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Fungal Biology Lecture 2B (F09) Lecture: Fungal Diversity, Part B BIOL 4848/6948 - Fall 2009 Biology of Fungi The Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Fungi (Mycota) Phylum: Chytridiomycota The Diversity of Fungi and Phylum: Zygomycota Phylum: Glomeromycota Fungus-Like Organisms Phylum: Ascomycota Phylum: Basidiomycota Form-Phylum: Deuteromycota (Fungi Imperfecti) BIOL 4848/6948 (v. F09) Copyright © 2009 Chester R. Cooper, Jr. BIOL 4848/6948 (v. F09) Copyright © 2009 Chester R. Cooper, Jr. The Chytridiomycota The Chytridiomycota (cont.) ‘Chytrids’ are considered the earliest Zoospore branch of the true fungi (Eumycota) ultrastructure is Cell walls contain chitin and glucan taxonomically important within Only true fungi that produce motile, flagellated zoospores this phylum Usually single, posterior whiplash type Ultrastructure of chytrid zoospores. Some rumen species have multiple flagella Source: Kendrick, 2003 BIOL 4848/6948 (v. F09) Copyright © 2009 Chester R. Cooper, Jr. BIOL 4848/6948 (v. F09) Copyright © 2009 Chester R. Cooper, Jr. The Chytridiomycota (cont.) The Chytridiomycota (cont.) Commonly found in soils or aquatic A few are obligate intracellular parasites environments, chytrids have a of plants, algae, and small animals significant role in degrading organics (e.g., frogs) Exhibit many of the same thallus structure types and arrangements as hyphochytrids (e.g., eucarpic; rhizoidal; endobiotic; etc.) Unstained specimen showing a number of oval-shaped chytrids (arrow) infecting the skin of a frog. Source: www.jcu.edu.au/school/phtm/PHTM/frogs/anzcarrt.htm BIOL 4848/6948 (v. F09) Copyright © 2009 Chester R. Cooper, Jr. BIOL 4848/6948 (v. F09) Copyright © 2009 Chester R. Cooper, Jr. 1 Lecture: Fungal Diversity, Part B BIOL 4848/6948 - Fall 2009 The Chytridiomycota (cont.) The Chytridiomycota (cont.) Very few economically Isolation of chytrids is not easy important species Requires ‘baiting’ techniques (Synchytrium Appears to be species-substrate specificity/ endobioticum causes preference presumably due to specific potato wart disease) receptor molecules on the zoospore Gametophyte stage of Allomyces. Source: More important (and www.bsu.edu/classes/ruch/msa/blackwell.html surface membrane fascinating) as biological models (e.g, Allomyces) BIOL 4848/6948 (v. F09) Copyright © 2009 Chester R. Cooper, Jr. BIOL 4848/6948 (v. F09) Copyright © 2009 Chester R. Cooper, Jr. The Chytridiomycota (cont.) The Chytridiomycota (cont.) Five orders within the chytrids, based Blastocladiales largely on zoospore ultrastructure Produces true hyphae and narrow rhizoids Some species (e.g., Allomyces) exhibit Chytridiales and Spizellomycetales alternation of generations (i.e., rotating from Similar to one another haploid and diploid phases) Haploid thalli of Allomyces produce gametes in Spizellomycetales live in soil specialized gametangia Chytridiales live in aquatic environments Diploid thalli of Allomyces produce flagellated These Orders do not produce hyphae zoospores and resting sporangia Allomyces also exhibits anisiogamy - two different Unique to the chytrids, Spizellomycetales sizes of gametes (small, highly mobile [‘male’] and zoospores exhibit amoeboid movement larger, less mobile [‘female’]) BIOL 4848/6948 (v. F09) Copyright © 2009 Chester R. Cooper, Jr. BIOL 4848/6948 (v. F09) Copyright © 2009 Chester R. Cooper, Jr. Life cycle of Allomyces. Source: The Chytridiomycota (cont.) www.bio.utexas.edu/faculty/laclaire/ bot321/handouts/AllomyLH.jpg Gametophyte stage of Allomyces (right) and the sporophyte stage (left). Source: www2.una.edu/pdavis/kingdom_fungi.htm BIOL 4848/6948 (v. F09) Copyright © 2009 Chester R. Cooper, Jr. BIOL 4848/6948 (v. F09) Copyright © 2009 Chester R. Cooper, Jr. 2 Lecture: Fungal Diversity, Part B BIOL 4848/6948 - Fall 2009 The Chytridiomycota (cont.) The Chytridiomycota (cont.) Monoblepharidales Neocallimastigales Unique among the Obligate anaerobes true fungi for its No mitochondria, but means of sexual instead produce energy reproduction via via a hydrogenosome oogamy Often found in animal rumens; highly cellulytic Not of economic Multiflagellated DAPI-stained nuclei (left) from the mature importance thallus with spherical zoosporangium of the rumen fungus, Neocallimastix. Source: Thallus of a Monoblepharella sp. with antheridia zoospores www.bsu.edu/classes/ruch/msa/wubah.html and oogonia (the globose bodies (arrow) are probably mature oospores). Source: www.bsu.edu/classes/ruch/msa/barr.html BIOL 4848/6948 (v. F09) Copyright © 2009 Chester R. Cooper, Jr. BIOL 4848/6948 (v. F09) Copyright © 2009 Chester R. Cooper, Jr. The Zygomycota The Zygomycota Five features of Phylum Zygomycota Cell walls contain chitin, chitosan, and polyglucuronic acid Some members typically bear multinucleate, coenocytic hyphae, i.e., without cross walls (septa; sing., septum) When present, septa are simple partitions Some Orders have regular septations that are Diagrammatic comparison of a coenocytic hypha (arrow) with a septated form [left figure] and a photomicroscopic image of coenocytic hyphae from a zygomycetous fungus [right figure]. flared having a centrally plugged pore Sources: www.apsnet.org/education/IllustratedGlossary/PhotosA-D/coenocytic.htm and www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/MBChB/6a.htm BIOL 4848/6948 (v. F09) Copyright © 2009 Chester R. Cooper, Jr. BIOL 4848/6948 (v. F09) Copyright © 2009 Chester R. Cooper, Jr. The Zygomycota (cont.) The Zygomycota (cont.) Produce zygospores (meiospore) via Importance of the zygomycetous fungi sexual reproduction (gametangial fusion) Organic degraders/recyclers Asexual spores (mitospores), termed Useful in foodstuffs/fermentations sporangiospores, form through cytoplasmic Pathogens of insects/other animals cleavage within a sac-like structure termed a sporangium Haploid genome BIOL 4848/6948 (v. F09) Copyright © 2009 Chester R. Cooper, Jr. BIOL 4848/6948 (v. F09) Copyright © 2009 Chester R. Cooper, Jr. 3 Lecture: Fungal Diversity, Part B BIOL 4848/6948 - Fall 2009 The Zygomycota (cont.) The Zygomycota (cont.) Generalized life cycle Asexual stage (cont.) Asexual stage A thin-walled sac (anamorphic; imperfect) (sporangium) is walled off at the tip and fills with Hyphae develop erect cytoplasm containing branches termed multiple nuclei (with sporangiophores collumella underneath Mature sporangia (left image) and a visible collumella (right image). Source: Kendrick, 2003 Development of erect sporangiophores. Source: Kendrick, 2003 sac) BIOL 4848/6948 (v. F09) Copyright © 2009 Chester R. Cooper, Jr. BIOL 4848/6948 (v. F09) Copyright © 2009 Chester R. Cooper, Jr. The Zygomycota (cont.) The Zygomycota (cont.) Asexual stage (cont.) Asexual stage (cont.) Cytoplasmic cleavage Cytoplasmic cleavage and separation of and separation of nuclei into walled nuclei into walled units produces units produces sporangiospores sporangiospores Thin sporangial wall Thin sporangial wall Ruptured peridium and underlying sporangiospores (left (peridium) breaks image) and remaining collumella following complete (peridium) breaks spore dispersal (right image). Source: Kendrick, 2003 releasing releasing Diagrammatic representation of sporangiospore development and release. Source: www.unex.es/ sporangiospores sporangiospores botanica/LHB/anima/mucor2.htm BIOL 4848/6948 (v. F09) Copyright © 2009 Chester R. Cooper, Jr. BIOL 4848/6948 (v. F09) Copyright © 2009 Chester R. Cooper, Jr. The Zygomycota (cont.) The Zygomycota (cont.) Asexual stage (cont.) The zygospore represents the Sporangiospores teleomorphic phase (sexual; perfect germinate to repeat the asexual life cycle form) of this phylum Mating of Phycomyces in culture (left image) forming a line of darkly- pigmented zygospores at the point of contact. The zygospores are highly ornate (left image). Source: Generalized life cycle of a zygomycetous Kendrick, 2003 fungus. Source: Deacon, 2006 BIOL 4848/6948 (v. F09) Copyright © 2009 Chester R. Cooper, Jr. BIOL 4848/6948 (v. F09) Copyright © 2009 Chester R. Cooper, Jr. 4 Lecture: Fungal Diversity, Part B BIOL 4848/6948 - Fall 2009 The Zygomycota (cont.) The Zygomycota (cont.) The zygospore represents the Mating process Hyphae make physical contact and exchange teleomorphic phase (sexual; perfect chemical signals to establish that each is of a form) of this phylum different mating type Results from the fusion of gametangia of Hyphal tips (isogamous zygophores - not distinguished from one another) grow, loop heterothallic (two different mating types; back towards one another, swell (becoming designated “+” and “-”) or homothallic (self progametangia at this point) then fuse fertile) strains (anastomose) Nuclei mix/fused and immediate region walled Acts as a thick-walled resting spore off from rest of hyphae (gametangium or zygosporangium) BIOL 4848/6948 (v. F09) Copyright © 2009 Chester R. Cooper, Jr. BIOL 4848/6948 (v. F09) Copyright © 2009 Chester R. Cooper, Jr. The Zygomycota (cont.) Generalized life cycle of a zygomycetous fungus. Source: Deacon, 2006 Zygosporangium becomes thick walled to form the zygospore Hyphae to the sides become empty appendages (suspensor cells) Zygospore often forms ornate appendages Zygospore and suspensor cells of Zygospore is constitutively dormant Rhizopus. Source: Deacon, 2006 for a time, but then germinates to Diagrammatic representation of zygospore development. produce a sporangium containing Source: www.unex.es/botanica/LHB/anima/mucor3.htm haploid sporangiospores BIOL 4848/6948 (v. F09) Copyright © 2009 Chester R. Cooper, Jr. BIOL 4848/6948 (v. F09)
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