Fundam. appl. NemalOl., 1997.20 (6), 521-539
Forum article
NEMATODES AND AGRICULTURE IN CONTINENTAL ARGENTINA. AN OVERVIEW
Marcelo E. DOUCET and Marîa M.A. DE DOUCET
Laboratorio de Nematologia, Centra de Zoologia Aplicada, Fant/tad de Cien.cias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Casilla df Correo 122, 5000 C6rdoba, Argentina. Acceplecl for publication 5 November 1996.
Summary - In Argentina, soil nematodes constitute a diverse group of invertebrates. This widely distributed group incJudes more than twO hundred currently valid species, among which the plant-parasitic and entomopathogenic nematodes are the most remarkable. The former includes species that cause damages to certain crops (mainly MeloicU:igyne spp, Nacobbus aberrans, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Tylenchulus semipenetrans, and Xiphinema index), the latter inc1udes various species of the Mermithidae family, and also the genera Steinernema and Helerorhabditis. There are few full-time nematologists in the country, and they work on taxonomy, distribution, host-parasite relationships, control, and different aspects of the biology of the major species. Due tO the importance of these organisms and the scarcity of information existing in Argentina about them, nematology can be considered a promising field for basic and applied research.
Résumé - Les nématodes et l'agriculture en Argentine. Un aperçu général - Les nématodes du sol représentent en Argentine un groupe très diversifiè. Ayant une vaste répartition géographique, il comprend actuellement plus de deux cents espèces, celles parasitant les plantes et les insectes étant considèrées comme les plus importantes. Les espèces du genre Me/oi dogyne, ainsi que Nacobbus aberrans, Dùylenchus dipsaci, Tylenchulus semipenetrans et Xiphinema index représentent un réel danger pour certaines cultures. Les parasites d'insectes comprennent plusieurs espèces de Mermithidae, ainsi que des représentants des genres Steinernema et Heterorhabditis. Les nématologistes travaillant en Argentine sont peu nombreux. Ils poursuivent des recherches très diversifiées: taxinomie, répartition, relation hôte-parasite, résistance, contrôle, biologie des principales espèces. Etant donné l'importance de ces organismes et leur connaissance encore incomplète, la nématologie peut être considérée comme ayant en Argentine un futur plein de promesses dans les domaines des recherches fondamentale et appliquée. Key words: Agriculture, Argentina, nematology.
This article is an overview of the main features of types of fruit trees are grown in wide areas throughout the histary of nematalogy in Argentina and its current the country (Gomez Riera, 1992). Aromatic and status, with emphasis on its association with agricul ornamental plants also are important items in the ture. vegetal production of Argentina. The information presented here cornes from a criti Throughout its development, Argentine agriculture cal analysis of the most relevant bibliographic infor has adapted ta the demand of international markets. mation, from the personal experience of the authors Because of this, different crops have received priority and from their interaction with other specialists in the in different regions. Currently, soybean, wheat, corn, country. 2 sunf10wer and potata are the most important species Mainland Argentina has an area of 2 791 810 km from the viewpoint ofexports and domestic consump and is characterised by a great diversity of climates tion (Cap el al., 1993a). (Chiozza & van Domselaar, 1958) (Fig. 1) and soils (Papadakis, 1964; Moscatelli, 1990). This diversity Within this context of marked agricultural diversity, has favoured the development of diversified agricul there exist numerous species of soil nematodes ture, with both extensive and intensive farming sys belonging to the major trophic categories (plant-para tems in different regions of the country (Fig. 2). sitic, free-living, mycophagous, predators, and ento Extensive farming is used for crops such as wheat, mopathogenic species). soybean, corn, sorghum, sunf1ower, rice, sugar cane, Plant-parasitic nematoàes include sorne species that barley, rye, alfalfa, peanut, rape, tabacco, grapevine, can cause serious damages tO several crops, while vari sweet potato, and potato; intensive farming produces ous entomopathogenic species could be used as bio ail kinds of vegetables, and mostly tomato, garlic, pep logical control agents against harmful insects. Recent per, beans, asparagus, and lentils. In addition, many results (Doucet & Doucet, 1996) and older data as
Fundam. app!. NemolO/. JJ 64-557 1/97/06 1 ~. Gauthier- Villars - ORSTOM 521 kf. E. Douce! & M. J'IIf. A. de Douce!
TYPES OF CLIMATE
tç{:~g/ . // SUI3TROPICAJ~ WITHOUT DRY SEASON rTTTTm ~SUI3TROPICAL WITH DRY SEASON
~TROPICAL OF THE MOUNTAINS
~ ARID OF THE ANDES AND PUNA
~TEMPERATE OF THE PAMPAS
~ OCEANIC TEMPERATE
t~===~ TRANSITIONAL TEMPERATE ~ AHID OF THE MOUNTAINS ~ AND nOLSONS
b==~ SEMIARID
DJIIID PATAGONIAN ARID
~TEMPERATE OF THE MOUNTAINS
o COLD-WET OF THE PATAGONIAN ANDES [[[[II] MAGALLl\NIAN
li.'>:] NIVAL
o 200 qOO Km
Fig. 1. Types of climale ill Argentina (adapledfrom Chiozza & van DorllSe/aar, 1958).
522 Fundam. appl. Nemarol. NemalOdes in conlinelllai Argelllina
ARGENTlNJ\ REPUElLIC
f SUNFLOWF:R !
Fig. 2. Distriburion of the main crops in Argenlina.
Vol. 20, n° 6 - 1997 523 M. E. Doucel & M. M. A. de Doucel presented in this article emphasise the great diversity From that time on, several species were sporadically of soil nematodes in Argentina. detected in differem regions, and linked to problems observed in several crops. Historical background As time went by, sorne people from national organi The first reference to soil nematodes in Argentina is zations - 1) Ministry of Agriculture; Instituto Nacio related to entomopathogenic species. A German natu nal de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA): Estaci6n ralist (Weyembergh, 1876) working in the National Regional Experimental Balcarce (Buenos Aires Academy of Sciences (C6rdoba City) described under province), Roque Saenz Pena (Chaco province), San the name of Gordius aeridiorum a parasite associated to Rafael (Mendoza province); il) Universities (Univer one of the most important agricultural pest at that sidad de Buenos Aires, Universidad Nacional de C6r time: the locust Schiscocerca paranensis (Burm). Later, doba, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Universidad the same investigator, with others also from Europe, Nacional de La Plata) ; provincial organizations reported the afore mentioned species and G. acrydii in Direcci6n de Sanidad Vegetal, Ministerio de Asuntos locusts from Buenos Aires and C6rdoba (\Veyen Agrarios, Buenos Aires province; Esraci6n Experi bergh, 1878, 1879; Conil, 1878, 1879; BruneI', mental AgI'o Industrial Obispo Colombres, Tucuman 1898). The descriptions made at that time were not province ; and private organizations - Centro de detailed, but the data published by these authors on Investigaciones Nemato16gicas de Corrientes the life-cycle and interactions of these parasites with became interested in the studies of these organisms. their hosts make it obvious that these nematodes Agriculture Engineers Burkart, Fresa and Marchion belonged to the family Mermithidae (Berg, 1898). ano and Dr. R. Gutierrez were sorne of the people Only fifteen years separate the first reference to who out stood in sorne of those institutions for their entomopathogenic species and the discovery of a work. Thus, "centres" of nematological activities plant-parasitic nematode. At the beginning of the emerged in the Buenos Aires, Mendoza and Tucuman 1890's, the Head of the Chemistry Office of the provinces; in these last IWO provinces, Engineers Edu Municipality of C6rdoba city - a chemist and natural ardo Vega and Miguel Costilla developed important ist from Germany - informed the Head of the applied works related to management of plant-para National Department of Agriculture at Buenos Aires si tic nematodes associated to numerous crops. The of the finding of "Helerodera radicicola de Greer' asso first articles defining the status of p!ant-parasitic ciated with grapevine, and reported sorne problems nematodes in relation to agriculture in Argentina were caused by phylloxera. He also rnentioned that this prepared in Buenos Aires and Mendoza (Moreno, pathogen had also been observed on roots of peach 1964; L6pez Crist6bal, 1965; Vega, 1971). Dr. Ama trees (Doering, 1891) and he added: "we have found lia Moreno worked in the Patologia Vegetal Institute the linle animal together with the eggs in the cavities (Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INTA of the root-knot" (c1early a reference to the genus Castelar, Buenos Aires) where she analysed sarnples J'vIeloidogyne) . from different sites in the country and obrained the The subsequent deveJopment of nematology in the initial information about the distribution of different country followed different paths for plant-parasitic, species and their relationships with their hosts. entomopathogenic, and free-living soil nematodes. In 1980, a new "centre" of nematological activities Plant-parasitic nematodes, because of their close was created at the National University of the city of association with economic losses to the agriculture, C6rdoba, under the direction of the authors of this have received the most attention. We will now article. Both had studied nematology at "Station de describe the activities that took place in Argentina Recherches sur les Nématodes" (INRA, Antibes, during the development of nematological research France). In C6rdoba, they engaged in the study of soil concerning each of the three types of nematodes. nematodes (plant-parasitic, entomopathogenic and free-living species) and organised courses on Agricul Plant-parasitic nematodes tural nematology. The first course - "Introduction to At the beginning to this century, several articles nematology" - in Argentina was presented in the Cen were published on Helerodera radicicola (now Meloido tro by the present authors in July 1980. gyne spp.) associated with tomato plants. Those Almost at the same time, another nematologist, Dr. papers are remarkable by the good information they E. Chaves, was being formed at the University of provide on yield loss in the attacked plants, sorne Ghent, Belgiurn, who later joined the Unidad aspects of the life cycle of the nematode and its rel a Integrada EEA Balcarce, Universidad Nacional de tionships with sorne environmental factors, and the Mar dei Plata, Buenos Aires. most convenient methods for reduction of the nema Subsequently nematological activities started at the tode damages (Lynch Arribalzaga, 1901; H uergo Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza province 1902, 1903). (control of plant-parasitic nematodes) and at the Uni-
524 Fundam. appl. j\lemawl. Nematodes in continental Argentina versidades Nacionales of Buenos Aires and La Plata abiliry of the characters used was not taken into (Buenos Aires province) (survey of plant-parasitic account and detailed analyses of the populations were nematodes and taxonomy-biology of entomopatho not conducted. Sorne identifications were probably genic nematodes, respecrively). inaccurate because those species have never been More recently, other young researchers from Argen found again, although many samples were analysed. tina have done postgraduate studies in Belgium and Furthermore, voucher specimens were almost never the USA, on taxonomy and the search for resistant kept in local institutions or deposired in known collec characters. tions. As a consequence, it is difficult to recognise which Agriculturallosses caused by plant-parasitic species are of quarantine importance for the country. nematodes In sorne cases, the commercialisation of sorne agricul tural products is difficult on international markets. In general, agricultural losses caused by nematodes The list of identified species is given in the Appen are not yet known with any degree of accuracy. dix. According to specialised agronomists, it is possible to evaluate approximate yield reductions in sorne Active fields ofresearch zones or average production losses for specific cul tures. For example, in the western part of the country, The srudies on plant-parasitic nematodes in Argen tomato and peach trees were affected until 1970 by tina can be divided into two main categories. Meloidogyne spp. that reduced the yields by 20 % and The first one is related to the acquisition of basic 15 %, respectively. Meloidogyne spp. and Xiphinerna information: distribution, host range, sorne host-para index attacks on grapevine reduced yields by about site relationships, identification and characterisation 5 %. The use of resistant varieties and nematicides of populations of various species, and some aspects of products have now reduced the losses to 2, 1, and the biology of new species. This kind of information 3 %, respectively. On garlic, Ditylenchus dipsaci has been obtained on the most common plant-para caused damages that affected 30 % of the production sitic nematodes associated with the major crops of the benveen 1965-1970; the selection of non contami country (Lapez Cristobal, 1946, 1965; Moreno, nared seeds and different methods of control have 1958; La Red & Vega, 1968; Vega, 1971; Costilla reduced the damages to less than 1 % of the produc el al., 1976; Chaves, 1984; Doucet, 1986, 1989; tion (Vega, pers. comm.). Chaves & Torres, 1993). These activities are still Potato can be attacked by Meloidogyne spp. and/or being developed, and expanded to different genera Nacobbus aberrans, depending on the regions. The and species of nematodes. main problems occur for seed potato production. Spe The second category is related to the management cies of Meloidogyne have been observed in the West of problems caused by harmful nematodes. (Vega el al., 1986; Doucet & Ponce de Leon, 1996a) From the very first projects on plant-parasitic affecting 40 % of the production, the North-West nematodes in Argentina, the necessity of controlling (Costilla, comm. pers.), and the South-East (Chaves nematode populations has been emphasised. The use & Torres, 1993; Doucet & Ponce de Leon, 1996a) of various chemical products has been proposed and it affecting 30 % of the production (Vega, comm. pers.). has been recommended to use preventive measures to Nacobbus aberrans has been found so far only in avoid spreading these pathogens (Doering, 1891; Tucuman and Buenos Aires areas (Costilla el al., Lynch Arribalzaga, 1901; Huergo, 1902, 1903). 1978; Chaves & Torres, 1993). The current legisla Then, several methods of crop protection were imple tion prohibits the use of infected tubercles for seeds; mented. they are sold for food at lower prices. In different cases, resistant varieties were selected These and other nematodes can cause a decrease of (Burkart, 1934, 1937; Galmarini, 1978; Pucci & the production of several other crops. This situation Avila, 1978; SisJer & Casaurang, 1983; March el al., has been evident for sorne years in horticultural crops 1985; Costilla, 1985, 1986; Castellanos & Del Toro, under hot-house conditions; the economical loss has 1994), crop rotation was established (Vega, 1981; not yet been evaluated with precision. Costilla, 1991), and different chemicaJ methods were used, as explained below under the major nematodes species. Several nematicides have been tested, includ Current list ofnematode species in the country ing DD, DBCP, methyl bromide (Gargiulo & Moy The number of nematologists specialised in popula ano, 1948; Vega & Gatica, 1968, 1972; Del Toro & tion characterisation, and identification and descrip Vega, 1982), carbofuran (Costilla, 1973), and aldi tion of species has been and still is very low. carb (Del Toro, 1988a). Because of their high cost, Unfortunately, sorne doubts have been expressed on these are used generally in crops with high profitabi past identification of sorne species because the vari- lity.
Vol. 20, n° 6 - 1997 525 M. E. Doucel & M. M. A. de Doucel
Experiments have started on the use of solarization 1986; Doucerelal., 1990,1991, 1992a,Doucerelal., techniques as an alternative control method. 1996). Finally, surveys have recently been initiated tO BIOLOGICAL STUDIES delimitate areas free of speciflc harmful nematOdes. This should make it possible tO commercialise agri The published srudies described rhe embryonic cultural products in accordance with international development and 1ife cycle of rhe mermirhids (Cami regulations (Del Toro el al, 1994a). no, 1986; Camino & Reboreda, 1994) and the life cycle of hererorhabdirids (Doucer & Poinar, 1985; Doucer el al., 1996). Entomopathogenic nematodes Srudies on hosr range and aggressiviry of Hele After the discovery that marks the beginning of rorhabdilis bacleriophora Poinar, 1975 have recently Argentine nematOlogy (Weyembergh, 1876), more srarted (Doucer el al., 1992b; Doucer & Giayerto, than half a century passed before a second ento 1994; Doucer el al., 1996). mopathogenic nematode was detected: the mermithid Agamermis decaudaw found parasitizing specimens of ECOLOGICAL STUOIES the JocuSt Dichroplus arrogans Stal in Buenos Aires Studies concern the geographic distribution of (Gutierrez, 1945). mermithids, sreinernematids, and heterorhabditids At the beginnings of the 1970's, nematodes belong (Doucet & Cagnolo, 1995a; Doucet & Bertolotti, ing to the Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae 1995; Doucet & Doucet, 1996) and the spatial distri families, natural enemies of Coleoptera of agronomi bution patterns of Heterorhabditidae and Steinerma cal importance (genus GraphognalUs), were reported tidae infective larvae in the soil (Doucet, 1992). for the first time in the humid pampa soils (Ahmad, These studies continue in the Centro de Esrudios 1972). ParasitOI6gicos y Vectores (La Plata, Buenos Aires The Jast 15 years have seen the beginning of sys province), the Laboratorio de Nematologia of the tematic studies of entomopathogenic nematOdes. Centro de Zoologia Aplicada, and the Catedra de Research concentrates almost exclusively on speci Parasitologia, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y mens of the Mermithidae, Steinernematidae and Naturales (Universidad Nacional de C6rdoba). Heterorhabditidae families. Only a few studies con cern nematodes of the Thelastomatidae, Rhabditidae Free-living soi! nematodes and Diplogasteridae families (Miralles, 1982; Doucet Most of the articles on free-living nematodes con & Doucet, ] 989, 1992; StOck & Camino, 1991; Stock, 1993c). cern descriprions of species from various parts of the country. In particular, Cruznema lriparlilum has been In general, rhe nematode families which are being studied in relation to its possible association with a studied are those that include species that are being disease of garlic (Gutierrez, 1949; Avila & Pucci, used, or may be used, as an alternative for chemical 1980; Doucet & Ponce de Le6n, 1994) and its even control of insect pests. tuai behaviour as a facultative entOmopathogenic spe cies (Doucet & Doucet, 1989; Doucet, 1994). Active fields of research Another interesting case is that of the free-living spe cies DislOlabrellus veechi Anderson, 1983 which, in Research has been developed on the following sub specifie circumstances, becornes a facultative ento jects: mopathogenic species (Doucet & Doucet, 1992). TAXONOMIC STUDIES These include the characterisation of local popula The Argentine Society ofNematology tions of known species and also descriptions of new In 1980, at the request of INTA, the Argentine genera and species in the Mermithidae (Doucet, Sociery of Nematology was created with the objective 1982, 1986a; Doucet & Poinar, 1984; Camino, of coordinating nematological activities in the field 1985a, b, c, 1987, 1988a, 1990, 1991, 1993; Camino and promoring conracts between the specialists in the & Poinar, 1989; Camino & StOck, 1989, 1994; Srock country. Its first President was the senior author of the & Camino, 1992a,b), Steinernematidae (Doucer, present article and one of the most important actions 1986b, 1995; Poinar el al., 1988; Doucet & Doucer, of the Society was to create an awareness of the agri 1990; Stock, 1993b), and Heterorhabdiridae families cultural significance of soil nematodes, the damages (Stock, 1993a; Doucer el al., 1996). they cause, and the possible ways to manage these Several articles on species of the 1asr rwo families parasites. To this aim, courses were organised in have emphasised the need ro consider rhe intraspecific several instirutions ail over the country for teachers, variabiliry of rhe characrers used (Doucet & Doucer, technicians, researchers and other professionals
526 Fundam. appl. Nern alOI. Nematodes in cominellla/ Argentina involved in plant pathology. These courses proved ra Ditylenchlls dipsaci be one of the best ways of promoting nemaralogy. Among those courses, one of the most remarkable was This species has created problems mostly on alfalfa the one sponsored by ORSTOM (France) in 1986 at and garlic. Ir was first recorded in the country associ the Centro de Zoologia Aplicada. The growing aware ated with damages on aJfalfa in the North-West ness of nemarade problems initiated by these courses (Anon., 1929). Several studies on D. dipsaci were car among agriculture technicians and farmers resulted in ried out before the 1950's. The species was believed to the passing by the national and provincial Ministries be widely distributed in the central and northern parts of Agriculture of laws intended ra limit the spread of of the country and to be responsible for damages of nematodes harmful to agriculture. In this manner, not variable importance (Baez, 1925; Marchionano et al., only is agricultural production preserved but also the 1926; Anon., 1929; Blanchard, 1930; Burkart, 1943; products obtained are clean and can be commercia Lopez Cristobal, 1946; Moreno, 1964). Observations lised abroad. made at that time revealed the presence of plants immune to this nematode in sorne fields in Buenos Aires. Resistant varieties of alfalfa were then selected Present situation for the management of D. dipsaci (Burkart, 1934, 1937; Ragonese & Marco, 1943; Miccio Peralta, At the present, there are about ten researchers 1956; Godeck & Favret, 1965; Godeck & Stilinovic, working full time on nematology. The studies that are 1966). Since then, no more damages caused by this carried out concern several subjects (survey, taxo plant-parasitic nematode have been detected in alfalfa nomy, biology, management, search for resistance fields. sources) and are principally related ra plant-parasitic and entomopathogenic nematodes. Occasionally, the The crop that was the most affected by D. dipsaci is few specialised laboratories offer identification ser garlic. The climatic and edaphic conditions of the vices for the species of importance for various crops western, central-southern and south-eastern regions and act as consultants for organisations related to contributed to the fast increase of populations agriculture at the national, provincial and private wherever infested seeds were used (Cucchi et ai., levels. 1967; Urbieta Salvarredi et ai., 1971). D. dipsaci was first found on garlic in 1965 when it provoked a total loss of the garlic production in sorne areas of the prov Major genera and species of plant-parasitic ince of Mendoza, the major producer of garlic in the nematodes reported in Argentina and country (Cucchi et al., 1967). Simultaneously, the the problems they cause close association of this nematode with fungi to form a major pathologie complex was detecred (Avila & From the beginning, attention has focused on Pucci, 1980). This situation was at the origin of harmful species in the genera Ditylenchus, MelOl'do detailed studies on the behaviour of the nemarade gyne, Nacobbus, Tj1lenchulus, and Xiphinema. (Urbieta Salvarredi, 1972), which resulted in the In this context, it is necessary to mention the occur implementation of several forms of control, including rence of the species Dùylenchus dipsaci, Meloidogyne thermotherapy (Del Toro & Mavrich, 1977), chemical spp., Nacobbus aberrans, 'Tylenchulus semipenetrans and control with synthetic nematicides (Rivera & Del Xiphinema index associated to cultivated alfalfa and Toro, 1982; Del Toro et al, 1988), and use of natural garlic, potatoes and several vegetables, citrus and products (Del Toro, 1988b). grapevine, respectively. Because their possible eco Today, garlic is grown on about 15 000 ha distri nomic importance, other genera (Pratylenchus and buted in various regions, mainly the Central-West Helicotylenchus) are also ta ken into account. (Burba, 1992). Given the specific requirements of the Argentine regulatory legislation, special care is taken GENUS DITYLENCHUS for the production of nemarade-free seeds, which is enough ta ensure an excellent production of garlic Two species are found in Argentina: D. imermedius without nematode damages (Del Toro el al., 1994b). and D. dipsaci. It seems that the host range of D. dipsaci is wide in Ditylenchus intermedius Argentina. This nemarade has been found in pastures (Burkart, 1935; Moreno & Fresa, 1969), wheat Found in association with the tree Platanus sp. (Brugnoni, 1966), ornamental plants and weeds (Moreno & Turica, 1960), P. acen/alia (Brugnoni, (Burkart, 1937; Moreno, 1956a; Doucet, 1992; Mar 1980), Citrus sp., and grass (Moreno, 1961). The eggiani & Russo, 1992), cotton (Mallo, 1961), and impact of this nemarade on agriculture has not yet forest trees (Moreno & Turica, 1960; Brugnoni, been evalua ted. 1980).
Vol.. 20, nO 6 - 1997 527 M. E. Doucet & M. M. A. de Doucet
Dilylenchus spp. Various strategies are used against this nematade, such as the use of nematicides (Costilla & Gomez, Unidentified species of Dùylenchus have been 1981), the assessment of resistance of different culti reported in association with sugar cane in the north vars (Sisler & Casaurang, 1983), and crop rotation western part of Argentina (Costilla el al., 1976) and (Costilla, 1991). with corton (Gutierrez, 1959). A search for sources of resistance in Lycopersicon has GENUS PRA TYLENCHUS recently been launched (Cap el al., 1993b). This genus is widely distribured throughout the GENUS HELICOTYLENCHUS country. So far, fourteen species have been reported This genus is widely distributed in Argentina. Ir in Argentina. The population densities of these spe includes several populations, most of which have not cies are generaly low, except in the North-West where been identified at the species level. Pralylenchus spp. cause damages to banana plantations The most important species identified so far (Costilla, 1973) and can affect the development and H. multicinaus - was found in the North-West on yield of corn (Costilla, 1992). roots of banana trees, where it produces characteristic lesions (Costilla el al., 1979). GENUS NACOBBUS GLOBODERA ROSTOCHIENSIS This genus was first found in the mountainous region of the province ofTucuman (2000 m above sea This nematode was first reported in Argentina in level), in soils of potata fields where it parasitises roots the soil of a garlic field in the western part of the of cultivated and wild potatoes, Cucurbita maxima, country (Moreno, 1956b). Later, it was mentioned in Beta spp., and sorne weeds (Costilla el al., 1977). the Andes, Province ofJujuy, parasitizing roots of wild Subsequent studies showed that this nemarode is potaroes (Brücher, 1960, 1961). Years later, it was widely distributed in the country (Chaves & Sisler, reported in the soil of a potato field in another moun 1980; Chaves, 1984; Costilla, 1985; Doucet, 1989) rainous region in the West (Virsoo, 1967). and that it can be associated with a large number of Since then, the numerous analyses carried out by plants, such as potataes, vegetables and weeds (Ojeda different laborarories on soil samples and tubers from el al., 1978; Agüero el al., 1984; Costilla, 1985; Dou many different regions ail had negative results cet & Ponce de Leon, 1986; Ponce de Leon & Dou (Chaves, 1993). Work on cyst nematades from Argen cet, 1989; Doucet el al., 1992; Doucet, 1992). tina suggests that this species is not present in the country (Chaves, 1987, 1993; Chaves & Torres, The analysis of morphological characters of various 1993). populations of Nacobbus from Argentina showed that Because of the first four bibliographic references, they ail belong ta the species N. aberrans (Chaves, sorne countries hinder exports of certain agricultural 1984; Costilla, 1985; Doucet, 1989; Doucet & Di products and demand regularory certifications. How Rienzo, 1991). However, preliminary observations of ever, there are no objective proofs of the occurrence of the behaviour of different populations in relation ta G. roslOchiensis in the country. different hosts revealed significant differences (Cos For the last two years, surveys have been in progress tilla, 1986). Subsequent studies based on morpho in order to demonstrate that specific areas of garlic, metric characters (Doucet & Di l'Zienzo, 1991) and potata and onion production are free of G. rosw isoenzyme phenotypes (Doucet & Gardenal, 1992; chiensis (Del Toro el al., 1994a). Doucet el al., 1996) revealed important differences between populations. This supports the hypothesis of GENUS MELOIDOGYNE a complex of forms within the species N. aberrans As mentioned above, the discovery of a species of (J arala & Golden, 1977). this genus marks the beginning of the study of plant The major problems caused by this species are parasitic nematodes in Argentina. Since then, species related to the cultivation of potaro (Ojeda el al., 1978; of the genus Meloidogyne have been found on roots of Costilla, 1985). various plants: vegetables, potaroes, robacco, soybean, Besides forming knots in the roots, third and fourth corton, ornamental plants, fruit trees, forest trees, and stage juveniles settie below the lenticels of the tuber weeds. where they reach a state of anhydrobiosis. In this Reviews of the existing information on the genus state, the nematades remain viable during storage and have recently been published (Doucet & Pinochet, may be dispersed by contaminated tuber seed (Cos 1992; Doucet, 1993; Doucet & Ponce de Leon, tilla, 1985). N. aberrans causes significant damages ro 1996b). crops, seriously affecting production. Because of this, Nine species have been detected: M. acrita, the legislation requires the use of non-contaminated iVI. arenaria (race 2), M. chitwoodi, M. cruciani) potata seed. M. decalineata) M. hapla, M. incognita (races l, 2,
528 Fundam. appl. NemalOl. Nematodes in continental Argenrina and 3), M. javanica, M. ouersoni, in addition to sorne Regarding the relative importance of these genera, it populations reported as Meloidogyne spp. whose spe is necessary to mention the following species: cifie identity is unknown. Xiphinema index One hundred plant species (belonging ta 33 fami lies) can be parasitised by the eight species of Meloi Xiphinema index was firs! found in the West on dogyne. M. incognila and M. arenaria are the most fre grapevines infested with grape-vine fan leaf virus and quently found species, and they parasitise 56 % and grape yellow mosaic virus (Feldman & Pontis, 1963, 1964). This species is widely distributed in the wine 27 % of plants, respectively (Doucet, 1993). Culti vated as weil as wild plants (native and imroduced) growing region of the Province of Mendoza (La Red & Vega, 1968; Cucchi el al., 1971; Vega, 1971, 1978). can be attacked by these nematodes, but mostly weeds Ir was also found in grapevine plantations in the cen and vegetables. tral part of the country - without any virus-related Although the genus is widely distributed and has a diseases - and on citrus roots in the North-East (Luc very wide range of hosts, populations, and damages, & Doucet, 1990). appear to be limited to sorne relatively small areas. The damages caused by this species on grapevines Major damages are observed in vegetables (particu were controlled by nematicides (La Red & Vega, larly tomato and pepper), potata, grapevine, and 1970). soybeans. They are managed by conventional nemati Xiphinema americanum sensu law cides controlling soil populations, crop rotations, and resistant varieties. X. americanum sensu law is the species of the genus Xiphinerna the most frequently found in the country. Potatoes present a particular challenge because the It is associated with a great variety of crops (tabacco, nematodes parasitise the tubers and can thus be trans citrus, sugar cane, grapevine, barley, tomato, several ported to new sites when contaminated tubers are fruit trees) as weil as wild plants. Ir is widely distrib used for seed. Because of the high reproductive uted (Luc & Doucet, 1990). It is not known whether potential of these nematodes and their polyphagous the populations of this species can transmit patho behaviour, planting pieces of infested tubers will cre genic viruses. ate a serious problem to soils and future crops (Chaves & Torres, 1993; Doucet & Ponce de Leon, 1996a). The legislation prohibits the use of infested Main genera and species of entomopathogenic potata seed, which helps preventing the dispersal of nematodes recorded in Argentina these nematades. FAMILY MERMITHIDAE From the results of the studies made so far, it can be 1'YLENCHULUS SEMIPENETRANS said that the Mermithidae family is characterised by a 7j;lenchulus semipenelrans was found for the first time great generic and specifie diversity in the country. Fif in the North-East of the country on roots of citrus teen genera have been observed: three terrestrial and trees (Fresa, 1943). Later, it was found associated twelve aquatic genera. Two of them were found for with different varieties of citrus in several regions, the first time in Argentina: Dilremarnermis Camino & mainly the North-West and the North-East (Marchio Poinar, 1989 and Divisispiculimermis Doucet, 1986. natto, 1945, 1946, 1947; Schultz, 1945; Gutierrez, The best represented genera are Mesomermis and Gas 1947; Lapez Cristobal, 1965; Moreno, 1969). In aH tromermis, both including mostly species parasites of cases, the nematade was linked ta a decrease in citrus simulids. yields. The distribution of this nematade is very Iim So far, Slrelkovimermis spiculalUs - a parasite of mos ited. The problems it causes are managed by resistant quitaes - is the only species srudied in the laboratary graft (Doucet & Ponce de Leon, 1992; Costilla, pers. to obtain information on its physiology and modalities comm.). of infection (Camino, 1988b,c; Camino & Garcia, 1991,1992). FAMILY LONGIDORIDAE Among terrestrial mermithids, the most remarkable are the genus Hexamermis including the largest num So far, three genera have been detected: Xiphinema, ber of species and the species Agamermis decaudata Xiphidorus, and Paraxiphidorus. The first genus has a because of its large geographic distribution (Camino low diversity; only seven species are present in Argen el al., 1986; Doucet & Cagnolo, 1995b). tina. On the contrary, ail the known species of the sec ond genus are represented in the country to the FAMILY HETERORHABDITIDAE exception ofX. uruguayensis. The third genus includes The genus Heterorhabdilis is represented by the spe only the type species (Coomans & Chaves, 1995). cies H. argeminiensis and H. baeteriophora. Only one
Vol. 20, nO 6 - 1997 529 M. E. Doucet & M. M. A. de Doucet
population of the first species has been observed Acknowiedgements (Stock, 1993a) whereas several populations of the The authors thank the Consejo de Investigaciones Cienti second species have been found in various locations in ficas y Técnicas (CONICET), the Consejo de Investiga the country (Doucet & Bertolotti, 1995; 1996). ciones Cientificas y Tecnologicas de la Provincia de In the laboratory, two H. bacleriophora populations C6rdoba (CONICOR), the Secretaria de Ciencia y Técnica from C6rdoba have shown promises as efficient bio of the Universidad Nacional de C6rdoba and the Comisi6n logica! control agents against Lepidoptera and Administradora dei Fondo de Promoci6n de la Tecnologia Coleoptera (Scherma & Rodriguez Mosquera, 1989; Agropecuaria (CAFPTA) for their fmancial support that Doucet & Giayetto, 1994). made it possible to obtain part of the information reviewed here. They are also grateful to the members of the: Sociedad FAMILY STEINERNEMATIDAE Argentina de Nematologia, Biblioteca dei Ministerio de So far, six species of the genus Sleinernema are Agricultura de la Naci6n and Archivo Historico de la known in Argentina. S. felriae was found in the Santa Municipalidad de C6rdoba, who collaborated in the search Fe province (Stock, 19936), S. scaprerici in Buenos and compilation of bibliographie references. They also Aires (Stock, 1992), and S. carpocapsae, S. glaseri, thank Dr. M. Luc for his valuable suggestions and com ments. S. rara, and S. rilleri were found in C6rdoba. Except for S. glaseri, which was observed in moun References tain forest soil, the Sleinernerna species were found in AGÜERO, E. J. A., ROJAS, M. A. & VATTUONE, E. M. cultivated soils. (1984). El falso nematode dei nudo, Nacobbus aberrans Two species, S. carpocapsae and S. rara could (Thome, 1935) Thome & Allen, 1944 en cultivos de become good control agents of harmful Homoptera, pimiento deI Valle de Santa Maria. Subsccrel. AsunlOs rur. Lepidoptera and Coleoptera (Doucet, 1981). & Univ. nac. Catamarca, 10 p. AHiVlAD, R. (1972). S[udies on Graphognaws leucoloma Conclusion (Boh) (Coleop[era: Curculionidae) and ilS natural ene Our knowledge of the soil nemarodes that are mies in the central provinces of Argentina. Techn. present in the country is still insufficient. Because of Bull. Commonw. lnsl. biol. Conlrol, 17: 19-28. the great diversity of conditions, it is reasonable to ANON. (1929). La anguilulosis de la alfalfa. Una amenaza suppose that there is a marked diversity of species. It para alfalfares. Agric. moderna, 4: 667-679. may be necessary to confirm the previous identifi AVlLA, E. R. & PUCCI, A. (1980). Complejo etiol6gico en cation of some of the species by means of detailed relaci6n con la pudrici6n mohosa dei ajo. FilOpalOlogia, studies. 15: 32-34. Concerning the species of plant-parasitic nema BAEZ, l R. (1925). Enfermedades de nuesuos alfalfares. rodes, it remains necessary to assess more accurately Los manchones. RevlQ mensual, Buenos Aires, 8: 29-30. the impact they have on the crops they attack. BERG, C. (1898). Sobre los enemigos pequenos de la lan Because of a lack of symproms, the attack of these gosta peregrina SchislOcerca paranensis (Burm.). Comun. pathogens sometimes goes unnoticed or is ascribed to Musco IWC. Buenos Aires, J: 25-30. other agents. BLANCHARD, E. E. (1930). Principales parasitos que danan In those cases in which the harmful association el cultivo de la alfalfa en la Repûblica Argentina. Anguilu nematode-plant is confirmed, it is essential to obtain losis dei [allo. Dir. gell. Agric., De! Agric., Bllenos Aires, more information on the biology of these species. The 645: 14. knowledge of the type of behaviour and the character BRÜCHER, H. (1960). Über das Wildvorkommen des isation of the different populations of particular spe Nematoden Hewrodera roSlOchiel1Sù in Nord-Argentinien. cies (particularly Meloidogyne spp. and Nacobbus N alw"'I.vissenschaften, 47: 2 J. aberrans) will allow the development of strategies BRÜCHER, H. (1961). Primer hallazgo de Helerodera ros aimed at ensuring plant production and preserving IOchiensis \Xloll. sobre papas silvestres (Solanurn sect. wber good soil conditions. arium) en la Republica Argentina y su significaci6n como In Argentina, research remains aimed at the study plaga de las especies cultivadas. Rema Foc. Cienc. agr. of the major species of plant-parasitic nematodes Univ. lIac. Cuyo, 8: 7-18. associated with potato and soybean and with vegeta BRUGNONl, H. C. (J 966). Sobre la presencia de Dùylenchlls bles in general, and roward the development of differ radicicola parasitando a trigo Trùicum aesllvul1l. Revla Fac. ent types of control measures. Agron, La Plara, 26: 139-142. In relation ro entomopathogenic nemarodes, the BRUGNONI, H. C. (1980). Plagas foreslales. Buenos Aires, objective of the investigations is to increase our know Ed. Hemisferio Sur, 216 p. ledge on the species present, on the aggressivity of BRUNER, L. (1898). Primer informe de la corn/sion deI comercio different populations, and to evaluate their potentials de Buenos Aires para la invesrigacion de la langosla. Buenos as biological control agents. Aires. 41 p.
530 FUlldam. appl. NemalOf. NemalOdes in conlinema/ A rgeneina
BURBA, J. L. (1992). Estado de la produccion de ajo en la CAMINO, N. B. & GARciA, J. J. (1991). Influence ofsaliniry Argentina. In: Gomez Riera, P. (Ed.) Argenlina fnaihord and pH on the parasitism of Strel/wvimermis spicu/aws Poi co/a 92., EEA Mendoza: 37-45. nar and Camino, 1986 (Nematoda: Mermithidae) in lar BURKART, A. (1934). Alfalfa inmune al nematodo dei tallo. vae of Cu/ex pipiens Wied (Diptera: Culicidae). Neotropica, ReVla Arg. Agric., 1: 304-306. 37: 107-112. BURI
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CHAVES, E. & TORRES, M. (1993). Nematodes paràsitos de provincia de Mendoza. Inftivo Investig. agrapec., 283: 18 la papa deI sudeste bonaerense. INTA, EEA BalcG/'ce, 22. Buenos Aires, Boln lécn, 115: 1-21. CUCCHI, N. J. A., PUIATTI, A. E. & SALVARREOI, A. U. CHIOZZA, E. M. & VAN DO,vlSELAAR, Z. G. (1958). Clima. (1967). Experiencias sobre el control de nematodos en In: La Argentina. Suma de geografia. V&I. II. Buenos Aires, ajo. 1nftivo 1nvestig. agropec., 230: 54-58. Argentina, Peuser Ed.: 92-183 DEL TORO, M. S. (1988a). Emp1eo de aldicarb en el control COl',.,i1L, P. A. (1878). Études sur ['Acridium paranense de nematodos fitoparàsitos en vinedos de Mendoza y San Burm., ses variétés et plusieurs insectes qui le détruisent. Juan, Argentina. Nemalropica, 18: 3. Period. zoo/. C6rdoba, 3: 177-254. DEL TORO, M. S. (1988b). Utilizacion de orujo de uva para CONIL, P. A. (1879). Études sur J'Acridium parauense el control de nematodos en ajo. ReVla Fac. Cienc. agric. Burm., ses variétés et plusieurs insectes qui le détruisent. Mendoza, 24: 25-34. Bain Acad. /lac. Cienc. C6rdoba, 3: 385-469. DEL TORO, M. S., CASTELLANOS, S. ]. & MOYANO, E. COOMANS, A. & CHAVES, E. (1995). Paraxiphidorus michel (1994a). Dedaracion de Mendoza, Argentina, como zona luci n. gen., n. sp. from Argentina (Nematoda: Longi libre de "Nematodo dorado" en papa. Nemalropica, 24: doridae). Fundam. appl. NemalOl., 18: 303-306. 93. [Abstr]. COSTILLA, M. A. (1973). El nematodo Pralylenchus zeae DEL TORO, M. S., CASTELLANOS, S. ]. & MOYANO, E. Graham en cana de azucar. Revla ind. agric. Tucumim, 50: (1994b). Estudio y certificacion de "ajo semilla libre de 39-43. nematodos" en Mendoza, Argentina. Nemalropica, 24: 93 COSTILLA, M. A. (1985). El falso nematode dei nudo [Abstr]. Nacobbus aberrans (Thome, 1935) Thome & Allen, 1944 DEL TORO, M. S., GARAY, ]. A. & COLOM BI NO, M. A A. y su relacion con el cultivo de papa en el noroesre argen (1988). Experiencias para el control de Dùylenchus dlpsaCl tino. ReVla ind. agric. Tucuman, 62: 79-97. (Kühn) Filipjev, en ajo, cv. Colorado, en San Luis, Argen COST1LLA, M. A. (1986). Comportamiento de diferentes tina. Revla Fac. Cienc. agric. l\1.endoza, 24: 35-47. poblaciones deI falso nematode dei nudo Nacobbus aber DEL TORO, M. S. & MAVRICH, E. (1977). Control dei rans (Thome, 1935) Thome & Allen, 1944 en cultivos de nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn) Filipjev en semila de papa. 61h Jorn. Fitosan. Arg., Neuquén, 8-11 Apn1 1986: ajo con termorerapia. Revla Fac. Cienc. agric. Mendoza, 255-26l. 21: 75-95. COSTILLA, M. A. (1991). Importancia de la frutilla DEL TORO, M. S. & VEGA, E. (1982). Comparacion entre el (Fragaria vesca) en el manejo de Nacobbus aberrans, nema agregado de materia orgànica al suelo y el uso de nemati rode dei cultivo de tomate en Argentina. 231h Reun. anual cidas en el contro de nematodes en tomate. 2nd Congr. ONTA, San AnlOnio, Texas, USA, 21-26 Jury 1991: 123. Latinoam. FùopalO/., Buenos Aires, 22-26 November 1982. [Abstr.] [Abstr.] COSTILLA, M. A. (1992). Primer registro dei nemarodo de DOERING, A. (1891). Viticultura en Cordoba. Boln Depl. las lesiones Pralylenchus zeae Graham, 1951 y su incidencia nac. Agrie., Buenos Aires, 15: 381. como pJaga deI maiz en la Argentina. 241/1 Rewi. anual DOUCET, M. E. (1986). Los nematodos fitofagos en Argen ONTA, Teguise, Lanzarote, Espar/a, 27 April-I Mai 1992: tina: realidad y perspectivas. 61h Jorn. Fitosan. Arg., April 120-121. [Abstr.] 8-11 1986, Neuquén: 243-246. COSTILLA, M. A. & DE GOMEl, T. AH. (1981). Ensayo de DOUCET, M. E. (1989). The genus Nacobbus Thome & control quimico deI nematode Nacobbus aberrans en Allen, 1944 in Argentina. 1. Study of a population of tubérculos de papa. Nemalropica, Il: 78-79. N. aberrans (Thome, 1935) Thome & Alen, 1944 on Che COSTILLA, M. A, DE GOMEl, T. A. H. & DE OJEDA, S. G. nopodium album L. from Rio Cuarto, province of Cor (1976). Nematodes identificados en cultivos de cana de doba. Revue NémalOl., 12: 17-26. azucar en las provincias dei noroeste Argentino. Revla ind, DOUCET, M. E. (1992). Asociacion entre nematodos fit6fa agric. Tueumarl, 53: 55-59. gos y malezas en la Republica Argemina. Agriscientia, 9: COST1LLA, M. A, DE O]EDA, S. G. & DE GOMEZ, T. A H. 103-112. (1977). Contribucion al estudio de "fa1so nematodo dei DOUCET, M. E. (1993). Consideraciones acerca dei género nudo" Nacobbus aberrans. Nemalropica, 7: 7-8. Meloidogyne Goeldi, 1887 (Nemata: Tylenchida) y su COSTILLA, M. A., DE O]EDA, S. G. & DE GO,vlEZ, T. A. H. situacion en Argentina. Agrisciemia, 10: 63-80. (1978). El fa1so nematode dei nudo Nacobbus aberrans DOUCET, M. E. (1994). Variability on Cruznema lriparzilUm (Thorhe, 1935) Thome & Allen, 1944 (Nemaroda, (Linstow, 1906) Zullini, 1982 (Nemata: Rhabditida). Nacobbidae) en cultivos de papa de Tucumân. 3rd Jorn. Slud. neolrop. Fauna Envir., 29: 33-41. jïlosarl. Arg., Tucuman, 6-8 Sepl. 1978: 323-340. DOUCET, M. E. & DI RIENZO, ]. A. (1991). El género COSTILLA, M. A., DE O]EDA, S. G. & DE GOMEl, T. A. H. Nacobbus Thome & Allen, 1944 en Argentina. 3. Carac (1979). Helicolylenchus muhicinclus en raices de banano en terizacion morfologica y morfométrica de poblaciones de el noroeSte de Argentina. Nemalropiea, 9: 138-139. N. aberrons (Thome, 1935) Thome & Allen, 1944. Nema CUCCH1, J. N. A., ORlOLANI, E. J., NADAL, J., URBIETA, A. lropica, 21: 19-35. & PUIATTI, A (i 971). Difusion deI nematodo Xlphinema DOUCET, M. E. & DE DOUCET, M. M. A. (1989). index Thome & Allen en la zona centro, este y norte de la Cruz/lema lripartitum (Linstow, 1906) Zullini, 1982: un
532 FUr/dam. appl. NemalOl. Nemacodes in continerual A rgentina
nuevo nematodo entom6fago facultativo. 7th Jorn. fitosan. DOUCET, M. M. A. DE (1986a). Divisispiculimermis mirus n. Arg., 5-8 June 1989, Salta, Argentina. [Abstr.] gen., n. sp., (Nematoda: Mermithidae) parasitizing DOUCET, M. E. & DE DOUCET, M. M. A. (1992). Contri midges in C6rdoba (Argentina).]. NemaLOl., 18: 247-251. bution to the knowledge of Discolabrellus veechi Anderson, DOUCET, M. M. A. DE (1986b). A new species of Neoaplec 1983 (Rhabditida: Nemata). Fundam. appl. Nemacol., 15: lana Steiner, 1929 (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) from 413-420. C6rdoba, Argentina. Revue NémaLOI., 9: 317-323. DOUCET, M. E. & DE DOUCET, M. M. A. (1996). Nemato DOUCET, M. M. A. DE (1992). Distribuci6n de nematodos dos de suelo y agua dulce de la Provincia de C6rdoba. In: entom6fagos en suelos de C6rdoba, Argentina. 6lh Congr. Bucher, E. & di Tada, 1. (Eds). Blodiversidad de la Provin latinoam. Fitopal. & 6lh Congr. nac. Soc. Esp. Fitopal. Tar cia de COrdoba. VcJl. 1. Fauna. Rio Cuarto, Argentina, remolinos, Espar/a, 8-12 Apnl1992: 112. [Abstr.] Univ. nac. Rio Cuarto: 41-61. DOUCET, M. M. A. DE (1995). Caracterizacion de una DOUCET, M. E. & GARDENAL, C. N. (1992). The genus poblacion de Sleinernema carpocapsae (Nematoda: Stein Nacobbus in Argentina. 4. PreJiminary comparison of emematidae) aislada en Cordoba, Republica Argentina. populations of LV. aberrans (Thome, 1935) Thome & NemaLOI. medit., 23: 181-189. Allen, 1944 by means of isoenzyme phenotypes. Nematro DOUCET, M. M. A. DE & BERTOLOTTI, M. A. (1995). New pica, 22: 243-246. records of entomogenous nematodes (Steinernematidae; DOUCET, M. E., MONTAMAT, E. & GIAYETTO, A. (1996). Heterorhabditidae) in C6rdoba, Argentina. Congr. inl. Intrapopulation variability of enzyme phenotypes in Nemacol. 1rop. , Rio Queme, BraS/l, 4-9 June 1995: 74. Nacobbus aberrans from Argentina. 3rd inl. Nemacology [Abstr.] Congr., Gosier, Guadaloupe, 7-12July 1996: 144. [Abstr.] DOUCET, M. M. A. DE & BERTOLOTTI, M. A. (1996). Una nueva poblaci6n de Heterorhabdùis bacteriophora Poinar, DOUCET, M. E. & PINOCHET, ]. (1992). Occurrence of 1975 de Argentina. Caracterizacion y accion sobre el Meloidogyne spp. in Argentina.]. NemaLOl., 24: 765-770. huésped. Nemacol. medit., 24: 169-174. DOUCET, M. E. & DE PONCE DE LEON, E. L. (1986). Che DOUCET, M. M. A. DE & CAGNOLO, S. (1995a). Diversity nopodium album L.: eficiente hospedador de Nacobbus of mermithids in Cordoba, Argentina. Congr. im. Nema aberrans (Thome, (1935) Thorne & Allen, 1944 y Meloi col. lrop., Rio Queme, Brasil, 4-9 June 1995: 75. [Abstr.] dogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949 en la Pro DOUCET, M. M. A. DE & CAGNOLO, S. (1995b). Agamer vincia de C6rdoba. Inftivo Inveslig. agropec., 437-440: 36 mis decaudaw Cobb, Steiner y Christie, 1923 (Nematoda) 43. parasito de is6podos y acrididos de C6rdoba, Argentina. DOUCET, M. E. & DE PONCE DE LEON, E. (1992). Tylen L. 9lh Jorn. fitosan. Arg., Mendoza, 13- 15 November 1995: chulus semipenelrans Cobb, 1913 (Nemata: Tylenchida) y 110. [Abstr.] su asociaci6n con Citrus auramium L. y Citrus reshrli Hort. DOUCET, M. M. A. DE, CAGNOLO, S. R. & BERTOLOTTI, ex Tan. Agriscientia, 9: 113-116. M. A. (1996). New Heterorhabditis bacleriophora Poinar, DOUCET, M. E. & DE PONCE DE LEON, E. L. (1994). Aso 1975 from Argentina. Variability and description of her ciaci6n de Cruznema lripartir:um con plantulas clor6ticas maphrodites from second and third generation. Fundam. de ajo. NemalOl. medit., 22: 149-151. appl. NemalOl., 19: 415-420. DOUCET, M. E. & DE PONCE DE LEON, E. L. (l996a). DOUCET, M. M. A. DE, CARO, K., MIRANDA, M. & Meloidogyne spp. (Nematoda): una seria amenaza para la BERTOLOTTI, M. A. (1996). Efficacy of Heterorhabditis papa Solanum wberosum L. RevLa Investig. agropec., 26: bacleriophora (strain OU) in relation to temperature, con 45-51. centration and origin of the infective juvenile. Nemalro DOUCET, M. E. & DE PONCE DE LEON, E. L. (1996b). pica, 26: 129-133. Alteraciones histol6gicas ocasionadas por Meloidogyne DOUCET, M. M. A. DE & DOUCET, M. E. (1986). Nuevos incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 en daros para el conocimiento de Heterorhabditis bacteriophora raices de plantas omamentales florales. RevLa Investig. Poinar, 1975. Revta Invesllg. agropec., 21: 1-10. agropec., 26: 83-91. DOUCET, M. M. A. DE & DOUCET, M. E. (1989). DOUCET, M. E. & DE PONCE DE LEON, E. L. & COSTILLA, Cruznema lripanill/m (Linstow, 1906) Zu!lini, 1982: un M. A. (1992). Histopatologia en CapsiCLIm annuum L. nuevo nematodo entomofago facultativo. 7lh Jorn. fiLOsan. inducida por Nacobbus aberrans (Thorne, 1935) Thome & Arg., Salta, 5-8June 1989: 1 p. [Abstr.] Allen, 1944. RevLa Investig. agropec., 23: 69-76. DOUCET, M. M. A. DE & DOUCET, M. E. (1990). Descrip DOUCET, M. M. A. DE (1981). Neoap/eClana carpocapsae tion of Sleinernema rilleri n. sp. (Nemaroda: Steinemema Weiser (Steinemematidae) su posible utiJizaci6n como tidae) with a key to the species of the genus. NemaLOlogica, agente en el control de Zulia emrerriana (Berg) (Cercopi 36: 257-265. dae). 4lh Jorn. fùosan. Arg. Cordoba, 19-21 AuguSI 1981: DOUCET, M. M. A. DE & DOUCET, M. E. & BERTOLOTTI, 149-150. [Abstr.] M. A. (1991). Efecto de la temperatura de cria e inten DOUCET, M. M. A. DE (1982). Una nueva especie de Gas sidad de infestaci6n sobre los caracteres morfométricos de lromermis Micoletzky, 1923 (Nematoda: Mermithidae) Helerorhabditis baCleriophora Poinar, 1975. Analisis de parasito de Simulium wolffhengeli (Enderlein) (Diptera: variabilidad. Nemalropica, 21: 37-49. Simulidae). Revr.a M useo A rg. Cienc. nal. "Bernardino DOUCET, M. M. A. DE, DOUCET, M. E. & DI RIENZO, J. Rivadavia", 2: 11-17. (1990). Analisis de variabilidad de los caracteres morfo-
Vol. 20, n° 6 - 1997 533 M. E. Doucel & l'vI. M. A. de Doucel
métricos de Helerorhabditis bacleriophora Poinar, 1975. HUERGO, ]. M. (1902). Enfermedad radicular deI tomate. Nemalropica, 20: 4-5. Boln Min. Agric., Buenos Aires, 42: 1040-1059. DOUCET, M. M. A. DE, DOUCET, M. E. & DI RIENZO, ]. HUERGO, ]. M. (1903). Enfermedad radicular de la vid (1992a). Diferencias entre las larvas infectantes de Het.e causada por Helerodera radiClcola 0 Anguilulina radicicola rorhabditis bacœriophora Poinar, 1975 (Nemata: Hete de Greef (Anguilulosis). Boln Agric. Ganad., Buenos Aires, rorhabditidae) segùn su generaci6n de origen. Nemalrop 61: 679-710. ica, 22: 121-122. JATALA, P. & GOLDEN, A. M. (1977). Taxonomic status of DOUCET, M. M. A. DE, DOUCET, M. E. & NIENSTEDT, Nacobbus species attacking potatoes in South-America. K. M. (1992b). Diferencias inter e intraespecificas en la Nernalropica, 7: 9-10. capacidad infectiva de poblaciones de Het.erorhabditis y LA RED, F. C. & VEGA, E. (1968). Identificacion y dis Sœinernema aislados en Argentina. NernaLropica, 22: 237 tribucion geogrâfica dei nematodo Xiphinema index 242. Thome & Allen en el sur de la provincia de Mendoza. Inf DOUCET, M. M. A. DE & GIAYETTO, A. (1994). Gama de Livo InvesLig. agropec., 246: 49-54. huéspedes y especificidad de Heœrorhabditis bact.eriophora LA RED, F. C. & VEGA, E. (1970). Control de nematodos en Poinar, 1975 (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae). NemalOl. vinedos implantados. Revla Inveslig. agropec., 7: 31-45. medù., 22: 171-178. LOPEZ CRISTOBAL, U. (1946). La anguilulosis de la alfalfa DOUCET, M. M. A. DE & POINAR, G. O., JR. (1984). Gas en la Repùblica Argentina. Publnes Min. Agne., Buenos lrOlIIermlS kolleonis n. sp. (Nematoda: Mermithidae) a par Aires, 20: 1-36. asite of midge (Chironomus sp., Chironomidae) from L(')PEZ CRISTOBAL, U. (1965). Nematodos fit6fagos. Argentina. J NemalOl., 16: 252-255. Anguilulosis de las plantas cultivadas en Argentina. Agro, DOUCET, M. M. A. DE & POINAR, G. O., JR. (1985). Estu 12: 31 p. dia dei ciclo de vida de una poblaci6n de HeœrorhabdiLis LuC, M. & DOUCET, M. E. (1990). La Familia Longi sp. proveniente de Rio Cuarto, Provincia de C6rdoba. doridae Thome, 1935 (Nemata) en Argentina. 1. Dis Revla Univ. nac. Rio Cuano, 5: 253-258. tribucion. Re'Ula Cienc. agropec., 7: 19-25. FELDJ\1AN,]. M., & PONTIS, R. E. (1963). Xiphinema index LYNCH ARRrBALZAGA, E. (1901). Trabajos de la extinguida y Xiphinema amerzcanum en suelos de vinedos mendoci secci6n entomol6gica. Informe de su ex-Director. V. Los nos. Revla rac. Cienc. agric. Mendoza, 1-2: 3-12. Anguilulidos. Boln Agnc. Ganad., 1: 29-34. FELDMAN, J. M., & PONTIS, R. E. (1964). Xiphinema index MALLO, R. G. (1961). Inseetos, âcaros y nematodos enemi in vineyard soils in Mendoza, Argentina. PI. Dis. Replr, gos dei algodonero en la Repùblica Argentina. Inflivo 48: 373-374. InvesLig. agropec., 165: 10-22. FRESA, R. (1943). El nematode de las raicillas de los citri cos. Suelo Algem., 2: 695-696. MARCH, G. ]., ORNAGHI, ]. A., BEVIACQUA, ]. E., ASTORGA, E. M. & l\1ARCEUINO, ]. (1985). Compor GAUvlARINI, H. (1978). Nuevos cultivares de tomate. 2nd tamiento de cultivares de soja frente al nematodo cau Ram. nac. Soc. argenl. OlericuiL., /3-16 Seplember 1978, sante de agallas Meloidogyne javanica (Treub.) Chitwood. Cordoba: 43. [Abstr.] Inftivo Investig. agropec., 441-444: 70-77. GARGIULO, A. G. & MOYANO, A. ]. (1948). Ensayo de DD en tomate. Re'Ula Fac. Ciene. agrie. IvI endoza, 7: 39-47. MARCHIONATTO, ]. B. (1945). La podredumbre de la raicilla dei naranjo. Buenos Aires, Argentina, Inst. San. Veg., Min. GODECK, W. & FAVRET, E. A. (1965). Observaciones sobre la seleccion de alfalfa resistente al nematode dei ta 110. Agric., 15 p. Revla Invesllg. agropec., 3: 41-54. MARCHIONATTO, ]. B. (1946). Nota relacionada con la GODECK, W. & STILINOVIC, A. (1966). Comparacion y etiologia de la podredumbre de la raicilla dei naranjo. posibilidades de distintos métodos para mejorar el ren Revla argem. Agron., 13: 96-100. dimiento agronomico de la alfalfa. Inftivo InvesLig. MARCHIONATTO, J. B. (1947). La podredumbre de las rai agropec., 226: 59-64. cillas de los citrus provocada por Tylenchulus semipenelram. GOMEZ RIERA, P. (1992). Indicadores macroecon6micos. Alin. Agric., Insl. Sanid. veg., Buenos Aires, Serie A, 3: 1-6. /rI: G6mez Riera, P. (Ed.). Argelll. Frulihonie. 92, EEA MARCHIONATTO, ]. B., BAZZI, R. & CASTANEDA VEGA, R. Mendoza: 11-36. (1926). Encuesta sobre alfalfares. !vIinisl. Agric., Secc. GUTlERREZ, R. O. (1945). Observaciones sobre Mermith Propag. Inform., 634: 14. idae de Acrididos. Informe Insl. Samd. veg., Min. Agric. MAREGGIANI, G. & Russo, S. (1992). Nematodes asocia nacion.: 352-364. dos con ornamenrales en Buenos Aires y sus alrededores. GUTIERREZ, R. O. (1947). El nematode de las raicillas de Revw Fac. Agron., Buenos Aires, 13: 145-l50. los citrus 7jJlellchul/./s semipenelrans en la Repùblica Argen MICCIO PERALTf\, L. B. (1956). Alfalfa resisrente al tina. Revla InvesLig. agric., Buenos Aires, 1: 119-146. nematodo deI tallo. lnfllvo InvesLig. agropec., 106-108: 58 GUTIERREZ, R. O. (1949). Nuevo género y especie de 59. nematodo saprobionte. IvIzn. Agrie. Revla InvesLig. agric., MIRALLES, D. A. B. DE (1982). Presence of the genus 3: 403-412. Pseudonymus (Nematoda: Thelastomatidae) in the Repu GUTIERREZ, M. (1959). Inventario preliminar de la difusion blic of Argentina. Neolropica, 28: 170. de la "marchitez" dei algodon en la Argentina. Bolm. MORENO, A. F. (l956a). Nematodo en primula. InfLivo INTA, EEA Presidencia Roque Saenz Peiia, 2: 1-96. lnvestig. agropec., 106-108: 57-58.
534 FUl1dam. appl. NemalOl. NemalOdes in coruinerual Argemina
MORENO, A. F. (l956b). Un nematodo hallado en cultivos SHAHINA, F. & DE LEY, P. (1997). Two new species of de ajos interfiere su exponacion. Inftivo Investig. agropec., Cephalobidae from Valle de la Luna, Argentina, and 106-108: 58. observations on rhe genera Acrobeles and Nothacrobeles MORENO, A. F. (1958). Aigunos nematodos paràsitos que (Nemaroda: Rhabditida). Fundam. appl. Nematol., 20: perjudican cultivos de interés economico. A n. Soc. cient. 329-348. Arg., 166: 115-121. DE SISLER, G. M. & DE CASAURANG, A. P. (1983). Reac MORENO, A. F. (1961). Nematodos que perjudican cultivos cion de culrivares de tomare y pimienro a Nacobbus aber de interés economico. Infti-vo Investig. agropec., 163: 30 rans (Nematoda, Nacobbidae).Revla Fac. Agron. Buenos 32. Aires, 4: 79-82. MORENO, A. F. (1964). The present state of nematology in STOCK, S. P. (1992). Presence of Steinernema scapterisci Argentine. Nematologica, 10: 68. Nguyen & Swan parasitizing the mole cricker Scapteriscus MORENO, A. F. (1969). Nematodos hallados en raiz y tierra borellii in Argentina. NemalOl. medit., 20: 163-165. de plantas citricas. CNIA, Inst. Palol. veg., INTA Castelar, STOCK, S. P. (l993a). A new species of rhe genus Hete Buenos Aires, Hoja inform., N° 38, 2 p. rorhabdùis Poinar, 1976 (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) MORENO, A. F. & FRESA, A. R. (1969). Causa de muerte parasirizing Graphognaws sp. larvae (Coleoprera: Curcu dei pasto 1I0ron. CNIA. Inst. Pat. veg., INTA, Buenos Iionidae) from Argentina. Res. Rev. Parasit., 53: 103-107. Aires, Hoja inform., N° 36, 2 p. STOCK, S. P. (l993b). Descriprion of an Argentinian srrain MORENO, A. F. & TuRICA, A. (1960). Contribucion al of Steinernemafeltiae (Filipjev, 1934) (Nemaroda: Sreiner conocimiento de los nematodos perjudiciales para nemaridae). NemalOl. medù., 21: 279-283. forestales. Inflivo Investig. agropec., 147: 27-31. STOCK, S. P. (1993c). Micoletzkya vidalae n. sp. (Nemaroda: MOSCATELLI, G. (1990). Atlas de suelos de la Repûblica Diplogasreridae), a facultative parasire of Diabrotica spe Argeruina. l-0L 1. Buenos Aires, Argentina, Secret. Agric., ciosa (Coleoprera: Chrysomelidae) from Argentina. Res. Ganad. Pesca., Inst. nac. Tecnol. agropec., Centro Inves Rev. Parasit., 53: 109-112. tig. Recursos naturales, 731 p. STOCK, S. P. & CAMINO, N. B. (1991). Pellioditis pellio OjEDA, S. DE, COSTILLA, M. A. & DE GOMEZ, T. H. (Schneider) (Nemaroda: Rhabdiridae) parasitizing Scaptia (1978). Nematodes identificados en cultivos de papa de la (Scaptia) lata (Guerin-Meneville) (Diprera: Tabanidae). provincia de Tucumàn. Revta Ind. Agric. Ti.lcumàn, 55: !v[ems 11'151. Osvaldo Cruz, 86: 219-222. 65-69. STOCK, S. P. & CAMINO, N. B. (1992a). Hexarnermis avi PAPADAKlS, J. (1964). Reseiia ecologica de la Argentina. In: suiala n. sp. (Nemaroda - Mermithidae) a parasite of the Parodi, R. (Ed.). Enciclopedia argentina de agricultura y jar grasshoper Stautorhecws Iongicornis Giglio-Tos (Orrho dineria. l-01. II. Buenos Aires, Argentina, ACME: 31-45. prera: Acridiidae) in Argentina. Fundam. appl. NemalOl., POINAR, G. O., JR., MRAcEK, Z. & DE DOUCET, M. M. A. 15: 15-18. (1988). A re-examination of Neoaplectana rara Doucet, STOCK, S. P. & CAMINO, N. B. (1992b). Hexamermis 1986 (Steinernematidae: Rhabditoidea). Revue NémalOl., cochlearius n. sp. (Nemaroda-Mermirhidae) a parasite of II: 447-449. Dichroplus elongaws Giglio-Tos (Orthoptera: Acridiidae) DE PONCE DE LEON, E. L. & DOUCET, M. E. (1989). The in Argentina. NemalOl. medit., 20: 167-169. genus Nacobbus Thome & Allen, 1944 in Argentina. 2. URBIETA SALVARREDI, A. (1972). Sinromaro10gia deI Association between N. aberrans (Thome, 1935) Thorne maque dei nematodo Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn) Goodey y & Allen, 1944 and the weed Sisymbrium irio L. Revue su distribucion en la planta de ajo. Revta Investig. agropec., NémalOl., 12: 269-271. 9: 1-14. PUCCI, A. & AVlLA, E. R. (1978). Tomares resistentes a URBIETA SALVARREDI, A., CUCCHI, N. & TORRJGLlA, I. Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, (1971). Nuevas experiencias sobre rraramientos quimicos 1949. 3rd Jorn. fitosan. Arg., Tucumàn, 6-8 September de ajo para controlar nematodos. Inftivo Investig. agropec., 1978,1:341-361. 287: 87-96. RAGONESE, A. E. & MARCO, P. R. (1943). Resistencia al VEGA, E. (1971). Review of the nemarological problems rhar nematodo dei ralla de diversas lineas y procedencias de affecr rhe central-wesrern zone of Argenrina. Nematropica, alfalfa. Re'Vla argem. Agric., 10: 378-384. 1: 17-18. RIVERA, J. C. & DEL TORO, M. S. (1982). Control quimico VEGA, E. (1978). Replantation des vignobles er désinfection de nematodes en ajo Alhum sativum L. cv. Colorado en des sols en Argenrine. Bull. 0. 1. V, 51: 250-262. Mendoza, Argenrina. In): Investig. agropec., 401-404: 62 VEGA, E. (1981). Roracion de cultivo para romate y 82. pimienro. Efecto sobre la poblacion de nemarodos dei SCHER,\1A, J. c. & RODRIGUEZ MOSQUERA, M. (1989). suelo. 4th Jorn. Fitosan. Arg., Cordoba, 19-21 August 1981: Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar), porencial agente 117-118. (Abstr.] para el control de los gorgojos de la alfalfa. Aspectos pre VEGA, E. & GATICA, J. (1968). Variedad de tomare resis Jiminares. 7th JOrll. fùosan. Arg., Salta, 5-8 June 1978: 1 p. rente a Meloidogyne incognita y control quimico deI (Absrr.] paràsito. Ir/ftivo Invewg. agropec., 245: 60-64. SCHULTZ, E. F. (1945). Algunas observaciones sobre la VEGA, E. & GATICA, J. (1972). Ensayo de control quimico podredumbre de las raicillas dei naranjo agrio inje nado. de nematodos y fenilizacion en vivero de durazneros. Boln Estac. exp. agric. Tucumàn, 54: 1-22. Inftivo In·vesllg. agropec., 290: 9-14.
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VEGA, E., MOLINA, M. N., CASTRO, O. J. & GARCiA, L. A. WEYENBERGH, D. H. (1876). Gordius acridiorum Weyen (1986). Resultados obtenidos en el control de nematOdes bergh. Informe Depl. nac. Agric. Rep. A rgentina, ana 1875: en papa semilla producida en Malargüe (Mendoza). 6lh 466. Jorn. fitosan. Arg., Neuquén, 8-11 April 1986: 122. [Abstr.] WEYENBERGH, D. H. (1878). Descripciones de nuevos VIRSOO, E. V. (1967). Comportamiento de especies silves gusanos. Peri6d. zool. C6rdoba, 3: 106-111. tres tuberiferas y de formas autoctOnas dei género Solanum en Jas montanas de Catamarca. 1nftivo 1nvesl1g. \X'EYENBERGH, D. H. (1879). Descripciones de nuevos agropec., 231: 16-31. gusanos. Boln Acad. nac. Cienc. C6rdoba, 3: 212-218.
Appendix Lisl of sail nemalOdes reporœd in continental A rgemina (doublful records are marked with an asterish (*j).
Class Adenophorea Order Mermithida Subclass Enoplia Family Mermithidae Order Enoplida Agamermis decaudata Cobb, Steiner & Christie, 1926 Family Tripylidae Amphimermis bonariensis Miralles & Camino, 1983 TrischislOma monohysleroides Altherr, 1963 Balhymermis simuliae Camino, 1993 TrischislOma monohystera (de Man, 1880) Schuurmans Dùremamermis simuliae Camino & Poinar, 1989 Stekhoven, J951 Divisispiculimermis rnirus Doucet, 1986 Tripyla sp. Gaslromermis cordobensis Camino, 1991 Tobrilus maerospiculum Altherr, 1963 Gaslromermis doloresi Camino, 1993 Tobrilus papil/icaudatus Altherr, 1963 Gaslromermis fidelis Doucet, 1982 Tobrilus sewsus Altherr, 1963 Gasll'omermis kol/eonis Doucet & Poinar, 1984 Tobrilus sp. Gaslromermis vaginiferous Camino, 1985 Hexamermis coch/earius StOck & Camino, 1992 Family Ironidae Hexamermis hortensis Camino & StOck, 1989 ironus filiformis Altherr, 1963 Hexamermis macroswma Camino & StOck, 1994 Hexamermis ovislriata StOck & Camino, 1992 Hydromermis sp. Order Mononchida Hydromermis doloresi Camino, 1993 Family Cobbonchidae Isomermis sp. Isomermis sierrensis Camino, 1994 Cobbonchus regulus Altherr, 1963 Limnomermis bonariensis Camino, 1989 Family Mononchidae Limnomermis sp. Clarkus papillatus (Bastian, 1865) Jairajpuri, 1970 Mermis sp. Coomansus ger/ache! (de Man, 1904) Jairajpuri & Khan, Mesomermis crassivaginae Camino, 1985 1977 Mesomermis dissimilis Camino, 1985 Ivlesomermis delponteiana Camino, 1990 Mononchus aqualù;us Coetzee, 1968 Mesomermis nonensis Camino, 1991 Mononchus bel/us Andnissy, 1985 Mesomermis ochrae Camino, 1985 MonOr/chus sp. Ivlesomermis subandina Camino, 1985 Prionchulus muscorum (Du;ardin, 1845) Wu & Hoeppli, Mesomermis sp. 1929 OClOmyomermis albicans Camino, 1985 Family Mylonchulidae OClOmyomermis arecoensis Camino, 1991 OClOmyomermis bonariensis Camino, 1988 Mylonchulus brachyuris (Bütschli, 1873) Altherr, 1953 OClOmyomermis longispiculae Camino, 1992 Mylonchulus hawaiiensis (Cassidy, 1931) Andrâssy, J958 Pseudomermis sp. Mylonchulus minor (Cobb, 1893) Andrâssy, 1958 Slrelkovimermis spiculalus Poinar & Camino, 1986 Mylonchulus parabrachyurus (Thome, 1924) Andrâssy, Slrelkovimermis sp. 1958 Mylonchulus sigmalUrus (Cobb, 1917) Alrherr, 1953 Order Dory1aimida Mylonchulus sp. Sporonchulus ibitiensis (Carvalho, 1951) Andrâssy, 1958 Family Actinolaimidae AClinolaimus sp. Family IotOnchidae IOlOnchus arenicola Altherr, 1963 Family Aporcelaimidae Heyns, 1965 IOlOnchus geminis Heyns & Lagerwey, 1965 Aporcelaimel/us obscurus (Thome & Swanger, 1936) IOfOnchus monhyslera (Cobb, 1917) Jairajpuri, 1970 Heyns, 1965
536 Fundam. appl. Nemawl. NemalOdes in continenwl Argentina
Aporcelaimellus sp. Eudorylaimus obcusicalldacus (Basrian, 1865) Andrassy, Aporcelaimus sp. 1959 Eudorylaimus profeslUs Andrassy, 1963 Family Belondiridae Eudorylaimus quadramphidius Andrassy, 1963 Dorylaimellus moneicolus Clark, 1963 Eudorylaimus sp. Dorylaimellus virginianus Cobb, 1913 Labronema sp. Family Charcharolaimidae Order Triplonchida Carcharolaimus fOl"mosus Lordello, 1957 Carcharolaimus rocundicauda (de Man, 1880) Thome, Family Diphrerophoridae 1939 Dzphterophora communis de Man, 1880 Carcharolaimus sp. Diphterophora sp. Family LeptOnchidae Family Trichodoridae LeplOnchus gramdosus Cobb, 1920 Paratrichodorus minor (Colbran, 1956) Siddiqi, 1974 LeplOnchus sp. Paratrichodorus sp. Tylencholaimellus montanus Thome, 1939 Trichodorus obscurus Allen, 1957 Family Longidoridae Trichodorus sp. Paraxiphidorus michelluci Coomans & Chaves, 1995 SubcIass Chrornadoria Paraxiphidorus sp. Order Araeolairnida Xiphidorus achalae Luc & Doucer, 1984 Xiphidorus balcarceanus Chaves & Coomans, 1984 Family Plecridae Xiphidorus tucumanensis Chaves & Coomans, 1984 AnapleclUs sp. Xiphidorus saladillensis Chaves & Coomans, 1984 Pleetus (Pleetoides) pazagonieus de Man, 1904 Xlphidoms yepesara Monreiro, 1976 Pleetus sp. Xlphidorus sp. Xiphinema americanum Cobb, 1913 Order Chrornadorida Xlphinema diversicaudacum (Micoletzky, 1927) Thome, 1939 Family Cyatholaimidae Xlphinema index Thome & Allen, 1950 Odomolaimus aquacicus \Xl Schneider, 1937 Xlphinema krugi Lordello, 1955 Xlphinema sewriae Luc, 1958 Xlphinema rivesi Dalmasso, 1969 Order Monhysterida Xiphinema surinamense Loof & Maas, 1972 Family Monhysreridae Xlphinema sp. Monhystera lepidura Andrassy, 1963 Family Mydonomidae Monhystera sp. Dorylaimoides elongalUs Husain & Khan, 1968 Class Secernentea Family Nordiidae SubcIass Rhabditida Pungemus monhystera Thome & Swanger, 1936 Order Rhabditida Family Dorylaimidae Family Cephalobidae Dorylaimus sp. Acrobeles sp. Mesodorylaimus aberrans Loof, 1969 Acrobeles emmatus Shahina & De Ley, 1997 Mesodorylaimus adalberti Andrassy, 1963 Acrobeloides sp. Mesodorylaimus argentinus Alrherr, 1963 Cephalobus sp. Mesodorylaimus demi Loof, 1969 Cervidellus sp. Mesodorylaimus meridianlls Andrassy, 1963 Eucephalobus sp. Mesodorylaimus pseudobastiani Loof, 1969 Nothacrobeles lunensis Shahina & De Ley, 1997 Mesodorylaimus puellae Andrassy, 1963 Zeldia sp. Mesodorylaimus szekessyi Andrassy, 1960 Family Rhabdiridae Mesodorylaimus sp. Cephaloboides sp. Family Nygolaimidae Cruznema crzpartùum (LiRstOw, 1906) Zullini, 1982 Nygolaimus sp. Cruznema sp. DislOlabrellus veechi Anderson, 1983 Family Qudsianemaridae Oxycerca brevispina (de Man, 1895) Andrassy, 1983 Eudorylaimus monohystera (de Man, 1880) Andrassy, 1959 Pellioduis pellio (Schneider, 1866) Timm, 1960
Vol. 20, nO 6 - 1997 537 M. E. Doucet & M. M. A. de Doucet
Rhabdùis spp. Cephalenchus sp. Coslenchus sp. Family Heterorhabditidae Filenchus sp. Heterorhabdùis argeminiensis Srock, 1993 Lelenchus sp. Heœrorhabdùis baCleriophora Poinar, 1975 Psilenchus bahiablancae Doucet, 1996 Heterorhabdùis sp. Psilenchus hilarus Siddiqi, 1963 Psilenchus praœnsis Doucet, 1996 Family Steinemematidae Psilenchus sp. Sœinernema carpocapsae (\X1eiser, 1955) Poinar, 1990 Tetylenchus sp. Sœinernema felliae (Filipjev, 1934) Poinar, 1990 Tylenchus sp. Steinernema glaseri (Steiner, 1929) Poinar, 1990 Tylenchus davanei Bastian, 1985 Steinernema rartlm (Doucet, 1986) Poinar, 1990 Tylenchus ftlzformis IVl.icoletzky, 1922 Steinernema rilleri Doucet & Doucet, 1990 Steinernema scapterisCl Nguyen & Smart, 1991 Family Anguinidae Steinenzema sp. Anguina agrostis (Steinbuch, 1799) Filipjev, 1936 Family Panagrolaimidae Anguina sp. Dùylenchus dipsaci (Kühn, 1857) Fiiipjev, 1936 Panagrolaimus sp. Dùylenchus imermedius (de Man, 1880) Filipjev, 1936 Dùylel1chus sp. Order Ascaridida Orrina phyl/obia (Thome, 1934) Thome, 1961 Family The1asromatidae Family Beiono1aimidae Leidynema appendieulawm (Leidy, 1890) Chitwood, 1932 Belol1olaimus gracilis Steiner, 1949 * Pseudonymus sp. Belol1olaimus brevicaudaws (Doucet, 1983) Fortuner & ThelaslOma desselae Adamson, 1985 Luc, 1987 Tetylenchus sp. Order Diplogasterida Triversus feslOnaws (Doucet, 1985) Fortuner & Luc, 1987 Tylenchorhynchlls acti Hooper, 1959 Family Diplogastridae Tylenchorhynchus annulalUs (Cassidy, 1930) Golden, 1971 Micoletzkya vidalae Srock, 1993 Tylenchorhynchus capùalUs Allen, 1955 Tylenchorhynchus cylindricus Cobb, 1913 Order Aphelenchida Tylenchol'hynchus dubius (Bütschli, 1837) Filipjev, 1936 Tylenchorhynchlls sp. Family Aphelenchidae Aphelenchus avenae Bastian, 1865 Family Dolichodoridae Aphelenchus sp. Dolichodorus aquatulis Doucet, 1985 Dolichodorlls heterocephalus Cobb, 1914 * Family Aphelenchoididae Dolichodorlls longicaudatus Doucet, 1981 Aphelenchoides bicaudaws (lmamura, 1931) Filipjev & Neodolichodorus leiocephalus Doucet, 1981 Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 Aphelenchoides blaslOphthorus Franklin, 1952 Family Prarylenchidae Aphelenchoides fragariae (Ritzema Bos, 1890) Christie, Pralylenchus agilis Thome & Malek, 1968 1932 Pratylenchus brachyurus (Godfrey, 1929) Filipjev & Aphelenchoides parietinus (Bastian, 1865) Steiner, 1932 Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 Aphelenchoides riizemabosi (Schwartz, 1911) Steiner, 1932 Pratylenchus delaarei Luc, 1958 Aphelenchoides sp. Pratylenchus goodeyi Oostenbrink, 1953 Laimaphelenchus cocuccii Doucet, 1992 Pratylenchus hexincisus Taylor & Jenkins, 1957 Laimaphelenchus sp. Pratylenchlls microstylus Bajaj & Bahatti, 1984 Seimlra sp. Pratylenchus neglectus (Rensch, 1924) Filipjev & Schuur mans Stekhoven, 1941 Family Ektaphelenchidae Pratylenchlls penetrans (Cobb, 1917) Filipjev & Schuur Ektaphelenchus tenuidens (Thorne, 1935) Rühm, 1956 mans Srekhoven, 1941 Pratylenchus praterlSis Meyl, 1954 Order Ty1enchida Pratylenchus pseudopratensis Seinhorst, 1968 Pratylenchus scribneri Steiner, in Sherbakoff & Stanley, Family Tylenchidae 1943 Atylenchus sp. Pratylenchus thornei Sher & Allen, 1953 Arylenchus decalinealUs Cobb, 1913 Pratylenchus vulnus Allen & Jensen, 1951 Boleodorus sp. Pratylenchus zeae Graham, 1951
538 Fundam. appl. NemalOl. NemalOdes in continental Argentina
Pralylenchus sp. Meloidogyne sp. Radopholus similis (Cobb, 1893) Thome, 1949 Nacobbus aberrans (Thome, 1935) Thome & Allen, 1944 Family Criconematidae Criconema dupliciveslitum (Andrassy, 1963) Raski & Luc, Family Hoplolaimidae 1985 Criconema sp. Aorolaimus longislylus (Doucet, 1980) Fortuner, 1987 Nfesocriconema curvaLUm (Raski, 1952) Loof & De Grisse, Aorolaimus perscilus (Doucet, 1980) Fortuner, 1987 1989 Aorolaimus conicori (Doucet, 1984) Fortuner, 1987 Mesocriconema douceti (Siddiqi, 1986) Ebsary, 1991 Aorolaimus brevicaudaLUS (Doucet, 1984) Fortuner, 1987 Mesocriconema ornaLUm (Raski, 1958) Loof & De Grisse, Aorolaimus lriticeus (Doucet, 1984) Fortuner, 1987 1989 Aorolaimus sp. Nfesocriconema peruenslforme (De Grisse, 1967) Loof & De Helicolylenchus nannus Steiner, 1945 Grisse, 1989 Helicolylenchus digonicus Perry, in Perry, Darling & Mesocriconema rilleri (Doucet, 1980) Loof & De Grisse, Thome, 1959 1989 Helicolylenchus multicincLUs (Cobb, 1893) Golden, 1956 Mesocriconema sphaerocephala (Taylor, 1936) Loof & De Helicolylenchus pseudorobusLUS (Steiner, 1914) Golden, Grisse, 1989 1956 Mesocriconema talense (Chaves, 1983) Loof & De Grisse, H elicorylench us sp. 1989 Hoplolaimus galealUs (Cobb, 1913) Thome, 1935 Mesocriconema xenoplax (Raski, 1952) Loof & De Grisse, Hoplolaimus sp. 1989 Rorylenchus buxophilus Golden, 1956 Mesocriconema sp. ROlylenchus goodeyi Loof & Oosrenbrink, 1958 NOlhocriconema mUlabile (Taylor, 1936) De Grisse & Rorylenchus robuslUs (de Man, 1876) Filip;ev, 1936 Loof,1965 Rorylenchus ul1lformis (Thome, 1949) Loof & Oosren NOlhocriconema sp. brink, 1958 Caloosia paradoxa (Luc, 1958) Brzeski, 1974 Rorylenchus sp. Hemicycliophora arenaria Raski, 1958 Family Heteroderidae Hemicycliophorafilicauda Doucet, 1982 Hemicycliophora fragilis Doucet, 1982 CaclOdera amaranlhi (Sroyanov, 1972) KraIl' & Krall', Hemicycliophora gracilis Thome, 1955 1978 Hemicycliophora penelrans Thome, 1955 CaclOdera sp. Hemicycliophora poranga Monteiro & Lordello, 1978 Globodera roslOchiensis (Wollenweber, 1923) Behrens, Hemicycliophora rara Doucet, 1983 1975 * Hemicycliophora rionegrensis Doucet, 1982 Globodera labacum labacum (Lownsberry & Lownsberry, Hemicycliophora ripa Van den Berg, 1981 1954) Behrens, 1975 Hemicycliophora 1enUiSlriata Doucet, 1982 Globodera sp. Hemicycliophora lhienemanni (Schneider, 1925) Loos, Helerodera schachlii Schmidt, 1871 * 1948 Helerodera galeopsidis Goffart, 1936 Hemicycliophora zuckermani Brzeski, 1963 Helerodera spp. Hemicycliophora sp. J\![eloidogyne acrita Chitwood, 1949 Ogma afternaLUm (Doucet, 1986) Raski & Luc, 1987 Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal, 1889) Chitwood, 1949 Ogma comahuense Brugni & Chaves, 1994 Meloidogyne chitwoodi Golden, O'Bannon, Santo & FinJey, Ogma muftisquamaLUm (Kirjanova, 1948) Mehta & Raski, 1980 1971 Meloidogyne cruàani Garcia-Martinez, Taylor & Smart, 1982 Family Tylenchulidae Meloidogyne decalineata Whitehead, 1968 Gracilacus colina Huang & Raski, 1986 Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood, 1949 Paralylenchus neoamblycephalus Geraert, 1965 Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, Paralylenchus sp. 1949 Tylenchulus semipenelrans Cobb, 1913 Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949 Meloidogyne naasi Franklin, 1965 Family Allantonematidae Meloidogyne ollersoni (Thome, 1969) Franklin, 1971 Metaparasitylenchus sp.
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