Important species and with another population. Since non-compatible species richness also followed this trend. It appears populations can develop through a breakdown in the that exposure and related moisture stress do not have fusion-dikaryotization process, it follows that a an adverse effect on the diversity of fungi decom- biological species can be formed without any mor- posing Timothy. phological change (Psath~e).At the other extreme is the possibility of morphological dif- ferences developing in populations separated by H- H. Edwards see Onyile G74 geography or host distribution (Omphalotus). These G26 D. F. E~~~~~~Qand A. J. D~~~~~.univer- and other examples will be discussed to illustrate sity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC the contributions that a knowledge of mating com- 27514. Nitro~enassimilation in patibility can bring to agaric taxonomy.

Ph~tophthoracinnamomi and P. drechsleri E. R. FARR. Department of Botany, Smithsonian preferentially utilize glu tamine and ammonia Institution, washington, D. C. 20560. GI2 as a source of nitrogen, with Km's for uptake The --Index Nominum Genericorum and remarks on of 5 ply and 100 pM, respectively. Nitrate is nomenclature at sydney. also used, with a Km for uptake of 300 pM. A membrane-bound NADPH2-dependent nitrate re- The Index Nominum Genericorum (m),Farr, Leussink, ductase is observed Only after growth with and Stafleu, Eds., 1979, is an index to generic names nitrateu This enzyme and nitrate uptake are in all plant groups. x,the product of 25 years significantly inhibited in the presence and over 125 collaborators, provides bibliographic glutamine or ammonia. The purified enzyme citations and information on typification and nomen- has a weight of 21° ,000 and clatural status of names as well as fulfilling its sists of three identical subunits of molecu- originalpurpose of revealinghomonymy between var- lar weight 7°~000. Neither ious plant groups. Supplements with additions and take up nitrite nor is a nitrite reductase corrections are planned. observed. In August, 1981, the Nomenclature Section at the International Botanical Congress approved a number of revisions to the botanical code. The problems ~77J. T. ELLZEY* and S. L. ANAGNOSTAKIS. University encountered in updating J& in accordance with the of Texas, El Paso, TX 79968 and Connecticut new rules will be discussed. Of particular interest Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT are changes in the articles pertaining to the start- 06504. Ultrastructure of virulent and hypovirul- ing point date for several groups of fungi, the ent strains of Endothia parasitica. status of "orthographic variants" and names illegiti- mate on publication, lectotypifications based on a Hypovirulent (H) strains of g. parasitica contain mechanical system, and the typification of generic cytoplasmic determinants that alter fungal morphology names. and reduce virulence on the chestnut tree host. The determinants move from H strains to virulent (V) strains through hyphal anastomoses, converting the V strains to H. All H strains examined contain dsRNA, and the isolation of pleomorphic membrane- bound structures from some H strains has been report- ed. This TEM study compares the ultrastructure of V strains with that of their H converts. G47 E.A. FELIX* and G.T. COLE. Botany Department, genera include number of ascospores per ascus, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712. Mechanism strOmatal and arrangement of salt tolerance in the imperfect yeast Candida perithecial necks. Most species can be distinguished albicans. on the basis of stzomatal size, shape, and coloration. as well as ascospore size. curva.ture. candia albicans isan imperfectyeast commonly found and coloration. However, the reduced stromata in as a component of the gastrointestinal flora of birds 'pp' Often afford few distinguishing and mammals.~l~~~~~~it is not commonly isolated characteristics, necessitating the use of cultural from natural habitats outsidethe host, this yeast and pathogenicity studies to distingish some of the has been frequently isolated from temperate marine taxa in this genus' environments. Further it has been recently demon- strated that isolates of C. albicans are capable of S. E. GOCHENAUR. Department of Biology, surviving for extended peFiods of time in both simula- Adelphi University, Garden City, New ted and natural marine conditions. Our objective York 11530. Methods for studying two is to first identify the mechanism(s) of adaptation factors that regulate the density of to saline habitats and second to determine if such Penicillia in soil. G83 ada~tationhas a detectable affect on the ~athouen- icity of this organism. In this report we'describe The penicilliaare a ma,or and character- the results of our work on mechanisms of saline istic component of microfungal communities adaptation. Growth parameters of a clinical isolate in forest soils. factors that regulate of C. albicans of demonstrated pathogenicity, deter- their density in this habitat and thus mined by LD 50 in adult CFW mice, are nearly identical their importance in the community are the using defined media in simulated mrine and control number of spores each produces per unit of conditions. Intracell ular cation concentration energy source consumed and the rapidity with remains at relatively low levels in spite of high which these propagules are destroyed. These extracell ular ion concentrations. Gel 1 ~1trastruct- parameters, reproductive capacity and spore ure undergoes no detectable alterations as a come- turnover rate, can be studied by a quence of saline adaptation. Available data s~ggests combination of in vitro and in situ that ion regulation occurs at the level of the plasma techniques to bedabed. Thethod to membrane with osmotic balance being maintained by a determine the former employs a simulated compatible solute. soil environment and a particulate carbon- energy source; the latter a device to L. Frederick see JOAES G5 insert spores into soil, retrieve them after incubation of up to 2 years, followed M. S. Fuller see Blanton G93 by determination of their viability.

~80R. L. GILBERTSON. University of Arizona, Tucson, T. Gong see Collins G92 AZ 85721. Generic concepts in the Polyporaceae.

The Polyporaceae is one of the largest families of M. GUNASEKARAN. Fisk University, Nashville, TN the order Aphyllophorales (Basidiomycotina; Holo- 37203. In Vitro synthesis of phenolic compounds basidiomycetidae). It has been studied extensively by phymatotrichum species. for 200 years because it is comprised largely of G64 wood-rotting fungi, many of which are of economic Three species of Phymatotrichum namely, Phymatotri- importance. Current efforts to develop a phyloge- chum fimicola, P. fungicola and P. omnivorum, were netic system of classification have resulted in grown as stationary cultures in 4 types of media at recognition of a large number of genera, many of 28012 for 10-50 days. Phenolic compounds were extrac- which are monotypic or contain only two or three ted from the mycelia and culture media with diethyl species. There is no general agreement on which ether, and the total phenolic content of the extracts characters provide a sound basis for establishment estimated calorimetrically. Phenolic compounds of genera. Utilization of all characters of the ,ere separated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and total organism in all stages may contribute to a identified by comparing their color reactions and solution of this problem. These are reviewed and the ~f values against those of the known standards. evaluated and suggestions made for their application TLC analysis of ether extracts disclosed 13 phenolic in taxonomy of the polypores. compounds. Of these, o-coumaric, caffeic and chloro- genic acid were found in both mycelia and culture filtrates of all three species. However, svringic V. Gessner see Onyile G74 acid was found only in P. omnivorum. There was a marked similarity in the compounds produced bv P. ~17D. A. Gla.we. 'Jniversit~of Illinois#Urbanap IL fimicola and P. fun icola as compared to 5 omnivorum. 1Bxonomy of Diatr?.~aceae in the pacific 61801. Among the three spe:ies, -P. omnivorum produced the Northwest. maximum number of phenolic compounds in large quantity. ~~~~oximately300 collections of Diatrypacea.e (pyrenomycetes, ~~haeriales)were examined in a study which emphasized species occurring in Washington, ldaho, and Oregon. AS a result, 26 species, collected primarily from hardwoods, are recognized from this region and are distributed among Cr tos heria, Cryptovalsa, Diatrype, Diatrypella, *typella. Features used to distinguish 3 2 G2O R. E. HALLING. Farlow Herbarium, Harvard Univer- D. E. Hemmes. University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, sity, 20 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138. HI 96720. Ultrastructure of sporangial prolifera- A re-evaluation of pertinent characters in the tion in Phytophthora megasperma. G70 taxonomy of Collybia. The ultrastructural aspects of a "nesting" type of As with species in many other agaric genera, those in sporangial proliferation occurring in a high tempera- Collybia were originally grouped together on the basis ture isolate of Phytophthora megasperma have been of macroscopic resemblance. However, features such as studied by transmission electron microscopy. Primary stature and consistency that have traditionally de- sporangia develop at hyphal apices when mycelial mats limited Collybia clearly do not provide an adequate are transferred from dilute V-8 juice broth to dis- circumscription if used in conjunction with micro- tilled water. These sporangia differentiate an apical scopic and chemical data. Revisionary studies on exit pore plugged with a thin layer of fibrillar white-spored agarics have afforded the opportunity formaterial and a thick basal septum isolating the spo- a re-evaluation of generic characters differentiating rangial cytoplasm from the underlying hyphal cyto- Collybia in northeastern North America. The critical plasm. Once flagella have formed and the sporangial observation and interpretation of the cytological cytoplasm has cleaved into zoospores, cytoplasm from detail, the chemical nature and reactivity, and the the sporangiophore dissolves through the basal septum anatomical construction prove to be of paramount and begins to swell to fill the primary sporangial importance, but not to the exclusion of physiognomy, chamber. The cytoplasmic swelling is filled with in the clarification of the taxonomy. Indeed, the vesicles similar to those at hyphal tips. Zoospores assessment of the available data has helped to create are then released from the primary sporangiwn and the a workable hypothesis describing the perimeter of secondary sporangium continues to inflate to fill the Collybia with respect to allied genera, and has empty primary sporangial chamber. The secondary contributed to a refinement of the infrageneric sporangium secretes its own sporangial wall and dif- arrangement. ferentiates an apical exit pore with plug material and a basal septum and the process is repeated. In G95 T. M. HAMMILL* and DIANA LENARD SECOR. State distilled water at 25'~ approximately 30 sporangia University of New York, Oswego, NY 13126. form inside one another during one week as attested Light m~croscopyof the nuclearcondition inspa- by the 30 separate sporangial walls observed inside rangiospores of Mucor mucedo. one another at hyphal apices fixed after one week's incubation. If the inner chamber becomes too small F~~~ strainsof M~~~~ mucedo, ,,iz.,NRRL 3634 (= CBS for sporangial development after extensive prolifera- 109.16, DSM 810,andA=694), NRRL 3635 (= CBS tion, a thin tube of cytoplasm dissolves through the 144.24, DSM 809, and ATCC 38693), CBS 145.24, and plug, extends the s~Orangial CBS 640.67, were examined to determine the nuclear and exit pores and then the size condi tion of the sporangiospores of each. The CBS the primary s~orangiumand the "nesting" phenomenon and ATCC strains parenthetically 1isted above were is repeated. examined similarly. Spores were killed and fixed with a modified Helly's solution, and nuclei were J. F. Hennen see McCain G2 stained using an HC1-Giemsa technique. In all cases, sporangiospores of the above cultures were mu1 tinu- H. R. HENNEY, Jr.* and H. WHITE. University of cleate. An exact determination of the number of Houston, Houston, TX 77004. nuclei per spore was impossible with the techniques Localization and properties of a sulfhydryl-depen- used, but a rough estimate was 15-20 or more nuclei dent acid proteinase from Physarum flavicomum per spore. The culture, ATCC 7941 (=CMI 78379), de- haploid cells. posited by V. Cutter, and listed as M. mucedo, was G60 examined with the He1 ly SO] tio on-HClTGiemsa procedure. Acid proteinase activity was found to increase in Sporangiospores of that strain were predominantly amoebae-swarm cells of Physarum flavicomum during uninucleate (a few bi-, tri -, and tetranucleate encystment. Extracts of the encysting cells were spores were observed). S~orangios~oresof ATCC 7941 fractionated by density gradient centrifugation. also measured much smaller than all of the other Acid proteinase activity of highest specific activity strains examined durinq this study. ATCC 7941 is not was localized in a vacuolar fraction which contained --Mucor mucedo; attempts are being made in this labora- typical lysosomal enzymes. The acid proteinase was tory to correctly identify that culture. further purified by affinity chromatography. Inhibitor analyses revealed the enzyme to be a sulf- G13 E.F. HASKINS*, M.D. MCGUINNESS AND C.S. BERRY hydryl dependent acid proteinase. The inhibition Department of Botany, University of Washington exerted by certain sulfhydryl blocking agents was Seattle, WA 98195 reversible. The enzyme was most stable in the range Further studies on a recently discovered organism 2 to 3, which also corresponded to its pH optimum. showing affinities with the slime molds. Maximum activityofthe enzyme occurred at 55'~. The membrane associated enzyme was more heat stable than We have isolated a new protoplasmod ial sl ime mold the more purified which produces sessile fruiting bodies. The possible affinity of this organism with Echinostelium spp. has been assessed using comparative light and electron microscopical studies on the amoebal, plasmodia1 and C. W. Hesseltine see Wicklow G33 sporophore phrases of these taxa.

E. F. Haskins see YcGuiness G91 G45 W.E. HINTZ" and P.A. HORGEN. University of Toronto, p. A. H~~~~~ see Hintz G45 Erindale Campus, EIississauga, Ont., L5L 1C6. A method for controlling sexual morphogenesis in female strains of the aquatic fungus, Achlya B. W. HORNfc and D. T. WICKLOW. Northern Regional ambisexualis. Research Center, ARS, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604. Inhibit ion of af latoxin production in corn by The sexual reproductive process in Achlya is directed Aspergillus niger. G40 by the diffusable pheromones antheridiol and oogoniol. Whereas the structure of antheridiol has been well Aspergillus niger van Tiegham, a mold commonly associ- characterized and has in the past led to investigation. ated with Aspergillus flavus Link ex Fr. in damaged -- -- of steroid-mediated changes in transcription and trans corn interferes with the biosynthesis of aflatoxin lation, the oogoniols isolated to date have a stimulat when'grom with A. flavus on autoclaved corn. A ory efficiency approximately 100,000 times lessthan water extract of autoclaved corn kernels incubated that of antheridiol. In order to initiate studies on with A. niger (NRRL6411) suppressed aflatoxin forma- the biochemical events associated with the pheromone- tion whened to corn meal disks that were subse- stimulated ontogeny of the female reproductive quently inoculated with --A. flavus (NRRL 6432). This structures it was first necessary to develop a mating interference was distinguished from both the effects system whereby the male and female strains are grown of resource depletion and changes in pH due to A. together to initiate sexual development, yet allows th~niger. The biodegradation of aflatoxin Bl or its sampling of female mycelia alone. The two mating type -conversion to aflatoxin B2, was also eliminated as a may be selectively separated on the basis of colony potential mechanism by which --A. -niger reduces afla- morphology when 24 hour grown female mycelia is mated toxin contaminat ion. When conidia of A. and with Inale grown for 72 hours A. nigerwere wound-ino~ulated onto from single spores. The initiation, development and -developing -- ears of corn (grown in the Biotron, maturation of the female reproductive structures has University of Wisconsin), aflatoxin levels in the been monitored utilizing phase contrast and phase corn equaled A. flavus-inoculated controls. Use of interference microscopy. The first distinctive A. niger as a biological control agent to reduce morphological change in the female is a condensation afl;toxin of field corn is therefore of the cytoplasm at regular intervals along the unlikely to be effective. mycelial strands approximately forty hours after the mating is initiated. Within the next four hours there is a synchronous development of oogonia at these sites of condensation. Utilizing this mating system the rise and fall of the abundant mRNAs is being examined. The B. W. Horn see wicklow C-3 mRNA subset composition is based on which proteins are visible as stained or radioactive species on two-dimen- sional gels at the different developmental stages. H. E. ~uizar*andJ. M. Aronson. Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287. Chitin G28 H. C. HOCHr and R. C. STAPLES. NY State Agricul- synthase in Apodachl a and related tural Experiment Station. Cornell University, oomycetes. G46 Geneva. NY 14456 and Boyce Thom~son Institute. Ithaca, NY 14853. Previous work from this laboratory has shown that the family Leptomitaceae is character- Cyclic AMP inhibits differentiation of bean rust ized by the presence of chitinin both cell ur edospore germlings. walls and in cytological entities called cellulin In these respects lepto- We have demonstrated that antimicrotubule drugs and mitacean fungi differ from other oomycetes. several physical treatments known to disaggregate We have detected chitin synthase, the enzyme microtubules induce nuclear division in bean rust catalyzing chitin synthesis, in crude enzyme uredospore germlings (BR), a step which accompanies preparations of Apodachlya sp., Leptomitus appearance of the infection structures. It should be lacteus and Apodachlyella completa. Treat- possible, therefore. LO block uredospore differentia- ment of crude extracts with trypsin in- tion by stabilizing the microtubule network. creased enzyme activity and Polyoxin D Adenosine 3': 5'-cyclic monophosphate and its deriva- inhibited. By means of differential centri- tives are known to stabilize cytoplasmic microtubules fugation, chitin synthase was localized in in various types of cells. Consequently. we germina- the 74,000 x g pellet (nixed membrane frac- ted BR spores on polycarbonate sheets which induce tion) of Apodachlya sp. homogenate. Treat- uredospore differentiation; addition of CAMP and two ment of the 74,000 x g pellet with huffered of its derivatives -- dibutyryl-CAMP and disuccinyl- digitonin increased total activity hy more CAMP -- inhibited appressorium development. The than five-fold. Approximately one-third of cyclic AMP compounds each induced one round of this total activity did not sediment at nuclear division in the germ tube, but further 150,000 x g. Results of work in progress on development did not occur. The data suggest that this nonsedimentable activity will be dis- conversion of the germ tube to the appressorium was cussed. Thus far, properties of chitin blocked because the cytoplasmic microtubular network synthase in the Leptomitaceae appear similar was stabilized by the drugs. Cytological examination to those described by other investigators of similarly treated BR germ tubes was conducted to working with Eumycetes. help substantiate our findings.

H. C. Hoch see Newhouse G4 C24 D. P. JACKSON and D. A. COTTER*. University of J.D. Jensen* and J.D. Rogers. Washington State GS Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, N9B 3F4. University, Pullman, WA 99164. The development Endogenous lipid reserves in Dictyostelium of Gelasi nospora reticulospora. discoideum. The developmental morphology of Gelasinospora reticul- Respiration studies have been utilized to study the ospora has been studied utilizing plastic embedding invoivement of lipid, carbohydrate, and protein as and freeze-substitution fixation. Perithecia develop possible endogenous energy sources for Dictyostelium from initials composed of an ascogonial coil surround- discoideum spore germination. The spore germination ed by an envelope. The outer layers of the envelope process in D. discoidem consists of four distinct develop into a peridium 6-8 cells thick. Inner envel- stages: activation, post-activation lag, swelling, ope hyphae and branches from cells of the ascogonial and emergence. Recent work in our laboratory demon- coil contribute to paraphyses and pseudoparenchyma strated that carbohydrate, specifically trehalose, of the young centrum. The centrum pseudoparenchyma is metabolized from the end of the post-activation and peridium differentially grow in the apical region lag stage of genination until the late swelling of the perithecium to ultimately produce a periphysis- stage of germination. To further elucidate the role lined neck. Ascogonial coil cells produce short asco- of lipids during germination the levels of total lip- id, neutral lipid, and free fatty acids were meas- genous hyphae which proliferate by croziers into a compact mass. The asci grow upward from the strictly ured. Neutral lipid comprised 24% of the total lipid found in dormant spores. Total lipid and neutral basal hymenium and compress the centrum pseudoparen- chyma layer. Meanwhile, the paraphyses swell and have lipid decreased 7- and 10-fold respectively during No genination. 'he majority of the decrease in total a pseudoparenchyma-1 ike appearance at maturity. and neutral lipid had occurred by late swelling. cavity forms during development. G. reticulos ora is representative of the Sordaria cenfiu&will Concomitant with the decrease in lipid, free fatty acids increased 5-fold during the activation stage be briefly discussed in relation to the Diaporthe and and remained at this level throughout germination. Xylaria types. Since protein levels remained constant throughout spore germination it is likely that catabolism of lipid is the primary endogenous energy source in JOHNNYE M. JONES?: and 1,AFAYETTE FREDERICK. Hampton dormant and germinating spores. Institute, Hampton, Virginia 23668. Ascosporo- genesis in EMERICELLA QUADRILINEATA: An analysis via light, scanning, and transmission electron G49 S. W. JAMES. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN microscopy. G 8 55108. Physiology and genetics of fruitbody development of the- clavarioid fungus, ~lavicorona Cleistothecium formation, ascus initiation, and asco- pyxidata. sporogenesis in Emericella quadrilineata have been studied using light, scanning, and transmission elec- Clavicorona pyxidata fruits vigorously on artificial media tron microscopy. Light microscopy studies support and forms an orderly branched fruitbody via an open present data on the pattern of cleistothecial forma- system of development. Crosses among and between tion. That is, initiation of cleistothecial formation rnonokaryons from two localities in Minnesota revealed is effected by the coiling of hvphae. The loose coils a tetrapolar mating system with multiple alleles at the produce a globose body with a two- to three-cell incompatibility loci. Nuclear migration in compatible thick wall inside of which asci ultimately arise. pairings of monokaryons appears to be limited. Dikaryons Asci appear to originate from an internal hvphal sys- were grown in controlled environments on defined tem that is associated with the inner layer of wall nutrient agars. Fruitbodies were harvested at maturity cells. Tips of this branrhlng ascogenous hyphal sys- and dry weights determined. A morphological index was tem enlarge and differentiate into asci. Small chains devised to describe the mature form of the basidiocarp. or clusters of asci are irregularly dispersed in the The optimum temperature for fruiting was 21°C and light cleistothecial matrix. was required for fruiting. The morphology of mature fruitbodies was altered significantly by varying the levels The hyphae comprising the two outermost wall layers of maltose in the medium with a constant nitrogen level. of the cleistothecium do not appear to be function- In a survey of different carbon sources, high levels of ally involved in ascus formation. During cleisto- D-glucose exerted strong catabolite repression of fruiting thecium development this network of hyphae segments in the presence of physiological levels of nitrogen. and the cells become thick-walled and pigmented. Maltose and sucrose produced maximum fruitbody yields Cells that make up the outer layers of the cleisto- in the shortest time period, but fruiting was inhibited thecium gradually disintegrate when the asci mature on these media by increased nitrogen concentrations. and ascospores released by ascus deliquenscence are Findings will be discussed in relation to current knowledge dispersed. Ascospore delimitation is effected by of other extensively studied basidiomycetes which possess elaboration of the membrane system and increased different systems of fruit body development. vacuolation. Invagination of the membrane system from the outer periphery inward delimit the ascospores. 35 G7 J. P. JONES. Dept. of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural B. K. KIM*, K. S. CHUNG, C .Y. KANG, M. J. Experiment Station, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. SHIM, and E. C. CHOI. Purdue University, Developmental Sequence of the Ascus in Cordyceps W. Lafayette, IN 47907 and Seoul National capitata. University, Seoul 151, Korea. Studies on Constituents of the Higher The dikaryotic ascogenous system is maintained by Fungi of Korea(XX1X) : Antitumor Compo- repeated crozier formation without subsequent ascus nents of Cryptoporus volvatus. development or karyogamy. Eventually karyogamy occurs G67 and ascus development proceeds. The ascus elongates to approximately 25X its initial length before the The carpophores of Cryptoporus volvatus diploid nucleus divides. When division occurs, the collected in Gyeong-Gi Province of Korea ascus tip begins to differentiate its characteristic were extracted with water and the protein- structure. The tip development can be rather closely polysaccharide fraction was obtained after correlated with the first stages of meiosis. An dialysis and lyophilization. The antitumor extensive membrane system originating at the ascus tip activity of this fraction was tested against during Division I11 proliferates throughout the ascus. sarcoma 180 implanted in A-strain mice. The This membrane may function in the formation of the tumor inhibition ratio was 80.4 '$ in case of ascospores. the high dose group (50 mg/kg, ip, ten days) and 70.3 '$ in case of the low dose group (20 mg/kg, ip, ten days) . The protein-polysaccharide fraction was chemically analyzed and was found to be a complex of a protein which was 18.2 '$ of the extract when determined by Lowry-Folin Y. method, and a polysaccharide which was 55.3 '$ C. Kang see Kim ~67 of the extract when determined by Anthrone G108 R.KENIdETH*,Faculty of Agriculture, nebrew Univer- The subunits Of the po1ysaccharide sity, Rehovot, Israel, and and the protein were identified as four J.PeLT1, Agricultur61 Research Organisation, monosaccharide and 18 amino acids by gas Betdegan, Israel. Eistribution patterns of downy liquid and amino acids and powdery mildews and rusts on Leguminosae. autoanalysis. Downy mildews, powdery mildews and rusts affect, respectively,b.5, 19, and 27 )6 of the ca, 650 genera ?. 'I'. KI?L~<, Jx. Old D0~ni-3ionUniversity, of Leguminosae. None of the host genera of the sub- p-OrfO1k~ VA 23508. l?irect fnu.?er?tion of family mimosoideae are hosts of downy mildews; the hi.n,her fungi in seaf033l. G102 Caesalpinioideae have 2 such genera (1 affected by Plasmopara, 1 by Pseudoperonospora), while the A flot2tl0n nethod V-as?evised for 6irect Papiliomideae have 31 genera affected, all by enuaeration of fungi in sfafoar, beach slnd Peronospora, mostlyin epulvinatetribes from tempe- an? V!TZC?., the 1.ater cn>lu.m~n+ sllrfsce lsyer rate regions. ~eronosora mildews affect only legume (v.ire screen ss~ples)of inshore vrat~rs. genera that araectto attack by Uromyces Sa?l?les viere taken in 71-sinia %ach ~t hi@ rust 2nd by powdery mildews, especially Erysighe. an? low tides, durkg calas sc? on-shore winds, throughout the fall seazon. Among legume rusts, totalling about 33 genera,UromYces Ss~pleswere ,decnnteP to remove sac?, redom mi nates (ca. 100 genera), especially in the Papi- formalinized , ar?d settled for 1 week before lnnoideae, followeo by the largely tropical Ravenelia. the sun~rnatant?&.as si?hozeri of?. Se+iaents 10 out of 12 host genera of Uropyxis are found in the !,%;ereis:?s?e? centrifu~nllyto re~ovesslt, tribes ~morpheaeand iieschynomeneae. Phakopsora is tkLeir concentrr,t ion s? !uated to 3bqut 1?3~g concentrated in the Phaseoleae (16 of 20 host genera). cry IweiLisht ?er of 5Urrmali5. cqq?les Nine genera of Erysiphaceae affect Leguminosae, The (9.5~11)vere cecC,rifunpd in s~verr-12.5al percentage of genera attacked is twice as high in the ~.la?'?esof 7~0!(W/V) (??a?O ) to free SI)OFCS Papilionoideae (23 5;) ss in the other 2 subfamilies. from clay oarticles. ?u?&A?ions :.rpre $11- Erysiphe is most prevalent on all leSumes (69 host ~tedin 25ml ~lexiqlasss~ttling chsnbers, genera), followed by Leveillula (Y7) and micros haera and after hrs. the and (3~).01 the 30 genera of Papilionoideae affectEd by hyohae were uith an llicros haera, all but 2 are also attacked by Er si he. using fiF1ds as IIPeded The method vras far.rrore sensitive an8 Trecise Of affected by Loueillula, 38 are also hLst! of Erysiphe. Thus choice of hosts for an ecto- and an than others in use, and broadly "nliccble to endoparasitic powdery mildew can largely overlap. qarine aycologg. 'rir~inis7a1as est?blis%ed to be the northern liait of Vsri cqsqorina The data presented are discussed as to their value ramulosa snd the southern linit of for predicting the likelihood of legumes in some taxa Asteromyces cruciatus. Over 32 funqal tsva being affected by mildews or rusts, and for legume were ~re~entin a?lOunts as %iqh as 2 ?illion taxonomy. propagules 7er gram of sand- and sslt-free foam sediment. Kany spores of Corollosnora spp. in the vlrack line were shown not to originate there, but in sublittoral sands E. D. Kerr see Allen G35 from which they were transoorted in seafonm. The zethod shov-s ~uchnromise in establishing the geograohical limits and defininn the niches of arenicolous marine fun,%i. G32 M. A. KLICH. Southern Regional Research Center, RICHARD P. KORF. Plant Pathology Herbari- United States Department of Agriculture, um, Cornell University, lthaca, NY 14853. P.O. Box 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179. Mycological nomenclature: changes in the Effects of the time of anthesis on the internal Code enacted at Sydney in 1981. GI1 mycoflora of cottonseed. At the Xlll lnternational Botanical Congress held Cotton flowers in an experimental field plot were in Sydney, Australia, in August, 1981, several date-labelled as they opened. Resultant bolls were malor changes in the lnternational Code of Bota- harvested seven weeks post-anthesis. The bolls were nical Nomenclature were made that directly affect ginned and the seeds were acid delinted, surface mycologists and lichenologists. Few of these are sterilized and placed on agar plates. The seeds llkely to cause much concern to those who cite were incubated for one week at room temperature at names of fungi, and some of the changes will which time the emergent fungal colonies were identi- simplify procedures for citing names. A change fied. Seeds from early season (June) flowers in the starting-point date to a uniform 1753 date

contained higher percentages of Fusarium- - . .semitectum - - -- _--__-) for all fungi, but with a protected status for Nigrospora oryzae, and Curvularia lunata than those names sanctioned by their use in Persoon's Sy- .------.- - - - - . ~ ------formed later. Stress conditions at flowering and nopsis file:hodlca Fungorurn or in Fr~es's Systerna during the week post-anthesis greatly increased the Mycologicurn, results in the disappearance of most incidence of Fusarium semitectum Alternaria alter- of the double-author citations with the "ox" con------_ - - .- _ _ - - - _ - -.) .- _ ------_ - _ ?a%, CoJJ1eet_oOtric_h_u_m .SO_S_S~Y~P>~~.and B_otry?diipLo_ddiia nective, and the substitution of a ": Pers." and TI.. Fr." citation indicating specla1 priority and -theobromae ------in the seed. These results indicate that conditions at anthesis and during early boll typification status of such names. Other changes development influence the internal mycoflora of involve competing names of anamorphic ("imper- cottonseed. fect") and teleomorphic ("perfect") names, the new decision that the type of a generic name is ultimately a specimen, not a "species" as held in previous Codes, provisions for conservation of R. D. Koehn see Akridge G56 species names, etc. The function of the paper is to allay fears of change, and to report on the outcome of some nine years of deliberations by G87 J. KOHLMEYER. Institute of Marine Sciences, Uni- committees of the lnternational Mycological Associ- versity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead ation and of the lnternational Association for City, NC 28557. Isolation Methods and in situ Plant Taxonomy (responsible for organizing the Experiments with Marine Higher Fungi. Botanical Congresses). Indinenous marine Ascomvcotina. Basidiomvcotina and ~euterom~cotina are isoiated b; three major methods : R. E. KOSKE. University of Rhode Island, Kingston, 1) directly from ascospores or conidia developed RI 02881. The VA fungal community in sand dunes. -in situ, 2) after incubation of a marine substrate, G85 or mrom seawater or sediment added to a nutrient The last two methods may yield species orig- Methods for identifying the members of the VA fungal medium. inating from dormant terrestrial propagules. In community in sand dunes and in assessing their rela- Roots of dune plants fact, most of the species isolated by method No. tive activities are presented. 3 are geofungi, the role of which in the marine en- were stained to estimate the percentage of root vironment is unknown. Borut & Johnson (1962) and le~thcolonized by VA fungi. Every plant sampled was Kirk (1980) demonstrated in laboratory experiments mycorrhizal, with infection levels ranging from 10 to a mycostaticfactor in fresh raw seawater,inhibiting 90%. Spores were extracted from sand in the root zone spore germination of most terrestrial and some marine One of two methods - (1) filtration of a sand/water fungi. TO observe the behavior of fungal propagules solution, or (2) separation of spores from soil matter in the natural habitat, 1 submerged conidia and asco- by sieving and flotation in a SUCrOSe solution. spores in marine and estuarine areas of North Carolin; Spores recovered from sand were counted and used to Spores of terrestrial and obligate marine fungi are identify the species of VA fungi present. Identifi - prevented from germination when enclosed in a perme- cation Was facilitated by crushing Spores in melzer's able cellulose membrane (dializer tubing, M.W. Cutoff reagent- In the barrier dunes of Rhode Island, the 3500 and 12000). They germinate within 24 h in the dominant VA species (as indicated by spore density same habitat when enclosed in impermeable plastic and frequency of occurrence) were Gigas era igantea, bags. The chemical inhibitor is present near shore Acaulospora scrobiculata, and GlO~US fa!CiCU?atUS. (Bogue Sound), 3 miles offshore, and in intertidal Root systems of individual plants appeared to be water of beaches 50 cm below the surface. The effect colonized by 2 - 6 sp. of fungi. Spore density of of mycostasis appears not to be eliminated by nutri- 5. gigantea was positively correlated with beachgrass ents. It is possible that certain marine fungi are vigor across the dune profile. The composition of not affected by the mycostatic principle, in partic- the VA community in sand dunes differed between sites ular permanently submerged deep sea and subtidal in Australia, North America and Europe. species, whereas intertidal species (e.g. arenicolous Samples from adjacent areas demonstrated the spp. ) germinate only when they are exposed at low existence of disjunct population of certain VA fungi tide. in the dune systems, whereas other species were more widely dispersed. Because of their large size, spores of VA fungi may be easily manipulated in the laboratory. Ex- periments using spores of Gigaspora are described. 37 G55 R. K. S. KUSHWANA. Department of Botany, Christ M. S. MANOCHA. Department of Biological G62 Church College, Kanpur 208 001, India. Atypical Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, strains of Chrvsosporium tropicum. Ontario, L2S 3hl. Mycoparasite: A model system for investigations of host-parasite interactions. During a survey of keratinophilic fungi and related dermatophytes from a variety of soils 20 isolates of Mycoparasitic system consisting of a fungus Chrysosporium tropicum were obtained. Out of these, parasitic on another fungus has provided us with four isolates resemble C. tropicum except that the information which is, otherwise, difficult to obtain They spores are wider than usual for this species. with host plant - fungal pathogen systems. Further- also differ in their colony characters hencedescribed more, the mycoparasitic system is highly amenable as atypical strains of C. tropicum. to cultural conditions- - and is easv to handle. G39 G. A. KUTER* AND E. B. NELSON. OHIO AGRICULTURAL Piptocephalis virginiana is a biotrophic haustorial RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER,WOOSTER,OH 44691 parasite with host range restricted to mucoraceous Mycoflora of hardwood bark compost suppressive fungi. The latter are characterized by the presence of chitin, chitosan and fucose in their cell walls. to Rhizoctonia damping-off. Susceptible and resistant hosts differ in structure and macrornolecular architecture of their cell walls. Cornposted hardwood bark has been used as a sub- The resistant host, when challenged by the parasite, stitute for peat in container media to successfully showed a stimulated production of papilla at the control soil-borne diseases. A radish seedling point of penetration and the sheath around the assay has been used in this laboratory to measure haustorium. These events coincided with the the disease suppressive properties of hardwood bark localized synthesis of chitin as revealed by auto- composts to damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia radiography. Investigation of in vitro activity solani.The elimination or the reduction of the -- -- of chitin synthase isolated from susceptible and bark compost microflora by heat or radiation has resistant hosts, showed that the enzyme was in been shown to eliminate the disease suppression. inactive form in the former and active form in the In this study, the mycoflora was isolated from latter. The role of host cell wall in resistance hardwood bark composts to ascertain the role of mechanism is discussed. fungi in the establishment of suppression. Distinct differences were found between fungal communities isolated from suppressive and conducive composts. In addition... ~o~ulations . were isolated from the rhizosphere and from media incubated with Rhizoctonia R. W. MARTIN* and C. E. MILLER. Dept. of Botany, to further elucidate which species are active in Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701. suppressive composts. The results indicate that Sporangial development of Olpidiopsis varians selected species isolated from the suppressive infecting Aplanopsis terrestris. composts, particularly isolates of Trichoderma G9 hamatum, are active inhibitors of Rhizoctonia The holocarpic endoparasite Olpidiopsis varians, solani damping -off. The fungal populations of infecting the water mold Aplanopsis terrestris, was conducive bark media contained few isolates of isolated from soil collected in Mahoning Co., Ohio. these inhibitors. Liqht and transmission electron microscopy were used to detail sporangial development of this parasite. J. H. Larsen see Allen G35 Infected water mold host was qrown as a monolayer on sterile dialysis tubing which covered the surface of G97 GARY F. LEATHAEI. U.S.D.A., Forest Service, Forest Sterile 2X agar in culture dishes. squaresof tubinq products ~aboratory,P.O. Box 5130, Madison, WI with infected thalli attached were excised, glutar- 57705. The Degradation of Oak by Lentinus------edodes.- -- aldehyde fixed, osmium post-fixed, dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol-propy lene oxide, and Fungi are key microorganisms in the degradation of embedded in thin sheets of s~~~~I~low viscosity wood and other Lignocellulosics. Lignin limits the resin (Spurr, 1969). selected developmental stages rate at which most microorganisms are able to degrade of the parasite were photographed in the resin sheet wood. White-rot fungi are uniquely capable of the using the light microscope, excised, then sectioned rapid complete degradation of lignin. By far the for transmission electron microscopy. Results in- largest commercial bioconversion process for wood is dicate that shortly after penetration of the host the cultivation of the edible mushroom --Lentinus edodes the parasite thallus lays down a cell wall. In- 1n the present work, the titers of the extractable creased growth of the parasite causes terminal and degradative enzymes of --L. edodes and the cellulolytic intercalary hypertrophy of the host without septa and ligninolytic systems were determined in relation formation, Numerousvacuoles are found in the to culture age during axenic cultivation on oak wood. cytoplasm of sporangia as zoospore cleavage begins. he degradation of carbohydrates and lignin in the cleavage progresses the vacuoles coalesce to form cultures was correlated with the production of 1-3 large vacuoles. The parasite sporangium forms specific classes of enzymes. Changes in enzyme exit tubes just prior to zoospore maturity and levels in response to fruiting stimuli were noted. release. Host cytoplasmic responses to infection were also detailed. R' W' Lichtwardt see Petersen G57

W. L. Lingle see Barstow G94

K. Lobuglio see Wilcox G53 3 8

G2 J. W. McCAIN:V and J. F. HENNEN. Department of D. J. McLAUGHLIN. University of Minnesota, St. Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, Paul, MN 55108. Ultrastructure in basidiomycete West Lafayette, IN 47907. systematics. G79 Changing Concepts of the Sorus of Hemileia vastatrix (Uredinales). Many diagnostic features important in basidiomycete -- svstematics lie below the resolution of the li~ht- Hemileia vastatrix, the cause of common coffee rust, microscope. While scanning ,electron microscopy of produces uredinia and telia. The rest of the life spores and transmission electron micrascopy (TEM) of cycle is unknown, and the anatomy of the organism the septal pore apparatus and spore walls have provided often has been misunderstood. The urediniospores some systematic information, the impact of TEM on have been called sporangia, and the probasidia have basidiomycete systematics is still limited because of the been mislabeled as sterile cysts. As mycological paucity of data. Ultrastructure of basidia and nuclear microscopy matured, so did the interpretations of the division can provide a better definition of the orders sori. Infection by a urediniospore may produce a of teliaspore-forming fungi and may clarify the radially expanding lesion with numerous sori. The relationship of the Ustilaginales to other basidiomycetes. urediniospores and probasidia are borne at the ends Septa1 structure and nuclear division may be important of cells extending through the stomata of the host in determining the naturalness of the Auriculariales and leaf. In 1915 Sydow depicted the pedicels of spores their relationship to the Uredinales and as the emerging cells. In his 1959 book, Cummins holobasidiomycetes. The potential of basidiasporogenesis, showed sporogenous basal cells as the emergent the septal pore apparatus, cystidia and hyphal structure structures with the pedicels and spores being as sources of characters useful in systematics of completely external to the leaf. This study supports Homobasidiomycetes will be considered. the interpretation by Cummins and suggests that the spores are sympodioconidia, maturing basipetally. D. J. McLaughlin see O'Donnell GI A new sorus model is being developed for this most serious of coffee diseases. J. Meinwald see Camazine G41

R. J. MEYER. University of Georgia, Athens, GA G91 M.D. MCGUINNESS'; AND E.F. HASKINS. 30602. Observations on the concentric granules Department of Botany, University of Washington of Allomyces macrogynus. Seattle, WA 98195 G72 Studies on a species of Comatricha Concentric granules (CG) have previously been observed in electron micrographs of Allomyces An isolate of Comatricha sp. obtained from Cercidium macrogynus (~merson)Emerson and Wilson, but no microphyllum, yellow Palo Verde, collected in Arizona function has been attributed to them. Current was used in this study. Data will be presented on the studies indicate that they can lug the septal pores, mating type system, the ploidal cycle and light micro- especially when the adjacent cell is damaged. scopical details of the amoebal, plasmodia1 and Structurally the CG's consist of many alternating sporophore stages. electron opaque and electron transparent concentric spheres. The electron opaque regions are highly fibrillar in nature. CG's have been found and M. D. McGuinness see Haskins G13 enriched for in cell free preparations. Preliminary studies indicate that they are at least in part proteinaceous. The results of further chemical analyses of CG's will be presented.

G105 K.B. 'IcKnight. University of "ichigan, Ann Arbor, b6109. Factors influencing !I C. E. Miller see Martin G9 size and hyphal pigmentation of soil nicrofungal populations from gypsiferous soils of a Utah desert.

The apparent size of soil ::licrofungal pop- ulations in arid southwestern Utah is strongly influenced by associated vascular and non-vascular plant species.Dilution plate counts for lnicrofungi showed larger populations in soils from beneath Psorothamnus fremontii than from other soils considered.I!icrofungal populations were smaller fron interspace soils (both surface and subsurface) than from soils fro n beneath shrub canopies. Surface soils supported larger fungaL populations than subsurface soils. Surface soil supported a significant- ly greater proportion of fungal colonies with pigmented hyphae than subsurface soils. G840RSON K. MILLER, JR.*, STEVEN L. MILLER. DEFT. BIOL, S. L. Miller. Virginia Polytechnic and State Uni- VPI&SU, BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 and JOHN G. PALMER, CTR versity, Blacksburg, VA 24061. Mycorrhizal hypogeous FOR FOREST MYCOLOGY RESEARCH, FOREST PRODUCTS LAB., fungi in the southeastern United States. USDA, MADISON, WI 53705. Techniques of extraction, G31 enumeration, culture and identification of mycor- Infrequently encountered hypogeous fungi, from the rhizae from soil. southeastern United States were collected, and attem- ts made to determine their mycorrhizal relationships. Soil containing ectomycorrhizal short roots is washed Zelleromyces ravenellii was collected in the Piedmont and soil particles cleaned with a sonic cleaner. Roots of southeastern Virginia, under shortleaf pine. Pure are soaked for a short time in a surface disinfectant, tissue isolates were made using a peat-vermiculite sectioned and placed on appropriate growth media. Tr- medium, and used to achieve resynthesis with short- ansfers are made following initial growth and checked leaf pine. Abundant "tuning-fork" mycorrhizal root- for contaminates. Additional roots washed as described lets were produced, confirming that s. ravenellii is above are placed on a grid. Over a predetermined dis- an ectomycorrhizal species. Hydnotria cubaespora and tance, the number of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Balsamea sp. were found attached to the roots of east- short roots are counted to obtain a percent infection. ern hemlock by tough, white rhizomorphs. Close asso- Random samples are selected for sectioning to verify ciation with the roots indicated that they are puta- hartig net formation. A Neubauer Bioassay Haemacyto- tive ectomycorrhizal species. Abundant fruiting bod- meter 0.1 nun deep is used to measure soil biomass. ies of Tuber shearii were found under pure eastern Soil-water-agar eliquots from samples of known volume white pine. Mycorrhizae collected in the proximity are pipetted onto the haemacytometer and covered by a of the sporocarps exhibited a thick, tightly woven 25 mm square cover slip. The agar film of known volume mantle of textura globosa, similar to tissue in the is sampled and the fungal hyphae observed in each field exoperidium of T. shearii. Elaphomyces muricatus was measured in microns. The samples are converted to collected under a variety of broadleaved trees. Myc- meters of hyphae per gram dry weight of soil (gdws) and orrhizal root tips typically found imbedded in the hence to grams of hyphae per meter square. A computer exoperidium indicate probable mycorrhizal relation- program has been developed to process this data. Cul- ships. Rhizopogon vulgaris, found on mining spoils tures of known mycorrhizal species are grown on Hagem's in West Virginia was closely associated with the agar under standard conditions of time and temperature. roots of red pine. Close association of hypogeous Diameter growth rate, habit, color and smell are re- fungi with forest trees and formation of mycorrhizae corded along with a series of tests for extracellular in laboratory synthesis indicate that many hypogeous enzyme production, microscopic characters and reagent fungi in the southeastern United States are mycorrhi- reactions. These characters are all combined in a zal. standardized description of the culture expressed as a key code for each species. A method developed for com- puter analysis allows quick comparison of the unknown S. L. Miller see Miller G84 culture with known species.

S. L. Miller. Virginia Polytechnic and State Univer- C. W. MIMS. stephen F. ti^ state cniversity, sity, Blacksburg, VA 24061. Fungi associated with Nacogdoches, Texas 75962. Ultrastructure oE the engelmann spruce and subalpine fir in Wyoming. haustorial apparatus of Exobasidium camelliae. G44 l; 3 Fungi associated with engelmann spruce and subalpine ~~~b~~idi~~camelliaeproduces an extensive system fir were studied in a high altitude area of western ;fsie- branched, septatehyphae within infected Wyoming. Thirty permanent plots were established and leaves of Camellia sasan ua. The hyphae grow inter- their mean stand age determined. Three age classes cellularly and may almos: fill some intercellular were delineated: ~oun~(78),mature (121), and old-age spaces. The haustorial apparatus of E. camelliae is (216). stand and Soil parameters such as tree a branched or lobed structure that arises from an ty, basal area, and Ph, P, K, Ca, and Mg concentration intercellular hyphal compartment in close association and organic matter were used to define similarities in with a host cell. ~~~h haustorial lobe is initially stand characteristics. Sporocarps of higher basidto- ensheathed by host cell wall material but eventually mycetes were collected and identified and ectomycor- the wallis penetrated by the lobe. Each lobe con- rhizal root tips sampled from each plot. Pure cul- tains an extensive inclusion body consisting of many tures of the Basidiomycetes were routinely attempted. interconnected branches of electron-dense material. Mycorrhizal syntheses were subsequently attempted with The inclusion appears to lie between the haustorial both tree species using Successful pure cultures- wall and the infolded haustorial plasma membrane. At Forty-two species of higher fungi were collected dur- the tip of the lobe is an electron-dense mass of ing the study. Distribution of sporOCaOs throughout material here termed the "haustorial cap". The re- the age classes revealed a distinct fungal flora in sults of this study suggest that the haustorial cap each age class. Greatest density and diversity of arises from the inclusion body and is involved in the species appeared in the mature stands. Nom~corrhi- breakdown of the host cell wall. The haustorial cap zal fungi were more abundant in mature stands while is intimately associated with the host cell plasma mycorrhizal species were distributed evenly in the membrane; whether or not it actually penetrates the mature and old-age stands. Mycorrhizal root counts host plasma membrane is not clear. increased from young to old-age stands. Low numbers of sporocarps and mycorrhizal rootlets were collected It seems evident from this from the young stands. A. E. Muldoon see Allen G35 study that a more diverse assemblage of higher fungi is present in mature and old-age forests and a pro- gressive increase of fungal species from young to old- G' Mueller see 'etersen G78 age stands supports the hypothesis that fungal succes- sion is occurring in the study area. E. B. Nelson see Kuter G39 cells of hv isolate Ep-4, but not v isolate 16-15-1. It is possible that the vLP's are responsible for hypovirulence in the Ep-4 isolate. Also, endoplasmic GlOl S. Y. NEWELL. University of Georgia Marine Insti- reticulumcisternae contact was seen in hyphae of tute, Sapelo Island, GA 31327. Litter degradation Ep-4 which may have been related to the presence of by marine fungi ; sometimes (and ~laces)they do v~pr,. and sometimes (and places) they don't?

It has long been the case that marine microbial ecologists in general have had the impression that K. L. O'DONNELL* and D. J. McLAUGHLIN. University bacteria do most of the decomposing that goes on in of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 48824. Meiotic and the marine environment. Concessions that there may mitotic nuclear behavior in the smut Ustilago be potential for fungal involvement in decay of a maydis. G 1 given marine substrate have often seemed grudging. Three interlocking basic potential reasons for this Germinating teliospores of g. maydis were fixed in situation are: a) much of the work with decomposition glutaraldehyde and osmium, flat embedded, serial of substrates has involved use of fine particulates or sectioned and examined with the electron microscope. dissolved b) though direct comparisons have The first meiotic division occurs at the midregion of not been made, it is probable that the relative sub- the metabasidium. The globular elements from a strate affinities and growth rates of marine bacteria duplicated extranuclear, dumbbell-shaped spindle ole and fungi prevent fungi from competing successfully body (SPB) enter a transiently disrupted nuclear for dissolved substrates in suspension and on exposed envelope where they set up an intranuc1ea-i spindle. solid surfaces; c) because of factor (b), fungi are A metaphase plate is absent. Bivalents are connected generally successful only when they can escape bac- to polar, discoidal SPBs by a single continuous terial competition by growing into multi-cell-layered kinetochore microtubule. Chromosome-to-pole movement substrates--once inside, they =exceedingly diffi- and pole-to-pole elongation occur at anaphase. Telo- cu 1 t to recogn i ze. phase nuclear envelope constriction is interzonal and the SPBs are externalized at the end of meiosis I. However, several investigators with mycological in- The second meiotic division is similar in major clinations have demonstrated conclusively that fungi respects to meiosis I. Septal initiation is closely are capable of extensive degradation of litter of coordinated in space and time with meiosis. The marine vascular plants. My colleagues and I are fully formed metabasidial septa contained a narrow attempting to take the next Step and determine the pore which can become walled off. Sterigmata arise extent to which fungi exercise this capabi 1 it^ in endogenously and their septa are similar to those in marine environments. We are findinq that the bacte- the metabasidium. Postmeiotic nuclearmigration and rially oriented people were right in some instances, mitosis in the basidiospore and secondary sporidia but that a1 l is not lost for fungus-oriented marine resembles reports for basidiomycetous yeasts. The scientists. meiotic and mitotic nuclear and SPB cycles in g. maydis are discussed and compared with other basidiomycetes. G4 J. R. LJEIJHOUSE* and 1%. C. HOCH. Dept. of Plant Pathology and Agricultural Microbiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, and J. I. OKAFOR, D. TeSTRAKE WAGNER-MERNER* and B. G. Dept. of Plant Pathology, New York State Agri- YANGCO. University of South Florida, Tampa, EL cultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456. 33620. Physiological studies on Basidiobolus The ultrastructure of Endothia parasitica: isolated from South Florida and Nigeria. G68 General features and virus-like particles in a hypovirulent isolate. A number of isolates of Basidiobolus 2. obtained from the guts and feces of anoles, toads and lizards Hyphae of virulent (v) Endothia parasitica isolate from different areas of Florida and Nigeria were 16-15-1 (West Virginia) and hypovirulent (hv) isolate subjected to studies of amylase, protease, lipase Ep-4 (France) were preserved by freeze-substitution, activity and sensitivity to antibiotics, including embedded in an Epon-Araldite medium and longitudinal- amphotericin B, miconazole, and ketoconazole. ly sectioned in order to describe and compare their Salinity and temperature regimes affected the growth subcellular structure. General ultrastructural fea- of these isolates. The significance of the results tures of both were similar. The Spitzenkorper was of these studies along with recent scanning electron made up of a roughly circular aggregation of micro- microscope observations are discussed in relation vesicles surrounded by larger apical vesicles. Abun- to the controversies of the systematics of the dant membranous material was also seen in this region species of Basidiobolus. in some tip sections of hv isolate Ep-4. Filasomes were located along the lateral hyphal wall just be- hind the apex, and one was observed fused with the L. S. Olive see Warner G29 cell membrane. The plasmalemma, as well as most membrane-bound structures, was very smooth in con- tour. Areas of Golgi activity were numerous in the tip area and appeared very flat and fenestrated. They were often closely associated with mitochondria. Components of the vacuole system were variously shaped, totally electron dense in young hyphae and lighter with discernible inclusions in older hyphae. Spherical, membrane-bound virus-like particles (VLP's), 51-78 nm in diameter, were observed in tip G74 A. B. ONYILE, H. H. EDWARDS, and R. V. GESSNER.* Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL 61455. F. Palmer see Sigler ~76 Adhesive Material of the Hyphopodia of Buergenerula spartinae. J. G. Palmer see Miller G84

An electron-dense extracellular material with J. Palti see Kenneth GI08 fibrillar strands functions as the adhesive material for the attachment of the hyphopodia of Buergenerula spartinae to surfaces. This adhesive penetrates the D. Parkinson see Zak G106 pores of polycarbonate membranes and also attaches the hyphopodia to glass surfaces. Hyphopodia are D. Pekkala see Silver G25 bound tightly to surfaces and most cannot be removed when washed under running water even after soaking RONALD H. PETERSEN* and GREGORY M. overnight in water at 26 C, 37 C, or 90 C. Incu- MUELLER. Botany Department, University of bation in 0.5% pectinase and 0.2 M citrate buffer at Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996- 1 100. Biosystematics 37 C removed few hyphopodia. Substantial numbers of of Basidiomycetes Comes of Age. G78 hyphopodia, however, could be removed from glass coverslips by presoaking in 4% NaOH, 0.5% protease, Taxonomy, like all other disciplines, has undergone an 0.2 M phosphate buffer, 0.5% hemicellulase, or 0.5% evolutionary process of denominational ism. While many ammonium oxalate followed by rinsing in water. The workers hold to a basic creed of alpha-level intuitive adhesive material of the hyphopodia did not stain processing of data, others have modified their pursuits at the ultrastructural level for polysaccharides to incorporate more recent techniques, often with the alkaline bismuth, phosphotungstic acid or emphasizing two rationales: I) reproducibility of ruthenium red techniques. Positive results were conclusions, and 2) efficacy of taxonomic characters obtained with ammoniacal silver nitrate which stains "closer" to the genetic code of the taxa involved. positively charged basic proteins. Enzymatic Application of taximetric algorithms, electrophoresis for digestion followed by electron microscopic obser- global or enzymic proteins, cytogenetic phenomena and vation indicated the adhesive material was digested ultrastructural architecture all have assumed increased by protease. Pectinase and hemicellulase had no importance in the systematics of Basidiomycetes, and apparent effect. These results suggest that the this paper reviews this general topic. adhesive material of the hyphopodia of g. spartinae contains positively charged basic proteins.

G54 M.E. PALM* and E.L. STEWART. Department of Plant k Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN Stephen W. Peterson and Robert W. Lichtwardt, 55108. Department of Botany, University of Kansas, The taxonomy of Suillus and mycorrhizal associa- Lawrence, Kansas 66045. The distribution, iso- tions with Pinus in Minnesota. lation, and culturing of some Trichomycetes from winter-emerging Stoneflies. G57 The desirability of selecting ecologically adapted mycorrhizal fungi for use in reforestation is gaining Genistelloides hibernus was discovered in the hind- recognition. The use of native Pinus spp. for revege- gut of its stonefly host, Allocapnia vivipara, and tation of harsh sites in Minnesota is widespread. Due axenic isolates of this species have been made to the prairie-forest ecotone, Minnesota is the natu- (Mycologia 73: 477). The 38 species of the Allocap- ral western limit for a number of Pirius spp. Many nia complex are postulated to have arisen via geo- Suizlus spp. are presumed ectomycorrhizal with Pinus logical isolating events occurring in eastern North and are seemingly broadly distributed where appropri- America over the last million years. Today, popula- ate host species are found. No comprehensive treat- tions of Allocapnia ~PP.are often disjunct due to ment of SuiZlus in the state exists. Accordingly, a the narrow habitat requirements of the aquatic dual-purpose study was initiated to monograph the nymphs and the limited flight ability of the adults. genus in Minnesota and to assess selected species for Several populations of Allocapnia spp. in southern their ability to form in vitro mycorrhizae with chosen Missouri and northern Arkansas (Ozark Uplift Region) Pinus spp. Fifteen Suillus species have been collect- have been sampled and the hindguts examined for the ed by us from the state. This study has further presence of Trichomycetes. This work is providing clarified speciesconcepts of the SuiZlus acidus cam- distribution data for 5. hibernus and has revealed plex and the Suillus albidi~es-brevi~es-granulatus the Presence of several new species of ~ar~ellales complex. which occur in --Allocapnia nymphs. Two of the four species of Trichomycetes now known to occur in To support presumptive evidence for Suillus x Pinus Stoneflies (G. hibernus and a species which is as mycorrhizal associations, selected combinations were Yet unnamed) have been isolated and cultured assessed for their ability to form in vitro mycor- axenically. rhizae. In vitro mycorrhizae were formed by the fol- lowing combinations: Pinus resinosa and Suillus albidipes, S. americanus, S. brevipes, and S. luteus, and with Pinus strobus and Suillus americanus, S. brevipes, S. granulatus, S. pictus, and S. punctipes. G96 D. PORTER* and C. SALAZAR. Botany Dept., University Oribatid mites (Acari: Cryptostigmata) extracted of ~eorgia,Athens, GA 30605. Structure of endo- from the soil of a western Pennsylvania oldfield lithic marine fungi inhabiting invertebrate shells. were observed to contain azygospores of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Acaulospora Scanning electron microscopic observations of resin bireticulata Rothwell and Trappe sp. nov. The casts of endolithic fungi in shells of marine inverte- oribatid taxa involved are generalist feeders, brates reveal the growth patterns of fungi (and algae) known to consume both higher plant parts and within the matrix of the shells. This technique microflora. The significance of these observations preserves the three dimensional structural organization will be discussed in relation to sporulation by of the filamentous microorganisms within the substrate Acaulospora, and dispersal of azygosporous even after solublizing the host shell material with Endogonaceae. dilute acid. By reembedding and thin sectioning the resin casts, conventional TEM observations are made of specific structures observed in the SEM, in order A. Ralph-Edwards see Silver G61 to document details of their cytology. G63 A. R. REEVES and A. P. TORZILLI*. George Mason ~73MARTHA J. POWELL* and MARY BETH DOVE. Miami Uni- University, Fairfax, VA 22030. Cellulase secretion versity, Oxford, Ohio 45056. Correlations between in the salt marsh fungus Buergenerula spartinae. the structure of the microbody-lipid globule complex and the mitotic apparatus in Chytridio- The salt marsh fungus Buergenerula spartinae secretes mycetes. cellulase when cultured in a medium containing 0.5% carboxymethyl cell ulose. The mechanism for enzyme The microbody-lipid globule complex (MLC) is a unique secretion was investigated using biochemical and structural association of microbodies, lipid globules, ul tras tructural techniques. Ul tracentri fugation of mitochondria, and endomembranes that distinguishes hyphal homogenates yielded membrane pellets which ex- Chytridiomycetes from all other flagellated orwnisms. hibited cellulase activity. Detergent treatment of Because differences in the ultrastructure of the MLC these pellets indicated that some of the activity was arestableunder varving environmental conditions and truly membrane-bound. The nature of the particulate because the MLC distinguishes orders and certain cellulase activity was further examined using a cyto- genera of Chytridiompcetes, the MLC has been proposed chemical localization procedure specific for cellu- as a new taxonomic character for Chytridiomycetes- lase. This procedure demonstrated that cellulase was either contained within discrete vesicles or associ- TO evaluate the validity of the MLC as a taxonomic ated with membrane complexes consisting of irregular character, correlation of differences in its structurearrays of vesicles and tubules. The membrane com- with differences in other conservative characters is plexes appeared to be sites for the accumulation and being investigated. The purpose of this Paper is to packaging of cellulase destined for secretion. Evi- describe the correlation between type of MLC and type dence suggests that cellulase-containing vesicles of mitotic apparatus in Chytridiomycetcs. Threebasicare derived from the membrane complexes and migrate patterns of intranuclear mitosis are recognize~l: to the cell surface where they release their contents Tvpe A with fenestrated, centric poles and with the to the extracell ular environment by fusing with the daughter nuclear envelope forming from intranuclear plasma membrane. Therefore, it appears that cellu- cisternae; Type B with fenestrated, centric poles and lase secretion in 8. s artinae involves a special- with the daughter nuclear envelope formini. from the ized membrane system c:mparable to that observed in original nuclear envelope: and Type C with closed, other eukaryotes. centric poles and with the daughter nuclear envelope forming from the original nuclear envelope. J. Resch see Camazine G41 Evidence so far indicates that differences in the pattern of the mitotic apparatus parallel diEferences L. H. ~h~d~~see Rabatin G52 in type of MLC. These observations strengthen con- fidence in the MLC as a valid taxonomic character for J. D. Rogers see Jensen G5 Chvtridiomycetes.

M. J. Powell see Bortnick G71

G52 5. C. PLkBATIN* and L. H. RHODES. Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210. Acaulospora bireticulata inside oribatid mites.

Numerous reports indicate the importance of mycophagy in the spore dissemination of hypogeous mycorrhizal fungi. Sporocarp-forming chlamydosporic species of Endogonaceae have been found in the digestive tracts of a number of small mammal taxa, and a few insects. However, there are no reports of any interactions involving azygosporic Endo- gonaceae (Acaulospora, Gigaspora) and soil fauna. 4 3 /' C. A. SHEARER, Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801. Techniques for studying the community ecology of freshwater hyphomycetes and V. Sabo see Stempen G90 ascomycetes. C86

C. Salazar see Porter G96 Community analyses require not only that the species comprising a community be identified but also that the individual species be quantified in some way. G36 E. L. SCHMIDT. Department of Plant Pathology. For a number of reasons, quantification at the species University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 level is one of the major problems encountered in any Spore Germination and Ecology of Morchella. study of fungal community structure. Investigators, therefore, frequently rely on non-quantitative Little detailed data on the life cycle and ecology of methods based on the presence or absence of species morels has been reported from field studies. Work in samples. Techniques commonly used to determine during the past several years at Minnesota has in- the species present in a sample are: direct vestigated spore germination and competitive sapro- examination of water, foam or substrata, filtration phytic ability of Morchella esculenta in natural soil of water, plating of water, soils or substrata, as related to progression of soil temperatures during baiting with known substrata and trapping with glass the fruiting season. Ascospores will germinate at slides. Procedures used in these techniques will be temperatures dc~wnto 20C in vitro, but spores buried described and the techniques will be evaluated with in cellophane at morel sites only swell and do not respect to their advantages and disadvantages and the germinate uncil soil temperature exceeds approx. loOc. significance of the data they generate. Specific Germination is inhibited as the soil continues to attributes which make the aquatic hyphomycetes warm after fruiting body emergence (i.e. above 150C), particularly good organisms for community ecology and spores do not remain viable after 1 yr. near the studies will be presented. soil surface. Sterile rye buried 2 wks. in the field was readily colonized by Morchella when cased with site soil containing either spores or sclerotia when M. J. Shim see Kim G67 soil temperatures remained below loOc, but, as tem- perature increased, only other saprophytes were isola- 0. L. Shotwell see Wicklow G33 ted. Frequent observations of germling hyphal growth directly to ungerminated spores suggests that hetero- caryon formation could occur at this stage of the LYNNE SIGLER*, J.W. CAKMICHAEL, J.T. STALEY and Morchella life cycle. F. PALXER. University of Alberta Nold Herbarium and Culture Collection, Edmonton, Alberta, D. L. Secor see Hammill G95 Canada T6G 2H7 and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, ~34C.A. SHEARER, Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Illinois, ' Wash. 98195. New Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes from Urbana, 1L 61 801. Patterns of occurrence of Desert Rocks. ascomycetes on twigs submerged in a stream. Examination of a variety of types of desert rocks Unsterilized twigs from cherry, oak, silver maple and from diverse geographic areas has revealed that the sycamore trees were placed in an Illinois stream and exposed surfaces are frequently colonized by recovered periodically for three years. Twigs were hitherto undescribed dematiaceous fungi. On the examined for the presence of ascomycetes directly rock surface, the fungal colonies are sparse or upon removal and after incubation in moist chambers dense, usually less than 100 ym in diameter and and liquid shake culture. Twenty-five ascomycetes inapparent to the unaided eye. On both the rocks were collected; one species, Hdonmr.?i~oiahehhquen5, and in culture on our usual agar media, the fungi has recently been described as new and two species, grow very slowly, forming tough, heaped-up colonies. Pneudohd.urlec&& LLgnicoLa a nd dauony~LLgnLcola, Generally these fungi do not form highly are reported from the United States for the first differentiated conidia, but they do have some time. Three species, Necthiic Cricidum (early coloni- distinctive microscopic features. One isolate 1s zer), Pneudohdonec.5 LLgrucoCa and Leptonphaehia characterized by the formation of long chains of sp., occurred most frequently. With the exception of moniliform cells which eventually break into single the disappearance of two species of NecOtia, concur- or multicellular fragments. Others form short rent with the decortification of twigs, distinct branched chains of polyblastic cells which are changes in community structure did not occur during usually indehiscent. Several isolates produce only the submersion period. Predominant species remained masses of sclerotic cells somewhat like those predominant throughout the study. Temperature at the reported previously in Phaeosclera. These rock time of twig submersion may have affected the compo- fungi, are similar in some respects to sooty molds sition of the ascomycete community. Fourteen species and microcolonial fungi which grow on trees and produced their teleomorphic states in culture, but other substrates in the form of brown muriform only one of these species, Net&& haem~ococcn,also cells. Occasionally these fungi are also produced an ana~norphicstate. Three of all the encountered as airborne contaminants. species encountered have been reported previously from brackish water; with the exception of Nd inahnata, no marine ascomycetes were found. Only three species appear to be morphologically modified for the aquatic habitat; two species have very long unwinding appendages, and one species has long sig- moidal ascospores. A number of species required light to produce ascomata and the necks of several species were positively phototrophic. 44 G9S G25 J. C. SILVER* and D. PEKKALA. Department of Micro- P. SOLLINs, G. SPYCHER, and K. CROPMCK, JR. biology, university of Toronto, West Hill, Canada, Department of Forest Science, School of Forestry, M1C 1A4. Effect of heat shock and the synthesis Oregon State University, Corvallis, OK 97331. and phosphorylation of nuclear and cytoplasmic Role of fungi in soil formation. proteins in Achlya ambisexualis E87. Adsorption of organics on mineral surfaces is largely Heat shock induced by an increasein temperaturefrom responsible for the buildup of organic matter in many 28 to 370~leads to changes in synthesis and phos- soils and for formation of aggregates and good soil phorylation of cytoplasmicand nuclear proteins in structure. Fungal activity contributes to this pro- cess by decomposing mineral-free soil detritus, re- the oomycete ~~hl'a ambisexualis. I,, the cytoplasmic fraction a in S35-methionine labeling leasing carbon and nutrients into solution; much of this material then becomes adsorbed on surfaces of of proteins in the molecular weight range of 96K, 85K, 74K and 70~was observed. T~~ dimensional electro- mineral grains and organo-mineral aggregates. Fungi phoresis resolved each of these classesof proteinsmay promote aggregation directly as hyphae weave to- !lajor in the nucleargether mineral grains and microaggregates. into several components. chances ~un~ican fraction included the increased S35-methionine label- reverse the aggregation process, and make minerally ing of 43K and 36K molecular weight proteins. The adsorbed organic substrates more accessible to roots and microflora, by releasing organic acids that the- heat shock induced changes in S35-methionine labeling late Fe and Al, dissolving the Fe and silicates patterns become evident as as 20 minutes after treatment. Changes in phosphory~ation of histone and that the of aggregates' This process is best documented for fungal mats in which non-histone nuclear proteins were also noted. Achl a histone H3 and the putative oomycete specific h& total soil organic matter is decreased by 602 relative to uncolonized soil. At some sites, Fe and A1 dis- ta' appear highly phosphorylated after heat shock. solved by fungal-released organic acids may move Although chromatin organization in Achlya differs downward in solution as organic complexes, tllen pre- from that of eukaryotes the pattern of gene expression elicited by elevated temperature appears cipitate as amorphous sesquioxides, contributing to similar. The observed response to heat shock in formation of spodic horizons. Achlya may be part of a general mechanism of adapta- tlon to cell stress. Similar mechanisms may be F. W. SPIEGEL. Department of Botany, Miami Univer- ubiquitous to all organisms. (Supported by NSERC sity, Oxford, OH 45056. Ultrastructure of ascogo- Canada) . nium development in Ascobolus stercorarius. G6 The stages of ascogonial development, from the single- celled ascogonial initial to the mature ascogonium and G61J. C. SILVER*and A. RALPH-EDWARDS. Department of trichogyne, have been studied ultrastructurally for Elicrobiology, University of Toronto, West Hill, Ascobolus stercorar- Schrot. Ascogonia were Canada, M1C 1A4. Chromatin condensation and (Bull.) initiated on mycelia growing on cellophane squares bv Nucleosomal DNA repeat length in the fungi Achlya, introducing oidia (spermatia) of the opposite mating Saprolegnia and Entomophthora. type. Ascogonia on the cellophane squares were fixed for electron microscopy and flat-embedded such that Studies on fungal chromatin structure have indicated individual stages in the developmental sequence could that these organisms exhibit unusually short nucleo- be sectioned selectively. Growth of the ascogonium soma1 DNA repeat lengths which are approximately 30 includes nuclear divisions and an acropetal pattern of to 50 base pairs less than that seen in higher eukary- septation. Nuclear divisions occur primarily in an otes. The basis for this unusual chromatin structure enlarged terminal cell which is simultaneously under- is not as yet understood but it has been suggested going a process of septation. Fusion of the trichogyne that it may be related to the presence of an H1 his- with the spermatium and establishment of the ascogenous tone which is less basic than that of higher organ- cell will also be described if the proper stages are isms. In the oomycetes Achlya and Saprolegnia a short found. repeat length- is present but no unequivocal identi- fication of an H1 histone could be made. Nuclei in these organisms lack heterochromatic regions and no F. W. Spiegel see Best G23 condensation of chromosomes is evident during mitosis. In contrast, nuclei in the zygomycete Entomophthora contatn extensive heterochromatic regions and chromo- somes undergo marked condensation during mitosis. The nucleosomal DNA repeat length of Entomophthora chromatin was found to be 197 base pairs. This repeat length is longer than that reported to date for any fungus. Entomophthora nucleosomes were found to contain an H1 - like protein associated with the linker region which is less basic than the histones of higher organisms. These results indicate that a short nucleosomal DNA repeat length is not a phylo- genetic characteristic of fungi and is not related to the basicity of the linker protein. Instead, the nucleosome repeat length appears to be correlated with the degree of chromatin condensation. ( Supported by NSERC Canada ) / GlOO GI6 LINDA J. SPIELMAN. Cornell University, lthaca, K. SUBEFXROPP* and T. t. ARSUFFI. New~ Mexico~~~ NY 14853. Taxonomy and characterization of State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003 Role species of Valsa (Diaporthales) on hardwoods of fungi in stream detritus communities. in North America. Leaf litter entering streams is colonized by a di- verse microbial assemblage indigenous to these hab- -Valsa species on deciduous trees were character- ized by examination of type specimens and evalu- itats. Certain fungi, the aquatic hyphomycetes, ation of morphologica!, cultural, cytological, and are consistent members of these assemblages in biochemical data on fresh collections from a num- streams throughout the world. These fungi exhibit ber of hosts. Most combinations in Valsa sensu adaptations for life in streams which include char- -- strict~from North America are based on specimens acteristic tetradiate and sigmoid spore morphologies, which are morphologically identical with one of the ability to grow at low temperatures and the ca- two common species: --V. amblens or V. ceratosper- pability to degrade structural components of leaf -ma. These two specles are morpho~gically dis- resources. In addition to their role as decomposers, tinct not only in the teleomorphic state but also aquatic hyphomycetes mediate the exploitation of leaf detritus by other trophic levels. Recent studies in the anamorphic state. --V. ambiens has a -Cyto- spora-type anamorph with a simple pycn~diumdi- with invertebrate detritivores show that leaf pala- ~p vided into multiple cav~tieswhich share common tability is enhanced by the presence of these fungi. walls, while V. ceratos erma has a Torsellia-type Rates of leaf litter processing in streams have been anamorph witF a coornp&nd pycnidium composed of determined to be regulated by interactions between many lobes, each with its own separate wall, leaf type, aquatic fungi and detritivores. The fo- joined together near the center to form a common cus of our studies has been on identifying and esa- canal. V. ambiens also produces a diffusable mining population and community processes that re- purple ~igment on certain agar media, while V. gulate litter processing. Specifically we have me- ceratosperma does not. Certain ground bark characterized and compared interspecific differences dla, such as that of --Prunus avium, elicit a dif- among aquatic hyphomycetes with respect to their: ferential growth response in the two species, and 1) physiological degradative capabilities; 2) re- electrophoretic patterns of soluble proteins indi- sultant modification in the physical/chemical com- cate that isolates show more similarity within position of leaf detritus; and 3) influence on the species than among different species. A third spe- palatability of leaf detritus for invertebrate de- cies, associated with cankers on Acer spp., shows trivores. Results of these studies suggest the morphological and cultural affinities with --V. am- potential for competition among these fungi and the -biens, but differs in protein patterns. In inocu- mechanisms whereby selective predation may affect lation experiments all three species exhibited the abundance and species composition of aquatic weak pathogenicity toward maples. hyphomycetes. Such interactions in the stream en- vironment could affect the rate at which leaf litter is processed. G. Spycher see Sollins G98

J. T. Staley see Sigler G76 G90 H. Stempen*, R. C. Evans and V. Sabo. Rutgers University, Camden, NJ 08102. Fuli o septica spore wall components R. C. Staples see Hock G28 T?+ entifiable with sodium hypochlorite E. L. Stewart see Palm G54 treatment. D. TeStrake Wagner-Merner see Okafor G68 Conventional procedures used for trans- mission electron microscopy show the spore ?I.THIBAUT. Laboratoire de Parasitologie, I5 wall of Fuligo se tica to consist of an Rue de 1'Ecole de Medicine, 75270 Paris Cedex 06 outer electron- he_,ense ayer with spines and France. Future trends in the application of an inner more electron-transparent layer. microanalysis for the study of pathogenic fungi. Treatment with 0.5 - 1.0 per cent sodium G69 hypochlorite solution results in the Taxonomists are faced with many difficulties as a removal of wall components progressing from result of the numerous subspecies, strains or the outer surface inward. The outer variants which have been described. Until recently, electron-dense layer behaves as though it taxonomical studies have been based almostexclusively is composed of three structural components: on morphological criteria of fungi. However, owing a thin surface layer, spines, and a broad to the degree of morphological variability, workers inner layer. A narrow opaque region is are becoming aware of the need to evaluate other apparent on the inner part of the electron- criteria in taxonomical research. With the develop- transparent layer and is the last ment of sophisticated analytical technques, e.g. X- component to be removed. This region had ray spectrometry and laser microscopy, progress in previously been shown to exhibit the field of fungal biochemistry has been accelerated. peroxidase-like activity. Certain similarities with spore wall changes For X-ray microanalysis, the area of the sample occurring during germination are noted and bombarded acts as anticathode and emits X-rays, study a possible role for hypochlorite in of which is effected by spectrometers. The charac- germination is suggested. teristic X-rays generated in the specimen can be used to obtain elemental analysis of the region being hit by the electrons. Ic laser microscopy a minute mycorrhizae can increase plant growth through enhanced amount of the specimen is incinerated. The generated phosphorus uptake. Mycorrhizal infection may improve vapor gives rise to luminous discharge transmitted seedling establishment in phosphate mine spoils through a spectrograph. especially in those areas where low precipitation could limit phosphate availability. Both methods permit verification of the presence or absence of various elemental componellts ill the S. A. Warner, R. L. Blanton, X. C. Deasey and periodic table and to conduct a systematic analysis. L. S. Olive. University of North Carolina, These studies help to better characterize p,ro;lps of Chapel Hill, NC 27514. Model for a gaseous mechanism of ballistospore discharge. spec-ies as well as individual taxa. G29

A. P. Torzilli see Reeves G63 A model for ballistospore discharge is presented whereby the discharge mechanism is gas pressure. generated by the rapid evolution of-co2-from the G19 Rytas Vilgalys. Virginia Polytechnic Institute cyclic peroxidation of fattyacids. Control of the and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061. Bree- systemis based upon the availability of hydrogen ding biology in the Collybia dryophila complex. peroxide for peroxidation. During vegetative growth the peroxide is rapidly decomposed by cat Several North American taxa in the genus Collybia alase, however inactivation of this enzyme permits appear to be very closely related, including C. dryo- the initiationof gas production. phila var. dryophila, C. dryophila var. funicularis Evidence for this model is based upon studies and C. earleae. Monosporous isolates of these taxa with s.~~~~~~~~~~~~salmonicolor.when (u-14~)- were obtained from spore prints of 40 collections. palmitate and peroxide are taken up by the yeast Pairings among isolates from individual collections largevolumes of (14~)-~~~ are evolved. G~~ indicate tetrapolar incompatibility. Subsequent duction is o~timalat DH 8.0 in the ~resenceof Ca intercrosses among different mating types from each ion. ~t is ;educed by95c$ in the presence of ~i- collection reveal 4 reproductively isolated groups, thiocarb, a peroxidase inhibitor, but elevated 7q0 or 'biological species'. Multiple alleles exist at by ascorbate, a catalaseinhibitor, hich suggests the mating loci of each biological species. North a possible rolefor the latter enzyme. American collections of C. dryophila var. dryophila ~h~ cellshave strongfatty acid esteraseactivity, represent the most widely distributed interbreeding which suggeststhat an amplesupply of fattyacids population (29 collections). Collybia dryophila var. are available for peroxidation. funicularis forms a second biological species, but Light microscope cytochemistry verifies the pre- several collections lacked the diagnostic yellow sence of esterase and peroxidase activity, usually lamellae. Collybia earleae is represented by collec- located in the sterigmata.studies amoebae tions from Virginia and California. An apparently and sporocarps of protostelium ex ulsunlshow strong undescribed species of Collybia occuring on wood mulch pemxidase activityin onlythe l:tter, suggesting comprises a fourth biological species in North Ameri- the presence of the above mechansim in this ca. From Europe, 6 collections identified as C. dryo- strongperoxidase is presentin basidia phila also possess tetrapolar incompatibility with of co rinus suggestingthat the mechanism is multiple alleles, and represent three distinct biolo- prese:t here also. gical species. One biological species collected in Austria and Sweden possesses brown pigment granules in K. WELLS* and G. WONG. University of California, the pileus trama and shows other affinities with 5. Davis, CA 95616. Incompatibility mechanisms and alkalivirens (=C.obscura). The other two biological the utilization of intersterility in the delimit- species from Europe are also microscopically distinct ation of species of saprobic He terobasidiomycetes. from all other taxa studied. Intercrosses between the 4 North American and 3 European biological species G8 1 Relatively few studies have been made of the compat- show that each is distinct. The resulting status of ibility systems of the saprobic Heterobasidiomycetes. -C. dryophila in North America is discussed. Those available suggest-- that the mating-. systems in this group are essentially the same as in the Homo- C30 N.J. WARNER,* M.F. ALLEN and R.W. BROWN. Biology basidiornycetes. Studies of the compatibility systems Dept., Utah State Univ., Logan, UT 84322, Znrer- of Exidiopsis plumbescens and Tremella mesenterica mountain Forest and Range Exp. Sta., Logan, UT were undertaken. Single spore isolates were obtained 84322. Reinvasion of Vesicular-Arbuscular from 18 collections of E. plumbescens from British Mycorrhizae in Phosphate Mine Spoils. Columbia. Washinaton.-. and northern California. The basidiocarps were collected from a variety of sub- Preliminary mycorrhizal spore counts from a phosphate strata. E. plumbescens is a bifactorial species, but stripmine near Soda Springs, Idaho showed recently no evidence was obtained of nuclear migration in disturbed sites had fewer spores ('x= 5.82 sporesfg, compatible crosses. Two strains of each collection range 0-26.2 spores/g) than adjacent undisturbed sites were crossed in all possible combinations. All (S= 24.96 spores/g, range 4.6-41.0 sporesfg). Counts crosses resulted in dikaryotic mycelia except those from a five year old abandoned mine spoil were inter- involving three collections from British Columbia, mediate in comparison (%= 16.13 sporesfg, range 0.6- which seem to be partially intersterile with other 58.8 sporesfg). Root fragments from the undisturbed collections from British Columbia, Washington, and sites bordering the mine were infected with vesicular- northern California. This partial inters terili ty is arbuscular mycorrhizae. Total phosphorus in these not correlated with any detectable morphological soils is high although available phosphorus is mod- feature, dimension, or with substrate. When mating erate to low. The primary phosphate source is rock types of Exidiopsis effusa, E. grisea, and E. calcea phosphate which becomes available to plants at a slow from West Germany and of one undescribed species from rate. Studies have shown that vesicular-arbuscular Hawaii and one from British Columbia were crossed with selected mating types of E. plumbescens, a D. T. WICKLOW,* R. J. CALDWELL, B. W. HORN, 0. L. reaction zone occurred in the contact zone and clamps SHOTWELL, and C. W. HESSELTINE. Northern Regional were not formed. Research Center, ARS, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604, and Single spore cultures of collections of Tremella University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706. mesenterica from British Columbia, Washington, north- Af latoxin contamination of undamaged preharvest ern California, Sweden, and West Germany were selfed. corn kernels. G33 Selected mating types from each collection were mating in all possible combinations. All crosses Aspergillus flavus Link ex Fr. is capable of infecting with unlike A and B factors from all localities were undamaged corn kernels and producing aflatoxin. Silk- interfertile. inoculated ears of four commercial dent cultivars (upper midwest corn belt=Funks G-4141A, Dekalb XL-12; K. Wells see Wong G48 southeastern coastal plain=Pioneer 3369A, Dekalb 72B) showed substantial variation in kernel infection (%) and aflatoxin contamination. These results suggest W. G. Wells see Dunn G42 some form of silk resistance as a mechanism limiting kernel infection by A. flavus and perhaps other pre- G65 E.G. WENE* and A.A. ANTONOPOULOS. Argonne National harvest fungal colonists as well. Aflatoxin levels Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439. Cellulolytic activ- among individual wound-inoculated kernels varied ity of selected Pusarium isolates and mutants. depending on the stage of kernel maturation at the time of wounding. Undamaged kernels located adjacent Pusarium spp. isolated from sources that included to the wound-inoculated kernels had uniformly high soil, soil debris, and woody and herbaceous plants levels of aflatoxin irrespective of wounding date were tested for their ability to decompose cellulose. (e.g., 7, 14, or 21 days after silk). Wounded kernel During initial screenings, clearing zones were mea- tissues provide A. flavus with a resource base from sured around Fusarium colonies on agar plates amended which it can increase its inoculum potential and thus with acid-swollen cellulose. Nearly all of more than its ability to infect adjacent kernels. This may two thousand tested isolates showed some evidence of explain why these intact kernels, as a group, con- cellulolytic activity. Isolates with large clearing tained more aflatoxin than did kernels from silk- zones were further tested for extracellular cellulase inoculated ears. Furthermore, indirect evidence production in submerged culture in shake flasks and a indicates that kernels containing af latoxin can ger- 500-mL fermentor to determine the effects of cultural minate. Mature ears were produced in a controlled conditions such as pH, nitrogen source, substrate con- environment room (photoperiod 14 h.; temp. 30 +- 1" C. centration, temperature, and inoculation procedure. day120 + loC. night; humidity 82 +- 3%). Several mutant strains of Fusarium were developed by ultraviolet irradiation of conidia of selected iso- lates and then screened on cellulose-amended agar D. T. WICKLOW* and JANINE E. DONAHUE. Northern plates. The mutant strains were morphologically simi- Regional Research Center, ARS, USDA, Peoria, IL lar to the parent strains but exhibited increased 61604. Sporogenic germination of sclerotia in cellulase production. ---Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. G38 Recent studies in our laboratory have shown that Isolation and mu- Aspergillus flavus Link ex Fr. forms sclerotia in tation procedures are continuing in order to find preharvest corn, and this has focused attention on the isolates that produce higher levels of extracellular role of sclerotia as primary inoculum in the disease cel lulase enzymes. cycle of these aflatoxin-producing yellow-green asper- gilli (A. flavus group). We report that sclerotium E. G. Wene see Antonopoulos G66 germination in A. --flavus and A. parasiticus is sporo- genic with conidial apparati Tyellow-green conidial H. White see Henney G60 heads) produced directly from exposed sclerotium sur- faces. Five of seven sclerotium-producing strains GI0 K. D. WHITNEY. University of North Carolina, chosen for this study formed yellow-green conidial Chapel Hill, NC 27514. heads on individual surface-sterilized sclerotia Ultrastructure of sporocarp development in within 48-72 h. incubation (25-37' C.) on saturated Schizoplasmodium cavostelioides. sand. The two remaining- strains failed to eerminate under these conditions, suggesting that ecotypic Schizoplasmodium cavostelioides is a non-flagellate variation exists among individual species pop~~lations. protostelid whose trophic phase consists mainly of Germination is also reported for sclerotia that were multinucleate, reticulate plasmodia. Prior to incubated (32' C.) on nonsterile field soil. In one fruiting, the plasmodium divides into several dis- experiment buried sclerotia (1 cm.) migrated to the crete mounds, each of which produces a stipitate soil surface as a result of intermittent watering fruiting body with a single multinucleate spore. during which soils became inundated. These newly Spores of this species are forcibly discharged, pre- exposed sclerotia also germinated. A. flavus is sen- sumably through accumulation of gas within the sitive to soil mycostasis, and A. --flavushyphae do not sporocarp sheath. The ultrastructural aspects of extend into nonsterile soil. ~herefore,sporogenic sporocarp formation--sheath synthesis and assembly, germination is an important mechanism enabling these stalk synthesis and deposition, spore wall forma- fungi to disseminate inoculum. Eventual control of tion--will be discussed, along with the biosystematic preharvest A. f lavus infection in crops where af la- significance of these findings. This study was toxin is a problem (e.g., corn, peanuts, cotton) may supported by a National Science Foundation grant to require agronomic practices designed to reduce the Dr. L. S. Olive, and a grant from Sigma Xi and a importance of sclerotia as a source of primary Mycological Society of America Graduate Fellowship inoculum . to K. D. Whitney. D. T. Wicklow see Horn G40 kind of data. Once the proper characters and states are selected these methods give a very good represen- H. E. IilLCOX, C. S. YANG*, AND K. LOBUGSIC. SUNY tation of taxonomic structure, often better than sus- College oC Environmental Sciecce and Forestry, Syra- pected on an intuitive basis. cdse, NY 13213. Taxonimic Characterj.stics of Chlanly- G. WONG* and K. WELLS. University of California, dosporic Ectendorr~ycorrhizal Funui of Finaceae. Davis, CA 95616. Interfertility studies in G53 Tremella mesenterica. An unidentified, imperfect fungus (referred to as G48 3DG) was isolated from nursery seedlings of red pine. Interfertility studies were made with the hetero- It is light brown in culture riith septate, sr~loothto basidiomycete Tremella mesenterica Fr. Mating in verrucose hyphae. It produces laree spherical chla- this species is under bifactorial control. The two mydospores in soil and in substrate used in niycor- loci which control mating are designated as A and B. rhizal synthesis experiment with red pine. Chlamydo- Monospore isolates were made from collections on spores are terminal on chains of supportins cells, or various hardwoods from North America and Europe. occas ionally intercalary. The fungus forms ecten'jo- Self crosses were first made to determine the four mycorrhizae in flask culture or in field inoculation. mating types from each collection. Intercollection A sinilar type of chlar?ydospore was found in an Iowa crosses were then made to identify the mating types. plantation by C. Walker who considered the two iso- All intercollection crosses were interfertile. There lates are identical and narned the funpus as Complex- were two A alleles found, but as many as 97 B alleles & noniliformis Walker (1979) limier Endogonaceae. may occur in the natural population. In several nowever, BnG is always sentate either in cvlture or collections involving self crosses, an intrafactor in soil, and ~fitrastructuralstudy indicates that the recombination in the B factor seems to occur, but septum is with simple septal pore. These evidences work in progress indicates that a phenomenon mimick- su~~.-estthat the f'unrrus is more ascomycetous than ing recombination may be taking place. en~iosonaceou:. G. Wong see Wells G81 Several raore similar isolates were obtained by either ,yerrninatinc spores or isolating from roots from sev- C. S. Yang see Wilcox G53 eral nurseries in iiorth American Continent. Mycor- rhizal synthesis, spore wall ornamentation, septal pore characters, spore size, and ~rowthrates on dif- B. G. Yangeo see Okafor G68 ferent media, temperature, and pH are compared to determine whether these fungi are identical. P. M. Wohlgemuth see Dunn G42 J.C. ZAK* and D. PARKINSON. Dept. of Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4. Fungal Assemblage Development on Grass Roots in a Severely Disturbed Soil. WOLFE, C.B., Jr. The Pennsylvania State University, Glob Mont Alto, PA 17237. Problems and Promises of Numer- The dynamics of saprophytic fungal colonization and ical Taxonomy in Fungal Systematics. GZ2 assemblage development on root surfaces of slender wheatgrass grown on an extracted oil sands spoil Numerical taxonomic methods have been employed infre- amended with either fertilizer, fibrous peat, or sew- quently in fungal systematics since its development age sludge, was examined over 5yrs. Fungi actively in the late 1950s. Recent studies in the boletes growing on the root surfaces were isolated by a root using numerical methods suggested by Sneath & Sokal washing method from a region of main seminal and (1973) and executed by the iiumerical Taxonomic System nodal roots 4cm from the root-hypocotyl axis. Roots of tlultivariate Statistical Programs (NT-SYS) package were sampled at 2, 6, and 10 wks after plant emer- have been conducted utilizing a variety of characters gence, and toward the end of the 2nd and 5th growing and states. The various phenetic relationships and seasons. their taxonomic implications have brought to light problems of character and state selection and exclu- Fungal colonization of the root surfaces was rapid, sion which need discussion and evaluation. All char- with a plateau being reached by 2wk. The numbers of acters included in these studies were equally weight- species did not change significantly after Zwks, ed against each other since many primary character implying that species numbers represented equilibrium swarms will by their nature naturally outweigh other values. While amendation did not affect the overall primary character swarms Sue to the relative number pattern of colonization, equilibrium values differed of secondary characters recognized therein. From among the treatments, with plants on the peat-amended these studies it has also become evident that a high spoil having the greatest number of species on their number of states of a given character will tend to root surfaces. Amounts of species turnover were high blurr phenetic relationships. These lessons indicate over all time intervals and treatments. that the taxonomist employing these methods needs to be very careful in selecting characters and states The structure of the fungal assemblages was typified for a study. Furthermore, it appears that characters by the occurrence of a large number of rare species. valuable for inclusion in studies at the specific The high incidence of rare species suggests that the rank may have a blurring effect when employed at the majority of fungi in the mine spoil may not have been generic rank. For example, fruitbody color patterns adapted to living on root surfaces. This would allow while useful in segregating species from one another for the transient, nonequilibrium coexistence of more may not be useful in uniting these same species into species on the roots than might occur in undisturbed genera. Quantitative microscopic data may also be habitats. useful in segregating species and other infraspecific taxa from one another, but not so useful in unifying taxa into genera due to the great variability in this ZAhG MU. hunrning institute of dotany, i;c.adernia Sirllca, .Xunminf ,Yunnan.China. The vertical dis- tribiltion of Uoletaceae in Hengduan lilountains. Trip ripngdi~ar~Mts.cf Y.ir'.china averaping about 5500 v .alt .and comprising tipep longitiidinal porge sppa- rpte~: 11y rid~es1,isirif: to over 5iiOOm.in tne nort,n. l'hf L~II ililm:g(Salueen ,i?rt:.::~. ihiar~g,Mekong), ininsha Itiver enter in this region. Tile altitudinal ~onatioi?f rorn subt,ropical lowland valleys in tne soiltr~to alpine heights in the north.Tile distribrl- ticn patterns of doletaceae frequently correspond to those of tnf forests 01 the region as they are foumd In differential as so cia ti or^ with forest,s and shru- bberies. Meanwhile,the vertical distribution spectra of aole.;.~Lceaeare 11s11ally very evident. e.g. tnere are 3 distinct altitudinal zones recognized on this regicn. (1) Below (1500)-2700 rn. This is a subtro- pical zone of evergreen brcad-leaves and Pinus yw- nnensis forests. So fur 60 species of Uoletaceae are krlown, such as Holetils sylvestris, ii. w,. i----, 2. rubellus, B. -2, b. -. a. -sp~cicsus. g. fi~nerarius,d. fcrmosils, 2. manasuorus Zan~,&. citrifragrans Zang, 1 ylopilils javanicus . Boletelli~sananas, Xerocomus chrysenteron, i'ulvero- bol~t~rsravenelii etc. (2) From 2700-5500 m. This represents the zone of picea likian6:ensis, i'inr;s .- .- densata and deci(ii~o~isbroad 1 enves iorests. Where- rlnoer flo~irishabcut 35 sppcies in this zone. e.g. Bolp t.118 bnlnneissiml~s,1(. thibe tan~ls,Yoletinus &- --nicoli~s Zang, Leccinum -podium, L. auriantiaoum, -.'I'ylopil~~s fclleus, 1_. exirnius, Xerccornus ci~eoi, X. badins, C;yroporus castanus, Pulvrroboletus auriporu:i etc, (3) Prcm 35n0-4Wno m. This is a alpine spectebil- Sorest and Htlonodendron shrubby. kbout more than 10 specie::. e .g. Lastroboletus boedijini, Suillns placidus, 2. yranulatus, 2. li~teus,5. w- pa, glandulouus, t. paluster, Leccinum cobr rum etc. D. H. Pfister and G. C. Kaye, Editors Mycological Society Newsletter NONPROFIT ORG. Far low Herbarium Harvard University U.S. POSTAGE 20 Divinity Ave. PAID Cambridge, MA 02138 BOSTON, MA PERMIT NO. 58082