Supplementary materials 1

Table S1 The characteristics of botanical preparations potentially containing alkenylbenzenes on the Chinese market.

Botanical Pin Yin Name Form Ingredients Recommendation for daily intake (g) preparations (汉语) Plant food supplements (PFS)

Si Ji Kang Mei Yang Xin Yuan -Rou Dou Kou xylooligosaccharide, isomalt, nutmeg (myristica PFS 1 Fu He Tang Pian tablet 4 tablets (1.4 g) fragrans), galangal, cinnamon, chicken gizzards (四季康美养心源-肉豆蔻复合糖片)

Ai Si Meng Hui Xiang fennel seed, figs, prunes, dates, apples, St.Johns 2-4 tablets (2.8-5.6 g) PFS 2 Fu He Pian tablet Breed, jamaican ginger root (爱司盟茴香复合片)

Zi Ran Mei Xiao Hui Xiaong Jiao Nang foeniculi powder, cinnamomi cortex, papaya PFS 3 capsule concentrated powder, green oat concentrated powder, 3 capsules (1.8 g) (自然美小茴香胶囊) brewer’s yeast, cabbage, monkey head mushroom

An Mei Qi Hui Xiang Cao Ben Fu He Pian fennel seed, perilla seed, cassia seed, herbaceous PFS 4 tablet 1-2 tablets (1.4-2.8 g) (安美奇茴香草本复合片) complex

papaya enzymes, bromelain enzymes, lactobacillus An Mei Qi Jiao Su Xian Wei Ying Yang Pian acidophilus, apple fiber, lemon plup fiber, fennel PFS 5 tablet seed, cascara sagrada, jamaican ginger root, herbal 2 tablets (2.7 g) (安美奇酵素纤维营养片) support complex (figs, prunes, dates, apples, St. Johns bread)

Table S1 (continued) The characteristics of botanical preparations potentially containing alkenylbenzenes on the Chinese market.

Pin Yin Name Botanical Form Ingredients Recommendation for daily intake (g) preparations (汉语)

Gan Cao Pian glycyrrhiza uralensis, licorice root extract, star anise PFS 6 tablet 9-12 tablets (1.1-2.5 g) (甘草片) (illicium verum) oil, natural menthol

odorless garlic, parsley, chlorophyll, soybean oil, PFS 7 Putitans pride -garlic parsley soft gel 2-6 soft gels (0.4-1.3 g) vegetable glycerin

Rou Gui Jiao Nang PFS 8 capsule cinnamon 4 capsules (1.3 g) (肉桂胶囊)

Rou Gui Tao Ren yam, cinnamon, semen persicae, wolfberry, coix 4 capsules (1.6 g) PFS 9 capsule (肉桂桃仁) seed

He Jian Zhen Gui Pian PFS 10 tablet cinnamon, agaricus subrufescens 2 tablets (1.2 g) (禾健珍桂片)

Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM)

for 3-6 months old children: 1.3-2 g; Sha Ji Rou Dou Kou sea-buckthorn, nutmeg (myristica fragrans), TCM 1 powder for 6-10 months children: 2-3 g; (沙棘肉豆蔻) Chinese yam, euryale ferox, white lablab seed for 11 months-7 years children: 6 g

Feng Gu Cao brassica juncea, cinnamon, clove, galangal, TCM 2 capsule canavalia gladiata, longan, angelica dahurica, radish 4-6 capsules (1.2-1.8 g) (风骨草) seed. Table S1 (continued) The characteristics of botanical preparations potentially containing alkenylbenzenes on the Chinese market.

Pin Yin Name Botanical Form Ingredients Recommendation for daily intake (g) preparations (汉语)

asarum sieboldii, scutellaria baicalensis, schizonepeta Xin Qin Ke Li tenuifolia, Chinese parsnip root, angelica dahurica, TCM 3 powder 3 packages (60 g) (辛芩颗粒) fructus xanthii, astragalus, atractylodes macrocephala, cinnamon, acorus calamus

pearl, nacre, nutmeg (myristica fragrans), safflower, amomum tsaoko, clove, dalbergia odorifera, cardamomin, terminalia chebula, santalum Er Shi Wu Wei Zhen Zhu Wan album, emblica, agilawood, cinnamon, terminalia 1 pill (1 g) TCM 4 pill (二十五味珍珠丸) chebula, rosa banksiae, fructus malvae, piper longum, strawberry, lapis micae aureus, pulvis cornus bubalis concentratus, fructus cymini, saffron, nigella damascena, calculus bovis

turquoise, pearl, coral, cinnabar, terminalia chebula, santalum album, dalbergia odorifera, aristolochia Er Shi Wu Wei Song Shi Wan moupinensis Franch, justicia adhatoda, calculus 1 pill (1 g) TCM 5 pill bovis, rosa banksiae, meconopsis horridula, aconitum (二十五味松石丸) naviculare, nutmeg (myristica fragrans), clove, saxifraga umbellulata, terminalia chebula, concretio silicea bambusae, saffron, bombax ceiba Table S1 (continued) The characteristics of botanical preparations potentially containing alkenylbenzenes on the Chinese market.

Pin Yin Name Botanical Form Ingredients Recommendation for daily intake (g) preparations (汉语)

Si Shen Wan nutmeg, psoralea corylifolia, schisandra chinensis, TCM 6 pill 30-60 pills (9-18 g) (四神丸) tetradium ruticarpum, jujube

caulis et Folium Fici Pumilae, astragalus, semen Qian Lie Tong Pian plantaginis, phellodendron amurensis cortex, rhizoma TCM 7 tablet anemones raddeanae, herba taraxaci, herba lycopi, 18 tablets (6.1 g) (前列通片) succinum (amber), star anise (illicium verum) oil and cinnamon oil

salvia miltiorrhiza, schisandra chinensis, acorus An Shen Bu Xin Wan calamus, cortex albiziae, cuscuta chinensis, herba TCM 8 pill 45 pills (6 g) (安神补心丸) ecliptae, fructus ligustri lucidi, caulis polygoni multiflori, rehmannia glutinosa

Tian Dan Tong Luo Jiao Nang ligusticum striatum, herba siegesbeckiae, salvia 5 capsules (6 g) TCM 9 capsule miltiorrhiza, leech, gastrodia elata, sophora flower, (天丹通络胶囊) acorus calamus, astragalus, achyranthes bidentata

Qin Xin Chen aquilaria crassna, fructus choerospondiatis, santalum TCM 10 Xiang Ba Wei San powder album, red sandalwood, safflower, nutmeg, glehnia 1.5-6 g littoralis (清心沉香八味散) Table S1 (continued) The characteristics of botanical preparations potentially containing alkenylbenzenes on the Chinese market.

Pin Yin Name Botanical Form Ingredients Recommendation for daily intake (g) preparations (汉语)

fructus choerospondiatis, salvia miltiorrhiza, nutmeg, gardenia jasminoides, fructus toosendan, rubia Bao Li Er Jiao Nang cordifolia, safflower, ophiopogon japonicus, panax 15 capsules TCM 11 capsule notoginseng, elecampane, costustoot, santalum (保利尔胶囊) album, annona reticulata, dalbergia odorifera, (4.5 g) rhubarb, akebia quinata, astragalus, piper longum, terminalia chebula

cnidium monnieri, ligusticum striatum, cuscuta chinensis, psoralea corylifolia, wolfiporia extensa, red ginseng, fennel, schisandra, rosa laevigata, Shen Bao He Ji atractylodes macrocephala, angelica sinensis, TCM 12 liquid 30-60 ml (肾宝合剂) raspberry, fallopia multiflora, plantago asiatica, rehmannia glutinosa, yam wolfberry, epimedium brevicornum, fenugreek, astragalus, cistanche, radix glycyrrhizae

Wei Tong Ning Pian dandelion extraction, licorice extraction, henbane TCM 13 tablet 6-9 tablets (胃痛宁片) extraction, gentiana scabra powder, fennel oil (1.5-2.3 g)

Table S1 (continued) The characteristics of botanical preparations potentially containing alkenylbenzenes on the Chinese market.

Pin Yin Name Botanical Form Ingredients Recommendation for daily intake (g) preparations (汉语)

cnidium monnieri, ligusticum striatum, cuscuta chinensis, psoralea corylifolia, wolfiporia extensa, red ginseng, fennel, schisandra, rosa laevigata, Shen Bao Tang Jiang liquid atractylodes macrocephala, angelica sinensis, TCM 14 30-60 ml (肾宝糖浆) raspberry, fallopia multiflora, plantago asiatica, rehmannia glutinosa, yam wolfberry, epimedium brevicornum, fenugreek, astragalus, cistanche, radix glycyrrhizae

6-15 capsules Tian Qi Tong Jing Jiao Nang capsule panax notoginseng, faeces trogopterori, pollen TCM 15 typhae, corydalis yanhusuo, ligusticum striatum, (2.4-6 g) (田七痛经胶囊) costustoot, fennel

Zhong Jing Wei Ling Pian cinnamon, corydalis yanhusuo, oyster, fennel, 6 tablets TCM 16 tablet amomum villosum, galangal, white peony root, radix (仲景胃灵片) glycyrrhizae (3.6 g)

Zhong Jing Wei Ling Wan cinnamon, corydalis yanhusuo, oyster, fennel, 3 packages TCM 17 powder amomum villosum, galangal, white peony root, radix (仲景胃灵丸) glycyrrhizae (3.6 g) Table S1 (continued) The characteristics of botanical preparations potentially containing alkenylbenzenes on the Chinese market.

Pin Yin Name Botanical Form Ingredients Recommendation for daily intake (g) preparations (汉语)

auricularia auricula-judae, angelica sinensis, white peony root, ligusticum striatum, papaya, eucommia Miao Ji Wan ulmoides, eucommia, radix dipsaci, cyathula 2-4 pills TCM 18 pill (妙济丸) officinalis, rhizoma atractylodis, fennel, costustoot, (12-24 g) clove, cloves fruit, frankincense, wolfiporia extensa, root of smilax glabra, carapax et plastrum testudinis

angelica sinensis, rhizoma cyperi, white peony root, rehmannia glutinosa, ejiao, wolfiporia extensa, codonopsis pilosula, astragalus, yam, atractylodes macrocephala, fructus ligustri lucid, carapax et plastrum testudinis, cornus officinalis, radix dipsaci, eucommia ulmoides, cistanche deserticola, raspberry, Fu Ke Zai Zao Wan cornu cervi degelatinatum, ligusticum striatum, salvia 20 tablets TCM 19 tablet miltiorrhiza, achyranthes bidentata, Chinese (妇科再造丸) motherwort, corydalis yanhusuo, panax notoginseng, (5.2 g) mugwort, fennel, ligusticum sinense, cuttlebone, great burnet, alpinia oxyphylla miq, common water- plantain, lotus leaf, gentiana macrophylla, cortex lycii, cynanchum atratum bunge, cortex ailanthi, succinum(amber), scutellaria baicalensis, polygala tenuifolia, pericarpium citri reticulatae, licorice Table S1 (continued) The characteristics of botanical preparations potentially containing alkenylbenzenes on the Chinese market.

Pin Yin Name Botanical Form Ingredients Recommendation for daily intake (g) preparations (汉语)

Shi Di Shui liquid camphor, ginger, rhubarb, fennel, cinnamon, chili, TCM 20 2-5 ml (十滴水) eucalyptus oil

codonopsis pilosula, atractylodes macrocephala, wolfiporia extensa, ginger, cinnamon, angelica 9-12 capsules Wei Chang Jian Jiao Nang capsule sinensis wolfberry, radix aconiti ecalcarati, TCM 21 ligusticum striatum, panax notoginseng, papaya, (3.6-4.8 g) (胃肠健胶囊) magnolia officinalis, amomum villosum, costustoot,

radix dipsaci, rhizoma homalomenae, fennel, liquorice

Shi Di Shui Jiao Wan pill camphor, ginger, rhubarb, fennel, cinnamon, chili, 4 pills TCM 22 (十滴水胶丸) eucalyptus oil (1 g)

angelica sinensis, pollen typhae, faeces Shao Fu Zhu Yu Ke Li trogopterori,radix paeniae rubra, fennel, corydalis 2-3 packages TCM 23 powder (少腹逐瘀颗粒) yanhusuo, myrrh, ligusticum striatum, cinnamon, (3.2-4.8 g) ginger

Table S1 (continued) The characteristics of botanical preparations potentially containing alkenylbenzenes on the Chinese market.

Pin Yin Name Botanical Form Ingredients Recommendation for daily intake (g) preparations (汉语)

Herbal teas

Zhong Min Piao Xiang Ning Meng Cao Cha 5 g in 250-300 ml boiling water for Tea 1 grinded leaf lemongrass (中闽飘香 柠檬草茶) 2-5 min

San Cao Cha Tea 2 grinded leaf lemongrass, lotus leaf no information (三草茶)

Su Er Hua Cao Cha Tea 3 leaf basil in boiling water for 3-5 min (素尔花草茶)

Si ShenWan Cha nutmeg, psoralea corylifolia, schisandra chinensis, Tea 4 grinded leaf no information (四神丸茶) tetradium ruticarpum

Rou Dou Kou Cha Yin 1 teabag in 200 ml boiling water, 2 Tea 5 powder nutmeg, dandelion, bergamot, jujube (肉豆蔻茶饮) times a day

Table S1 (continued) The characteristics of botanical preparations potentially containing alkenylbenzenes on the Chinese market.

Pin Yin Name Botanical Form Ingredients Recommendation for daily intake (g) preparations (汉语)

nutmeg, rhubarb, costustoot, fructus amomi rotundus, pericarpium citri reticulatae, fennel, santalum album, mangnolia officinalis, pogostemon cablin, folium perillae, herba moslae, mentha, papaya, fructus aurantii, notopterygium incisum, Shan Tang Wan Ying Cha radix peucedani, rhizoma alismatis, atractylodes 4 teabags in boiling water, 3 times a Tea 6 grinded leaf (善堂万应茶) macrocephala, changium smyrnioides, cinnamon, day clove, crataegus, wolfiporia extensa, fructus amomi, semen arecae, white lablab bean, radix platycodi, polyporus umbellatus, rhizoma cyperi, angelica dahurica, rhizoma pinelliae, rhizoma atractylodis, licorice

Guang Xi Jin Sai Kou Chou Li Xiao Cha Bao folium mori, nutmeg, mentha, arabian jasmine Tea 7 leaf 1-2 teabags in boiling water (广西金赛口臭立消茶包) flower, agastache rugosa, Chinese mosla herb

Xiao Hui Xiang Tea 8 fruit fennel no information (小茴香)

Qian Ye Ning Meng Cao 3-5g in 500 ml boiling water for 3 Tea 9 grinded leaf lemongrass (千也柠檬草) min

Rou Kou Si Shen Tang nutmeg, psoralea corylifolia, schisandra chinensis, 1 teabag in 300 ml boiling water, 2 Tea 10 grinded leaf (肉蔻四神汤) tetradium ruticarpum times a day Table S1 (continued) The characteristics of botanical preparations potentially containing alkenylbenzenes on the Chinese market.

Pin Yin Name Botanical Form Ingredients Recommendation for daily intake (g) preparations (汉语)

Rou Kou Si Shen Pao Cha nutmeg, psoralea corylifolia, schisandra chinensis, Tea 11 grinded leaf no information (肉蔻四神泡茶) tetradium ruticarpum

Xiao Hui Xiang Fen Tea 12 grinded fruit fennel no information (小茴香粉 50g)

Zhong Yao Xiao Hui Xiang Tea 13 fruit fennel no information (中药小茴香)

Man Ning Hua Cao Cha 1 teabag in 350 ml boiling water for Tea 14 grinded leaf lemongrass, fennel, rose fruit and leaves (曼宁花草茶) 3-5 min

Cui Ru Bao fennel, wolfberry, cinnamon, black sesame, ejiao, 1-2 teabags in boiling water for 3-5 Tea 15 grinded leaf (催乳宝) chicken gizzards min, 2 times a day

Cha Liao Yang Sheng nutmeg, psoralea corylifolia, schisandra chinensis, Tea 16 grinded leaf no information (茶疗养生) tetradium ruticarpum

Nuan Gan Jian Cha angelica sinensis, wolfberry, fennel, cinnamon, 1 teabags in boiling water for 10 min, Tea 17 grinded leaf (暖肝煎茶) lindera aggregata, agilawood, wolfiporia extensa 2 times a day Table S1 (continued) The characteristics of botanical preparations potentially containing alkenylbenzenes on the Chinese market.

Pin Yin Name Botanical Form Ingredients Recommendation for daily intake (g) preparations (汉语)

Jing Zhi Zhong Yao fruit and dry fennel, rose flower, Chinese peony, calendula Tea 18 no information (精制中药) flowers officinalis

Xiao Hui Xiang 500g Tea 19 fruit fennel no information (小茴香 500g)

Gu Fang Cha Liao Jin Shi Cha citrus, white Xin tea, Tie Guan Yin, cinnamon, star Tea 20 powder 2 teabags in boiling water for 10 min (古方茶疗近视茶) anise

Ao Yang An Lao Yao Shi Wei Shu Cha sea-buckthorn, semen raphani, fennel, rhizoma Tea 21 powder polygonati odorati, fructus citri sarcodactylis, chicken 1 teabag in boiling water (奥养安老药师胃舒茶) gizzards, Citrus medica

Xiao Hui Xiang Wu Hua Guo Cha Tea 22 grinded fruit fennel, fig no information (小茴香无花果茶)

Yi Da Li Tian Ran Hui Xiang Wei Jian Hua Cao 1 teabag in boiling waiting for 3-5 Tea 23 fruit fennel Cha (意大利天然茴香健胃花草茶) min

Biofix Hua Cao Cha Tea 24 fruit fennel 1 teabag in boiling water for 5 min (Biofix 花草茶)

Min Qin Xiao Hui Xiang Tea 25 fruit fennel no information (民勤小茴香) Table S1 (continued) The characteristics of botanical preparations potentially containing alkenylbenzenes on the Chinese market.

Pin Yin Name Botanical Form Ingredients Recommendation for daily intake (g) preparations (汉语)

Tian Ran Xiao Hui Xiang Jing Xuan Te Ji Nong Xiang Yang Sheng Cha Tea 26 fruit fennel no information (天然小茴香精选特集浓香养生茶)

Ding Xiang Hua Cha Tea 27 fruit clove no information (丁香花茶)

Zhi Tong Tang Ding Xiang Cha jasmine, clove, pericarpium citri reticulatae, cassia Tea 28 flower and fruit teabag in boiling water for 3 min (志同堂丁香茶) seed

Jin Xin You Chang Bai Shan Zi Ding Xiang Cha Tea 29 leaf clove no information (金辛友长白山紫丁香茶)

Zhong Yao Yin Pian Bao Zhuang Dai Tea 30 fruit fennel 5 g in boiling water for 5 min (中药饮片包装袋)

Ou Qin Tea 31 leaf parsley no information (欧芹)

Xiang Kou Le Teng Cha vine tea, clove, agastache rugosa, mentha, citron, 1-2 teabags in boiling water, 1-2 Tea 32 grinded fruit (香口乐藤茶) fennel times per day Table S1 (continued) The characteristics of botanical preparations potentially containing alkenylbenzenes on the Chinese market.

Pin Yin Name Botanical Form Ingredients Recommendation for daily intake (g) preparations (汉语)

Ou Qin Fen Tea 33 powder parsley no information (欧芹粉)

Rou Gui Fen Tea 34 powder cinnamon no information (肉桂粉)

Xiao Hui Xiang Tea 35 fruit fennel no information (小茴香)

Yun Nan Xiao Hui Xiang Cha Tea 36 fruit fennel teabag in 80oC water for 3 to 5 min (云南小茴香茶)

Tong An Bai Cao, Xiao Hui Xiang Tea 37 fruit fennel no information (彤安佰草, 小茴香)

Hong Xiang Cha Tea 38 fruit fennel no information (红香茶)

Supplementary materials 2

Fig. S2.1 MOE values for consumption of individual alkenylbenzenes (A) and for combined exposure to alkenylbenzenes based on TEQ approach (B) all evaluating life-time use of PFS. The black dash line represents the limit of MOE of 10 000. MOE values lower than 10 000 suggest a potential priority for risk management.

Fig. S2.2 MOE values for consumption of individual alkenylbenzenes (A) and for combined exposure to alkenylbenzenes based on TEQ approach (B) all evaluating life-time use of TCM. The black dash line represents the limit of MOE of 10 000. MOE values lower than 10 000 suggest a potential priority for risk management.

Fig. S2.3 MOE values for consumption of individual alkenylbenzenes (A) and for combined exposure to alkenylbenzenes based on TEQ approach (B) all evaluating life-time use of herbal teas. The black dash line represents the limit of MOE of 10 000. MOE values lower than 10 000 suggest a potential priority for risk management.

Supplementary materials 3

Fig. S3.1 MOE values for consumption of individual alkenylbenzenes (A) and for combined exposure to alkenylbenzenes based on TEQ approach (B) all evaluating two weeks use of PFS. The black dash line represents the limit of MOE of 10 000. MOE values lower than 10 000 suggest a potential priority for risk management.

Fig. S3.2 MOE values for consumption of individual alkenylbenzenes (A) and for combined exposure to alkenylbenzenes based on TEQ approach (B) all evaluating two weeks use of TCM. The black dash line represents the limit of MOE of 10 000. MOE values lower than 10 000 suggest a potential priority for risk management.

Fig. S3.3 MOE values for consumption of individual alkenylbenzenes (A) and for combined exposure to alkenylbenzenes based on TEQ approach (B) all evaluating two weeks use of herbal teas. The black dash line represents the limit of MOE of 10 000. MOE values lower than 10 000 suggest a potential priority for risk management.